ENM 102 INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING


History of Engineering and Development of Industrial Engineering

Res. Asst. Dr. Gülçin Dinç Yalçın

 Science and Engineering

❖ What do you think?

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❖ Are they the same or different?

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 Science and Engineering
❖ Engineering and science have developed in a parallel,
complementary fashion, although not always the same
place.
❖ Whereas science is concerned with the quest for basic
knowledge,
❖ Engineering is concerned with the application of
scientific knowledge to the solution of problems and the
quest for a “better life”.
 Science and Engineering

❖ In its efforts to solve problems, engineering provides

feedback to science in areas where new knowledge is
needed.

❖ Thus, science and engineering work hand in hand.

Is engineering a job, or an occupation, or a profession?

❖ What is the difference?

Is engineering a job, or an occupation, or a profession?

❖ Job: a piece of work; especially: a small miscellaneous

piece of work undertaken on order at a stated reset
(Marriam-Webster Dictionary)
❖ Occupation: An activity that serves as one’s regular
source of livelihood; a vocation.
Exp. I have a job at a restaurant and my occupation is a cook.
❖ Profession:
❖ It requires extensive formal education,
❖ special organization set and enforce various
standards for members of the profession,
❖ a significant service is provided to the public,
❖ the work requires significant skill, judgment and
discretion.
Designing a building would be called a profession, whereas, constructing a building is an occupation.
 Engineering
❖ The profession in which a knowledge of the
mathematical and natural science gained by study,
experience and proactive is applied with judgement to
develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and
forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.

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 Beginning of Engineering

❖ We choose 1750 as the beginning of modern engineering

for two reasons:
❖ Engineering schools appeared in France in the 18th
century,
❖ The term civil engineering was first used in 1750.
 The Engineering Process
❖ Analysis is concern with resolving something into its
basic elements so it is concerned with existing systems.
❖ Synthesis is concern with combining elements into a
whole so it concerned with a new or improved system.

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 Problem
symptom or
expression of
need

Problem
definition,
including
statement of
desired outcome

Analysis

Synthesis of
alternative
solutions

Decision
(selection of one
alternative)

Solution, system,
or method
Industrial Engineering
❖ To understand the role of industrial engineering (IE) in
today’s complex world, it is helpful to learn the
historical developments that were involved in the
progress of IE.
 Historical Developments

❖ Principles of early engineering were first taught in

military academies and were concerned primarily with
road and bridge construction and defenses.

❖ Interrelated advancements in the fields of physics and

mathematics laid the groundwork for practical
applications of mechanical principles.
 Historical Developments (cont.)

❖ The first significant application of electrical science was

the development of the telegraph by Samuel Morse
(1840).

❖ Thomas Edison’s invention of the carbon lamp (1880)

led to widespread use of electricity for lighting
purposes.
 Historical Developments (cont.)

❖ The science of chemistry is concerned with

understanding the nature of matter and learning how to
produce desirable changes in materials.
❖ Fuels were developed needed for the new internal
combustion engines.
❖ Lubricants were needed for mechanical devices.
❖ Protective coatings were needed for houses, metal
products, ships, and so forth.
 Historical Developments (cont.)

❖ Five major engineering disciplines (civil, chemical,

electrical, industrial, and mechanical) were the branches
of engineering that came out prior to the 1st World War.

❖ Developments following 2nd World War led to other

engineering disciplines, such as nuclear engineering,
electronic engineering, aeronautical engineering, and
even computer engineering.
 Historical Developments (cont.)
❖ As industrial organizations merges to capitalize on the
rapidly developing array of technological innovations,
the size and complexity of manufacturing units
increased dramatically.
❖ Mass production (production of a large number of
similar products efficiently) was made possible
through two important concepts:
❖ Interchangeability of parts
❖ Specialization of labor
❖ Through mass production the unit cost of consumer
products was reduced dramatically.
 Historical Developments (cont.)
❖ During the early part of this movement
it was recognized that business and
management practices that had worked
well for small shops and farms simply
were inadequate for large, complex
manufacturing organizations.
❖ The need for better management http://revenueconsultant.com/2017/11/14/importance-
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systems led to the development of what

is now called “industrial engineering”.
Chronology of Industrial Engineering

❖ Eli Whitney, showed that machine tools could make standardized

parts to exact specifications.

❖ Frederick W. Taylor is known as “father of scientific management”.

He is done potential improvements to be gained through
analyzing the work content (minimum amount of work required to
accomplish the task) of a job and designing the job for maximum
efficiency. Taylor’s methods brought about significant and rapid
increases in productivity.

❖ Frank B. and Lillian Gilbreth are husband and wife engineering

team. They applied efficiency methods to their home and 12
children! Frank B. Gilbreth extended Taylor’s work considerably.
Gilbreth’s primary contribution was the identification, analysis
and measurement of fundamental motions involved in performing
work.
❖ Henry Ford, used moving assembly line to make Model T
unfinished product moved by conveyor past work station. Also
He paid very well for 1911 ($5//day!)

❖ W. Edwards Deming, credited with teaching Jason quality

control methods, used statistics to analyze process. His method
involve workers in decisions.

❖ Henry L. Gantt, developed the Gantt chart. What is Gantt chart?

Give an example of the Gantt Chart. It will be asked in Quiz 1.

