Determining Fatigue Failure of Compacted Asphalt Concrete Subjected To Repeated Flexural Bending

Designation: D7460 − 10
Standard Test Method for

Determining Fatigue Failure of Compacted Asphalt Concrete
Subjected to Repeated Flexural Bending1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7460; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3203 Test Method for Percent Air Voids in Compacted

1.1 This test method provides procedures for determining a Dense and Open Bituminous Paving Mixtures
unique failure point for estimating the fatigue life of 380 mm D3549 Test Method for Thickness or Height of Compacted
(14.96 in.) long by 50 mm (1.97 in.) thick by 63 mm (2.48 in.) Bituminous Paving Mixture Specimens
wide asphalt concrete beam specimens sawed from laboratory D3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-
or field compacted asphalt concrete, which are subjected to cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
repeated flexural bending. D5361 Practice for Sampling Compacted Bituminous Mix-
tures for Laboratory Testing
1.2 The between-laboratory reproducibility of this test E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
method is being determined and will be available on or before Determine Conformance with Specifications
June 2013. Therefore, this test method should not be used for 2.2 AASHTO Standards:3
acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes. T 321 Standard Method of Test for Determining the Fatigue
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes Life of Compacted Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) Subjected to
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes Repeated Flexural Bending
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered PP 3 Preparing Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) Specimens by
as requirements of the standard. Means of the Rolling Wheel Compactor
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded R 30 Standard Practice for Mixture Conditioning of Hot-Mix
as standard. Other units of measurement included in this Asphalt (HMA)
standard are for information only. 3. Terminology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.1 beam modulus—Flexural Beam Stiffness, as deter-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- mined in 10.1.3.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2 failure point—the number of cycles to failure, Nf,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
which corresponds to the maximum or peak Normalized
2. Referenced Documents Modulus × Cycles (Fig. 13) when plotted versus Number of
Cycles.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
3.1.3 initial beam modulus—Flexural Beam Stiffness deter-
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
mined at approximately 50 load cycles.
D140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials
D979 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures 3.1.4 normalized modulus × cycles—see Rowe and Bouldin
D2041 Test Method for Theoretical Maximum Specific (1):4
Gravity and Density of Bituminous Paving Mixtures ~ Beam Stiffness 3 Cycle Number!
~ Initial Beam Modulus 3 Cycle of Initial Beam Modulus!
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
4. Summary of Test Method
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.26 on 4.1 The four-point flexural bending test method is con-
Fundamental/Mechanistic Tests.
ducted on compacted beam specimens to evaluate the fatigue
Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approved
in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7640–08. DOI: 10.1520/
3
D7460-10. Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM http://www.transportation.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
the ASTM website. this standard.
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D7460 − 10
properties of an asphalt concrete mixture. A cyclic haversine Table 1. This standard specifically describes the systems of two
(displaced sine wave with full amplitude on tension side of primary suppliers (Cox and Sons, Inc. [Cox] and Industrial
zero) displacement is applied at the central H-frame third Process Controls, Ltd. [IPC]); however, other similar equip-
points of a beam specimen, while the outer third points are held ment could also be used.
in an articulating fixed position. The frequency rate ranges 6.1.1 Loading Device—The test system shall include a
from 5 to 10 Hz. This produces a constant bending moment closed-loop, computer controlled loading component which,
over the center third (L/3) span (118.5 to 119 mm (4.66 to 4.69 during each load cycle in response to commands from the data
