SQL Basics
SQL Basics
INTERNAL
February 27,2012
INTRODUCTION TO SQL
What is SQL ?
– What will an user want from a database ?
3000+ 20 Australia
. . .
. . .
Titans
– To create a schema
Create schema schema_name Authorization
owner;
Titans
Project MonthsW Branch Employee ID
City 28Ch‐1 387010
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
E435 Vanessa King Iowa
SQL INSERT – Natural Insert
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
E435 Vanessa King Iowa 98.78
SQL DML – UPDATE
– UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value,
column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value;
– The WHERE clause specifies which
records are be updated. If you omit the
WHERE clause, all records will be
updated!.
SQL DML – UPDATE
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
UPDATE client_details
SET State =‘Virginia'
WHERE client_id=‘A552' ;
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
State
Arizona
Iowa
Select – Where clause (AND & OR)
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
E435 Vanessa King Iowa 98.78
X869 Maurice Green Iowa 546
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
Select – Where clause (AND & OR)
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
E435 Vanessa King Iowa 98.78
X869 Maurice Green Iowa 546
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
E435 Vanessa King Iowa 96.8
Select – Where clause (BETWEEN)
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
E435 Vanessa King Iowa 98.78
X869 Maurice Green Iowa 546
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
X869 Maurice Green Iowa 546
Select – Where clause (IN)
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
E435 Vanessa King Iowa 98.78
X869 Maurice Green Iowa 546
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
E435 Vanessa King Iowa 96.8
Select – Where clause (Wildcards &
LIKE)
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
E435 Vanessa King Iowa 98.78
X869 Maurice Green Iowa 546
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
Select – Where clause (Wildcards &
LIKE)
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
E435 Vanessa King Iowa 98.78
X869 Maurice Green Iowa 546
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
Select – Where clause (ROWNUM OR
TOP)
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
E435 Vanessa King Iowa 98.78
X869 Maurice Green Iowa 546
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
Select – ORDER BY
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
E435 Vanessa King Iowa 96.8
X869 Maurice Green Iowa 546
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
SQL –Funct. & Aggregate Query
• ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS
• GROUPING
SQL Functions – Arithmetic.
– Type 1: SELECT
COUNT(column_name) FROM
table_name;
Group functions:
COUNT( ), SUM( ), AVG( ), MAX( ), MIN( )
Arizona 1399.7
Iowa 1399.7
Iowa 1399.7
Group BY
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
E435 Vanessa King Iowa 98.78
X869 Maurice Green Iowa 546
Arizona 756.9
Iowa 642.8
Group BY
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
E435 Vanessa King Iowa 98.78
X869 Maurice Green Iowa 546
Arizona 1
Iowa 2
Group BY – Why Having Clause ?
Iowa 2
SQL – Nested & Miscellaneous
• NESTED QUERIES & INTO
• NULL
• TRANSACTION
Select – INTO
client_details
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
E435 Vanessa King Iowa 96.8
X869 Maurice Green Iowa 546
client_details_bkup
Client_id Client_Name State Tax_Amount
E435 Vanessa King Iowa 96.8
X869 Maurice Green Iowa 546
A552 Johnson Dirk Arizona 756.9
Select – INTO
– SELECT client_name,NVL(tax_amount,0))
FROM client_details;.
Client_Name Tax_Amount
Vanessa King 0
Maurice Green 0
Johnson Dirk 756.9
TRANSACTION COMMANDS
EMPNO JOBTITLE
1 Tester
2 Accountant
ENAME JOBTITLE
3 Developer
Jason Tester
John Accountant
Joe Developer
JOINS – INNER JOIN
SELECT
e.ename, j.jobtitle
FROM employee e
INNER JOIN job j
ON e.empno = j.empno;
JOINS – LEFT OUTER JOIN
EMPNO ENAME HIREDATE SALARY MANAGER_ID
1 Jason 25-JUL-96 8767 2
2 John 15-JUL-97 3456 3
3 Joe 25-JAN-86 5654 3
4 Sam 12-JAN-89 10000 5
EMPNO JOBTITLE
1 Tester
2 Accountant ENAME JOBTITLE
Jason Tester
3 Developer
John Accountant
Joe Developer
Sam -
JOINS – LEFT OUTER JOIN
EMPNO JOBTITLE
1 Tester
2 Accountant ENAME JOBTITLE
Jason Tester
3 Developer
John Accountant
4 Support
Joe Developer
Support
JOINS – RIGHT OUTER JOIN
W.ENAME||'WORKSFOR'||''||M.ENAME
Sam works for Jason
John works for Jason
Joe works for John
JOINS – USING Keyword
SELECT e.ename, j.jobtitle
FROM employee e
INNER JOIN job j
ON e.empno = j.empno;
– Instead of using the ON key word to
compare with the common column USING
keyword can be used.
PL-SQL Block
Client
Client
Oracle applications are built using client-server architecture. The Oracle database resides on the server.
•The program that makes requests against this database resides on the client machine.
•This program can be written in C, Java, or PL/SQL
Declare
Begin
Exception
PL SQL Block End;