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Linear Algebra 2: Final Test Exam (Sample) : T: V V A Linear Transformation

This document provides sample solutions to exercises in a linear algebra exam. The exercises cover topics like eigenvalues and eigenvectors, linear independence, basis of vector spaces, and orthogonal subspaces. The sample solutions define eigenvalues and eigenvectors, find the eigenvalues and check diagonalizability of linear transformations, determine if sets of vectors are linearly independent and form a basis, and find the orthogonal subspaces to given subspaces.

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474 views3 pages

Linear Algebra 2: Final Test Exam (Sample) : T: V V A Linear Transformation

This document provides sample solutions to exercises in a linear algebra exam. The exercises cover topics like eigenvalues and eigenvectors, linear independence, basis of vector spaces, and orthogonal subspaces. The sample solutions define eigenvalues and eigenvectors, find the eigenvalues and check diagonalizability of linear transformations, determine if sets of vectors are linearly independent and form a basis, and find the orthogonal subspaces to given subspaces.

Uploaded by

David
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Algebra 2: Final test exam (Sample)

Solve, justifying your answers, the following exercises.

Exercise 1. Let V be a vector space of dimension n over a field F and


T : V −→ V a linear transformation.
1. Give the definition of eigenvalue λ of T and eigenvector v associated to
λ.
2. Let V = R3 and T : R3 −→ R3 the linear map defined by the matrix
(with respect to the canonical basis B):
 
2 1 0 0
 1 0 2 0 
MBB (T ) = 
 
−1 −2 0 0

 
0 0 0 3

(a) find the eigenvalues of T ;


(b) is T diagonalizable? Justify your answer.

Solution Exercise 1. Let V be a vector space of dimension n over a field F


and T : V −→ V a linear transformation.
1. An element λ ∈ F is an eigenvalue of T if and only if it exists a vector
v ∈ V , v 6= 0 such that T (v) = λv. The vector v is called eigenvector
associated to λ.
2. Let V = R3 and T : R3 −→ R3 the linear map defined by the matrix
(with respect to the canonical basis B):
 
2 1 0 0
 1 0 2 0 
MBB (T ) =  .

−1 −2 0 0

 
0 0 0 3

(a) Eigenvalues of T are zero of the characteristic polynomial pT (t) =detMBB (T )−


tI, where I is the identity matrix. From an easy computation we get
that pT (t) = (3−t)(2−t)(t2 +3). That is T has only 2 real eigenvalues
λ1 = 3 and λ2 = 2
(b) T is NON diagonalizable as his characteristic polynomial is not totally
decomposable in R.
Exercise 2. Bases of Vector Spaces.
1. Give the definition of basis of a vector space.
2. Answer if the following vectors in R4 are linearly independent:
{(1, 2, 0, 3), (0, 0, 3, 5), (1, 1, 1, 0)};

3. are they a basis for R4 ?


4. If we add the vector (0, 0, 0, 1) the set
{(1, 2, 0, 3), (0, 0, 3, 5), (1, 1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)}
is a basis of R4 ?

Solution Exercise 2. Let T : R3 −→ R3 the linear map defined by the


matrix (with respect to the canonical basis B):
 
−1 2 2
B
MB (T ) = 

1 1 1 
−1 −2 −2
1. Eigenvalues of T are zero of the characteristic polynomial pT (t) =detMBB (T )−
tI, where I is the identity matrix. From an easy computation we get that
pT (t) = (−1 − t)(t − 1)(t + 2). That is T has 3 distinct eigenvalues 1,−1
and −2.
2. T is diagonalizable as it has 3 distinct eigenvalues.
3. Eigenvector associated to the eigenvalue 1 are vectors in the kernel of
MBB (T ) − 1I, that is vetors (x1 , x2 , x3 ) that satisfies:
    
−1 − 1 2 2 x1 0

 1 1−1 1   x2  =  0  .
   
−1 −2 −2 − 1 x3 0
Solving the system we get vectors of the form (x1 , 2x1 , −x1 ). A generator
is (1, 2, −1). Performing the same computations for eigenvalues −1 and
−2 we get eigenvectors (−1, 1, −1) and (−2, 1, −1). These three vectors
are linearly independent and form a basis of eigenvectors.
4. The matrix P such that P −1 MBB (T )P is diagonal is the matrix of change
of basis P = MBC (id). It is the inverse of the matrix MCB (id) that can be
easily computed and it is equal to
 
1 −1 −2
B
MC (id) =  2 1 1 .

−1 −1 −1
Exercise 3. Find the space orthogonal to the following subspaces:
1. W1 =< (1, 1, 0), (2, 1, 0) > in R3 ;
2. W2 =< (1, 2, 4, 0), (2, 2, 3, 1) > in R4 ;
3. W3 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 | x − y + z = 0} in R3 .
Solution Exercise 3. Find the space orthogonal to the following subspaces:
1. the orthogonal to W1 =< (1, 1, 0), (2, 1, 0) > in R3 is the subspace of
vectors (x1 , x2 , x3 ) such that the inner products (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∗ (1, 1, 0) = 0
and (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∗ (2, 1, 0) = 0 are both zero. We get a system of two
equations (
x1 + x 2 = 0
2x1 + x2 = 0
from which we get solutions (0, 0, x3 ). Hence W1⊥ =< (0, 0, 1) >;
2. the orthogonal to W2 =< (1, 2, 4, 0), (2, 2, 3, 1) > in R4 is the subspace
of vectors (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) such that the inner products (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∗
(1, 2, 4, 0) = 0 and (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∗ (2, 2, , 3, 1) = 0 are both zero. We get
a system of two equations
(
x1 + 2x2 + 4x3 = 0
2x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 + x4 = 0

from which we get solutions (2x2 + 4x3 , x2 , x3 , 4x2 + 7x3 ). Hence W2⊥ =<
(2, 1, 0, 4), (4, 0, 1, 7) >;
3. By definition, W3 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 | x − y + z = 0} in R3 is the space of
all vectors (x, y, z) such that (1, −1, 1) ∗ (x, y, z) = 0 hence it follows that
W3⊥ =< (1, −1, 1) >.

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