Unit 4: Culture Shock
Unit 4: Culture Shock
Unit 4: Culture Shock
A. Shopping
Harrods is a tourist attraction, but for shopping in London try other big department stores, such as Selfridges, Lewis’s and
Debenhams. A good place for clothes is Marks and Spencer. Take a stroll along Oxford Street, the main shopping centre. When
there are sales on, you are
allowed, and even expected, to bargain with the shop assistant to try and get a better price for goods. If there are a lot of people,
you should wait for your turn to be served. Most large stores also have restaurants where customers can have lunch or a quick
snack.
B. Visiting friends
If you are invited to dinner at someone’s home, you should take some flowers or a box of chocolates. If you are invited to an
informal party, it is quite common to take a bottle of wine or even a few bottles of beer. At English parties, men are expected to
wear a suit and tie. If you wish to bring a friend along, that’s fine, but it is polite to ask first. You are not expected to turn up with
very expensive presents.
C. Punctuality
People in Britain are generally quite careful about time. When you are invited to someone’s house, you should either arrive on time
or no later than fifteen minutes after the time arranged. If in doubt, give your hosts a ring. You should be careful about overstaying
your welcome. Look out for signs of tiredness in your hosts. The best time to leave if when they appear with their pyjamas on. You
can say, ‘Well, I think it’s time we were going …’
D. Introductions
Usually in Britain we introduce people by their first name or their first name and surname together. Most people use first names at
informal parties. It is usual to shake hands with men and to kiss women on the cheek when you are introduced to them. Do not
embrace, however, on this first encounter, and do not stand too close to the other person. As you are introduced to someone you
say, ‘How do you do?’ or ‘Please to meet you.’ You need not wait to be introduced – just introduce yourself.
You can ‘break the ice’ with strangers by talking about the weather: ‘Shame about the weather.’ ‘Is it still raining?’ or ‘Bit chilly
today, don’t you think?’ When you have broken the ice like this, you can then go on to ask the person you are talking to how much
money they earn. Another good topic for conversation is work. However, people do not like talking about politics except in a
general way, and you should avoid asking them what political party they vote for. On first meeting someone, it is not appropriate
to
ask about their age or how much they weigh.
A pub is where you drink beer or other alcoholic drinks, but light refreshments are also available. Pubs serve drinks at fixed times
and generally accept last orders at about 11 pm. It may be difficult to get a drink after this time. At lunch-time and sometimes in
the evening, food is served. If you order more than three pints of beer, the food is free of charge, so drink as much as you can and
then ask (politely) for your free meal. People may pay for their own drinks or take it in turns to buy a ‘round’, in other words, to
pay for the whole group.
1. E 2. C 3. F 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. E 8. F 9. B 10. A 11. F
Unit 5: A Comic genius – his name is Charlie Chaplin.
His early life was a time of great hardship. He was born in a very poor part of London, but his family were at first well off enough
to afford a maid. However, while he was still a child, his family gradually lost everything. His father was a comedian and his
mother worked as a dancer and singer. Neither of them was very successful and the family had very little money. They were so
poor that, at one time, he and his brothers had only one pair of shoes between them and they had to take turns wearing them. His
father eventually deserted the family and later died of alcoholism. The strain caused by this desertion affected his mother deeply.
Her career fell apart and in the end she became insane. When his mother had to go into an asylum, he was sent to an orphanage.
The first time he himself earned any money was by dancing and singing when he was only five years old. As a young boy he had
many different jobs, but what he loved most of all was working in the theatre. As he said in his autobiography, he felt quite ‘at
home’ on the stage, in more ways than one – the stage became an escape from the pain of his family life. When he was about
fifteen, he joined a travelling theatre company and went on trips to America. On one such tour he was offered a part in a film, so
he went to Hollywood, where eventually he became both an actor and a film director.
In his films we see the influence of his early life: a strong feeling of pity for the poor, a romantic view of women (he worshipped
his mother) and a love of applause. His comedies were immediately successful. As well as making policemen look foolish, he also
often used the situation where people find themselves in a ridiculous position, but refuse to admit they have a problem. The best
example of this is the drunken man who, though obviously drunk in the way he walks and talks, tries to pretend he has not
touched a drop. One of his most famous roles is the little tramp who tries but fails to be a gentleman, and so makes us laugh. His
films are not always comic; they are often sad and some, like The Great Dictator, contain a strong political message.
As a director he was known to be a perfectionist and sometimes made actors repeat a scene many times until he was finally
satisfied with it. Many of the people he worked with found him mean and tyrannical, but it was probably his early experiences of
poverty that made him so anxious to be successful. He is undoubtedly the most popular comedian of all time. He died in
Switzerland in 1977 at the age of 88. There is now a statue of him in London, the city of his birth.
1. Although the family were poor B. He made a film about his mother.
A. they got on well with each other. C. He showed the life of the poor.
B. they quickly became famous. D. He wanted his films to make money.
C. things had once been better.
D. they were able to make ends meet. 5. The drunken man is funny because
A. he behaves seriously.
2. His mother’s career ended when B. he talks in a drunken manner.
A. she began to drink too much. C. he behaves as if he is sober.
B. she went mad. D. he keeps falling down.
C. her husband left her.
D. she became too old. 6. His films can be described as
A. just entertainment.
3. What he liked most about the theatre was B. political and romantic.
A. that it helped him to forget his problems. C. serious and comic.
B. the money he earned. D. love stories.
C. the applause of the audience.
D. that his family worked there. 7. What was he like as a director?
A. He was difficult to please.
4. In what way did his early life affect his work in B. He was keen to please everyone.
cinema? C. He was anxious to finish.
A. He wanted to make people laugh. D. He was never satisfied with his work.
Unit 6: Taking sense - Why we need two ears
1. D needs. Some animals can hear notes much higher than any
sound your ears can hear, and others have ears that work
Both our ears work in the same way. Even if you only had
best for listening to very deep notes. Some animals can hear
one ear that worked properly, you would still hear sounds
faint noises, while others are completely deaf.
and understand them. But having two ears helps us find out
more about what is going on around us. With two ears we 6. A
can tell which direction a sound is coming from.
Snakes do not have ears at all and people used to think they
2. H were deaf. But we now know that they can hear sounds
through a bone that lies under the skin of their face. The
Ears act as direction finders because sound arrives at one ear
bone vibrates when the air or the ground vibrates. Most
before it reaches the other ear. Your brain measures the
insects are deaf but grasshoppers can hear through their
difference and automatically works out the direction of the
legs. They call to one another by making chirping sounds
sound. Even very young babies turn to look in the direction
with their legs.
a noise is coming from.
7. I
3. B
Dogs have superior hearing to us; they can hear notes that
As we grow up, we get better at working out where a noise
are higher than those we hear. If you blow a special dog
is coming from and how far away the thing making the
whistle that makes a very high note, you will not be able to
noise is. This skill is called directional hearing and it was
hear it, but any dogs nearby will hear the note and might
very important to our ancestors. They had to be able to
come running. You may have noticed the way dogs twitch
track animals to hunt food. They also had to know which
their ears to and fro: they do this to find out where a sound
way to run when large animals were tracking them.
is coming from.
