The

Sharezoor
Kurdish-English Dictionary

by
Shafiq Qazzaz

Aras Press and Publishers

Erbil, Kurdistan
Acknowledgments

Many obstacles, among them financial, prevented earlier publication of this

dictionary. Mr. Nechirvan Barzani's personal interest in the last stages of this
work has made that task much easier and now possible. My thanks to him for
providing a grant towards the printing of this dictionary.
Part of this work was made available to my good friends Mr. Farhad Shakely
in Sweden and Mr. Jamal Abdul in Sulaimani for their views and comments.
While shortage of time has not pennitted the full implementation of their
valuable suggestions, lowe them a sense of gratitude.
My thanks also to Mr. Bedran Ahmed Habeeb and Aras Press and Publishers
for having supervised the printing process.
Last but not least, Khatab Orner Ahmad has been a constant work companion
to me in the last four years and the efforts that have gone into final
preparations of this dictionary. His endless energy in keying of a machine
readable file from the handwritten material, repeated typing of the proofs, and
finally fonnatting and producing a camera-ready copy, has been admirable. His
professional mark on the technical aspects of this work should be self-evident.
I thank him for all that.
When I started my beginner's journey into Kurdish lexicography in the early
sixties, I had no clear notion of the task ahead and the time that it would take.
The work, as I explain later, has been carried out in stages. The interruptions,
limited resources, particularly during the last stages of preparation (i.e. lack of
expert assistance in proofing the material) will no doubt be reflected in this
first printing and forthat I alone take responsibility. 1 have, however, by now
learned that work on a dictionary is never finished. You simply stop
somewhere and hope to do better next time.

Shafiq Qazzaz
Erbil, Kurdistan
July 24,2000
 8

Introduction

Kurdish lexicography has, to the seen numerous efforts by Kurds as

well as nOD~Kurds. The dictionary, according to Farhany y
KhaJ (Sheiykh Muhammed Kha!.IP,lisll-K.Uf,lish Dictionary, Kameran Press,
Sulaimani. Vol. One 1960, 1964, Vol. Three 1974), is the poet
Ahmed y Khani's Newbehar. in 1675. It consists of nine Kasidas and
the entries are in Arabic along Kurdish equivalents.

More than a century later work by Sheykh Marouf of Node

entitled Aflmedi. Written in ofNewbehar. this work consists of the
two basic parts of nouns and It has been reprinted at the Zhio Press.
Sulaimani 1936, and in Ba,ghcla<\fIft~lIlle year.

Then came the work afthe consul at Erzerrum, published in 1879

by Ferdinand lusti in St. and containing some eight thousand
entries. A Kurdish·Arabic YusufZia Pasha Khalidi appeared in
about 1890. The work is ex<:lu"i, the Zaza dialect.

E.B. Soan, the British ~!i~~~~~;e; in Sulaimani, compiled a Kurdish-

English wordbook published in in 1919.

1956 saw the publication y Merdoukh by Ayetullah y

Kurdistani . Khal commends the pointing out some drawbacks such
as the Farsi script emplOyedd;',th~e~;t~;~:~r~eStriction to the Ardelan dialect,
and a somewhat haphazard n the entries.

Although in a historical and A~medi are of particular

importance, Khal considers Soan's work to be no more than small
wordbooks or short lists of not exceeding a few pages. I have
recorded some of Khal 's ohserv, "'wi,lh
regard to those works, particularly
because on the one hand they ~nc,>d and infonnative, and on the other
hand because his unclers'tancling ~ shortcomings in the field of Kurdish
lexicography at the time seems been a major incentive for him to
undertake his own pioneering

Two pioneer works in Kurdish appeared in the 1960s. The

excellent Kurdish-Kurdish of Sheikh Muhammad Khal -
compilation of which spanned years - is truly that of a pioneer in this
 9

field. That is not to deny the existence or diminish the worth of those who
came before him or those that have followed since. Khal's dictionary is most
useful in having explained the meaning of many entries where the user is
afforded a wider understanding, as he has in many instances, avoided a word
for word explanation (as is, for example, the case in Mardoukh's dictionary).
Khal must also be credited with a first attempt to standardize a Kurdish
dictionary. In addition to his useful historical and linguistic description of the
Kurdish language, he illustrates a system employed in his dictionary as to style
and usage.

Then in 1966 came T. Wabby and C. J. Edomnd's A Kurdish-English

Dictionary, Oxford at Clarendon Press. This work remains by far the best
standardized dictionary of Kurdish in a major West European language.
Technically and grammatically, it represents the best lexicon of Southern
Kurdish available to date. Wabby's work also has the distinction of having had
to layout in the absence of any standardized form, the scheme, that he
describes technically and, in terms of style and usage, open to the fewest
objections. While a major contribution of this dictionary has been the
introduction of a Roman spelling used in the transliteration of a modified
Arabic alphabet, devised by Wabby himself in the 1920s, it is this very
contribution which, at least for sometime to come, places limitation on the
wide and practical use of the dictionary. Wahby's work also distinguishes itself
by having made the unique contribution to the art of Kurdish lexicography by
having set the standard that can be used in future works.

In addition to the sources that have been mentioned in this introduction,

Jamal Abdul's Shawkar, a specialized English-Arabie-Kurdish Chemical
Dictionary (A Ro~inbir Bookshop Publication, Sulaimani, 1998) a
commendable work on its own, offers a rather exhaustive list of Kurdish
dictionaries in various languages, including the following general dictionaries,
glossaries, and workbooks of scientific terms:
Zarawe y Zanistiy Kurdi, Kurdish Scientific Terms, Arabic-Kurdish, a
publication of the Teachers Union, Sulaimani Branch, Zhin Press, 1960.
Ferheg y Mehabad, Kurdish-Arabic Dictionary, by Gew Mukriyani,
Kurdistan Press, Erbil, 1961.
Scientific Terms by Jemal Nabez, Arabic-Kurdish, 1960.
Koike Rengine by Gew Mukriyani, Glossary of Terms in Kurdish-Persian-
Arabic-french-English, Kurdistan Press, Erbil. 1955.
Raber, A School Dictionary, by Gew Mukriyani, Arabic-Kurdish, Kurdistan
Press, Erbil, 1950.
 10

Ferheng y Ki~tukal, by Marouf Qeredaghi Merdukhi, Dictionary of

Agricultural Terms, Kurdish-Kurdish, Part One, Dar AI-Salam Press,
Baghdad, 1972.
Ferhengok by Shakir Fetah, English-Kurdish, Kurdish-English 1934.
Da Ri~te by Mela Abdulkarim Muddaris, Arabic-Kurdish Glossary, Dar AI-
Muthanna, Baghdad, 1982.
Estere Ge~e by Fadhil Nizammedin, Kurdish-Arabic Dictionary, AI-Ajyal
Press, Baghdad, 1977.
Ferheng y Karwani by Abu Bekir Resheed Muhammed, Kurdish-Kurdish,
Scientific Academy Press, Baghdad, Vol. One 1977, Vol. Two 1978.
Ferheng y Kurdi-Inglizi by Shewket Ismail Hessen, Kurdish-English
Dictionary, Vol. One, Dar AI-Jamahir, 1989.
AI-Qamus AI- 'Omi, by Kemal Jelal Ghareeb, Arabic-Kurdish Scientific
Dictionary, Part One, 1974, Part two 1979, Part three, 1983.
Ferheng y Krudistan by Gew Mukriyani, Krudish-Kurdish Dictionary, Aras
Press, 1999.
 11

The Sharezoor Kurdish-English Dictionary

The material for this dictionary has been gathered in two stages. Between
1964-73 much of the material was compiled, assisted by the publication of
volumes I and II of Khal's dictionary. This in a sense set the general frame of
the dictionary as it represented the major published source. Then came the
publication of the bilingual dictionary by T. Wahby and C. J. Edmonds, from
the standard and technical features of which, this dictionary has largely
benefited.

1987-93 is the second stage during which the work on this dictionary was
greatly expanded and brought up to date. Taking advantage of the publication
of Khal's third and final volume in 1974, the dictionary'S framework with
regards to the general and commonly accepted vocabulary was augmented. In a
real sense, the process of updating this dictionary has continued especially
when I returned to Kurdistan in 1996 and up to the time shortly before its
publication. Unfortunately, this process has not included, due to the time
factor, the contributions that have been made in the last few years.

1958-61 in Iraq, the 1980s to the present abroad (where a sizable Kurdish
community exists), and more importantly since 1992 in the Kurdish self-
governing region of Southern (Iraqi) Kurdistan, are periods characterized by a
profusion of material produced in Kurdish utilizing a language increasingly
purified from foreign accretions. This perhaps represents a most important
aspect of the development of the Kurdish language in the last few decades
where the Kurdish press, teachers unions, students organizations and the
literary community both at home and abroad have embarked upon a gradual
process reviving original Kurdish vocabulary which has fallen into disuse,
deriving new meaning from them and even coining new words. No doubt there
are among these efforts eccentricities which, as Wahby states "would better be
forgotten". However, too austere a stand in this respect would deprive the
users of any Kurdish dictionary of a most lively and important process that
written Kurdish is passing through, both in the development of its vocabulary
and the style of its composition.

In this regard, the Sliarezoor Kurdish-English Dictionary has taken the

middle ground between Wahby's rather reserved stand and Hezhar's somewhat
free rein in his Henbane Borine, A Kurdish-Kurdish-Persian Dictionary,
Siroosh, Teheran,1991. For this purpose, the dictionary has depended on
research and selections from numerous scientific and technical glossaries,
periodicals, newspaper, magazines, collections of poems, etc. which to a great
 12

degree represent the major aspects of recent development and use of the
Kurdish language.