in.)) between the H-frame contact points on the beam speci- processing and control component, adjusts and applies a load
men. The level of desired strain is pre-calculated and an input such that the specimen experiences a constant level of displace-
for the displacement control. The deflection at the mid-length ment (and resulting strain) during each load cycle. The loading
position (L/2) of a beam specimen is regulated by the closed device shall be capable of (1) providing cyclic haversine
loop control system. (= SIN2(degrees/2)) loading at a frequency range of 5 to 10 Hz,
(2) subjecting specimens to 4-point bending with free rotation
5. Significance and Use and horizontal translation at all load and reaction points, and
5.1 The laboratory fatigue life determined by this standard (3) forcing the specimen back to its original position (that is,
for beam specimens have been used to estimate the fatigue life zero deflection) at the end of each loading cycle. Fig. 1
of asphalt concrete pavement layers under repeated traffic illustrates the haversine waveform. Figs. 2 and 3 show the
loading. Although the field performance of asphalt concrete is movements of the Cox and IPC loading devices, respectively;
impacted by many factors (traffic variation, speed, and wander; the Cox device loads in a downward direction and the IPC
climate variation; rest periods between loads; aging; etc.), it loads in an upward direction. The early version of the IPC
has been more accurately predicted when laboratory properties device does not have free translation at the inner clamps;
are known along with an estimate of the strain level induced at however, the newer model allows free rotation and translation
the layer depth by the traffic wheel load traveling over the at all four clamps.
pavement. 6.1.2 Environmental Chamber (Temperature Control
NOTE 1—The quality of the results produced by this standard are System)—The environmental chamber shall enclose the entire
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure specimen and maintain the specimen at the desired test
and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. temperature. The temperature shall be within 60.5°C (60.9°F)
Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally
considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/
throughout the conditioning and testing times. An environmen-
inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with tal chamber is not required if the temperature of the surround-
Specification D3666 alone does not completely assure reliable results. ing environment can be maintained within the specified limits.
Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of 6.1.3 Control and Data Acquisition System—During each
Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a load cycle the control and data acquisition system shall be
means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
capable of measuring the displacement of the beam specimen,
6. Apparatus and adjusting the load applied by the loading device such that
the specimen experiences a constant level of displacement on
6.1 Test System—The test system shall consist of a load each load cycle. In addition, it shall be capable of recording
frame, an environmental chamber (temperature control system) load cycles, applied loads, beam displacements, and tempera-
and a closed loop control and data acquisition system. The test ture while computing and recording the maximum tensile
system shall meet the minimum requirements specified in stress, maximum tensile strain, phase angle, and stiffness at
load cycle intervals specified by the user.
TABLE 1 Test System Minimum Requirements 6.2 Miscellaneous Apparatus and Materials—For the Cox
Load Measurement and Control Range: 0 to 5 kN (0 to 1124 lbf) device, an aluminum, wedge-shaped target for connecting the
Resolution: 2.5 N (0.56 lbf) displacement sensor to the neutral axis of the specimen and
Accuracy: 5 N (1 lbf)
cyanoacrylate (super glue) or equivalent is needed for attaching
Displacement Measurement and Range: 0 to 5 mm (0 to 0.2 in.) the target to the specimen. With both the Cox and the IPC
Control equipment, an alignment fixture and a solid aluminum beam
Resolution: 2.5 µm (9.8 × 105 in.)
Accuracy: 5 µm (2.0 × 104 in.)
are needed for setting the proper clamp spacing and a saw
suitable for cutting the beams with parallel faces to the proper
Frequency Measurement and Range: 5 to 10 Hz tolerance.
Control
Resolution: 0.005 Hz
Accuracy: 0.01 Hz 7. Hazards
Temperature Measurement and Resolution: ±0.25°C (±0.45°F) 7.1 Observe standard laboratory safety precautions when
Control preparing and testing asphalt concrete specimens.
Accuracy: ±0.5°C (±0.9°F)
Displacement Sensor Linear Variable Differential

