NILE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ABUJA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LABORATORY REPORT

NAME: ABDUR RAUF MUHAMMED NABEEL

I.D NO: 191204029
LEVEL: 400L
SESSION: 2021/2022

COURSE TITLE: ELECTRIC MACHINES LABORATORY

COURSE CODE: EEE 419
EXPERIMENT NO: 4
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: LOADED OPERATION OF THE SINGLE-
PHASE TRANSFORMER FINDING REGULATION AND EFFICIENCY
OF IT
GROUP: 2A

INSTRUCTOR: ENGINEER PAUL

DATE:23rd OF November, 2021

Contents
LOADED OPERATION OF THE SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER FINDING REGULATION AND
EFFICIENCY OF IT..................................................................................................................................... 3
OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 3
PRELAB (THEORY OVERVIEW) ......................................................................................................... 3
EXPERIMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 4
PROCEDURE ....................................................................................................................................... 4
DATA TABLES ................................................................................................................................... 4
DIAGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 5
QUESTIONS/ANSWERS ........................................................................................................................ 5
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 8

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LOADED OPERATION OF THE SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
FINDING REGULATION AND EFFICIENCY OF IT
OBJECTIVE
Analyzing no-load operation of a transformer, finding losses at no-load operation, finding turns
ratio and getting experience about the subject.[1]

TABLE 1.1: LIST OF EQUIPMENTS USED

S/N NAME/DESCRIPTION MODEL NO
1 Experiment board with energy unit: A Y-036/001
machine that produces the appropriate signal for
the electric machines functioning.
2 AC measuring unit: A device used to measure Y-036/005
quantities passing through an experiment object
3 Energy analyzer: A device used to measure Y-036/004
various power forms, current, voltage and power
factor component of a circuit element
4 Single Phase Transformer: A static machine Y-036/028
that transforms voltage of a particular frequency
to another value of the same frequency.
5 Switch with two poles: A type of switch that Y-036/052
provides two sides for switching
6 Rheostat 50Ω 100W: A variable resistor whose Y-036/066
value changes with a change in position of its
moveable part
7 Jagged cable, cable with IEC plug

PRELAB (THEORY OVERVIEW)

For a single-phase transformer, the voltage regulation is defined as the observed deviation of the terminal
voltage at the secondary V2 due to change in load magnitude and type. This definition directly insinuates
that even for a particular magnitude of load but different type - power factor - different voltage levels
although close to each other are observed and this can be explained by the variation of real and complex
part of the current flowing through the secondary circuit hence the primary. Although there is no change in
the total current, this change in individual component current leads to a change in individual voltage drops
across each of the resistive and reactive component of the characteristic impedance of a transformer which
affects the magnitude of the final terminal voltage slightly. The induced voltage of the secondary part of
the transformer for an inductive load can be expressed as

From the expression above, it can be observed that the real part of the terminal voltage is added to the
transformers resistive voltage drop and the imaginary part of the terminal voltage was added to the
reactive part of the transformer’s voltage drop. It is also observed that since different loads draw

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different currents then each component of the expression is affected by the change in both load and
power factor.

The voltage regulation of transformer of course depends on the power factor hence load and given by
the expression

The efficiency of a transformer is a measure of the ratio of the power at the secondary terminal to the
inputted power into the system. Due to power loss by hysteresis, eddy currents or the resistive windings
of the transformer, there is a difference in the power at the two side of the transfer even though it is
ideally a power invariant system. The efficiency of a transformer is given as

Where it is maximum when the iron loss is equal to the copper loss.

EXPERIMENT
PROCEDURE

1. The circuit shown in figure was connected.

2. The voltage of the primary circuit was set to its rated value while there is no load at the secondary Ip,
Up, Us and the parameters in the energy analyzer were taken.
3. The transformer was loaded to 1.25 times the rated power using the load rheostat step by step and
Ip, Us, Us and the analyzer parameters were taken.
4. The energy source was turned off and the experiment concluded.

DATA TABLES

Table 1.2: Experimental values gotten of the transformer parameters

Primary Secondary Explanation
U (V) I (A) CosØ W VA VAR U I (A) Cos W VA VAR (Efficiency)
(V) Ø
253 1.37 1 359 360 5.6 137 2.29 1 316 316 0.00 88.0%
253 1.57 1 404 400 8 135 2.57 1 348 348 0.10 86.1%
253 1.81 1 460 455 8.8 132 2.96 1 392 392 0.00 85.2%
253 2.12 1 544 543 9.6 128 3.52 1 453 450 0.16 82.7%
251 2.56 1 643 643 12.8 123 4.19 1 515 513 0.00 80.1%
250 3.31 1 838 835 19.2 112 5.51 1 619 677 0.00 73.9%
250 3.60 1 959 952 24.8 105 6.54 1 663 673 0.08 69.1%

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 243 10.6 1 2.41 2.14 0.176 76 9.61 1 40 39.6 0.00 Error

DIAGRAM

Figure 4.1: Circuit diagram of transformer connection

QUESTIONS/ANSWERS
1. Find the efficiency of the transformer at full load and 20% load. Analyze the effect on the
efficiency?

ANS: Using the expression

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And taking the iron losses to be neglected and the rated primary current to be approximately 4A and the
closest is 3.6A from the table. From the row,

Output Power 663

η = = = 0.691
Input Power 959

Which is approximately 69.1% at full load.

At 20% load

Output Power 348

η = = = 0.861
Input Power 404
Which is approximately equal to 86.1%

The decrease in full load leads to an increase in efficiency and that is consistent with the theoretical
nature of a transformer because at full load, the rated current of the transformer flows through the
secondary. This increase in current due to the full rated load leads to a greater drop in the winding
resistance ie a higher copper loss which in turn reduces the efficiency of the transformer.

2. What does regulation mean in a transformer? What is the meaning of the regulation’s being
small or great?

ANS: Regulation is the measure of the change of the terminal voltage of the secondary part of a
transformer due to variation of the load connected to the secondary. This depends on the power
factor of the load and the value of the load connected. Due to the nature of different loads,
inductive loads have a current lagging nature, resistive load have an in phase nature and
capacitive load have a current leading nature. These different nature lead to different components
of the secondary current, hence different voltage drops across the resistive and reactive elements
if the transformers.

A small regulation means that the terminal voltage does not change much and that is a required
property of a transformer such that the accepted regulation is within 3%. A high regulation
means there is a considerable change in the terminal voltage which is undesirable as it can lead
to unforeseen changes in the transformer system.

3. What are the reasons of the voltage drop in the secondary of the transformer ? Explain. What
should be done to minimize it?

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ANS: Voltage drop mainly in the secondary of a transformer is as a result of a higher current
flowing through its terminals and that is why at the rated value of a transformer, the efficiency of
a transformer is not maximum.

4. Obtain the efficiency graph of the transformer using the values recorded in the experiment and
analyze that graph?

Figure 4.2: Efficiency plot of transformer

It is observed from the graph that there is a reduction in the transformer efficiency with increase
in load fraction.

5. Sketch the transformer primary circuit power versus secondary voltage graph using the values
recorded in the experiment and analyze that graph.

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 Figure 4.3: Primary power vs Secondary voltage plot

It is noted from the graph that the primary power increases with reduction in secondary voltage
which proves a higher current drawn hence a higher total power due to the constant nature of the
primary voltage.

6. State the final observations about the experiment.

It is observed from the experiment that apart from the last part of the experiment where an error
was noted there was a known trend of lower efficiency with increase in the load fraction .

REFERENCES

[1] Electric Machines Lab Manual.