4. F
8. G
Wild animals still need this skill today, and many of them
To demonstrate some of these facts, try this experiment.
have better directional hearing than people. Bats, for
Find some space in the middle of a room, making sure you
instance, use echo-location to find their way in the dark. But
are at a safe distance form any furniture. Now stand up
directional hearing is still a very useful skill for us too. If
straight with your hands by your side. Raise your left or
you heard someone shouting for help, you would know
right leg, it doesn’t matter which. Can you still stand up
which way to run to get them.
straight? Try the same thing again, but this time plug one
5. C ear with your finger so you can’t hear. Now plug both ears,
still standing on one leg. Hold this position for about a
Our ears work best at listening to sounds like music or
minute. What do you notice?
people talking, but animals have ears suited to different
A. Strange ears
B. A very old skill True or False?
C. A variety of ears
D. Two ears are better than one 1. We need two ears so we can hear sounds from far away. f
E. How cats hear 2. Dogs can hear higher notes than we can. t
F. Ears for seeing in the dark 3. Bats use sound to find their way in the dark. t
G. A little test 4. Snakes are deaf. f
H. A built-in skill 5. Grasshoppers have ears in their legs. t
I. Sounds we can’t hear
Unit 7: Leisure for pleasure - Sightseeing Tours are left to wonder at the reasons and intelligence which
A. Ghosts and Ancient Taverns built this structure so many centuries ago. Our next stop is
Tonight we explore the crooked alleyways and ancient the ancient Roman city of Bath, whose distinctive Palladian
buildings of the city. Come with us and discover the streets style buildings create to this day the atmosphere of Georgian
haunted by the infamous Jack the Ripper. With a superb England.
guide and a coach driver who knows every winding alley, D. Oxford, Stratford and Warwick Castle
explore those parts denied to most tourists. Walk down a We will have a guided tour of a college before going to
medieval street to follow the route of the Death Cart and Woodstock, passing thatched cottages en route to Stratford
hear the cry, ‘Bring out your dead’ echo once more through upon Avon, where we will have time for a meal and a visit
the lanes of the old city. Visit a plague pit where 50 000 to Shakespeare’s birthplace in Henley Street. We take a short
victims of the Black Death lie in their awful tomb. Listen to tour of the town to see the Memorial Theatre on the banks
excerpts from Shakespeare’s plays and Dickens’ novels set in of the Avon and also Shakespeare’s grave. We then leave for
the very places which we visit. Follow the Jack the Ripper Warwick Castle, dating back to the fourteenth century and
murder trail and learn the true identity of the Ripper. reputed to be the most impressive in Britain. We will see the
B. Windsor Castle State Rooms in their original splendour. You may also
Leaving Central London we go direct on the motorway to explore the Dungeons, the Ghost Tower and stroll with the
Windsor. We visit Runnymede Meadows, where in 1215 peacocks in the gardens.
King John signed the Magna Carta, which gave the people of E. Museums
England the right of trial before punishment. We cross over No tour of London would be complete that did not take in
the Long Walk with magnificent views of the Castle and are some of the finest museums in Britain. The most famous of
soon at Windsor Castle. We see the Guard before visiting the all is, of course, the British Museum in Great Russell Street,
State Apartments and St George’s Chapel. Windsor Castle where we begin our tour. It is indeed one of the best
has been a royal residence since the eleventh century, when museums in the world, with numerous treasures grouped by
William the Conqueror built the fortifications on the site. date and nationality. Here you will get the chance to see
During your visit many treasures will be seen. If the Queen scenes from prehistoric Britain, perfectly preserved Egyptian
is in residence, we will visit Queen Mary’s Dolls House mummies and a whole range of Roman and Greek
instead. After the visit, there will be time for shopping antiquities, including the unique collection known as the
before rejoining the coach. Elgin Marbles – the famous statues and sculptures from the
C. Salisbury, Stonehenge and Bath Parthenon in Athens. And for something a bit more up-to-
Salisbury Cathedral, dedicated to St Mary and founded in date, and for those of you who have the energy, a bus will
1220, has a beautiful spire which dominates the take you to the exhibition of the Guinness World of Records
surrounding countryside. This gothic cathedral is a classic of which illustrates feats form the famous Guinness Book of
architecture and mustn’t be missed. We continue to Records. For anyone interested in weird and wonderful
Stonehenge, whose stones have stood for over 4 000 years world records, form the tallest man to the fastest runner,
amongst the burial mounds of a prehistoric community. We this colourful exhibition is a must.
A B
laconic
huddled curled up
gloomy sad, depressing
investigate examine, inquire into
reflect show as in a mirror
trivial not important
curious strange, wanting to know more
2.
1. Holmes had refilled his pipe and sat down again, paying 4. It was a Sunday evening, early in September, when I
no attention to my question. received one of Sherlock Holmes’ laconic messages, ‘Come
at once. Urgent.’
2. After several minutes, he told me that he had learnt
something very curious which had made him think that dogs 7. When I got to Baker Street, I found Holmes huddled up
might be able to help detectives in their work. 5 his armchair deep in thought, with his pipe in his mouth.
4. It was a Sunday evening, early in September, when I 2. After several minutes, he told me that he had learnt
received one of Sherlock Holmes’ laconic messages, ‘Come something very curious which had made him think that dogs
at once. Urgent.’ might be able to help detectives in their work. 5
1. Holmes had refilled his pipe and sat down again, paying
no attention to my question.
1. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the words above. Sometimes there is more than one
possibility.
1. Some people are very ___ afraid____ of spiders.
2. Her worst __fear___ is failing her exams.
3. The little girl was __afraid____ her mother wouldn’t come back.
4. There was a ___frightful____ smell in the room and I just had to open the window.
5. A good reporter is ___fearless ____ in the face of danger.
6. When the rescue team reached him, he was shaking with ___fear______.
2. Complete these sentences using some of the verbs below to form -ed or -ing adjectives.
excite, depress, frighten, amuse, fascinate, bore, intrigue, disgust
1. Are you ___frightened_____ of dogs?
2. An old, empty house at night is _____frightening _______.
3. I feel ____excited_______ the day before a big match.
4. It wasn’t an ___fascinating_______ match, unfortunately.
5. The news was all about various disasters. I found it a bit ___depressing_____.
6. I felt very _____depressed____ after failing my exams.
7. He tells very ____boring___ jokes.
8. I’m not ____amused______ by your jokes; I don’t find them funny at all.
look over, look into, look through, look on, look out, look after, look up
1. Replace the underlined words in these sentences with the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs above.
1. The police are investigating the crime. looking into
2. If you can’t remember the number, you can always find it in the telephone book. look it up
3. If you are not careful, you are going to have an accident one day. do not look out
4. Can you please read the text quickly and find all the phrasal verbs. look over look through the text
5. You should examine the property carefully before you decide to buy it. look through look over
6. Who takes care of the kids when you go out in the evening? looks after
7. It was terrible … while the little, old lady was being mugged, several passers-by just stood there watching! looking on
Phrasal verbs with down
let down, come down, put down, take down, pull down, turn down, knock down
2. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs above.
1. A good friend never ____lets____ you _____down____.
2. The show is over. We can ____take down_______ the poster now.
3. They offered her a lot of money for the house but she _____turned___ them ____down_____.
4. As the old lady was crossing the road she was ____knocked down_____ by a bus.
5. It was such an old house they decided to have it ____pulled down_______.
6. put down
7. Prices in the shops never seem to _____come down_____: they’re always going up.
3. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the words above.
1. _____Pass____ the salt and pepper, please.
2. Be careful, you’re going to ___drop____ that glass.
3. He ___threw____ a stone at the window and broke it.
4. How do cats always manage to ___fall_____ on their feet?
5. The child ____knocked_____ the glass over and spilt all the milk.
6. Just ___push______ the green button and the door will open.
Unit 9: Mysterious monsters - It’s big, it’s ugly, it’s wild and nobody can capture it!