8. Sampling and Test Specimen Preparation
Transducer (LVDT), 8.1 Laboratory-Mixed and Compacted Specimens—Sample
Extensometer,
or similar device asphalt binder in accordance with Practice D140 and sample
aggregate in accordance with Practice D75. If a complete
2
D7460 − 10
FIG. 1 Illustration of Haversine Wave Form Relative to Sine Wave
FIG. 2 Load and Freedom Characteristics of Fatigue Test Apparatus (Cox)
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NOTE 1—Early model shown; the newer model allows free rotation and translation at all four clamps.
FIG. 3 Load and Freedom Characteristics of IPC Fatigue Test Apparatus
fatigue curve is desired, prepare nine replicate asphalt concrete Otherwise, prepare as many specimens as desired for indi-
beam specimens, from slab(s) or beam(s) compacted in accor- vidual beam test results. See Notes 2 and 3. Test at least six
dance with AASHTO PP 3. Otherwise, prepare as many replicate asphalt concrete beam specimens at different strain
specimens as desired for individual beam test results. Labora- levels in order to develop a fatigue curve, as shown in Fig. 4.
tory prepared mixtures are typically conditioned with a short- The extra specimens may also be tested as desired, if the data
term aging process, such as defined in AASHTO R 30. Test at appears to include an outlier, or if a beam failure occurs
least six replicate asphalt concrete beam specimens at different directly at a clamp.
strain levels in order to develop a fatigue curve, as shown in
Fig. 4. The extra specimens may also be tested as desired, if the 8.3 Roadway Specimens—Obtain compacted asphalt con-
data appears to include an outlier, or if a beam failure occurs crete samples from the roadway in accordance with Practice
directly at a clamp. A linear relationship on a log-log plot exists D5361.
between Nf and the level of strain (µ´, microstrain = strain × 8.4 Specimen Trimming—Saw at least 6 mm from all sides
106). of each compacted specimen to provide smooth, parallel
NOTE 2—The type of compaction device (linear kneading, rolling (saw-cut) surfaces for mounting the measurement gages. The
wheel, vibratory) may influence the test results, relative to representing
actual construction. final required dimensions of the test specimen, after sawing,
NOTE 3—Normally test specimens are compacted using a standard are 380 6 6 mm (14.96 6 0.24 in.) in length, 50 6 2 mm (1.96
compactive effort. However, the standard compactive effort may not 6 0.08 in.) in height, and 63 6 2 mm (2.48 6 0.08 in.) in
reproduce the air voids of roadway specimens measured according to Test width. To minimize specimen variability, it is recommended
Method D3203. If specimens are to be compacted to a target air void
content, the compactive effort should be determined experimentally. that the beams be immediately labeled to ensure consistent
orientation (top and sides) during testing, relative to the
8.2 Plant-Mixed, Laboratory Compacted Specimens— compaction process.
Obtain asphalt concrete samples in accordance with Practice
D979. If a complete fatigue curve is desired, prepare nine 8.5 Specimen Storage—The specimens should be stored on
replicate asphalt concrete beam specimens, from slab(s) or a 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in.) steel plate with a flatness of 0.127 mm
beam(s) compacted in accordance with AASHTO PP 3. (0.005 in.) across the surface of the plate from end to end. This
4
D7460 − 10
NOTE 1—Strain levels should be adjusted for the material.