General Description:

Kurdish is a language the natural development of which has been hampered

by physical barriers, general lack of mobility and communication, adverse and
often arbitrary governmental policies. It has, therefore, had the tendency to
develop local idioms and variants to the two major dialects of North and
South.

However, as Wahby relates, with the establishment, in 1918, of the

Southern Kirmanji dialect of Sulaimani as the official language of the
administration and of primary education in the Sulaimani area of Southern
(Iraqi) Kurdistan. Southern Kurdish took on the form of a more standardized
language. One may therefore say that the established form of the Sulaimani
dialect served as the major tool of Southern Kurdish until the 1950s. This
initial development of Southern Kurdish has, in the last 3-4 decades, been
greatly enhanced by two other factors: first, continued contact and to some
extent, the breaking down of barriers, among speakers of the two major
dialects during almost forty years of struggle in Southern (Iraqi) Kurdistan,
secondly, the steady development of the literary as well as the everyday writing
of Southern Kurdish, a development encompassing part of the vocabulary of
the other dialects. It is this standardized form of Southern Kurdish that is used
today in Southern Kurdistan as well as in major parts of Eastern (Iranian)
Kurdistan, among the literary Kurdish community abroad, and it is also the
Kurdish used in this dictionary.

The alphabet is a modified Arabic version devised originally by T. Wahby

in the 1920s. The main entry word is also reproduced in the Roman equivalent
based - except for few changes in the diacritical marks - on the Hawar alphabet
devised by the Bedir-Khans in Syria.

Paralleling the two major dialects of Kurdish which exist today are the two
transcribed forms in which Kurdish is written. A modified Arabic script which
Southern Kurdish employs, and a Roman spelling used in some parts for
writing Northern Kurdish. This dictionary is designed as an attempt to fill the
gap that exists between the users of these two dialects. In an effort to widen the
use of the dictionary among Kurds who are familiar only with the Roman
 13

script and non-Kurds who need the medium of the modified Arabic script to
use a dictionary of Southern Kurdish, I have tried to bridge the gap to a degree
by providing the Roman spelling of the main entry word transcribed in the
modified Arabic alphabet.

Perhaps the value of this work has been enhanced by the inclusion of
hundreds of idioms, sayings and proverbs which are provided with free as well
as literal translations.

Kurdish tenns for scientific and technological writings are far from
standardized, yet the necessity remains for expressing a vast and ever-
increasing number of new concepts for which no words in Kurdish exist.
Therefore, the creation of a scientific and technological tenninology is stilI, in
spite of commendable efforts by some Kurds, a major intellectual challenge.
Adding to the difficulty is the non-existence of an established body that is
technically and fmancially capable to undertake this task on a sustained basis.

Various efforts have been made to apply existing terminology to new

concepts and to coin new tenns. However, the basic problem is not so much in
the actual coining of such tenns as in assuring that they gain acceptance. That
degree of common usage and acceptance is further hampered by the fact that
there are no periodicals through which an assured means of adoption of such
tenninology can be ascertained.

The period from the 1960s to the present perhaps represents a most
important period for Kurdish lexicography, particularly with regards to the
development of Kurdish vocabulary in general, and the application of existing
tenninology to new concepts and the adoption of scientific and technological
vocabulary in particular.

Hezhar's Henbane Borine, while a notable contribution to Kurdish

lexicography, has not managed to reflect this period's input particularly in a
standardized and hence functional fonn.

Wahby's work, while it contains a limited number of new tenninologies

(mainly medical and anatomical), falls short of answering the basic need of
expressing a vast and ever increasing number of new concepts. Part of the
reason for this omission is perhaps due to the fact that Wahby's dictionary
preceded much of the period mentioned. The omission could also be attributed
to Wahby's basic reservation in giving even limited recognition to others'
attempts at creating new tenninology. The product of efforts spent in the last
 14

few decades in coining new tenns would, therefore, have to be brought to the
attention of the Kurdish-speaking public through assured means of
presentation before the common usage and a reasonable degree of its
acceptance can be ascertained. With this in mind, I have introduced a list of
new tenns (technical, scientific, political, colloquial, etc.) not yet found in the
existing published dictionaries. These are offered in the everyday nonnal use
of the language and only time and increasing acceptance of such vocabulary
will make it part of the stock of the language.

Perhaps a major cuiltribution of this dictionary is the introduction of an

elaborate system of cross-reference which, in addition to helping standardize
the general vocabulary, provides the serious and discriminating writer of
Kurdish with a better and more creative tool of expression while facilitating
the study of Kurdish word fonnation.

Explanatory Notes:

1- all main entries are recorded in both the modified Arabic and Latinized
(Roman) scripts.
2- all main entries and sub-entries within the text of each main entry are recorded
in alphabetical order except in the following cases:
a- the verbs i.J»-I- (bel become) and i.Jl.;S- (dol make) -where they occur as
compound fonns for a particular main or sub-entry- are listed immediately
following the main entries. However, compound fonns of i.Jbi and i.Jl.}, where
they constitute the first element, are listed alphabetically ;; main or sub-
entries. These two verbs play an important role in the construction of most
entries. Listing them in the manner mentioned serves to break the monotony of
long series of sub-entries as well as bringing out into comparison and for the
purpose of cross reference, other entries that have similar meaning, i.e. ubili
i.Jbi and i.Jb}l:';"jj 'i.Jl.} Ubili and ':-ol..;bu!~.
 15

However, they are not, as a general rule, applied to all sub-entries, particularly
where the implication of these verbs is rather obvious or where recording them
does not add a particular nuance or reveal a subtle meaning or import.
Furthennore, recording the very common sub-entries of ~»i and ~:J.} with many
of the nouns, adjectives, etc. which fonn main or sub-entries, serves more than
one purpose. By actually writing out that first part we facilitate the user's
attempt to follow the first element of the compound fonns which in some
cases may extend into pages of sub-entries, thus having easier access to entries
involving a compound fonn of ~»-I or ~~.} with a noun, adjective, etc. which
may not be the usual or the generally understood meaning of these verbs as to
belhave or to do/get/make.
Also, there is new tenninology comprising parts of ~»i or ~~.} which, if not
recorded, will constitute an omission, i.e. the word.;;..$ and it's compound sub-
entry ~:J.}.;;..$ which means to generalize.
b- the case of Izafe -loS which in most instances is equivalent to the preposition
"of' are recorded alphabetically within the text of the English meaning.
Compound verbs with the Izafe are, however, recorded as separate main
entries or sub-entries.
c- idioms and proverbs are placed within the body of the English meaning of the
relevant entry and are usually preceded by the word, idiom:
d- compound nouns and adjectives fonned by the addition to the main entry word
of the past participle are given in parenthesis to set them off from the
alphabetical order of the surrounding sub-entries.
e- compound fonns beginning with a preposition or a preverb are recorded in the
alphabetical order as sub-entries of that preposition or preverb.
3- the phrase (all forms) which accompanies a cross-reference indicates that the
two entries are synonymous and have the same derived fonns that are given
only for the entry that is more commonly used.
4- main entries that are obsolete in that particular fonn but have other compound
fonns are introduced as generic (gen.) followed by reference to the fonn
currently in use.
5- parts which serve as affix or suffix for some noun, adjective, and adverb
entries are recorded as main entries preceded or followed, as the case may
require, by a dash, i.e . .ho... -ewar.
6- verbs are recorded in their infinitive fonn followed by the present stem in
brackets. Such stems for compound verbs are not given as they can be found
under the entry for the simple fonn of the same verb, i.e. ~b ~ where the
present stem is given only under the entry ~b [o~J. Present stems of all verbs are
also recorded as separate main entries.
 16

7- compound verbs are recorded separately as main entries. However, when the
same constructions serve as verbal nouns, they are joined as one word, e.g . ..5.:;;
.:"I~ to disrupt, and .:,,1A;i disruption.
8- parts of speech are indicated by the proper abbreviation immediately following
the Roman form of the entry.
9- Homonyms are differentiated by small Arabic numerals, i.e . .:,,1.)1.
10- Main entries and sub-entries that have more than one meaning, or when
different meanings indicate different parts of speech, those differences are
numbered under the particular entry or sub-entry in the order ofthe most
commonly known or used meaning of that entry word, i.e. ~ n. 1. stallion. 2.
knight (chess piece). 3. horsepower (unit of power). Or ....~ 1. adv. how. 2.
pron. some. 3. adj. how much! many.
11- An asterisk preceding the entry word indicates that the word is borrowed from
Northern Kirmanji, i.e. * ..;IJJuj. An asterisk is also used to separate the
different uses of lzafe within the text of a main entry where the dash (-)
represents the inain entry word followed by the (loS) of Izafe, i.e. ? hez 1.
strength, capacity for endurancel exertion ... : .:"lJ•.)•.L;.o loS- force majeure *~•.,,;j41oS-
driving f. *~IoS-, etc.
12- the following signs are used in cross-reference.

Ant.! ant. indicates antonyms

efl cf indicates comparison or approximate synonyms
Seelsee indicates reference to the most commonly used version
of a word or meaning.
Syn.!syn. indicates close or exact synonyms.

These signs are capitalized when the cross-reference word applies to all
preceding text regardless of punctuation. When not capitalized and placed
between parenthesis, it applies only to text following the last punctuation.

When more than one cross-reference is listed they are separated by the use
of the Arabic comma (.).

.... indicates difference in the written form of synonyms

q. v. ditto/same as above

> angle bracket indicates that the main entry word is a derivative of the
word following this sign

< angle bracket indicates that the main entry word has the derived forms
which follow this sign
 17

the swung dash indicates relations in meaning or structure between the

entry word and those following this sign

The Alphabet:

A long vowel as in 'market, tank' E.g. . ~l; •.J ~L...