1. B D 4. G C
A 57-year-old woman was mauled yesterday, by what she Exmoor, however, seems to be one of the mysterious
claims was ‘a huge, black cat’, as she was walking her two monster’s favourite haunts. This is the latest in a whole
dogs near Bodmin Moor in the West Country. Local police series of incidents in which a black, cat-like creature has
are investigating her story, which follows a spate of similar been sighted by people living in the area of Exmoor. The
reports in the area in recent months. Residents and visitors creature, which looks like a puma say local farmers, has
to the West Country have been warned to avoid the Bodmin been killing sheep and other livestock. ‘It should be caught
area. immediately and shot,’ said one farmer who has lost five
sheep in recent months. Several other farmers have reported
2. D G
the loss of livestock following attacks by an unidentified
Mrs Williams, the wife of a local farmer, described the cat as creature, assumed by many until recently to have been a
‘just like something out of the jungle. It was jet-black all wolf. ‘A wolf has not been sighted in these areas in living
over with a white-tipped tail. It had short legs but was very memory,’ commented one farmer.
“When I came to, there it was – a huge, black cat staring Constable John Witmoor.
They often have a pear-shaped head. They are intelligent The full, fleshy lips and the prominent jaw are usually signs
but can also be absent-minded. They like to spend time at of sincerity, warmth and strong emotions of the romantic
home where they can think in peace and quiet. Most of the variety. These types are outgoing and sociable. They often
time they are either thinking, studying or sleeping. They get married young. Although they may not shine, they will
remain single, or put off getting married till later in life. do well both at work and at play.
2. D g 6. e H
They are well-built and courageous and they do not lack The distinguishing feature of this type is that the width and
self-confidence. They are easily insulted and get angry height of the face are roughly the same. They give the
quickly. They are quite hard-working at school or at work, impression of being melancholy. They are usually red-faced
but without overdoing it. They enjoy the simple life. They and look healthy. They have large, dark eyes and bushy
do not often become rich. eyebrows. They have a wide nose and a large mouth. These
types are tough and determined, even aggressive. They
3. F b
strike first and ask questions later.
They tend to be thin. They are inflexible and do not change personality is bright and cheerful, but they can also be tense
their ideas easily. They are usually honest. They take their and edgy. They think a lot and take a lot of what goes on
time doing things and do not learn quickly. Their thin lips around them.
Vocabulary
Words often confused
polite, kind, gentle, respectable, respectful
1. Match the words above with their definitions
- not rough or violent
- having good manners
- behaving in a way which shows you admire someone or accept their position in society
- caring for and helping others
- having qualities that society admires
Graphology is the study and (1) ANALYSE (n)____analysis________ of handwriting as a way of telling you about the writer’s (2)
PERSON_____personality________. In order to carry out a (3) SUCCESS ____successful______ study of someone’s character, graphologists
need a full-page specimen of someone’s handwriting. This has to be (4) WRITE ___written_______ spontaneously under normal
conditions.
One of the most widely analysed (5) SIGN _____signatures_____ is that of the greatest English writer of all time, William Shakespeare.
The only examples we have of Shakespeare’s (6) ABLE ____ability_______ to write are six examples of his signature. (7) FORTUNATE
____Unfortunately_____, experts do not agree on whether he wrote them at all. If he did, he could (8) HARD _______hardly______ have
been the writer who ‘never blotted a line’. The signatures are nearly (9) LEGIBLE ______illegible_______ and it can be seen that the
name is spelt in several (10) DIFFER ______differences__ different______ ways and written in several different styles. The three most
(11) CONTROVERSY ____controversial______ signatures are those on Shakespeare’s will. Their shaky letters may be a symptom of the
writer’s deathbed (12) WEAK ______weakness______. However, some expert graphologists claim that these signatures were not written
by Shakespeare at all, but by his (13) LAW _____lawyer(s)________. One graphologist, Duming-Lawrence, claims with (14) CERTAIN
____certainty________ that the greatest writer of all time could not so much as manage to scrawl his own name.
Unit 11 – Vocabulary
A B C
harvest the killing of many animals, often cruelly slaughter
cereal animals kept on a farm livestock
slaughter food like wheat and corn cereal
starvation to care for animals in order to use them for food rear
adjust terrible shameful
shameful to change adjust
livestock gathering crops on a farm harvest
rear chicken and other farmbirds poultry
poultry dying because of lack of food starvation
Meat is not cheap. Apart from costing the lives of countless millions of animals each year, its production is also causing starvation
for millions of people all over the world.
How can the production of food result in people going hungry? Because over half the world’s cereal harvest is fed to livestock
being reared for slaughter, and not to men, women and children.
And it takes a full 3 lbs of that grain to product just 1 lb of poultry. Or 10 lbs of grain to yield a mere 1 lb of intensively reared
beef. It’s a shameful waste of resources. One that you can help to correct by rejecting meat from your diet. Because the more
people who go vegetarian, the more the agricultural industry will be forced to adjust its methods of operation and reduce its
production, as demand for meat goes down.
5. Match words from list A with words from list B to make compound nouns. You can use some of the words more than
once.
A: pork, rare, chicken, roast, boiled, cheese, sausage, hot, ham, mince, apple, tomato, fried, lamb
B: beef, dog, sauce, chop, roll, burger, soup, pie, egg, steak, sandwich, meat
rare steak, chicken soup, roast beef, boiled egg, cheese sauce,pie,sandwich, hotdog, ham burger, mince beef, apple pie, tomato
sauce, soup , fried egg, lamb chop, pork chop, pork pie, chicken pie, chicken sandwich, sausage roll, ham sandwich
6. Put the words in the box under the following headings:
- vegetables: cabbage, pepper, Brussels sprout, mushroom, onion, carrot, cauliflower, pumpkin, courgetti, pea, bean
- fruit:cherry, plum, apricot, pear, grape, tangerine, raisin, watermelon, melon, peach
cabbage, veal, pea, bean, cherry, mutton, pepper, Brussels sprout, plum, lamb, apricot, pear, grape, tangerine, mushroom, raisin,
beef, watermelon, steak, ham, melon, onion, carrot, cauliflower, peach, pumpkin, courgette, pork
Vocabulary
give up, go off, run out, put on, cut up, cut down
1. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs above.
1. We’ve _____run out______ of cheese. I’ll have to go and get some more.
4. After the Mad Cow Disease scare, a lot of people _____gave up______ eating meat completely.
5. Before you put the pork in the pan it should be _____cut up_____ into little pieces.
6. I’ve not stopped eating meat completely, but I’ve ____cut down_____.
2. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the words above.
4. Will the ____worth_______ of my property go down if they build a factory nearby? value
5. The ____cost____ of houses has gone up sharply in the last few years. price/value
6. I thought the ring was made of gold, but it turned out to be ___priceless_____. worthless
7. I have bought fifty pounds’ _____value_____ of drink for the party. Do you think that will be enough? worth
8. This car was a real bargain; it only ______worth______ me a thousand pounds. cost
Unit 12 – The power and magic of dreams
1. D 4. A
If any book in the twentieth century can be said to have There is something about dreams that leads people to
brough about a revolution in the way we think, it is The believe there must be some meaning behind them. Dreams
Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud. Freud himself have aroused our curiosity since ancient times. Four
said, ‘It contains the most valuable of all the discoveries I thousand years before Freud was born, Egyptian priests
have had the good fortune to make.’ The book was claimed to be able to interpret dreams and they believed
published for the first time in 1900 and nearly one hundred that dreams could foretell the future. Aristotle, in the fourth
years later it has become a classic. It changed the way we century BC, regarded dreams as an early warning system
think about sleep and dreams forever. But how did it all about the state of our health.
start?