FIG. 4 Example Fatigue Curve
flat surface keeps the beam specimens from being pre-strained location should be checked after every seven testing days to
before testing. Limit stacking of specimens to two high on evaluate the condition of the coupler. If the fixture is hard
storage racks. coupled, as with the IPC device, this alignment check can be
performed less frequently.
9. Procedure
9.2 Specimen Measurement—Measure the height and width
9.1 Fixture Alignment—A solid aluminum beam, having of the specimen to the nearest 0.01 mm (3.94 × 10-4 in.) at three
dimensions specified in 8.4 with tolerances to a flatness of or more different points along the middle 100 mm (3.94 in.) of
0.051 mm (0.002 in.) across the length of the aluminum beam the specimen length in accordance with applicable sections of
(measured using a straight edge and feeler gauges), is used to Test Method D3549, Determine the average of the measure-
ensure proper alignment of the beam fixture prior to testing. ments for each dimension and record the averages to the
Insert the aluminum beam into the fixture, clamping the side nearest 0.1 mm (0.004 in).
clamps on the outside frame first. Clamp the top clamps on the
outside frames followed by the top clamps on the inside 9.3 Attaching the Target to the Neutral Axis of Specimen
frames. Place the actuator in load control and remove the load. (Required with the Cox Fixture)—Locate the center of a
Verify that the clamps are fully seated on the aluminum beam. specimen on one of its 50 mm (1.97 in.) high lengthwise sides
On the Cox frame, apply the side clamps to the inside frames. (i.e., mid-height and mid-length of the beam). Apply cyano-
After returning to displacement control, adjust the load to the acrylate (super glue) or equivalent in a circle around this point
positive side of zero; make a note of the actuator displacement and place the target on the glue such that the top of the target
sensor location and start cycling from this position. Once this is at the center point of the beam. Allow the glue to cure before
zero load position is located and used as a guide, the bottom of moving the specimen. Fig. 6 illustrates the target attached to
all the clamps will be aligned. If the top and bottom sides of the the neutral axis of the specimen.
beam test specimen are not parallel, it should not be an issue 9.4 Place the specimen on a stiff flat surface in an environ-
with the clamping. The saw cuts are typically straight on all ment holding the desired test temperature for two hours to
sides of the beam even if these are not parallel to each other; ensure that the specimen has equilibrated to the desired test
the top clamps will compensate for the lack of parallelism, temperature prior to beginning the test. Based on past
since the clamps are all independent of each other. The Cox experience, approximately 1.5 to 2 hours is sufficient to
fixture is designed to use the 3.175 mm (1⁄8 in.) tensile bar equilibrate the temperature of a beam that was stored near
coupler for facilitating 360° movement without creating an room temperature to its testing environment. The temperature
eccentric moment, as shown in Fig. 5. The two spent 3.175 mm shall be within 60.5°C (60.9°F) throughout the conditioning
(1⁄8 in.) tensile bars pictured on the right-hand side of Fig. 5 and testing times.
show the deformation that can occur due to years of fatigue NOTE 4—A common temperature used for this test method is 20°C
testing; any shortening of the shaft changes the stroke location. (68°F), since it is near the critical temperature level for most of the U.S.
If the fixture uses this type of coupler, this initial sensor Another method that has been used to determine the effective test
5
D7460 − 10
FIG. 5 Tensile Bar Coupler Connecting the Actuator to the H-frame (Inner Clamps)
FIG. 6 Target Attached to the Beam Neutral Axis (Mid-Height, Mid-Length) (Cox)
6
D7460 − 10
temperature for equivalent pavement fatigue damage is the following that beam displacement will be measured at the neutral axis.
equation developed during the Strategic Highway Research Program With the IPC fixture (Figs. 11 and 12), the beam displacement
(SHRP):
is measured on the tensile reaction side (top) of the beam.
T eff.Fatigue 5 0.8~ MAPT! 2 2.7 (1) Clamp the displacement sensor into position so that it rests on
where: top of the flat surface of the contact position and check that the
MAPT = mean annual pavement temperature (°C), displacement sensor will not over extend its designed length of
MAPT = travel.
T 20mm 5 T air 2 0.00618~ lat2 ! 10.2289~ lat! 142.2~ 0.9545!
2 17.78, (2) 9.7 Select the desired initial strain (50 to 3000 µ´; typically
200 to 800 µ´ for conventional asphalt concrete; 70 to 150 µ´
T20mm = temperature at 20 mm depth from pavement surface (°C), for evaluating severely high-repetition but low strain condi-
Tair = mean annual air temperature (°C), and tions; 1500 to 3000 µ´ for some interlayer materials) and
lat = latitude of project location (degrees).
loading frequency, and the load cycle intervals at which test
9.5 Open the clamps and slide the specimen into position results are to be recorded and computed. The load cycle