}j
none 'Hamze' is not treated as a separate letter of
the alphabet. It always occurs in conjunction
with a vowel as in .,.,;: .~~. ~l;. Medial and
final 'hemze' are both very rare (i.e .• .;).

B consonant as in y~li .-:,I.J~'~

P consonant as in ';"~ .4.J~~ ".l.:
T consonant as in oj.vJ ...5lJ • t t;ju
C consonant equivalent to the English J E.g.
(It.~~.~~
consonant equivalent to the English Ch: E.g.
~.J.J.J'~ .jl..~~

c.. This consonant is pronounced with a strong

expulsion of air from the chest as in . ~..-..;
c..~4i.j '..r.-~. There in an increasing tendency in
modem Kurdish to substitute ~ (H) for this
letter.

x consonant equivalent to the ch in Scottish

'loch' E.g. : tlt .j\> . .:..~~

D consonant equivalent to the English D E.g.

JI~ • .JJ.J.iS.J~' J.iS~. Although in some parts of
Kurdistan (i.e. Sulaimani, Kirkuk, Ardalan)
the letter D in many words is softened to the
point of being almost inaudible, this deference
is not however reflected in writing.
 18

.J R consonant equivalent to the English R E.g.

~~ .j)~ '':''JJ)lt
consonant rolled R as in: JI-l'o~ 'Jlt (all initial
Rs are rolled)
z consonant equivalent to the English Z E.g. ';41
;I; . "';;1,.
j J consonant equivalent to the French J as in:
E.g. ;I~ . oftj1. ~lS'
S consonant as in the English S: E.g. .~ ...:-
~
consonant as in the English Sh: E.g. .~
')'J& .o~
t <; consonant as in Arabic E.g. ..s~..... ~ .J).&..
t. X consonant as in Arabic E.g. c:s~ 'r4i.4J ')~.
F consonant as in ~.w. ~ •.u;J . Jl.i..;
V consonant as the English V E.g. 1S~1).45 .~~
Q consonant as in Wi 'r'li .~»,,4J"";
K consonant as in ..sli •..sjS ..:..lS'
G consonant as the English G in 'goal' or
'garden' E.g . ..5)..... ..5;.,5 .lS')0~
J L consonant as the English L E.g.)J.YJS.Ju .;;j,,;.I
j
L velar consonant as in j&.~.) 'iJ"-%
r M consonant as the English M E.g .. )0;;' .~;l..
rli
N consonant as the English N E.g. ~ji.~ • ..s~

J w,u short vowel as in ~~ and .:...,s. ~IJ • ~)JJ. The

short vowel J (u or euphonic w), the long
vowel JJ (0) or the open vowel j (0) are all
listed under the letter J. By the same
arrangement, the neutral vowel (i) that has no
symbol in the Kurdish (modified Arabic)
script (i.e. in ~ji .~); the long vowel IS (i); and
the open vowel;; (e), have all been listed
under the final letter of the alphabet. They
may sometimes approximate another sound,
change position, be pronounced very short, be
dropped in accordance with changes in the
stress, or even be treated as an intervening
 19

euphonic sound. The same arrangement

applies to the two fonns of the letter .;-R and J
-L.

J 0 long/open vowel 0 as in ~ '1!,?- '.i.W

JJ 0 long vowel as the 00 in 'boot' or u in 'flute'
E.g . .:..~li ';.w.4J.5 .J.JJ.J-
E short vowel as the u in 'cut', 'but', 'shut', (See
H) E.g. p • .5D.w.;D~.
,... • .A
H consonant H as in ftA-lj ...s:.;-..l,; •..$-..
..s y equivalent to the English Y ";D.J' the lzafe ..,J~
r.51..!.

..s i long vowel I, as in ~I~ .~..)l; • Dr-'.$

~ E open vowel as the French e, j;i .~-,J .~li
':sJ 0 as the Gennan 0 or French eu. This sound
occurs with only a few word (i.e. ~ . .;~) and
it is not treated as a separate letter of the
alphabet.
 20

Abbreviations:

A Arabic lit. literally

adj. adjective m. masculine
adm. administrative math. mathematics
an at. anatomy med. medical
approx. approximate (ly) mil. military
astr. astronomy n. noun
athlet. athletics obs. obsolete
adv. adverb P Persian
b. bUn pass. passive
bio. biology pers. person
bot. botany phys. physics
caus. causative pI. plural
chern. chemistry pol. political
com. commerce prep. preposition
comb. combination pres. present
compo compound pron. pronoun
con]. conjunction proVo proverb
demo demonstration reg. regular
dip. diplomatic rhet. rhetoric
do. ditto sc. scientific
E English smg. singular
econ. economics sl. slang
elec. electric (al) s.o. someone
esp. especially s.th. something
etc. etcetera subj. subjunctive
expr. expressIOn T Turkish
f. feminine tech. technical
fig. figurative (ly) theol. theology
geog. geography v. verb
geol. geology v.l. verb intransitive
gram. grammar v.t. verb transitive
i.e. that is zoo 1. zoology
indo indicative
intj. interjection
Ir. Iraq
Jur. jurisprudence
K Kurdish
k. kirdin
 21

v.t. bring shame (upon), dishonour; cause (s.o.)

embarrassment; malign, disgrace. vilify (hence_
iJJ.;-I:,...>..s disgrace oneself). + iJ~ / _ v. i. be
disgraced! dishonoured. C f iJ.J.1'I..5J.,-. + ) J - ad).
respectful; self-respecting. Cf 2. J-!4.!.+ j4A;.) /-
iJl~ See iJl~ j4A;.) j~'

abluqe (E) 2. blockade, siege, closure;

encriclement.+ iJb/- V.t. blockade, prevent
passage to/ from, lay siege (to); encircle,
surround (Syn. iJIJ.JJL.-.$). C! iJb...I..l:.+ .JIJJ-
II a first letter of the Kurdish alphabet indicating adj. blockaded, under siege.
a long vowel E.g. iJl),~ .I~ However when ~L: abne n. that part of the flfebox which is
occurring initially, it is preceded by the hemze .,; inserted into the waterbowl of a hookah- AJ.$,;;.
E.g. jIJl:. q.v.
P a inflectional ending of the 3rdpers. sing. pres.;,jotL; abor n. I. trace, track. Syn. 3. ..s4t. 2.
ind of certain verbs E.g. 1ft of iJJft . I}' ofiJJ}'. groove.

13 a feminineform ofizafe- .ul,r-; q.v. -..st, abur, n. and adj. economy,

system/structure of economic life; economic,
14 II part ofthe plural ending ~I_ q. V. economical.+ ~J,;S ..sJ.J.IotL; v. economize (cf 2 .

1
5
a enclictic postposition normally used in comb. •~J':-'J .~J,;S uy.S~~); be frugal.+ iJlj- n.
eceonomist.
with J See IJ 3 •
....»tL: abune n. I. subscription (to a newspaper,
hem1.e (the glottal stop normally occurring at
journal, etc.). 2. dues, fees (for membership in a
the beginning of a word, rarely medially or
club, etc.).+ iJ.J.1'I";.2.1'IL: v. be a subscriber (to) E.g.
finally and always followed or preceded by a
vowel). E.g.• ..; .0';": .~. j"";.2.1'IL: b .... L;jjJ.JJH.J J am a subscriber in two
newspapers.+ JOJ- n. subscriber. cf I. jl";";.
L; II I. affirmative particle: Yes, true. 2. response
indicating attentiveness when s. o. cal/s. cf ~4.! A L: apter adj. and n. insane, mad (See .- : .);
madness, insanity. (Syn. ~ cf 2. ..sJl.).
3. word used to get S.o 's attention: hey! say!. + _
0"';'; adv. right here, at this spot.- 0';":.+ l;.....;i _ apore n. crowd. throng (cf iJl";4.I~);
adv. right now, right away; just now. Syn. p concentration, massing, convergence.+iJb/ _ v.
l;.....;i under p4. crowd together, assemble, gather; be
concentrated! amassed, converge, cluster. cj ,;.)S
yL: I Ab n. (month of) August.

yL;l ab n. luster, polish.+ yl;.J _ n. brilliance,

ul _ -at inflection of 3rd peTS. sing. pres ind and
splendour.
sub). ofsome verbs having un irregularly formed
.J.Jl"L.; abru n. I. honour, pride; virtue, integrity; pres. stem. E.g. ulS"; of iJJ}'. ul,,>"; of iJJ),,>.
sense of shamel decency. 2. timidity, shyness,
~.,;L: att?! n. fire See}l: (allforms).+ ":-;4t- n.
bashfulness. See j J"':'" + iJlft - pass of iJJft .JJ.t-l:
fire worshiper.+ i,;-~/- v. worship tire.+ _
q. v. + i"...- adj. disgraced, dishonoured.+ iJJft/-
 22

~Ji..f" n. fire worship.+ 4.i~_ n. fumace.+ o~.s_ world is coming to an end. + ~..:. _ adj. reprobate,
n. temple for fire worship.+ lL n. place (altar) foreordained to damnation Eg. ~?l;..sa.A Oh,
inside the temple where fire is kindled. cf I. you miserable wretch. + ~o _ adj. very last,
.;,b)'L..:.+..s- I. adj. hot-tempered (cf 0p";); fiery final, ultimate.+ ..s _ adv. finally, in the end, at
(see. ~JL..:) 2. n. type of red, odorless flower last. E.g. ~& ~ ~l; What did it amount to
resembling a rose.- t ltJ..$. finally.+ ..s~;":~ _ adv. close to the end. Eg...J
~& 1.I.I.?;':.,...?l; I arrived close to the end.
~~l; ate~ek n., med. syphillis (cf ~4.ioj»-,);
any gangrenous disease/ infection. ~l; axle n. 1. halo (around the moon/sun). Cf
~.;l; alek = I.~.; q. v. ...;l.oJ~. 2. edging, fencing, mound (around an
enclosure). Cf 1J'.j~.+ ~/_ v. fonn a circle.
t L..: I ax n. sigh (cf ol;'); expr. ofpain: ouch! oh!;
Cf ';'~}~~i..f". Syn. ~.u:;-.:.+ .;,b/_ v. I.
expr. of regretiso"ow: alas!.+ tbJ _ expr. of gather around; surround, edge (cf .;,b jJl.o&). 2.
annoyance and disgust (lit. sigh and sorrow) coil (of a snake) (cf .;,~},....;. ~); surround
regularly followed by..:-o~ "-' Eg. "-' tl~J t L..: (oneself- j> with- "-/).
j.j";'-u I am disgusted/fed up with you.+ ~/_
~l: axle! n.lawn. Cf :;"p.~ .
.;, L.:.;S v. i. sigh.
~L: axin pres. stem of the verb _ iJ;;.>l; adj. 1.
t l; 1 ax n. earth, soil See I. ~.+ IJ-.I;;J _ adj.
stuffed. 2. blocked, plugged up.
earthly.
~L: [~L:] axnln V.t. I. stuff (s.th.) < .~l:~
jl>l; axal. n. restr. to .;,~.J j~l; v. preach, exhort! ~L..:;:';. 2. block, plug up.+ 0 _ v.t. insert, plug!
instruct by sennon, advice, etc.
stuff (s.th.) into (s.th. else) E.g. w.l!t 4.i~ ~ plug!
block that hole.

