PALO ALTO INTEGRATED SCHOOL

DIVISION OF CALAMBA, WEST 3

SELF – LEARNING MODULE

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

QUARTER 1 MODULE 3

GILBERT B. SULLA, MBA, LPT

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 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Quarter 1 Module 3

Proportion

Some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
3. Observe HONESTY and INTEGRITY in doing the tasks and checking the
answers.
4. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
5. If you encounter difficulties in answering the tasks, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher, (subject teacher), or you can post your queries to our group
chat so that anybody can answer, who has the readily available answer.
Remember, YOU ARE NOT ALONE IN YOUR JOURNEY TO
LEARNING.

What I need to Know

This module was written for you to accomplish at home. It was carefully prepared
so that you can work at your own pace and allow self – discovery of the
concepts and ideas through activities you will perform. Activities were also
selected to allow independent learning, which also aims to develop students’
reading comprehension skills through understanding the text.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Write proportions illustrating real-life situations.

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 2. Identify the different kinds of proportions and give examples of each
3. Solve problems involving direct, inverse, and partitive proportions.

What I Know

Let us test your knowledge or stock knowledge. To help you review/recall,

answer the following problems.

Activity 1

Instruction: Answer the following word problem. (Critical Thinking,

Communication and Collaboration)
1. An airplane travels 3,500 kilometers in 5 hours. What is the unit rate of the
plane?
2. When you go shopping, you may find the same items packaged in various
sizes or quantities. Of course the item with the lesser unit price is the better
buy.
A. Find the better buy: 6 handkerchiefs for P240 or 10 handkerchiefs for
P399.
B. Find the better buy: 12 notebooks for P858 or 20 notebooks for P1,420.
3. A teacher earns P350 per hour of teaching. If he completed 25 hours, how
much did he earn?
(If you got 3 correct answers, proceed to the next activity. If you got below
3, review the lesson on ratio and answer again the exercises. Answer Key
at the last page of the module)

Activity 2

Instruction: Solve the following.

A. Do as indicated
1. A survey asked 130 students which between the subjects Accountancy
and Marketing is their preference. The result is given by the table
below.
Response solution
Accountancy 70
Marketing 60
Total 130

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Write each of the following ratios as a fraction in simplest form
a. Students who prefer Accountancy to all students surveyed;
b. Students who prefer Marketing to students who prefer Accountancy.

2. A family of 5 people whose gross monthly income is P30,000 budgeted

the following amounts for their major monthly expenditures:
House Rent P8,000
Food P6,000
Electricity P2,000
Others P1,000

a. What is the ratio of the house rent to the food bill?

b. What is the ratio of the food bill to the gross monthly income of the
family?
c. What is the ratio of the electricity bill to the food bill?
d. What is the ratio of the other expenses to the gross monthly income of
the family?

3. Write each ratio as a fraction in simplest form.

a. In Metro Manila, 7 out of ten people live in rented homes.
b. In a village, 120 homes in 130 have cable TV connection.
c. In the Philippines, 35,000,000 out of 100,000,000 people are active in
Facebook.
d. In a college, there is 120 students on scholarship out of 500 students.
(If you got 5 correct answers in the aggregate, proceed to the next activity. If
you got below 5, review the text in the previous module and answer again the
exercises. Answer Key at the last page of the module)

MODULE 3 PROPORTION

When 2 ratios are equal, we may write the equality in either of the
following notations:

a c
------ = ------ or a:b = c:d
b d
The proportion is read “the ratio a to b equals the ratio c to d

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 Such equality is called proportion. The outer terms a and d are called the
extremes, while the inner terms b and c are called the means. An important
property of any proportion is the cross-product property, which is stated below.
means

a : b = c:d

extremes

The product of the extremes is equal to the product of the means, that is
ad = bc

To illustrate this property, consider the following proportion:

3 : 5 = 9 : 15 or 3 9
---- = ---
5 15
Observe that if we apply the cross-product property on this proportion, the
resulting products are indeed equal; that is,
(3)(15) = (5)(9)
45 = 45
The cross-product property is useful when one of the terms in a proportion is
unknown and we need to solve for the value of that term.

Many real-world situations demonstrate proportions. Some of these you may not
even be aware of. Some situations/examples are the following:

A. Mark reads 10 pages of a manuscript in 15 minutes. At this rate, how many

pages will he read in 25 minutes?
B. When baking, 3 cups of flour requires 5 eggs. If you make cookies requiring
5 cups of flour, how many eggs will you need?
C. Marty is paid P880 per two hours of lecture. In a week, he lectures for 9
hours. How much would he be paid?