(Figs. 7-10). With both the Cox and the IPC equipment, use the intervals to be recorded are typically spread out to adequately
alignment fixture to ensure proper horizontal spacing of the cover each decade on a log scale (that is, 100, 200, 300, 400,
clamps, (Cox: 119 mm (4.69 in.); IPC: 1 18.5 mm (4.66 in.)) 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 cycles) for the entire
center-to-center. When the specimen and clamps are in the expected length of test. Enter these values into the specific
proper positions, apply the side clamps to the outside frames, template for this testing program in the Control and Data
then apply the top clamps to the outside frames. Next, apply the Acquisition System. Typically, the loading frequency is set
top clamps to the inside frames. With the Cox, apply the side within a range of 5 to 10 Hz (10 Hz is the most commonly used
clamps of the inside frames. Check for adequate clamping frequency) for simulating highway repetitive loading condi-
pressure by toggling (lightly shaking) each frame with the tions.
spacing fixture in place and make sure that all clamps are NOTE 5—Selection of load cycle intervals at which test results are
seated properly, flat against the specimen. computed and recorded may be limited by the amount of memory
available for storing data.
9.6 Set the displacement amplitude to the desired strain rate
by manually adjusting the sensor and the parameters in the test 9.8 Within the load cycles to be recorded, include an
control software while lowering the displacement sensor onto interval near the point of 50 cycles. Determine the specimen
the proper specimen contact position. Fig. 8 illustrates the Cox stiffness at the 50th load cycle; this stiffness is the recom-
fixture with the displacement sensor resting on the target, such mended estimate of the initial beam stiffness.
FIG. 7 Order of Specimen Clamping Procedure
7
D7460 − 10
FIG. 8 Schematic of Cox Flexural Beam Fatigue Test Apparatus, Side View
FIG. 9 Schematic of Cox Flexural Beam Fatigue Test Apparatus, Top View
9.9 Select a displacement level (strain level) near the in stiffness too rapidly. For establishing a fatigue curve, adjust
mid-range initially for the specific material based on trial and the strain up and down on additional replicate beams to
error or experience, such that the specimen will undergo a evaluate performance of the material over a range of strain
minimum of 10 000 load cycles prior to failure. A minimum of levels.
10 000 load cycles ensures that the specimen does not decrease
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D7460 − 10
FIG. 10 Schematic of Cox Flexural Beam Fatigue Test Apparatus, End View
FIG. 11 Schematic and Photo of IPC Flexural Beam Fatigue Test Apparatus (newer model), Side View
9.10 After selecting the appropriate test parameters, begin and recorded, ensuring that the test system is operating
the test. Activate the control and data acquisition system so that properly. Ideally, the test should be terminated some time after
the test results at the selected load cycle intervals are monitored the peak value has been achieved on a graphical plot of
9
D7460 − 10
FIG. 12 Displacement in the IPC Apparatus (early model shown) is Measured With a Sensor Located on Top of Specimen
normalized complex modulus × cycles versus cycles, as shown 10.1.2 Maximum Tensile Strain (m/m):
in Fig. 13. To extend beyond this failure point, it is suggested 12 3 δ 3 h
that the test be terminated after the beam flexural stiffness ϵt 5 (4)
~ 3 3 L 2! 2 ~ 4 3 a 2!
reduces to about 40 percent of the initial beam stiffness. With
low-strain testing, it may be impractical to reach this desired where:
failure point; in this case, the failure point may be estimated δ = maximum deflection at center of beam (m),
using the extrapolation procedure described in 10.1.7. a = space between inside clamps, L/3, (Cox: 0.1190 m; IPC:
NOTE 6—The point of failure can also be continually evaluated by 0.1185 m); and
monitoring the cyclic stress versus strain plot on the scope for the point at L = length of beam between outside clamps, (Cox:
which the hysteresis loop (continuous plot of stress versus strain during 0.3570 m; IPC: 0.3555 m).
loading) collapses, loses its shape, appears horizontal, or combinations
thereof. 10.1.3 Flexural Beam Stiffness (Pa):
10. Calculation or Interpretation of Results σt
S5 (5)
ϵt
10.1 Perform the following calculations at the operator-
specified load cycle intervals: 10.1.4 Phase Angle (deg):
10.1.1 Maximum Tensile Stress (Pa):
φ 5 360 3 f 3 s (6)
3 3a 3P
σt 5
b 3 h2
(3) where:
f = load frequency (Hz), and
where: s = time lag between Pmax and δmax, (s).
a = center to center spacing between clamps (Cox: NOTE 7—When automated testing software is used in the control and
0.1190 m; IPC: 0.1185 m), data acquisition system, φ is approximated by an algorithm contained in
P = load applied by actuator (N), the automated testing software.
b = average specimen width (m), and 10.1.5 Normalized Modulus × Cycles (Pa/Pa)—See Refs
h = average specimen height (m). (1-3):
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D7460 − 10
FIG. 13 Normalized Complex Modulus × Cycles versus Cycles
TABLE 2 Beam Fatigue Data Processing