Ii"Jl>l: [.,.;>L:] axawlin 1. V.t. talk, converse Syn. j>L: axo also j>1~ I wonder, I wonder if E.g. j>l;
.;,~.J~. (cf ';;J). 2. n. (act of) speaking. ~ ~ ..J I wonder where he is?

U!~l: n. kind of herb used in . l: axur n. trough (jar fodder), manger.- 41...,.; .
p> -
cooking.
.JI~.,.;I»>L..; axoranubixoran n. chaos and
axflwbUXfl n. a game in which two disorder, unrest. Cf oJI~l;. O~;"-I JOJ:.t.
children stand back to back with intertwined
arms and lift each other on turn while bending *..,.,.l: axil n. poison. Syn. 1. )j.
forward and singing: '-Ilt J """"-tl~ ~~L.;
.;,~l; axiln n. Shi'a cleric. Cf ~~.
~~.
';;>L: axel. n. restr. (act of) getting up and going
..;-L..: axir l. int}o well! now! Eg. r&...t..?..;-l; well, (normally used ofa group ofpeople or animals).
what should I do. 2. adj. last, fmal Syn. 3. IJ~ Eg. Cf 2 . .;,~.JJlt under Jlt' ..;,~.J r:;s.
~.....:.:....;; oJ~ ..;-L..: I am telling you for the last
time.+ J~ - n. last time. Syn. J~ IJ~.+ ;;;. _ adj.
.,;>L.; axew pres. stem of the verb ';;J~l: q. v. + Jt-
n. speaker, one who delivers a speech.
meritorious, deserving of reward Ant. ~..;-L..:
rOlL: Adem n. Adam, man's ancestor.+..s_ adj.
(hence ~;;;...;-L..: standard mode ofresponding
human.+ ~Ij.! _'I. man, human being; mankind.
to a greeting. lit.: may you have good fortune.+.
.;,~oj n. end of the world. Eg. 4.iL.uj..;-l; Le;~ The Syn. rJ~~ ...j~. C! I. J~ .
 23

1oS.~Li adey int}o up! come on! let's go! E.g. 1oS.~l; ~;Li ard n. flour, meal, milled grain: ~~ 1oS-
.~ come on, catch him! starch *)~ 1oS- sawdust *f& 1oS- wheat flour.+_
~JI n. 1. flour wasted during milling. 2. person's
I; Li ara 1. adv. around, in/ close to one's present
manner/ way of talking.+ ~ _ n. implement
position.< oJ..,.,.,. I~I;L.:,.J 2. adj. prevailent, widely
used by a miller to collect flour from grinder.+_
accepted! practiced; present, existing. Cj J~' 3.
~L.. n. miller's broom.+ .;~._ n. flour given as
current, ongoing. Cj j'~;""
gratuity to the miller.+~.Ji'_ n. winnowed rice
1;1_ -ara adjectival suffIX meaning: pleasant, husk (often used with soap to clean dirty
animating E.g. I; ~~ q. V. utencils); rice bran.+ ~._ adj. powdery, fme.

*V\..-I;l; [~..;Lil arastin V.t. adorn, decorate,

C! 1. ~.JJ'+ as""J.- n. fme/ powdery snow. C!
)~.+ ).:•.00- n. sawdust. Syn.;b 1oS~;l;.+ IJ .- n.
ornament. Syn. 'J"';J..iljld'
porridge, gruel.
4,';.-lll; a!aste n. guidance, direction; controlling.
*JJ~;L.; ardll n. fuel, that which stimulates/
E.g. oJ.Li~..s'l d J 4,';.- ldl; Guidance and infonnation
maintains. C.! ~.....;""....
(bureau or ministry oj).+ oJ~.? _ V.t. set in motion
(towards- loS), aim (at-loS); direct! show (s.o.) the armanc = ~L..l; q.v.

way.+ i....s - adj. guided (oj a projectile); ~""..;Li armll! n. silk (see ~..;"l;); material
directed, guided. E.g. ij~lll;,-"",I.?~~ Guided made of silk.
democracy.+ ~ _ adj. guiding, pertaining to
yt.Jl: Areb See y.p.
guidance.
arnA 11. 1. desire, wish, want. E.g.
*~I;l; a,ast/ adj. decorated, adorned. Syn. •,,'jll'
"'~IoS"Jj.;LiAs you wish. It is up to you Cf j~
jl;Li aram n. composure, tranquility, calmness, 2. inclination, propensity, predilection. Cj
stillness (syn. '.".J;;); patience, forbearance.+ _ ~p.+ oJ»-d - V. have an appetite (for -loS esp.

oJ..,.,.,. / v. i. have patience; be calm., take it easy. + _ foo<l).+ oJ~.?/ - V. desire, wish, want; yearn (for);
•y..;~.? / V. alleviate/ allay (s. O. 's anxiety/ grief! have a predilection! an inclination (toward).+_
etc.).+ I.S' _no 1. place of rest: U'!1,,~IoSI5'- final jLt adj. 1. ambitious, having high aspirations. 2.
resting place, the grave (syn. 1. ~; abode, craving! desirous of (s.th.).+ IoSj~ _no I. craving,
residence (cj 1. jL..\ 2. seat, center.+ ~}/_ striving, longing 2. ambition, high aspirations.+ •
v.i. be calm! still; be patient. C.f oJ~},>.$.:.;..,.;.+. .;.>~ adj. appetizing. See .:,,;.l.v.oj..... + J..i.... _
oJl,r-S j-..;:,J / v. t. become restless, be agitated. adj. desirous, wishful, eager. C.f j LtJ"j.;l;. +-
1oS.Li.... n. (state oj) yearning! desire/ want.
,,1;Li araw n. sudsy laundry water; a washing (of
clothes). E.g . •.v:;.:. >. JI;l; J"~ She has done two ~O;LiI areq (A) n. sweat, perspiration.< ~o;l;~
washings.< JI).J"- under .J"-. oJ~.J0~' + oJ~;S / - v.I. be embarrassed, blush
(when caught in a mistake) Cj o"";.»t.:,..~. 2.
~I.JU aray4 n. makeup; adornment,
sweat (as a result offever, chill, etc.). Cj ~o;l;
beautifiction.+ oJ~.;S/- V. put/have make up on;
oy..;~....s.+ ~ - n. cap, skullcap. Cj J"j.,S.+ -
beautify.+ oJl~/ _ V.t. decorate, adorn; beautify.+.
;4S n. beautician; one who uses makeup. + 15'_ n.
oJl~;Dl/V. emit!exude moisture, sweat.+ jj..;../_v. i.
beauty saloon.
sweat profusely.+ ."..;~....s _v.i. sweat, perspire.+
.r-S. n. saddle blanket. See ~...i;'j. + • _ n. 1.
~.Jl; arc n. bot. bamboo. Cf ~lJ.
 24

sweat (of the body). 2. nose ring (jor a ,",,~Ij\; q.v.+iJ~....sl.l'!ljL.:

v.t. perform brave
horse, etc.). actions; be magnanimous; be energetic.
Jt;L.;l areq n. arak (an alcoholic drink).+ ~_ ~Ij L.; az,ad adj. 1. free, free-born; not bound!
adj. I. alcoholic, habitual drinker. 2. one who confined! detained; enjoying civil and political
drinks alcohol.+ iJ~;t~/- = ~}Je/';' q.v.+_ liberties (of a citizen). C! 1. ~ .;;.~
';'j~ n. proprietor ofa liquor store.+ ~}I_ v.t. under .JA- 2. free (from obligation, liability, etc.).
distill. 3. liberal, open-mindedd. See iJIJI)J"!'I.+ iJ.JJd- v.
iJtJt;L.; arewen n. bot. evergreen cypress. See 1. bel become free, be liberated; enjoy one's
JJ.JA- .
2 rights 2. be free from obligation 3. be 1.. .ral.+_
iJ~....s1 v.t. free, liberate (from internment,
~;L.; are intj. of surprise and incredulity
obligation, etc.). Cj iJ~.J ;lS'j1.+ ,",,1_ n. holiday,
roughly equivalent to: Really? Is that so?
day (of rest/ vacation, etc).+ i~ _ n. lover of
J".,)l; arez, adj. wide, broad. See iJ~ •.,~. freedom, one who loves/yeams for freedom. + _
~.,)l; ares pres. stem of the verb .:r-I;\; q. v. loSi~ n. love of! yearning for freedom.+ 1oS- n. 1.
freedom, liberty, quality of being free (cf
1oS;l; I An adj. Aryan, of Aryan stock. ~); right, freedom (civil, political. etc):