5. C
2. G
What causes dreams and what do they mean? A touch or a
On the night of 24 July 1895, Sigmund Freud had an sound may become part of a dream if it occurs during dream
unusually long and vivid dream. He dreamt that he was periods. Over the centuries, people have believed dreams
giving a party in a large room. One of the guests was a are brought on by the weather, the stars, the Devil,
female patient of his, who told him (in the dream) that she indigestion, a knocking at the door, very strict parents and
was seriously ill. Freud believed here, but felt she was not as even pickles. Dreams may express important wishes and
seriously ill as she thought. There was nothing unusual fears of the dreamer. However, dreams are so personal that
about the dream – the events and the people in it were quite deep down many of us may be quite pleased that they
ordinary. When he woke up, Freud wrote down the dream cannot be fully explained.
in as much detail as he could remember. He studied all of
6. E
the details carefully and realized that they were not random
– they meant something. Gradually, he discovered what he The scientific study of dreams only really began in 1952,
believed each of the symbols in his dream really meant. when a researcher at the University of Chicago attached
electrodes to his son’s body and discovered the existence of
3. F
REM. This is the period during sleep when there is rapid eye
Nowadays, if Freud were to attend a scientific conference on movement. This is also referred to as D-sleep (or dream
dreams, he would be able to choose from a hundred or so sleep). It has since been discovered that we all dream, even
different theories about the significance of dreams. Dreams if we do not remember our dreams.
are also a subject studied in universities around the world.
7. B H
On the Internet, hundreds of people share their dreams with
other interested parties. We have our most vivid dreams during REM, which starts
about 90 minutes after we have fallen asleep. As we go
deeper into sleep, we dream more often and for longer
periods. Typically, a person has four or five periods of D-
sleep during the night. Dreams occur roughly every 90
minutes and altogether make up about 25% of the night’s
sleep.
A. Interest in the meaning of dreams goes back a long time. E. Scientific work on dreams has only a short history.
B. Why it is important to discuss you dreams. F. There is an enormous interest in dreams nowadays.
C. It is difficult to decide on what dreams really mean. G. An ordinary dream can mean quite a lot.
D. How an influential book was born. H. There are different kinds of sleep.
1. What do you believe about dreams? Agree or disagree with these statements. Which of the beliefs about dreams below
are mentioned?
1. Dreams are caused by the food you eat. A
2. Animals do not dream. D
3. Dreams can predict the future. A
4. Dreams express our secret desires. A
5. Dreams appear only in black and white. D
6. Dreams can tell you if you’re going to be ill. D
7. We dream for four hours every night. A
4. Find words in the text that mean:
- caused (phrasal verb) (part 1) brough about
- bright, clear (part 2) vivid
- slowly, not suddenly (part 2) Gradually
- shapes or objects which are used to represent something else (part 2) symbols
- the importance that something has (part 3) significance
- awakened interest in something (part 4) curiosity aroused
- desire to know something (part 4) curiosity
- decide what something means (part 4) regarded interpret
- say what will happen in the future (part 4) foretell
- very quick (part 6) rapid
- about (part 7) roughly
5. Complete these questions using one of the words from exercise 4 in each space.
1. Do you have ____vivid______ dreams in bright, clear colours?
2. Do you believe we can _____ interpret____ our dreams?
3. Do you feel any _____curiosity____ to know what your dreams really mean?
4. Do you fall asleep ____gradually_____ or immediately?
5. Do you think that dreams can ______ foretell ______ what is going to happen?
Warm up
crime buster = an informal expression meaning someone who fights crime
squad = a special team of policemen (or soldiers)
fingerprint brushing = a technique for making a copy of fingerprints left on objects a criminal may have touched
civic = to do with a city and its citizens
foster = encourage
get-away car = a car used by criminals to escape from the scene of a crime.
Unit 13: Goodies and baddies - Young crime busters win praise
Swedish ten-year-olds are learning the ways of Sherlock Holmes – and helping to cut crime in their home town. Alex Farnsworth
(Stockholm). An elite force of detectives has had a dramatic effect on the crime rate in the Swedish town of Uppsala. But the
hundred members of the crack squad are no ordinary crime busters – they are only ten years old. The youngsters work under Goran
Harde, a policeman who has been running a detective training course for the past five years. 1. __B___ Harde, a 25-year veteran of
the force, boasts that he has ‘one hundred small detectives and the lowest crime rate in town’.
Recently, when a woman went missing from an old people’s home, Harde called the local school and asked them to ‘let out his
detectives’. Within half an hour they had found her sitting in a café. 2. ____G_____ When a bicycle is reported stolen, an almost daily
occurrence in the university town, Harde sends out his ‘Emil and the Detectives’ team. The children trace and return an average of
three bicycles a week. In return they receive a pass to the local swimming pool. 3._______A___________
The young detectives are Harde’s eyes and ears and each of them is responsible for an area close to his or her home. If they see
anything suspicious, they report it to their chief. Following a recent robbery in Uppsala, the police saw the get-away car head into
Harde’s district. 4_____D_____ ‘I gave the car number to my children,’ he said proudly. ‘Within an hour and a half I could confirm to
my bosses that the car was not in my district.’
Every Monday evening, the detectives attend their training courses. They study the Detectives’ Handbook, learn the art of fingerprint
brushing and watch non-violent mystery classics. 5_____E____ They are also sent on fact-finding missions. The school transforms the
town council dining room into a bustling forensic laboratory of which Sherlock Holmes would have been proud.
The year-long course is for twenty young detectives, after which the children receive a diploma. 6____C___ Seventeen are chosen for
the course on a first come, first served basis; the last three Harde chooses himself from problem families.
By offering fun-filled detective classes, Harde hopes to encourage a sense of civic responsibility in his pupils and to foster a
situation in which society can police itself. He claims that the detective club is more than just a novel approach to police work. He
believes it is an investment in the future. The children who are involved in the programme are much more likely to grow into
responsible law-abiding citizens. They also get lots of fun out of the experience. 7__H___ One young detective, Anna Egenalm, said
she doesn’t share her knowledge with her friends: “It’s a secret,” she declared.
Vocabulary
1. Put the words in the box under the following headings:
criminal, culprit, accuse, release, offender, charge, prison, suspect, accused, sentence, police, court, detective, robbery, lawyer,
mugging, free, prosecutor, assassination, cell, judge, jury, convict, blackmail, burglary, witness, shoplifter, assassin, drug
trafficking, prisoner, jail, station
people who break the law: criminal, culprit, offender, suspect, accused, shoplifter, assassin, prisoner, convict
people who defend the law: police, detective, lawyer, prosecutor, jury, witness, judge
names of crimes: robbery, mugging, assassination, blackmail, burglary, drug trafficking
places connected with the law: prison, court, cell, jail, station
actions connected with the law: accuse, release, charge, sentence, free, judge, convict, witness, suspect, jail
4. Use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
Kidnapped!
The Metropolitan police have launched a nationwide hunt for the (1) KIDNAP_______kidnappers______ of a wealthy businessman,
Charles Webster, who was held for ransom at the weekend.
The police are offering 25 000 pounds for (2) INFORM_______information_________ leading to the arrest of the (3)
CRIME_______criminals__________. Webster, chairman of the famous chocolate factory Candberry Sweets and father of three, was
released on Monday after his (4) RELATE______relatives________ paid a ransom of nearly one million pounds. The three wanted men
are highly (5) DANGER___dangerous_______, escaped convicts. Webster told (6) JOURNAL_____journalists_________ how his ordeal began
last Friday morning as he was on his way to work. The 55-year-old (7) BUSINESS____businessmen____________ was dragged from his
car at gunpoint by two men who took him to an (8) KNOW______unknown________ destination. They then telephoned Webster’s
brother, who is also the family (9) LAW________lawyer________, demanding a ransom of a million pounds and warning him not to
involve the police in (10) NEGOTIATE________negotiations______________ . On Monday morning, the two sides came to a compromise
agreement and the kidnappers released Webster in exchange for 850 000 pounds.