Curve Fit
Si 3 Ni Beam Beam Normalized
NM 5 (7) Cycle Normalized
So 3 No Modulus Modulus Modulus
Number Modulus
MPa (ksi) × Cycles
× Cycles
where: 49 2,845.63 (412.73) 1.00 1.00
NM = normalized modulus × cycles, 59 2,807.98 (407.27) 1.19 1.19
Si = flexural beam stiffness at cycle i (Pa), 69 2,784.96 (403.93) 1.38 1.38
79 2,763.79 (400.86) 1.57 1.56
Ni = cycle i, 89 2,750.69 (398.86) 1.76 1.72
So = initial flexural beam stiffness (Pa), estimated at ap- 99 2,738.07 (397.13) 1.94 1.94
proximately 50 cycles, and 199 2,599.42 (377.02) 3.71 3.71
No = actual cycle number where initial flexural beam stiff- 299 2,518.00 (365.21) 5.40 5.40
399 2,454.15 (355.95) 7.02 7.04
ness is estimated. – – – – –
639,999 1,235.18 (179.15) 5669.41 5739.15
10.1.6 Failure Point (Nf, Number of Cycles to Failure)— 659,999 1,242.14 (180.16) 5879.60 5939.54
Occurs at the maximum or peak value of Normalized Modulus 679,999 1,230.69 (178.50) 6001.87 6083.25
× Cycles (Fig. 13) when plotted versus Number of Cycles 699,999 1,220.77 (177.06) 6128.54 6197.14
719,999 1,224.56 (177.61) 6323.17 6282.33
(1-3). A portion of the data is shown in Table 2 to show how the 739,999 1,219.59 (176.89) 6472.51 6525.92
beam fatigue data is processed. The approximate maximum 759,999 1,202.43 (174.40) 6553.89 6626.00
value can be easily read from the calculated data in the table. 779,999 1,198.08 (173.77) 6701.97 6777.35
799,999 1,190.15 (172.62) 6828.41 6904.06
In addition, the raw calculated Normalized Modulus data can 819,999 1,172.30 (170.03) 6894.02 6982.29
also be fit statistically to a best-fit polynomial curve, for more 839,999 1,169.54 (169.63) 7045.86 7009.76
easily selecting the peak of the curve and determining Nf; 859,999 1,154.78 (167.49) 7122.23 7211.63
879,999 1,142.93 (165.77) 7213.18 7279.26
mathematically, the peak is found where the second-order 899,999 1,136.51 (164.84) 7335.90 7413.91
differential of the curve equation is equal to zero. In this 919,999 1,125.55 (163.25) 7426.54 7503.34
example, the beam failure point is determined to be approxi- 939,999 1,107.49 (160.63) 7466.30 7559.20
959,999 1,112.04 (161.29) 7656.28 7750.53
mately 1 000 000 cycles. 979,999 1,095.22 (158.85) 7697.81 7684.28
10.1.7 Extrapolating a Failure Point (based on One-Stage 999,999 1,071.08 (155.35) 7681.79 7796.08
Weibull Survivor Function)—Used for those fatigue test results 1,019,999 1,049.57 (152.23) 7677.64 7821.54
1,039,999 1,026.61 (148.90) 7657.07 7759.67
obtained especially at low strain levels, where the peak value 1,059,999 984.21 (142.75) 7482.08 7642.30
of the Normalized Modulus × Cycles when plotted versus 1,079,999 948.63 (137.59) 7347.61 7491.58
Number of Cycles exceeds the duration of the test. This 1,099,999 896.24 (129.99) 7070.20 7102.10
1,119,999 811.02 (117.63) 6514.41 6736.92
procedure, per Tsai, Harvey, and Monismith (4, 5), uses the 1,139,999 724.70 (105.11) 5924.85 6232.63
following equation: 1,159,999 617.83 (89.61) 5139.73 5487.98
Ln~ 2Ln~ SR!! 5 γ 3 Ln~ N ! 1Ln~ λ ! (8)
11
D7460 − 10
where: TABLE 3 Single Laboratory Precision Data