IoS;L"l ari n. help, aid. See '""~.)lt under ;lt l .+ ;lS"_ .:n \; 1.I'!~lj \; religious freedom .1eJ It uo!~lj \; freedom
1. n. helper. 2. adj. cooperative, marked by of thought .iJ~tJ~ 1.I'!~ljL.; right of ownership
willingness and abillity to work with others. .~fo.l.I'!~lj~ freedom of worship 1.I'!~ljL.:
Cf IoSjeJep.+ IoS;LS _ n. cooperation, acting in .~IJL.....,)e~ freedom of navigation 1.I'!~lj~
concert. Cj jeJtp.+ iJ~? IoS;LS- v. cooperate, .1oS;.s~L;j'j; freedom of the press .e~.»OS 1.I'!~lj\;
fraternize, act in concert (with-loS). + .:r-I.,.> loS) lS" - freedom of assembly • ..,4 1.I'!~ljl': freedom of the
v. ask for cooperation, seek! request help.
individual .v-.-:.;,;? uo!~lj \; freedom of domicile/
..5;:...,)L.; annok n. split pea. C.! ..5j.i.5..;4J under residence .v-iJ uo!~lj L.: freedom of speech. 2.
.:..4J. liberaliesm. See ,""IJI)J"!'I.

iJJ.jL,...,)l; [~.,)L.;l anhandin v.t. hurt, cause pain ;ljL.; azar n. physical pain! ache (syn. 1. iJlj);
(to). Syn. iJb)jl;. agony, suffering (cf Ij-).+ iJ»-I (u) ;ljL; v.i.
have/suffer pain. + ~ _ adj. harmful, grievous,
~.,) l; arlhln pres. stem of the verb iJJ.j ly.,) \; q. v.
injurious.+ iJJ.jlt4~/- v.t. inflict pain upon,
IjL..: az,a adj. 1. brave, bold, daring (cj hurt. + iJl ~ I_v. t. 1. persecute, suppress, torment.
.s)~~. 1. ~;4./':' . .:..lj4./); chaste (of a woman). 2. 2. hurt, cause pain (to).
energetic, quick in one's work. Cj 1. (.uS. 3.
.~Ijl; azahl n. freedom. Syn. 1oS~lj\;.
used with imperatives. See !~ Ij\;. 4. well filled
(of a walnut).+ iJ.JY-I- v. I. be brave 2. be quick. iJ ~ \.oj l; Az,irbayican n. Azerbaijan. + loS- n. and
3. also in the common expr. !4I.ot IjL; meaning: adj. Azerbaijanian.
Hurry up! Quick!.+.:.lt _ adv. 1. bravely, boldly. ~l..j\; az.maY4t n. examination. Cf .iJ.u--j":
Cj ':'b# 2. swiftly, energetically. Cj 2. I~.+ e~~.J~l;.
'""~_ n. I. bravery, courage, valour,
• ~j\; az,inc n. dwelling. Syn. iJ~.
fearlessness. Cj .:..Ij I 2. swiftness. + ..r- _ =
 25

,;,Lujli azubaz n. responsibility, accountability. See jjL..; ajo n. drover, one that drives cattle/ sheep.+ ..
IS;~/.J~· ~ = .:r"JJjL.; q.v.+ ,jl~/.. V.t. graze by night. Cf
,j.t.il..,o".u.
o';'~.J,;,li azubeze n. sin, transgression, offense. C!
,jIJI.;. JJjl.: aja pres. stem of the verb .:r"JJjl.:.

,;..,,$.JjL..; llzugoz n. tranfer; (act oj) transferring! ~.JJjL..; [JJjL..;] ajatin V.1. 1. drive, lead (syn.~

conveying! transporting. Cr o~I.,!.+ ,j~}- V.t. 0-'...0»; school (a horse) 2. plow. Syn. ,j"-i.;s under
transfer (s.o.,s.th.), convey, transport. CI,j.t.il.!.5. j;S.

u,.J.Jjli also ,u.J.Jjli azlixe n. supplies, privisions, ..:..~l.: ajtne = ";jl.: q. v.

stores; munitions. C! I. JU;.
IJ"'L..; as n. I. (E) Ace (playing card). 2. zool. white
weasel. Cf rlli.+ ISj~ .. n. gambling (with cards).
C! ;1...,3.

L...l.: asa n. custom, manner, way.+ tS .. I. adv. in

* \J;o.J.iL..; azweri n. ambition, aspiration; target,
the way/ manner (oj), like, just like, typical of
goal. CI .J.J';'o;li .ulJli .,;,~.
(preceded by a n. or pron.). E.g. tSL...l.:u.:;> Like
j.I.jL..; adz (A) n. beloved, dear one. See ..::......fo~. yourelf. 2. adj. customary, commonly practiced!
CII.;l.!I. used!observed, usual. Cj. ~4.AO~ under ('o~. 3.
gram. positive, affirmative.+ ,j»-l~L...l.: v. be
* iJo'.jL..; adn n. J. method, manner, way. 2. rite. customary, be commonly observed.
Syn. 2. ~J)~'
,jl...l.: IISlln adj. easy, facile, not difficult. Syn. 2.
jljli aja[ n. livestock Cj. jlr'.,!JlS' .u~l..J~' + ;I.~ ..5.JJ--.+ ,jJ.J-d.. v. become easy/ simplified, be
n. owner of livestock! pasture land.+ lS;b.. n. simple.+ ,j~;-S/.. V.t. facilitate, make easy;
ownership of livestock; pastoral. . simplify.+ ISo. n. easiness, ease. < ~L...li ~
oJljL..; ajawe n. disturbance, disorder, confusion,
..;l...l.: asane = ..;l;;...l.: q. v.
chaos. CI y"';'li .~.+,j.Ut I~~/.. v.i. break
~L...l.: asayq n. calm, freedom from disturbance,
out (of disorder/ etc.).+ ~ .. also ;.:5 .. I. n.
troublemaker, agitator. 2. adj. troublesome.+ • order; peace (syn. I. ~l.:).+ u .. = ~L...li q.v. +.

,j1;.:5/ V.t. create chaos, cause disturbance.+ .. ;O.J~ adj. peace-Ioving.+ },;-.. adj. peace-loving.
oyt..ili Syn. ,jl.{$ oJljli. See.JI.~l.:.

,jjli ajin pres. stem of the verb ~jli q. v. JL;-l.: aspaw n. equipment, impliment. Cj. J~4S
under J4S1•
~jL..; [,jjL..;] ajinin V.t. pick (one's teeth); prick,
pierce slighty with a sharp point (cj. ,jjL:...j;o~). 2. ..::-l.:1 ast n. exact spot; particular place/ area (syn.
2. ~..,;.); towards, against, conceming.<.::-li .u.+
lock, bolt, secure (cl I.~b 4.~) 3. take
off, remove (shoes, clothes, etc.). See ,j.t.i4S b. ,j~.;oS .:...... l.: v. t. arrest, stop/ check the motion,
progerss, growth or spead of. + JI~.. adj.
* \Jfo-lijli ajnaber1 n. swimming. Syn . .uoU.
blocked, checked, held; retarded.+.;..5 .. adj.
oI..ijl.: ajne n. picklhammer used for chipping stone. retarding, impeding. stalling.
CI..;"su;·
 26

..:-li ast adj. difficult, trying, taxing. Cf ,»JL: ~L:. + ~ adj. iron, of/relating tot made of iron;
.hjJ "JI...,5.+ ..s...;~_ n. difficult! trying situation; ferrous .
crucial/ critical/ turing point, crisis, problem, :;-L: aso n. 1. horizon (also fig.) Syn. &.;",... under
predicament.Cj ~ , .... .J~ ,~~.;.
-..s.,-2 Cf ,:,L-L:IoS.Jli..5. 2. apparition, figure,
..:-L: 3 asl pres. stem ofthe verb.Ji-L: q. v. + .Ji-L: ghost. See 1. ~L..)j.+~_ n. periscope.+.$_ n.
[..:-L:] V.t. keep/ cause to remain. Syn. ~.J~' I. point of horizon, field! range of vision. 2.
summit line (of a mountain range).+ ..r-- adj .
.Jl:.-L: aslar n. lining, interior coating! covering.
horizontal. Cf ~ '~'.JL;..S.
Cf ..s~.J\j.
~"..L: asok n. shade. See 2.~.
4.il:.-L: aslane (P) n. 1. large house (cf .J".;l». 2.
threshold (also fig.). Syn. 1. jL...J~.) under .J~.)2. U.J,,-L: asfide adj. peaceful, safe and secure,
without worry/ trouble, with peace ofmind.+~_
r~L: astem n. trifle/ little/ insignificant amount.
n. 1. tranquility and reassurance, peace of mind
Cf ':->4.i. and comfort. 2. stability, calmness. Cf ~~L:.

1oS.J.J.1""L: asfinf also 1oS.J.",.:,L: n. and adj. Assyrian.