Problem solving involving Proportion

A shoemaker finishes 3 pairs of men’s shoes for every 5 pairs of ladies’ shoes
that his son finishes. At the same rate, if the shoemaker finishes 45 pairs of men’s
shoes, how many pairs of ladies’ shoes can his son finish?

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Solution
The ratio of the number of pairs of men’s shoes that the shoemaker finishes to
the number of pairs of ladies’ shoes that his son finishes is 3:5, or 3/5.
Suppose x is the number of pairs of ladies’ shoes that the shoemaker’s son can
finish when the shoemaker finishes 45 pairs of men’s shoes. We can form the
following proportion:
3 45
-------- = -----------
5 x
We can solve for x using the cross-product property, as shown below.
3x = (5)(45)
3x = 225
x = 225
------- x = 75 answer
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Therefore, when the shoemaker finishes 45 pairs of men’s shoes, his son can
finish 75 pairs of ladies’ shoes.

Problem solving involving Direct Proportion

For every 2,000 jars that a company ships, an average of 3 jars break during the
transit. If the company ships 10,000 jars, how many jars can be expected to break
during transit?

Solution and answer

The ratio of the total number of jars to the number of jars that break during
transit is 2,000 : 3 or 2,000/3. Suppose x is the number of jars that can be
expected to break during the transit when the company ships 10,000. We can form
the following proportion:

2,000 10,000
---------- = ---------------
3 x
Using the cross-product to solve for x
2,000x = (3)(10,000)
2,000x = 30,000
30,000
x = ----------- = 15 answer
2,000

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Indirect /inverse Proportion

An indirect proportion exists between two quantities if, as one quantity

decreases, the other quantity increases proportionately. In general, if the following
equality represents an indirect proportion:
a:b=c:d
Then ab = cd
Take note that in an indirect proportion, we do not apply the cross-product
property that we used for a direct proportion. The difference between the two
types of proportion is summarized below.

Direct proportion : If a : b = c :d, then ad = bc

Indirect proportion: If a : b = c : d then ab = cd

Solving Indirect proportion

Number of carpenters Number of Days
8 18
12 x

The table shows the number of carpenters working together and their
corresponding number of days to finish a certain task. Solve for x , which is the
number of days that the 12 carpenters can finish the same task

Solution and Answer

The situation illustrates an indirect proportion because as the number of
carpenters increases, it is expected that the number of days to finish the task
decreases. So if the proportion is 8:(18) = 12 : x
144 = 12x
144
x = ------- = 12 answer
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Therefore, 12 carpenters can finish the task in 12 days.

2. If it takes 3 days for 8 factory workers to finish 40 pairs of shoes, how many
days will it take 6 factory workers to finish the same job? Assume that all of them
work at the same rate.

Solution and Answer

Since the number of factory workers decreases from 8 to 6 workers, we
can expect that the number of days to finish 40 pairs of shoes will increase.
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 Suppose x is the number of days that 6 factory workers can complete the
task. Then we have the proportion 8:3 = 6 : x
(8)(3) = 6x
6x = 24
x = 24/6
x=4

Partitive proportion

There are cases when we need to divide a number or quantity based on a

given ratio. In such instances, we need to apply another concept in ratio and
proportion called partitive proportion.

Problem solving involving partitive proportion

A man and his father own a total of 35 hectares of land. The ratio of the
areas of the man’s land to his father’s land is 3 : 4. How many hectares of land
does each of them own?

Solutions and answers

To solve the problem, we need to partition the 35 ha of land into 7 parts
(that is, 3 + 4 = 7). The man owns 3 out of the 7 parts, or 3/7 of 35 hectares, that
is 3/7 x 35 = 15 hectares. Therefore, the man owns 15 hectares of land.
His father owns 4 out of the 7 parts, or 4/7 of 35 hectares; that is
4/7 x 35 = 20 hectares
Thus, his father owns 20 hectares of land.

What’s In

Independent Activity 1.1 (Communication, Collaboration, and Character

building)

Instruction: Solve for x in each proportion.

1. x/3 = 2/9
2. 10/x = 90/72
3. ¾ = 7/x
4. 5/11 = x/121

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 (If you got 3 correct answers, proceed to the next activity. If below 3,
review again the text in your module, then answer again the exercises.
Answer Key at the last page)

What’s New

Independent Activity 1.1 (Communication, Collaboration, Character

building)