Ln(–Ln(SR)) = the natural logarithm of the negative of the Standard
Standard
Asphalt Log Deviation
natural logarithm of SR, Concrete
Controlled Number of Deviation
Number of Log
SR = flexural beam stiffness ratio, beam stiffness Strain Cycles Number of
Mixture Cycles Number of
(micro) to Failure Cycles
at cycle i / initial beam stiffness, ID
to Failure
to Failure Cycles
to Failure
N = number of cycles,
γ = the slope of the linear regression (Fig. 14) of 1 300 85 790 4.933
300 165 560 5.219
the Ln(–Ln(SR)) versus Ln(N), and 300 54 682 57 191 4.738 0.242
Ln(λ) = the intercept of the linear regression of the 2 300 39 392 4.595
Ln(–Ln(SR)) versus Ln(N). 300 197 160 5.295
300 241 360 106 172 5.383 0.431
10.1.7.1 The failure point is estimated by solving this 200 805 800 5.906
200 1 190 120 6.076
equation for the value of N where SR is equal to 0.500 200 408 320 390 918 5.611 0.235
[Ln(–Ln(SR)) = –0.3675], or 50 % initial beam stiffness. 3 300 192 480 5.284
300 24 278 4.385
11. Report 300 48 176 91 001 4.683 0.458
200 966 160 5.985
11.1 Asphalt Concrete Description—Report the binder type, 200 1 105 600 6.044
binder content, aggregate gradation, and air void percentage. 200 306 759 426 693 5.487 0.306
4 300 75 670 4.879
11.2 Specimen Dimensions—Report the specimen length, 300 12 290 4.090
300 43 782 31 690 4.641 0.405
average specimen height, and average specimen width in 200 287 000 5.458
meters, to four significant digits. 200 456 200 5.659
NOTE 8—See Practice E29 for information on determination of signifi- 200 179 833 139 339 5.255 0.202
cant figures in calculations. 5 800 21 310 4.329
800 8780 3.943
11.3 Report the average test temperature to the nearest 800 20 674 7058 4.315 0.219
0.2°C (0.36°F). 400 250 960 5.400
400 36 656 4.564
11.4 Report the following test results for each load cycle 400 105 440 109 418 5.023 0.418
6 350 222 920 5.348
interval selected by the operator to three significant figures: 350 555 240 5.744
Applied Load (N), Beam Deflection (m), Tensile Stress (Pa), 350 582 440 200 180 5.765 0.235
Tensile Strain (m/m), Flexural Stiffness (MPa), and Normal- 7 2000 417 039 5.620
2000 294 039 5.468
ized Modulus × Cycles (MPa). 2000 556 799 131 469 5.746 0.139
11.5 Report the initial flexural stiffness (MPa). 8 2000 437 999 5.641
2000 218 839 5.340
11.6 Report the measured or estimated cycles to failure. 2000 181 479 138 582 5.259 0.202
9 2000 482 559 5.684
11.7 Prepare a plot of Normalized Complex Modulus × 2000 487 719 5.688
Cycles versus Cycles as shown in Fig. 13. 2000 281 600 117 542 5.450 0.136
10 2000 186 439 5.271
2000 32 737 4.515
12. Precision and Bias 2000 52 479 83 625 4.720 0.391
12.1 Precision—The within-laboratory repeatability stan- 11 2000 115 359 5.062
2000 210 839 5.324
dard deviation on log scale has been determined to be 0.278, 2000 112 299 56 030 5.050 0.155
based on testing in one laboratory, three test replicates at each Average: 139 127 0.278
strain level (ranging from 200 to 2000 µ´), and eleven different
types of mixture specimens. Therefore, the results of two