....~L: asirme n. croup strap on a packsaddle. ':'..u-L: asfin n. situation, position. Syn. 3. ,.:..,).)
-,:,l;~.
.J~'
...s:..-L: ask n. deer; gazelle (see ,:,I.)'!~). idiom: .J4.-L: aser. n. lining, material used to line the inner
.;.;,..J...:, .J.JJ..iL... J-L: He picks fight with the . surface (of a gament). See 2 . .J-./.
helpless (lit. he chases tired deer).+ ':"'''';"jll- n. toy
)~L: asewar n. relic, keepsake, memento. Cf
made of colourful cloth in the shape of a deer.
,:,l;;...~ '.J.m.J.s; legacy, tradition.
,:,L.-L: asltUln n. sky, heaven; space (cf 1.
~~"s).<I.),:,L-L:"-i':'~. idiom: ,.s',,,,,:-,:,l....L: le-L: Asya n. Asia: ..:-ld'JliloS~L: Central Asia.+_
...s,ts This is fantastic (lit. the sky needs IoSJ adj. Asian .
pillars).+ ,:,L--J~.J- adj. worlds apart, entirely Jle-L: asiyaw n. water mill. Cf 1. ~L:. idiom:
different (from)! irrelevant (to each other).+ II- n. ~.J4.).))..i.J~.)IoS~)'J~L: He work without
1. ceiling, roof: r'') 1oS"'-'l....L: anal. palate. 2. results (lit. the mill keeps running and there is no
canopy.+..?- adj. 1. sky blue, azure, cerulean sign of flour). ~.J.)J~dl.";~.).JJdl.~)IoS.J~L:
(cf 1. ~, 2. IoSJL.;). 2. heavenly, celestial; In the rush of things quality suffers (lit. an
pertaining to space. overworked mill grinds coarse as well as fine).+.
,:,1 n. water mill attendant. Cf ,:,I"...:.L:.
v-L: asin n. iron (metal).+ .J~- n. kitchen utensils
and other vessels made of metal. + ..5d.) _ n. barbed * ~L: asige n. stronghold. Cf lS';...)4;
wire.+ ';":;';d- n. and adj. magnet (syn. ~l.:J.,..); fortification. Cj ~__ .
magnetic.+ .JJ- n. blacksmith.+ 1oS~- n. ~L: as;m n. scholar, savant, student (of); scientist
smithcraft, act of smithing.+ ,:,.))' 1oS~L: v. bel
(see lilj under ,:,Ij). Cf ~.
work as a blacksmith.+ ,:,l;."s .))_..?- v. i. fig.
labour in vain, beat the air (lit. pound cold .?!-""L: as;w n. adversity, hard times, reverses,
iron).+ ,:,-.,s II- n. junk, scrapped metal.+ ..?- = misfortue. Cf 2. ~~ ,4.i~';.
 27

~l,;1 tq n. mill, building containing machinery for brings disaster (/it. peace between cat and mouse
grinding grain: .Jl,;..,.!.l; water mill ",~"":'l; wind means the grocer's funeral) ..s...:....J~~l;
mill "'D.Ju..,.!.l; coffe grainding machine.+ 4.iL n. This is only a semblance o£' make-believe peace
(lit. This is peace between cat and mouse).+.
rent charged of a tenant miller (normally one -
tenth of the value of the grain milled).+~_ n. )~ I. adj. peace-loving. 2. n. supporter and
(act of) looting a mill. Cf .J~)'.J)tl;. + jl;..... I. seeker of peace and frindship.
int}o lit. the mill is empty (exc/amation used by a 1.l..!.L."...cl; tqqewmtqqe n. lovers; inseparable
miller to indicate that the grain hopper is empty). friends; also said of animals often seen in pairs
2. n. (act of) giving up/ abandoning (an such as snakes.
undertaking, cause, etc.).+ .J~~ (~) jl;~l; V.
I..,s:...:.\:, tqkra adj. evident, obvious (cj 3. 1.Lt~);
quit, stop doing, call off (s.th.).+ ;.!- n. amount
elementary; lucid, clear (cj 2 . .J.J.J;).+ .J»tl~\:'
of water sufficient to operate a grist mill; also
v.i. be revealed! exposed. uncovered. (cf D~J~
used to indicate the availability of sufficient
water in a stream, spring, pipe etc. E.g. 4S'oJ,JlS .JI;~); become evident! obvious.< .J.J.J>i I~l;~

..:..IJr-: ~1S.Jl;IS~l; There is more than enough q. V.+ .J~~ I;:"':'l; v. 1. reveal, expose, disclose,

water flowing through the spring.+ o~\:'/_ V. set divulge. Syn. ~ JO~. 2. make public, declare
up/ operate a mill.+ l:...-D.J_ n. skilled mill (through. a statement etc.); announce. See
o~~)'.J~.+ IS~- n. frankness, straight
operator/ mechanic.+ DJ~~~ L.. Ashabatan11ra
forwardness.
(Kurdish game of defense and huddle between
two teams of boys).+ DJ~ L.. n. flu built l.:,..!.l; tq'"' n. acquaintance, distant friend. Cj
verticaly as part of a mill's watershoot + .:"Ip.. n. ~~ .JI.)I.Jt ';;J"!. ,.,le-\:,.+,:"J)' I-,!~ l:..:.l; V. make
miller, mill attendant.+ .;.._ n. one who for a fee friends! acquaintances; get to know people. + •
transports grain to the mill. ~J/ V. make friends.+ l;.;.::'p_ n. friends and
~Li tq n. (cooked) food. See·- '::-.+ j~ n. acquaintances. +...;~ n. acquaintanceship. Cf
cook. See p- '::-.+ 4,j~j~_ n. kitchen. Syn. .)'>';;'+..F.- = ",;,,-!l;.;.l;. q.v.
~~.+ ~ n. cook.+ 4.i~ n. restaurant. See ~~l; tquptq n. nonsense, poppycock, silly talk.
~.,;J. C.! 4.i~.+.:-L.... See ."J~~ under See ~..r-~r.
::,~.
J~\:' A!iir n. Assyria; Ashur.+ IS- n. and adj.
I..>l:.l; tqaxe adj. old, rotten (offruit). Cf".;.&. Assyrian .
..:....:.l; tq' adj. reconciled, having one's differences ~L.""':'\:' tqumtq expr. used by children to
with (s.o.) setteled.+ 0.J4.i»t.:..:,l; V. be reconciled, indicate an unwillingness to talk to each other: I
restore good relations (with -j&.J).+ D~~)'.:..:,l; am not going to talk to you anymore.+ ~L.".:..l;
V.t. reconcile and settle one's differences (with); .J~"s declare friendship broken by mutually
V.

reconcile/ restore (others) to friendship.+ ~ n. linking the little fmgers of the right hand.
(state of) good relatoinsl terms. + IS- n. peace, y ~l; tqiib n. large-scale disturbance/ disruption
amity, harmony, state of mutual concord of order; commotion, turmoil. C.! ~ .D.Jljl;.+
(between states, govts, etc.) (cj ~L...\:,);
~ 1. n. trouble maker, agitator 2. adj.
reconcoliation. idiom: .....:..;> .r--:-1S1.J~....,;....!l;
troublesome.+ o~\:'/_ V.t. agitate, incite, cause
Friendship is best after both sides have had their
great tunnoiV disturbance.
c~ance at war (lit. peace is best after war). ~l;

..JlJ~IS"-J...s:...:....J~ Unity of one's enemies

 28

Ul: tl.!a n. I. title of a tribal chief, hereditary in swamp. Syn. JlSJOj.+ .;.:._ n. dishwater, water in
parts of Kurdistan. Cj ..5~ ';U. 2. title of respect which dishes have been washed.+ :r.:..- n. water
for the head of a family: master, lord, Agha. + _ containing sand. + J- adj. impermeable to water
~lt See -";L..~.+ ,:,j_ n. mistress/ lady of the (of soil}.
house; wife of the Agha.+ 4i1t- I. n. goods *;Ul: avar n. stripped-off hide. Cf ~.
collected and presented to the tribal chief!
landowner. 2. adv. in the manner ofa master, like *.:r.;)l,;[ftJL;] avelin v.I. throw, cast, hurl. Syn.
a master.+ ..s'4...t- n. the status of being master/
overlord! chief; the behaviour of an Agha.+\oS- =
j;Jl: avej pres. stem ofthe verb .:r.;)l:.
..s'~ltl: q.v.
;ul: aqar n. direction! line/ course on which s.th.
is moving, pointing or racing (cf 2. ~I; •.,Il:);
pl: 4¥r n. cairn. trend.+ ':'~(.;.A) ;(jl: v.i. have a direction! course/
trend.+ ~}/_ v. take a derection! course/
ju.l: tl.!el n. livestock coral, cattle pen. Cj .u..J";.
trend.+ \oS- adj. directional.
tji.l,; age (T) n. stiff rolled paper inserted into a
jJli aqil. (A) See .....j (all forms).
cigarette to serve as a tip. Syn. 3 . .;L..j.
~l,; IIqfq (A) n. semi precious carnelian red
.JL;;.il: aftaw n. midday sun (cf 1. jJ;); sunlight
stone.
(cf I. JIi-...).+ ,:,I~fo n. portable tent. Cj
.::.ot~
.jL-!.! under ..;.!.+ \oS- adj. fig. perfectly ;LSl: akar n. conduct, demeanor, behaviour. Cj
obvious! c1ear/ plain (lit. clear as the midday °J'~.J .; IiJ';.
sun).
i" LSl: akam n. 1. end, termination, close, limit. C.f
tJl;;.;l,; aftawe n. pitcher/ jug with a long spout. See ':'44 (under 4 1), 1. ...,tL.;jS. 2. fate, destiny, lot.
~. C.f ...;;..J..uJ (under J..uJ). Syn. 2. i"~4i.+ \oS- adj. terminal, concluding;
,:,..I.il)l,; [,;;";l,;) afrandin v.t. create, bring into fateful.
existence. Syn. ,:,..I.iliJ..,.;.. LSl: aga n. information, knowledge.<IS~ (under
.-h.+ t~J.,d- v.i. wake up. Syn. 'J';~ /;1...;..+•
.::.oo)l: afret n. woman; woman (used in addressing
;I~ adj. I. informed, having knowledge (of
one's wife).
s.th.).+':'..o--tI;l~LSl: v. be informed, have
';;";l: afren pres. slem of the verb ,:,..I.il)l:.
knowledge (of); watch over. E.g. ~.::.o;l~ISl: I.,>
t.l.l...J"o-il: aferide (P) adj. created.+ ':'l.J/- v.t. May god watchover you (expr. of
create. Cj ,:,~.J ~J;~. farewell}.+,:,~~;llLSl: v. I. inform, communicate
knowledge/ information (to), let know; notify 2.
Uo'...)wl: afertn mI]. of approval with praise: alert, warn.+ ,:,I;I~ n. intelligentsia, intellectual
Bravo!+ ,:,~~ Uo'fll: v.t. praise, say "well-done" elite. Cf ;L.S"ft"I .~j;.+ 1oS;I~ n. I.
(to-loS)· watchfulness, vigilance, alertness; care: loS;b 1Sl:
afertnek n. character, behaviour, ~..:r. medical care .1.Jl-IoS;bLSl: child care.+