A. Love Hurts headaches to liver complaints. This film follows the police
The second series of this highly acclaimed drama reunites on the killing trail in Korea, where the bears are almost
unlikely lovers Frank Craver and Tessa Piggott, played by extinct, across the Pacific to Canada, where conservationists
Adam Faith and Zoe Wanamaker. Plumber-cum-millionaire battle to save this endangered species.
Frank has lost his home, money and Tessa, who has moved Acoustic Tragedies
from doing charity work to the board of Blaublatt, run by Noise is one of the most complained about environmental
the thirteenth richest man in the USA. But Frank is not a problems and the fastest growing form of pollution. This
man to be kept down for long and soon starts doing business film follows negotiations between mother of four, Mrs Rafei,
in Russia – just as Tessa’s work takes her to Eastern and and her neighbours, up-and-coming heavy metal band
Central Europe. Will their affair begin again? Peach. Will anyone compromise or will band practice
continue to drive Mrs Rafei to tears?
B. Fawlty Towers
Basil has big plans for his hotel, Fawlty Towers, although E. Under the Sun
the guests stand in the way of progress and his staff – This award-winning series takes a look at the more unusual
Manuel (Andrew Sachs), the incompetent waiter from lifestyles and relationships of individuals, tribes and nations
Barcelona; Polly, the seemingly sane chambermaid and from all corners of the globe. The Women Who Smile is the
Basil’s dragon-like wife Sybil (Prunella Scales), who divides first part of The Hamar Trilogy, a portrait of a group of
her time between nagging her husband and gossiping – are people who live in south-western Ethiopia. Barely touched
also an obstacle. Hilarious one-liners, comic insults and by the war in the north, they continue to live a traditional
amusing slapstick make Fawlty Towers the most popular TV life. Each film concentrates on the proud and outspoken
comedy of all time. Hamar women whose lives – their struggles and tragedies –
offer many reflections of our own. The women speak frankly
C. Great Ormond Street about their lives, particularly Duka, who in the films
‘The Child First and Always’ is the slogan of the world’s matures from a young, unmarried girl to a wife and mother
most famous children’s hospital in central London. This with two young children.
eight-part series aims to show how those words are put into
practice each day, as the cameras capture the moving stories F. The Accountant
of the young patients, their parents and the special medical Directed by Lee Balir and starring Alfred Molina as the
teams who work there. The hospital does important medical accountant, this film, a dark and dangerous drama with lots
research, but its daily concerns often involve matters of life of humour, has won the British Academy Award for Best
and death. Single drama, the Royal Television Society Award and two
Broadcasting Press Guild Awards. Lionel Ellerman (Molina)
D. Nature is a small-time London accountant, who has been asked to
A series of six programmers which focus on environmental trace to a small debt for his friend Bernie, who lives in
problems and possible solutions, including: Manchester. But this task is not as innocent as it sounds and
Bear Necessities Lionel finds that the Mafia are taking a close interest in his
The Asian black bear is hunted for its gall, an important part son’s Bar Mitzvah.
of Oriental medicine used in the treatment of anything from
Which programme or programmes would you recommend for someone who:
likes watching programmes set in other countries? 1AD, 2E
is interested in environmental issues? 3D
enjoys crime stories? 4DF
likes English humour? 5B, 6F
likes documentaries about social issues? 7C, 8D, 9E
likes stories about modern relationships? 10A
is interested in scientific developments? 11C
watches anything that has won an award? 12E, 13F
Unit 14: TV Highlights
A. Love Hurts headaches to liver complaints. This film follows the police
The second series of this highly acclaimed drama reunites on the killing trail in Korea, where the bears are almost
unlikely lovers Frank Craver and Tessa Piggott, played by extinct, across the Pacific to Canada, where conservationists
Adam Faith and Zoe Wanamaker. Plumber-cum-millionaire battle to save this endangered species.
Frank has lost his home, money, and Tessa, who has moved Acoustic Tragedies
from doing charity work to the board of Blaublatt, run by Noise is one of the most complained about environmental
the thirteenth richest man in the USA. But Frank is not a problems and the fastest growing form of pollution. This
man to be kept down for long and soon starts doing business film follows negotiations between mother of four, Mrs Rafei,
in Russia – just as Tessa’s work takes her to Eastern and and her neighbours, up-and-coming heavy metal band
Central Europe. Will their affair begin again? Peach. Will anyone compromise or will band practice
continue to drive Mrs Rafei to tears?
B. Fawlty Towers
Basil has big plans for his hotel, Fawlty Towers, although E. Under the Sun
the guests stand in the way of progress and his staff – This award-winning series takes a look at the more unusual
Manuel (Andrew Sachs), the incompetent waiter from lifestyles and relationships of individuals, tribes and nations
Barcelona; Polly, the seemingly sane chambermaid and from all corners of the globe. The Women Who Smile is the
Basil’s dragon-like wife Sybil (Prunella Scales), who divides first part of The Hamar Trilogy, a portrait of a group of
her time between nagging her husband and gossiping – are people who live in south-western Ethiopia. Barely touched
also an obstacle. Hilarious one-liners, comic insults and by the war in the north, they continue to live a traditional
amusing slapstick make Fawlty Towers the most popular TV life. Each film concentrates on the proud and outspoken
comedy of all time. Hamar women whose lives – their struggles and tragedies –
offer many reflections of our own. The women speak frankly
C. Great Ormond Street about their lives, particularly Duka, who in the films
‘The Child First and Always’ is the slogan of the world’s matures from a young, unmarried girl to a wife and mother
most famous children’s hospital in central London. This with two young children.
eight-part series aims to show how those words are put into
practice each day, as the cameras capture the moving stories F. The Accountant
of the young patients, their parents and the special medical Directed by Lee Balir and starring Alfred Molina as the
teams who work there. The hospital does important medical accountant, this film, a dark and dangerous drama with lots
research, but its daily concerns often involve matters of life of humour, has won the British Academy Award for Best
and death. Single drama, the Royal Television Society Award and two
Broadcasting Press Guild Awards. Lionel Ellerman (Molina)
D. Nature is a small-time London accountant, who has been asked to
A series of six programmers which focus on environmental trace to a small debt for his friend Bernie, who lives in
problems and possible solutions, including: Manchester. But this task is not as innocent as it sounds and
Bear Necessities Lionel finds that the Mafia are taking a close interest in his
The Asian black bear is hunted for its gall, an important part son’s Bar Mitzvah.
of Oriental medicine used in the treatment of anything from
Which programme or programmes would you recommend for someone who:
likes watching programmes set in other countries? 1, 2 A, D E
is interested in environmental issues? 3 D
enjoys crime stories? 4 F
likes English humour? 5, 6 B, F
likes documentaries about social issues? 7, 8, 9 C, D, E
likes stories about modern relationships? 10 A
is interested in scientific developments? 11C
watches anything that has won an award? 12, 13 F, E
1. Put the words in the box under the following headings connected with TV:
- people presenter, newscaster, viewer, announcer, producer, interviewer
- programmes: film, episode, series, cartoon, newsflash, commercial, scene, sitcom, drama, comedy, documentary, talk show, quiz,
repeat, informative, show
- verbs switch, repeat, show, quiz, broadcast, film
film, presenter, newscaster, broadcast, episode, switch, series, cartoon, newsflash, viewer, commercial, scene, quiz, repeat,
informative, sitcom, announcer, show, producer, drama, comedy, interview, documentary, talk show
2. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the words above.
spend, waste, pass
1. Where are you going to ____spend______ your holidays this year?
2. Let’s get started. We’ve _____wasted______ enough time already.
3. We ____passed______ the hotel without seeing it.
4. I’m not doing anything special, just _____wasting_____ the time. passing
5. How much will we have to _______spend_______ to repair the roof?
6. Time seems to have ____passed______ very quickly.
7. Don’t ____waste______ your time on him – he’s not worth it.
8. I love ___spending_____ time with my friends, don’t you?
3. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs above. Use one of the verbs twice.
keep on, keep out, keep at, keep off, keep up, keep in
1. ______KEEP OFF _____ THE GRASS
2. Don’t give up - ________keep at_______ it.
3. ‘If you don’t finish your homework, I’ll ____keep _____ you in till you do,’ said Mum.