❖ W.A. Shewhart developed the fundamental principles of

statistical quality control in 1924.This was another important
development in providing a scientific base to industrial
engineering practise.
❖
 Developments on IE
❖ During the 1920s and 1930s much of fundamental work
was done on
❖ economic aspects of managerial decisions,
❖ inventory problems,
❖ incentive plans,
❖ factory layout problems,
❖ material handling problems,
❖ principles of organization.
 Definition of Industrial Engineering

❖ The formal definition of industrial engineering has been adopted by the Institute
of Industrial Engineers (IIE):

“Industrial Engineering is concerned with the design, improvement, and

installation of integrated systems of people, materials, information, equipment
and energy. It draws upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mathematical,
physical, and social sciences together with the principles and methods of
engineering analysis and design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to
be obtained from such system”.

Scope
❖ The degree of industrial engineering is evidenced by the wide range of such

activities as research in biotechnology, development of new concepts of

information processing, design of automated factories, and operation of
incentive wage plans.
Diversity
❖ Industrial engineering is a diverse (various) discipline concerned with the design,
improvement, installation, and management of integrated systems of people, materials,
and equipment for all kinds of manufacturing and service operations.

❖ Industrial engineering is concerned with performance measures and standards, research

of new products and product applications, ways to improve use of scarce (limited)
resources and many other problem solving adventures.

❖ An Industrial Engineer may be employed in almost any type of industry, business or

institution, from retail establishments to manufacturing plants to government offices to
hospitals. What is the role of the Industrial Engineering in a sector you choose? It will
be asked in Final Exam.

❖ Because their skills can be used in almost any type of organization, and also industrial
engineers are usually distributed among industries than other engineers.

❖ For example, industrial engineers work in insurance companies, banks, hospitals, retail
organizations, airlines, government agencies, consulting firms, transportation,
construction, public utilities, social service, electronics, personnel, sales, facilities design,
manufacturing, processing, and warehousing.
Efficiency
❖ Industrial engineers determine the most effective ways for an organization to use the
basic factors of production - people, machines, materials, and energy. They are more
concerned with people and methods of business organization than engineers in other
specialties.

❖ To solve organizational, production, and related problems most efficiently, industrial

engineers design data processing systems and apply mathematical analysis such as
operations research.

❖ They also develop management control systems to help in financial planning and cost
analysis, design production planning and control systems to coordinate activities and
control product quality, and design or improve systems for the physical distribution of
goods and services.

❖ Industrial engineers conduct surveys to find plant locations with the best combination of
raw materials, and transportation.

❖ They also develop wage and salary administration systems and job evaluation programs.
Activities
❖ Install data processing, management information, wage incentive systems.
❖ Develop performance standards, job evaluation, and wage and salary
programs.
❖ Research new products and product applications.
❖ Improve productivity through application of technology and human factors.
❖ Select operating processes and methods to do a task with proper tools and
equipment
❖ Design facilities, management systems, operating procedures
❖ Improve planning and allocation of limited resources
❖ Enhance plant environment and quality of people's working life
❖ Evaluate reliability and quality performance
❖ Implement office systems, procedures, and policies
❖ Analyze complex business problems by operations research
❖ Conduct organization studies, plant location surveys, and system
effectiveness studies
❖ Study potential markets for goods and services, raw material sources, labor
supply, energy resources, financing, and taxes.
 Impact of Related Developments
The evolution of the industrial and systems engineering profession has
been affected significantly by a number of related developments.

Impact of Operations Research

❖ The development of industrial engineering has been greatly influenced by the
impact of an analysis approach called operations research.
❖ This approach originated in England and the United States during 2nd World War
and was aimed at solving difficult war-related problems through the use of science,
mathematics, behavioral science, probability theory, and statistics.
Impact of Related Developments (cont.)
Impact of Digital Computers

❖ Another development that had a significant impact on the IE profession is

the digital computer. Digital computers permit the rapid and accurate
handling of huge quantities of data, so permitting the IE to design systems
for effectively managing and controlling large, complex operations.

❖ The digital computer also permits the IE to construct computer simulation

models of manufacturing facilities in order to evaluate the effectiveness of
alternative facility configurations.

❖ Computer simulation is emerging most widely used IE technique. The

development and widespread utilization of personal computers is having
an exciting impact on the practice of industrial engineering.
Impact of Related Developments (cont.)
Emergence of Service Industries

❖ In the early days of the industrial engineering profession, IE practice was

applied almost fully in manufacturing organizations. After the 2nd World
War there was a growing awareness that the principles and techniques of
IE were also applicable in non-manufacturing environments.

❖ Thousands of Industrial Engineers are employed by government

organizations to increase efficiency, reduce paperwork, design
computerized management control systems, implement project
management techniques, monitor the quality and reliability of vendor-
supplied purchases, and for many other functions.
 Challenges of the Future

❖ The world has a finite amount of nonrenewable

resources. One of the major challenges for future
engineers is to learn accomplish the engineer’s mission
in recognition of these constraints.
❖ Another major challenge facing the engineering profess
is to design systems and processes that are compatible
with our natural environment.
 Challenges of the Future (cont.)
❖ A major challenge that future engineers will encounter
is that of designing products that are safe and reliable.
❖ There is also an increasing emphasis on improved
quality.
❖ Perhaps the greatest challenge facing the engineering
profession is to become involved in political issues and
to provide assistance to lawmakers in design of social
systems.