conduct. Syn . ..s..;~. Cj oJo~.J. ,:,~.J 1oS;I~ISl: v. look after, take care (OJ-loS). + ;'~ n.
informer, informant.+ O~l.J/- v.t. awaken,
* ~l,; av n. water. Syn. Jl:. + ..5.;.J~ n. gravy. + •
arouse from sleep. +':'.J..H;:,J / _ v.I. be aware of,
~~~ n. canteen (jor waler). S)'n. O;l;<I.A.+ .}J..i- n.
 29
Jl:

know about. E.g. ~ ~ \al$'li I know nothing about fireplace (dug in Ihe floor of a room); a grate/
it. 2. look after, attend to.+....,I,;_ n. written brazier built from fired red clay, with the top and
one side open and used both to support and heat
notice.+ ....,.-!_ n. intelligence, communicated cooking utensils 2. ninth month of the Kurdish
infonnation. calendar.+,:,bl} v. I. fire/ shoot (a gun). 2. light
}I.:. agir n. fire (syn. ";";li): lS .:r...;}li the hidden up, heat up with fire. Syn. I. <Jb.J.+ 0.J4J~)"1- v.
cause/ culprit, the one behind all the trouble (iiI. I. build! light a fire. 2. flare up in anger. Cj I.
the fire underneath the hay) *uoJ.o-J ..;}L.:, 1.Li L-I.: ~ <J~' + »S"- n. I. peacemaker- 0.J4J.Li1 »S"
recklessly energetic and meddlesome person (lit. under »S.+.:uS- n. incinerator.+o~.s_ n. temple
natural/ unavoidable fire); burning zeal/ emotion used for fire worship. Syn. o~.s:...:.....;I.:. +0 J":;~_
(syn. I. p.
idiom: ZsJJJ~ r~ ..., ZsJ.v-o}li As long
V.i. break out (of a fire). Syn. 0J"';»,.fi}l:..+.
as it doesn't concern me (lit. the fire may blaze,
oy:.L!;S1 V.t. lower the fire (under s.th. boiling,
far away from me). +,:,~)" }li v.I. build up/stoke
cooking, elc.).+~)'I_ v. I. catch fire. Syn. I.
fire (of) 2. foment, incite, instigate (trouble,
etc.).+,:,IJL.-- n. I. catastrophic/ disasterous ':'»,..;4-/ ~)'1.:.. 2. become furious/ outraged. C.!
situation! event! condition (lit. shower of fire). 2. ':'.JY- o-!~.+oy:.~)" ..;.sl- V.t. build a (charcoal) fire
shower (of bullets), heavy attack! raid (with by blowing (al) or fanning.- o~~)" "';..$.+.
bombs, etc.).+ ,:,~~ ,:,IJL...}li V.I. raid! attack with o~ n. censer-like device used to ignite
heavy fire.+..;jLt_ n. playing with fire (also charcoal.+ ,jI.)Lt/- V.t. (lit. be subjected to a
fig')'+<J~~";jLt}li v. play with fire.+r_adj. I. shower of frre) used in the phrase: ~;lt ~ u)'1.:
definitive, final (of an act! utterance which
blast you!.+ .~I:.I_
v.I. commit arson. 2. cause/
stamps out a TUmOur/ cuts short an argumenJ). +
create trouble. + ~j _ n. smalV dim fire. +.JJ~.J­
,:,~.;-S -!'.}L.:, V.t. cut short, stifle (a rumour or
n. hearth (as a symbol o/the/amily).+ ,:,IIUJ~JJ'1.:
discussion).+ oy:..»i~/- v.i. break out (o/fire).
v.i. be disrupted! broken up (ofafamily/ house
Syn. o""';;~ }I.:..+ 0~1~;~/_ v. commit arson,
hold). + A.. n. I. med. fonn of eczema which
start a conflagration Cj <Jb;4-l~}li.+ o).,_adj.
affects the face. 2. name of a game. See 0)'1.:
brilliant, very intelligent. C.! ..so......J.+~~ adj.
0;.1t-'. + ~..J LA _ adj. flame-throwing. +.....:.~ A.. n.
volcanic (lit. fire-dispersing): ~~)'L.:, ~
bonfire.+o;.v-A.. n. AgresOra: a boisterius game
volcano, volcanic mountain.+ ..:-~_ n. and adj.
in whitch one player, hopping on one leg, charges
fireworshiper; fireworshiping.+ if.-~/- v. others.+ ,:,IJA.. n. person tending the fire at a fire-
worship fire.+ ~;4f- n. fire worship.+ <JI,; ok 1- worship temple.+ ..;)."!!A.. n. frrewok. Cj .s~
v. I. set fire to; cauterize. 2. fire upon, shoot at
~.+~ adj. fiery, blazing hot, red as
(s.o.,s.th.).+ <J~J~~/- v. I. catch frre. Syn. 1.
frre;volcanic (syn. ';';j..JI.:).
~)'}I.:. 2. fig. become raving mad, be furiously
angry; be heartbroken.+.Jb~~/_ V.t. set fire to ~"s}1:. agirgu!,k n. anat. jawbone, mandible.-
(syn. I. <J.Lil;.v-); inflame/ arouse the emotion &I,;~ •&...".;..

of.+ <JJ?I:~/- v.i. bel get excited and jittery. • <J.J,jL,S1:. [~L..:] agihandin v. restrict., limit,
Syn. <J4S'...;~ }I.:.. Cj ~,,-.s;:r..J~~L.o.+~~ curtail. Cj .J~)" .-,. ... : 'o~ • <Jb;..".;.....
adj. bold. Syn. ulj~ under ~2.+,:,l,$ 4J~/_ v.
~I.: agihfn pres. stem o/the verb <J.Lil,$I.:.
getlbe excited andjittery.+ 4J~_ n. furnace (o/a
bath, boiler, samovar, etc.).+ "';~_adj. likable, JI.:. al n. the middle finger. See oj~~lt.+ (I~ n.
sweet-natured, winsome, pleasant.+ ,:,~)""';~}I:. the forefmger. See o~JL.:.j~.
1
v. stoke/ feed! build up a fire (of..;).+<Jb/- n. I.
 30
JL:

)b~L: aludar n. crossbeam, girder. C.! .so.r..~.

I
JU al adj. bright! scarlet red. C.f.)J.t-'+';"Jy'jL: v.
bel turn bright red.+o"";JY.I_ v.i. be set on edge
.r;..JU aloz adj. I. cross, grumpy; irate, incensed. 2.
(of teeth esp. as a result of eating s.th. sou:). + _
cold, nasty (of weather).+';".u-tl_ v. be cross!
1~l>y'J n. dark Damson plum. See ~~I~.vJ~.+­
grumpy (of a child) (cf jj» be irritated (c.f.
~J adj. partially ripened (grapes).+ ';",Uijj....,JL: v.
';".u-to)~)'+JI- = Jl.S'~l,; q.v.+.;.,L v. get! become
be partially ripened (of grapes).+~IJJ- adj.
entan~led (as with string).+ .;.,lS_ [~~l,;] v. get!
corourful, having a variety of colours. (esp. of
become entangled (as with string).+ Jl.S'- adj.
clothes). C.f. .s.:,'p\5..:,o~ . ..}.).j.
tangled up. C.f. 3. ~J.+ISJLS- n. conditionl
jL.....2 al n. a disorder peculiar to women in state of being tangled up; spot where (s.th.) is
childbirth (commonly believed to result from an tangled up, tangle. + IS- n. entanglement,
attack by a female elf).+."....;~-"'I- v.i. be sick complication, intricacy, complexity.
during childbirth.
~~l,; alozke pres. stem of the verb .;.,lSjjJl,; q.v.
~u ala n. I. flag, banner. Syn. tlol.,!"-i 2. pen. Syn.
;SjjJl,; aloze pres. stem ofthe verb IJI~L:.
IJ"'~ (under . . i)·
~j.lU alo! n. itch. itching sensation (syn . •..:..:.).••
jWL: alal n. name ofan aromatic herb.
JJ""»; pruriency, restless craving (sexual. etc.).+
IJ~L.; [JL.;] alan v.i. be entwined, become ISJI.. adj. I. itchy, causing! producing itch. 2.
entangled; wrap (oneself) around (s.th.). E.g. '" having a pronounced sexual drive; prurient.+)l...
":';:;L..:.~ 'Ju~~ It wraps itself around my finger. = ISJL:.j.ll,; q. v.
C! 2. ';"J~Ja~'+IJ~_(~L:) caus. of.;.,~L:.
;.;!)U alugo!. n. exchange (c.f. ..:..:. "-i ..:..:.): IS~
J~l,; alaw adj. entwined, entangled. C.f. JlSjjJL:. . .»S)U value of exchange *~l5'..u~ ~~)l,; trade

~IJJ~l,; alawala = ~1.Jl,; q.v.

~xechange *.»S)t;
.." lSo~.J rate of exchange. +;.;!)l,;
..
IJ~.J v. t. exchange, be engaged in exchange.
1S~l,; alay n. mil. regiment. Syn. 3.~.
ala n. anal. tonsils: .JU~L-JL: med.
IJJ,,;jU altJIn (T) n. gold. See ;,j. + IS- adj. golden, tonsilitis. + .:.;"..s I_have stiffness in the neck and
made of gold. See V''';,j; golden (in colour). around the tonsils.