4. Do you want to go to bed? I hope I’m not ____keeping________ you ____up_______
5. He _____kept on____ talking though no one was listening
6. PRIVATE PROPERTY ________KEEP OUT____________.
7. Well done! _____Keep up_____ the good work
4. Match the phrasal verbs in the list A with their meanings in list B
A B
keep up become ill go down with
get on tolerate put up with 5.
put up with escape get away with Complete
go down with think of a plan or a solution come up with these
‘Will machines ever be more intelligent than humans? The answer is clearly, yes!’ So began a lecture given last month to the British
Association for the Advancement of Science by Professor Kevin Warwick of Reading University.
Sounding like a mad scientist from a bad movie, Professor Warwick went on to draw some worrying conclusions from his
prediction. ‘If machines can be made as intelligent as humans,’ he said, ‘then that’s really it for the human race.’ 1__G______ The
machines will take over and either destroy us or force us to lead a slave-type existence. People who say it will never happen are not
being realistic.’
At first glance, this looks like the fantasy of a man who has spent too long with toy robots and has lost touch with reality. 2____A____
For perhaps the most worrying thing about his views on the future of robots and the human race is that many other people
working in artificial intelligence do not think such views are particularly eccentric.
A few years ago, Hans Moravec, the director of Mobile Robot Laboratory in Pittsburgh, published a book called Mind Children.
3__D____ He also predicted that robots – the children of our minds – will be able to develop more quickly than we can to face the
enormous challenges in the larger universe. We humans will benefit for a time from their work, but sooner or later, like natural
children, they will seek their independence. 4____H________
Neither Moravec nor Warwick is writing about the distant future, thousands of years from now. They both seem to believe that, as
Moravec puts it, ‘Robots with human intelligence will be common within 50 years’, or as Professor Warwick claims, machines that
are more intelligent than humans will be built ‘certainly within the lifetime of our children’.
Are all the people working in computers mad? 5___C_____ Is there any reason to believe these predictions? ‘At present,’ Warwick
claims, ‘we can make an exact copy of the brain and intelligence of some more primitive forms, for example insects. We can also
create artificial animals with their own individual behavior patterns, for example taking on a more defensive or aggressive role.’
This sounds impressive, but what does it mean in practice? 6____F____ When you move towards them, they will run away, and when
the ‘threat’ is gone, they will go back again to what they were doing before, i.e., charging about randomly. Interesting, certainly,
but it looks like a long step from there to world domination. 7_____E______
Are there any more convincing demonstrations of the intelligence and power of the ‘mind children’? Well, next summer, at the
World Robot Championships to be held at the Royal Concert Hall in Glasgow, we shall perhaps see.
‘Will machines ever be more intelligent than humans? The answer is clearly, yes!’ So began a lecture given last month to the British
Association for the Advancement of Science by Professor Kevin Warwick of Reading University.
Sounding like a mad scientist from a bad movie, Professor Warwick went on to draw some worrying conclusions from his
prediction. ‘If machines can be made as intelligent as humans,’ he said, ‘then that’s really it for the human race.’ 1___G_____ The
machines will take over and either destroy us or force us to lead a slave-type existence. People who say it will never happen are not
being realistic.’
At first glance, this looks like the fantasy of a man who has spent too long with toy robots and has lost touch with reality. 2___A____
For perhaps the most worrying thing about his views on the future of robots and the human race is that many other people
working in artificial intelligence do not think such views are particularly eccentric.
A few years ago, Hans Moravec, the director of Mobile Robot Laboratory in Pittsburgh, published a book called Mind Children.
3___D___ He also predicted that robots – the children of our minds – will be able to develop more quickly than we can to face the
enormous challenges in the larger universe. We humans will benefit for a time from their work, but sooner or later, like natural
children, they will seek their independence. 4_____H_______
Neither Moravec nor Warwick is writing about the distant future, thousands of years from now. They both seem to believe that, as
Moravec puts it, ‘Robots with human intelligence will be common within 50 years’, or as Professor Warwick claims, machines that
are more intelligent than humans will be built ‘certainly within the lifetime of our children’.
Are all the people working in computers mad? 5____C____ Is there any reason to believe these predictions? ‘At present,’ Warwick
claims, ‘we can make an exact copy of the brain and intelligence of some more primitive forms, for example insects. We can also
create artificial animals with their own individual behavior patterns, for example taking on a more defensive or aggressive role.’
This sounds impressive, but what does it mean in practice? 6____F____ When you move towards them, they will run away, and when
the ‘threat’ is gone, they will go back again to what they were doing before, i.e., charging about randomly. Interesting, certainly,
but it looks like a long step from there to world domination. 7____E_______
Are there any more convincing demonstrations of the intelligence and power of the ‘mind children’? Well, next summer, at the
World Robot Championships to be held at the Royal Concert Hall in Glasgow, we shall perhaps see.
3. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs above.
1. What do you ______make of____ all these rumours about Mad Cow Disease?
2. I’m starving; I could really ____make of__ do with ___ something to eat! do with
3. You’ll have to ______do without___ your supper tonight because we haven’t got any food.
4. I think they should ___do without_ do away with __ boxing because it’s such a dangerous sport.
5. The thief should ___make off____ as soon as he saw the policeman coming.
6. ____Do____ your jacket __up___– you’ll catch a cold!
7. She __makes______ herself ___up____ before she goes out with her boyfriend.
Phrasal verbs with make
4. Match the phrasal verbs in list A with their meanings in list B. Two of the verbs have more than one meaning
A B
make up invent
make for see or hear something with
difficulty
make out form something
write a cheque
pretend
move quickly towards
become friends again
B.
a. Can I make out a cheque instead?
b. It needs to be made up of two men and two women.
c. I made out I was ill.
d. I can’t make out what the sign says.
e. She probably made it all up.
f. Isn’t it about time you shook hands and made up?
g. He made for the door.
(I do -911)
A. Breaking a mirror go wrong on that day, like the loss of a wallet or a key they
The superstition that if you break a mirror, you will have blame it on the date.
seven years’ bad luck, comes from the belief in ancient times C. Cats
that a person’s reflection was part of their soul. As a result, Cats have always been surrounded by superstitions. In
people used to think that if you broke anything with this ancient Egypt cats were considered sacred, but in medieval
reflection on it, such as a mirror, you would harm the soul. Europe many people believed cats were witches in disguise.