A. Solve the following word problem

1. Alexis bought 5 dozens of eggs at a total cost of P300. How much will
15 dozens of eggs cost?
2. In a factory, Guye can make 120 packs of noodles in 3 hours. In how
many hours can he make 360 packs of noodles?
3. Ara and Bareg sell fruits in the market. They observed that for every 5
oranges that Ara sells, Bareg is able to sell 7 oranges. At this rate, how
many oranges will Bareg sell if Ara sells 30 oranges.
4. You and your brother saved money to buy a gift for your grandmother.
For every P30 you saved, your brother saved P10 more. If your brother
saved P120, how much did you save?
5. Aling Juana harvested 10 kg of tomatoes. The tomatoes can be sold at
total cost of P500. If 2 kg were rotten and she sold all the remaining
tomatoes, how much did Aling Juana earn?
(If you got 3 correct answers, proceed to the next activity. If you got below 3,
review the text in the module, then answer again the exercises. Answer Key at
the last page)

What’s More

Independent Activity 1.1 (Communication, Collaboration, Character

building)

Instruction: Solve each problem. (Indirect proportion)

1. If 12 men can paint a building in 6 days, how long will it take 8 men to
accomplish the same task?
2. In a tailoring shop, 5 girls worked together to sew a gown in 6 days. How
long will it take 3 girls to sew the same gown?
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 3. A farmer owns 18 horses. The 18 horses can eat a load of hay in 10 days. If
he will buy one more dozen of horses, in how many days will it take all the
horses to eat the same amount of hay?
4. Twelve monkeys can eat 48 baskets of bananas in 8 days. How long will 48
basket of bananas be consumed by only 4 monkeys?
5. A contractor hired 120 people to pave a road in 30 days. How many people
are needed to complete the same tasks in 15 days?
(If you got 3 correct answers, proceed to the next activity. If you got below
3, read the text again in the module and answer the exercises again.
Answer Key at the last page).

What I have learned

Independent Activity 1.1 Writing Activity (Communication, Critical

Thinking, Character building)

Instruction: Summarize the lesson in your own words. Write you summary
in a piece of yellow paper. Not more than 250 words, and not less than 150
words.

What I Can Do

Practice makes perfect; repetition deepens understanding. Visit the web

page on the References Section of the module. If you have books or other
references on the lesson, read the part containing our lesson and make
comparison and contrast. Just mentally take note of the information you will
notice. They might be useful to satisfy your curiosity. No need to write.

Assessment

Instruction: Solve each problem. (Communication, Collaboration, Critical

thinking, and Character building.)

1. In a certain contest, a cash incentive amounting to P2,000 will be divided

among three awardees – namely, the champion, first runner-up, and second
runner-up in the ratio of 5:3:2. How much will each awardee receive?

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2. Atty. Forneloza has P1,000,000 in her bank account. She plans to divide
this between her two daughters in the ratio 3:2. How much will each
daughter get?
3. Chris earns P5,000 in 20 days. At this rate, how much will he earn in 30
days?
4. Ann, Jane, and May shared 360 stamps among themselves in the ratio of
3:4:5. How much stamps did Ann get?
5. If 50 persons can consume a certain amount of food in 6 days, in how many
days can 30 persons consume the same amount of food?

References

Books

Bacani, Jerico B. & Soriano, Jeffrey M. (2017). Business Mathematics for

Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc., EDSA South Triangle,Quezon
City, Philippines.

Bautista, Leodegario SM. Et al. (2011). Mathematics in Business, 2nd Edition.

C & E Publishing, Inc., EDSA South Triangle, Quezon City, Philippines.

Teaching Guide in Senior High School Business Mathematics, donated by the

Commission on Higher Education in Collaboration with the Philippine Normal
University to Department of Education.

Answer Key

What I know
Activity 1
1. 700 km/hr
2. a. 10 handkerchief for P399
b 20 notebooks for P1,420
3. P8750
Activity 2
1. 70 to 130 (7 to 13) or 70:130 or 7:13 or 70/130 or 7/13
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 b 60 to 70 (6 to 7) or 60:70 (6:7) or 60/70 or 6/7
2. a. 8,000/6,000 = 8/6 = 4/3 or 4:3
b) 6,000/30,000 = 6/30 = 1/5 or 1:5
c) 2,000/6,000 = 2/6 or 1/3 or 1:3
d) 1,000/30,000 = 1/30 or 1:3
3. a) 7:10
b) 120:130 or 12:13
c) 35:100
d) 120:500 or 12:15 or 4:5

what’s In

1. 6/9 or 2/3
2. 8
3. 9.33
4. 55

What’s New

1. 5/300 = 15/x x = 900

2. 120/3 = 360/x x = 9
3. 5/7 = 30/x x = 42
4. 30/10 = 120/x x = 40
5. 10/2 = 500/x x = 100

What’s More

1. 12:6 = 8:x x =24

2. 5:6 = 3:x x = 10
3. 18:10 = 30:x x = 6
4. 12:8 = 4:x x = 24
5. 120:30 = x:15 x =240

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