properly conducted tests by the same operator on similar
replicate beam specimens in the same equipment at the same
strain level should not differ by more than 0.787 on a log scale. 12.2 Bias—No information can be presented on the bias of
Table 3 shows a summary of the data used to generate the this method for measuring fatigue life because this is a
within-laboratory standard deviation. This estimate of preci- destructive test and no material having an accepted reference
sion is a combination of both replicate specimen preparation value is available.
variability and testing variability. The between-laboratory re-
producibility of this test method is being determined and will 13. Keywords
be available on or before June 2013. Therefore, this test 13.1 asphalt concrete fatigue; asphalt concrete flexural test-
method should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a ing; asphalt concrete stiffness; asphalt concrete tensile testing;
material for purchasing purposes. fatigue life; flexural bending
12
D7460 − 10
REFERENCES
(1) Rowe, G. M., and Bouldin, M. G., “Improved Techniques to Evaluate (4) Tsai, Bor-Wen, Harvey, J. T., and Monismith, C. L., “High Tempera-
the Fatigue Resistance of Asphaltic Mixtures,” Proceedings of 2nd ture Fatigue and Fatigue Damage Process of Aggregate-Asphalt
Eurasphalt and Eurobitume Congress, Barcelona, Spain, 2000. Mixes,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists,
(2) Rowe, G. M., “Performance of Asphalt Mixtures in the Trapezoidal Vol 71, 2002, pp. 345–385.
Fatigue Test,” Journal of Association of Asphalt Paving (5) Tsai, Bor-Wen, Harvey, J. T., and Monismith, C. L., “High Tempera-
Technologists, Volume 62, 1992. ture Fatigue and Fatigue Damage Process of Aggregate-Asphalt
(3) Hopman, P. C., Kunst, P. A., and Pronk, A. C., “A Renewed Mixes,” Transportation Research Record 1832, 2003.
Interpretation Method for Fatigue Measurements, Verification of
Miner’s Rule,” 4th Eurobitume Symposium, Madrid, Spain, Volume 1,
1989.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
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13

Determining Fatigue Failure of Compacted Asphalt Concrete Subjected To Repeated Flexural Bending

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Determining Fatigue Failure of Compacted Asphalt Concrete Subjected To Repeated Flexural Bending

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Designation: D7460 − 10

Standard Test Method for

1. Scope D3203 Test Method for Percent Air Voids in Compacted

Displacement Sensor Linear Variable Differential

FIG. 1 Illustration of Haversine Wave Form Relative to Sine Wave

FIG. 2 Load and Freedom Characteristics of Fatigue Test Apparatus (Cox)

NOTE 1—Strain levels should be adjusted for the material.

FIG. 7 Order of Specimen Clamping Procedure

FIG. 13 Normalized Complex Modulus × Cycles versus Cycles

TABLE 2 Beam Fatigue Data Processing

Ln~ 2Ln~ SR!! 5 γ 3 Ln~ N ! 1Ln~ λ ! (8)

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