B. Thirteen A popular superstition about cats is that a black cat, crossing
In most hotels all over the world, you will not find a room your path from left to right, will bring you bad luck.
with the number thirteen, and if the hotel is a skyscraper, it However, in some cultures, a black cat is thought to be a
will go from floor twelve to floor fourteen. The superstition good omen rather than a bad one.
that thirteen is unlucky can be traced back to a D. The bride’s dress
Scandinavian myth. There were originally only twelve gods There are some customs connected with the marriage
and then along came the god Loki to make thirteen. Loki ceremony which go back thousands of years. When the bride
was a mischievous god who brought suffering to people. puts on her white dress, she is wearing the sacred colour of
Nowadays, people avoid planning important events on the Greeks, which represents purity and innocence. Like a
th th
Friday 13 (or Tuesday 13 in some cultures), and if things modern pride, the ancient Greek bride wore a veil and a
crown and was carried over the threshold by the groom. On
the day she gets married, a woman is supposed to wear people believed that if you praise someone a lot and give
‘something old, something new, something borrowed and them pleasure, the devil becomes envious and finds ways of
something blue’. Blue in the rhyme stands for truth. spoiling that pleasure. Saying a baby is beautiful may bring
E. Rice bad luck, so superstitious people often pretend to be spitting
In certain primitive tribes, the act of eating rice together and say to the child ‘Let me not give you the evil eye.’
was the way people got married. This was probably because People also think they can protect themselves from the evil
eating together symbolized living together and rice eye by not boasting about their success.
happened to be the local food. In some cultures, rice is G. Touching wood
thrown at weddings to protect the couple from evil spirits. It In many Christian countries, “Touch wood” is a superstitious
was believed that evil spirits appeared at weddings and had expression that is supposed to prevent bad luck. Often
to be fed to keep them from doing harm to the newlyweds. people actually touch wood as they say it, and if there is
Rice is also thrown at weddings because it represents nothing made of wood within reach, they touch their head
fertility and is a symbolic way of wishing the couple many or someone else’s head instead. If someone asks, “Have you
children. ever had a car accident?”, you might reply “No, touch
F. The evil eye wood.” meaning “I hope it never happens.” The origin of
In some Mediterranean countries, the ‘evil eye’ refers to the this custom dates almost certainly from the time when
fact that if you say something good about someone, you people wore a crucifix made of wood and touched it as if to
might bring them bad luck. This probably began when say “May Christ protect me”.
Which superstition or supersititions: an image you see in a mirror or water (part A)
is to do with getting married? 1, 2 D E badly behaved (part B)
involves a specific period of bad luck? 3 A dressed as someone else (part C)
involves saying something? 4, 5 F G a sign that something is going to happen in the
involves people wearing something? 6 D future (part C)
involves your hand? 7 G injury, damage (part E)
involves an accident? 8 G A jealous (part F)
will affect which room people sleep in? 9 B to stop something from happening (part G)
encourages people to be modest? 10 F
involves throwing food at someone? 11E
can affect important days in your life? 12 B
involves an animal? 13 C
Find words in the text that mean:
from a long time ago (part A)
Unit 17: Worth a thousand words More than 5000 years ago, the Egyptians began painting the
world around them on the walls of the Pharaohs’ tombs. The
A. Cave Paintings
Egyptians believed there was life after death, so they
The cave paintings on the walls of caves in Spain and painted pictures of mythological stories and of daily life.
southern France are the earliest form of art we have. They People and animals were shown involved in daily activities,
show a wide variety of animals, such as bears, horses and such as hunting, farming and eating.
realistic and lively. The most common subjects are sports, tried to be very different from previous styles? 6F
makes people seem more beautiful than they really are? 7C
celebrations, dolphins, and beautiful young people.
shows people having fun? 8E C
D. The Renaissance began in the nineteenth century? 9E
may at first seem to be badly drawn? 10 F
The Renaissance is usually defined as the rebirth of the
do not show objects clearly? 11E
painting and literature inspired by classical models, is found in museums in most countries? 12D
especially those of ancient Greece. The Renaissance lasted
from the fifteenth to the sixteenth century and its centre was
Italy. The great artists of the period, who include
Michelangelo, Leonardo and Botticelli, were able to paint
nature and people with great accuracy. More than any other Unit 17: Worth a thousand words
style, the works of the Italian Renaissance can be seen in
A. Cave Paintings
museum collections throughout the world.
The cave paintings on the walls of caves in Spain and
E. Impressionism
southern France are the earliest form of art we have. They
The name cones from a picture by Monet, ‘Impression, show a wide variety of animals, such as bears, horses and
Sunrise’ (1872). This painting shows Monet’s interest in deer. The pictures were painted in bright colours, which
analysing tone and colour and, above all, the way light were made of various minerals mixed with animal fat, egg
reflects on the surface of objects. As a result, the objects do whites, plant juices and even blood. They were almost
not always have a clear outline. The first Impressionist certainly connected with hunting. In one famous example, in
exhibition was held in 1874 when Monet, Renoir, Cézanne, a cave in Laseaux in France, a man is shown among some
Degas and others announced that the aim of the movement animals and there are several dark dots in the painting. The
was to achieve greater naturalism in painting. Most meaning of the painting is not certain, but it shows that the
Impressionist pictures are of landscapes and the cave dwellers had superb artistic skills.
Impressionists liked to use bright colours, even when
B. Egyptian Paintings
portraying shadows; this often gives their work a joyful,
optimistic feel. More than 5000 years ago, the Egyptians began painting the
world around them on the walls of the Pharaohs’ tombs. The
F. Modernism
Egyptians believed there was life after death, so they
Following the Impressionist movement, artists such as painted pictures of mythological stories and of daily life.
Picasso and Braque tried to change the style of painting People and animals were shown involved in daily activities,
from naturalistic to more abstract. Instead of trying to make such as hunting, farming and eating.
a realistic copy of an object, they wanted to show it from a
C. Greek Art
variety of different angles. In their paintings, several views
of an object or person are combined, which often results in The most artistic people of any age were, perhaps, the
such things as eyes and noses appearing in unusual places or Greeks around 500BC. Their aim in sculpture was the
at strange angles. Some people conclude from these imitation of life, but life in its perfect or ideal form. We
paintings that the artists could not draw. On the contrary; have many examples of Greek sculpture, which is
Picasso and Braque were perfectly capable of painting characterized by the beauty of its forms and amazing
naturalistic paintings, but this was not their aim in art. knowledge of human anatomy. Most of the sculptures
portray gods and goddesses from mythology.
Which style or styles of art:
first showed scenes from everyday life? 1C B
Most Greek wall paintings have not survived, but we have a is the oldest? 2 A
few examples by the Minoans of Crete in the ancient royal shows scenes from mythology? 3, 4 B C
palaces of Knossos and Santorini. These pictures are very is directly influenced by a previous style of painting? 5 D
realistic and lively. The most common subjects are sports, tried to be very different from previous styles? 6 F
makes people seem more beautiful than they really are? 7 C
celebrations, dolphins, and beautiful young people.
shows people having fun? 8 E C
D. The Renaissance began in the nineteenth century? 9E
may at first seem to be badly drawn? 10 E
The Renaissance is usually defined as the rebirth of the
do not show objects clearly? 11E
painting and literature inspired by classical models, is found in museums in most countries? 12 D
especially those of ancient Greece. The Renaissance lasted
from the fifteenth to the sixteenth century and its centre was
Italy. The great artists of the period, who include
Michelangelo, Leonardo and Botticelli, were able to paint
nature and people with great accuracy. More than any other
style, the works of the Italian Renaissance can be seen in to feel blue = to feel sad
museum collections throughout the world. in the red = owning money to a bank, having an overdraft
in the black = having no overdraft in a bank account
E. Impressionism to be/turn as red as a beetroot = to blush deeply
to turn green = to feel sick
The name cones from a picture by Monet, ‘Impression,
1. We often use colours in idiomatic expressions.
Sunrise’ (1872). This painting shows Monet’s interest in She was green with envy when I won first prize in the race.
analysing tone and colour and, above all, the way light 1. Breaking the window was a _____black_______ mark against
reflects on the surface of objects. As a result, the objects do you. Be careful next time.
not always have a clear outline. The first Impressionist 2. Are you afraid to fight? You’re not ____yellow____, are you?
exhibition was held in 1874 when Monet, Renoir, Cézanne, Come on, don’t be a coward!
Degas and others announced that the aim of the movement 3. The government gave us the ___green____ light to go ahead
was to achieve greater naturalism in painting. Most with the plan.
Impressionist pictures are of landscapes and the 4. He saw ___red_____. He was absolutely furious!
5. I’m interested in the environment and in ___green____
Impressionists liked to use bright colours, even when
issues generally.
portraying shadows; this often gives their work a joyful,
6. You’re as _____white____ as a sheet. Have you seen a ghost
optimistic feel.
or something?
F. Modernism 7. It’s freezing outside; your hands are ___blue_____ with cold.
Following the Impressionist movement, artists such as Phrasal verbs with on and off
Picasso and Braque tried to change the style of painting drop off, try on, set off, come off, hand on, catch on, break
from naturalistic to more abstract. Instead of trying to make off
a realistic copy of an object, they wanted to show it from a 2. Replace the underlined words in these sentences with
variety of different angles. In their paintings, several views the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs above.
of an object or person are combined, which often results in 1. What time shall we begin our journey tomorrow? set off
2. They ended their relationship when they realized they
such things as eyes and noses appearing in unusual places or
didn’t get on. broke off
at strange angles. Some people conclude from these
3. It’s an ambitious plan. Do you think it will succeed? come
paintings that the artists could not draw. On the contrary;
off
Picasso and Braque were perfectly capable of painting
4. You don’t have to take me all the way – just leave me on
naturalistic paintings, but this was not their aim in art.
the corner. drop me off
5. Do you think this new style of dress will ever become
Which style or styles of art:
popular? catch on
first showed scenes from everyday life? 1 B
6. These jewels were passed to me by my father who was
given them by his father. handed on
7. Don’t buy that pullover before you have put it on to see if
it fits you. tried me on
Words often confused
power, strength
3. Complete these sentences using the correct form of
one of the words above.
1. The president has enormous __power_____ to make
decisions.
2. She has a very ____strong_____ character.
3. He’s a very ____strong_____ man. He can tear a telephone
booth in tow.
4. You don’t have enough __strength_____ to lift that box.
5. The boat is driven by two _____powerful_____ motors.
6. She has ____strong_____ beliefs, so you won’t persuade her
easily.
7. He made a _____powerful____ speech asking the government Unit 18: One small step
to take action.
Race to the Moon
On 4 October 1957, the USSR launched into orbit the
world’s first satellite, Sputnik 1. It was a tremendous success:
the Earth had a new moon and it bore the letters CCCP.
Then the USA launched its first satellite, Explorer 1, on 31
January 1958. Six months later, President Eisenhower
created NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, which immediately began the Mercury
programme to launch a manned space vehicle. (1)_F_____
Eight sentences have been removed from the text. Choose count countable, uncountable
from the extracts A-I the one which fits each gap (1-8).
There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. cure curable, uncurable incurable
A. On the twentieth anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission,
defeat defeatable, undefeatable
President Bush, imitating Kennedy, announced grandly that
the USA should aim to send a man to Mars before the year defend defendable, undefendable defensible, indefensible
2029.
B. But the Americans had still not managed to get a man define definable, undeniable indefinable
into orbit.
describe describable, indescribable forgive forgivable, unforgivable
Odd one out 2. Complete these sentences using the correct form of
one of the words in bold above.
Underline the words that do not go with the verbs in
1. NASA was ______founded________ in 1958 by President
bold.
Eisenhower.
1. launch: rocket, bicycle, spacecraft, lesson, boat, attack,
2. Robots will be sent to ____explore______ the surface of the
campaign
Moon and bring back information.
2. discover: America, television, truth, penicillin, light bulb,
3. A lot of people came to see the rocket being
a new plant
____launched_____.
3. explore: jungle, crime, the coast, space, disease, a
4. Livingstone was the first European to make a/an
country, possibilities
__eploration__ of the Zambezi river in Africa.
4. found: colony, treasure, city, institute, money, school,
5. I _____spent______ far too much money when I visited
hospital
London.
5. commit: error, success, murder, yourself, shopping, crime,
6. I can’t ___commit_____ myself to having children.
suicide
6. spend: money, time, the night, one’s holidays, effort,
energy, homework
Unit 19: From rags to riches other, but people still prefer a group of numbers with a
completely random sequence, such as 45 27 32 11 43 17.
The Secret of numbers
3. _____D__C____
As the number of people pinning their hopes on winning the
Lottery soars, David Jones investigates their chances of Nevertheless, every week about ten thousand people do
winning. choose the number 1 2 3 4 5 6 when they play in the
Lottery. Bearing in mind that the National Lottery is shared
1._____C___A____
every week among all the ticket holders with the winning
Britain’s latest national sport seems to have caught the number, this means that when 1 2 3 4 5 6 does finally come
imagination of millions of people up and down the country. up (and it is likely to do so in the next 250 000 years), the
The first studies published, however, do seem to suggest winners will receive, by today’s standards, between one and
that it is the less well-off who spend more on the Lottery. four pounds each.
his share of the jackpot (a share worth around two million B. There were a lot of winners.
pounds), he committed suicide the next day. C. There was only one winner.
D. The lucky ticket was worth a lot of money.
7. ____B____ 5. Why did O’Brien commit suicide? He thought
A. he had bought the wrong ticket.
The numbers, however, do not match. Indeed, it is hard to
B. his ticket had not won.
see how anyone could think that they did match. All that
C. he had forgotten to buy a ticket.
they have in common (apart from the four numbers that
they share) is a random ‘look’, but this was enough the D. he had nearly won a lot of money.
unfortunate O’Brien. In fact, he had lost, or would have lost, 6. In fact O’Brien ticket would have
only 54 pounds, which was the prize for marching four A. won nothing
numbers out of six. Numbers are lucky for some but they B. won a small amount of money.
Unit 20: An American dream 1.____D______ The American way of life is now everywhere and
exerts a magnetic influence on young and old in countries as
We are all Americans now
far part as China and Argentina. Many Europeans worry that
their own culture will be swamped by inferior American A. If people had to choose another country in which to live,
products. Hollywood is one example: about 75% of all they would probably choose America.
feature films seen in Europe are American in origin and the
B. So even though they have only five per cent of the
European film industry faces the threat of extinction.
world’s population, the Americans have managed to get
2. ____E__G___ The language which most people use when virtually everyone to speak their language.
they make contact with other nationalities is English: when
C. English has also crept into everyday use in many
a Chinese person meets someone from Spain, they will
countries alongside their own language.
probably speak in English, not in Chinese or Spanish.
English is the international language of communication, and D. A recent survey published in ‘The European’ newspaper
is spoken by about 900 million people all over the world. It reported that the majority of Europeans do not approve of
is also the language of science, business and advertising. the ever-increasing influence of American culture.
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Which holiday cafés. Visit
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Picasso
recommend for someone
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who:
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Likes wild some optional
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