ro~l,; allirem (T) n. unit of weight equivalent to * G..vJl,; alae adj. cylindrical. Syn . ...r-";I~.
1/64 of 4l';' q. v. C! r',r-J..;.
uJ."Jl,; alade (P)See I. o~J.r-S(al/form.~) .
... ..JL.;
.)J aldoz
_ (T) n. gilding, plating. C!
oi...l.vJl,; alli.le I. n. narrow alley. C.! .;.,~jS. 2. adj .
...,.:...sJJ~'+';"~.rS jj..uL:
V.t. gild, plate.+IS)lS_ n. (the
shameless; impertinent.
art/profession oj) gilding.
.Jl,; ale n. female skin disease (esp. of women and
.:...:..Jl,; ali!t n. barter, swap-."..:..~.
mares) characterized by spots in the skin .
..A.lU all (A) See ~l,;.+)~_ n. field containing .:...Jl,;1 alet n. black pepper - ~1).•"-i.+...L..,;so.. n.
good fodder/ grazing grass. aromatic wild herb having a pungent flavour (lit.
* .;.,~l..i.JL: [~Ul alqandin V.t. hang up, suspend wild black pepper).

(an o~iect). Syn. ~IJJa. ~.J1...2 alet n. strips of wood (as mullions. slates
louvers. etc.).+ IS.)LS'- n. carpentry (esp. cabinet
~l,; alqen pres. stem of the verb .;.,~l.i..ll,;.
making). C.f. ~lJ)J under )~I.
 31

.-.,..II.: aille n. hope, s.th. on which one bases his v-L..I.: amas n. swelling. Syn. 1oS."L...,,\,;.
hopes, s.o. in whom one places his trust. Cf.
.;,L-L..I.: (~L..\';) amasan V.i. swell, puff up. See
...;...;.I~.
. . .;,L.. J \,;.
~I.: ali pres. stem 0/ the verb .;, ~I.: q. v.
. . ~L..I.: amase pres. stem o/the verb .;,L..L..\,;. q.v.
u;J1.: alin pres. stem o/the verb .;,.J:,~\,; q. v.
jL..1.: amal adv. almost, very nearly, close to. Cf.
*u-l L..; an n. 1. direction. Syn. )u\,;. 2. side/ ..5..,..:; •';'»I..5..,..;~.
position/ opinion! view supported by a person.
Syn. 2. ';'",-!~.+ .;,~~/_ v. help, aid. assist. Syn. .;,L..1.: 1 aman (A) n. 1. experssion meaning:

.;,I~"';""'J~ (under J~I).+J- n. supporter, backer, Mercy! I beg you! (when pleading for helpl
protection); care, protection, but only in the
ally, endorser.+ ~J/- v. support, back up,
standard expression: ~ I~I~~L..\';..J May you
endorse (s.o.).+J..;,- adj. neutral, not engaged in!
be in God's care. 2. respite, letup, reprieve (cj
aligned with either side.+IoSJ...;- n. neutralism, 0)>>-1); chance, opportunity (see IJL..). 3. asylum,
neturality . refuge: loS)l.....e-old~L..\,; political asylum Cj
~I.: alik n. fodder, feed. Syn . .,.JI.:. o)JL.: .1.J:,~I.i~'+';'»-I';'L..\'; v.i. spare (esp. o/fire,
floods, etc.), normaly used in the negative E.g.
* rL.: am n. paternal uncle. Syn. rL...+..5- n.
~j.t"';L..\,;JL.: Fire spares nothing.+IoS)';'- n.
paternal aunt. Cf. .JJY..+ljj- n. paternal uncle's
request for asylum.+ .;,~~ loSi~L..\'; v. requst
child, cousin. Syn. r~' Cj. 1.i.jJ~.+ljljJ- n. first
asylum.+ jjl-I~/_ V.t. request! seek asylum.+_
cousin.+';'jJ_ n. paternal uncle's wife, tnIIII. C.f
~I~/ v.I. give a chance/ opportunity. See 0)>>1
.;,jj.I~.
~b 2. grant asylum! refuge.
o~L..\'; amada adj. ready, perpared, all set. Syn.
~L..L.2 aman n. household utensils = I . .;,I.,,\';.
)~.,;.+ ';'.J.J-t/- v.i. be ready/ prepaed.+.;,~..s/_ V.t.

prepare, make ready; equip, furnish, gear. Cj.. ct'L..1.: amanc n. 1. aim, target, objective, goal.
.;,bjL- 2. vo...-.;..s...;..;.+ ~'-!- preparation, Syn. j""'~. Cj ~ .~"s .jl.~.+ )~.\.. adj .
groundwork; preliminaries.+ ."I~_ adj. prepared, clearly defined, well constructed! articulated/
enunciated.+ ~ adj. purposeful; having a goal/
readied, arranged.+ ~_ n. supply, stock, store.
an objective. Cj ).l.o~.;4-I.
Syn. I. JLiJ.+~ I. n. readiness, preparedness. 2.
adj. preparatory, high (school). C.f 1..I'!l;0)_. -....;lj)..L;L..1.: amanlenane n. a type of Kurdish song
with a somewhat fast tempo sung as an
)L..l: amar n. I. statistics (syn. JL..~.... jS"r--j):
accompaniment to dancing .
."."..t.....:....,j -»
L.. I.: vital statistics. 2. census -
.:,....;L..\,; amanet (A) adj. entrusted.+ ';'»1/_ v. be
.;,~)L..jJ4-.+ .;,Ij_ n. statistician.+ .;S- n. census
entrusted (often o/s.th. temporarily left with S.o.
taker.+ ~ adj. statistical; pertaining to a census. else). E.g. .:,.~..J ~ .:,...;,L.. \,; ..... "" lot I would like to
jL..l: amaj n. sign, evidence, mark. Syn . ..;,~.+ L leave this in your trust. + ~ n. trustworthiness,
n. indication, portent, omen. Cf. l.;. . .;.:,..,,~~.+ ability to be relied upon (o/s.o.). E.g. jj ...;..;,L..\,;
be a sign/ indication (ofloS)'+ .;,~..s/L v.
';'»-1/0_ V. "-:!'J4r"" J I am leaving this money in your utmost
signal, indicate (to-.;,.); refer, point out. Cf. -=-I~ trust.
.;,~Id'+ i,sL adj. indicated, mentioned, amaHizi n. fine plaster used for top
pointed out. coating.
 32

u!~l; amayi n. blindness. See ..s;.,s. ;;-,.,.. L..: amlin n. river in Central Asia: .:"..".. l:..s.J l;
jig. perdition, curse. thus ,.i~ .J.:".."..l:..s.Jl;..sI.JJ
.
;'L..l; amhaz n. (aci oj) rushing! pouncing. SVII.
..r':-I ~~ (/il. May you go down Amun's waters
J41-,l;.+ ;;~/_ v.i. pounce on/ upon.
and Baba's inferno) May perdition take you. May
* ~)'I.l.AL; amdagirti adj. general, universal. Cj you be damned .
...,:-:.s ...s;-,IJ,,-. .:,,~l: amyan n. catalyst, precipitating! expediting
) ... L; amraz n. I. gram. particle, article: ..sil.... l; factor. Cj ~-,..; inspiration, spur. (cj ";-'.JJ"")'
~-'....:;....4.i conjunction *;le-r. ..s.:,I...... l; question mark ~l; amete a/so "';';-,l: I. adj. mixed, blended Syn.
*~..,s:...:.L:..r'li"'::'..s.JI ...... L..: definite article ..s.JI...... L..: I. ~ (under ",>",;;). 2. n. combination; math.
*;4S4J I~l; ..r'li"'::' indefinite article. 2. tool, chem. compound: ~~l;..s-...;.;..l: nitrogen
instrument. Cj ft.oL:. Syn. ;I.:,"";. compound.+':".J>-{I_ v.i. be mixed, become
iI.~L; also jI~-,L.. amraz I. n. pratner in a secret, blended.+':"J.,SI_ V.t. mix, blend.
confidant. 2. adj. intimate = jlp~.+..s- n. sharing .:"oft.-o L; amijen n. amount of a superior ingredient
in a secret; intimacy. added to an inferior one to improve it (as in a
y..-l; amser n. spouse = ;"-.J~q.v. blend of tohacco).+.:"J....-S"_ V.t. blend (in. with) in
order to improve the quality (e.g. of an alloy,
';":"'l; a",!o n. frequent exchange of visits between e/c.).
two people; visit (to s.o.), call (on s.o.), - L;
~ amir n. /. engine, machine Cj ~~. 2.
frequentation.+;;J....-S"I_ v.I. exchange visit with
apparatus, mechanism, device. Cf .,,-o~ '.Jle-l:
(s.o.), frequent. +;.....5_ n. one who visits/
~o~.~..s- grinder, chopper (for meat, etc.) loS-
frequents.
*u!~;& thermal instrument (phys.) *~.. 1oS-
~L; amoj n. I. pedagogy, education; upbringing.
steam engine. Cj 2. } ...... l:.
Cj ..s;l.J~..t..:.j..,> (under ~..,>2). 2. guidance, advice,
counsel.+LS_ n. institute, educational institution! .- L;
~ amI? n. 1. See ";o.Jlot. 2. containment, act of
school: ~~..slS~l; higher institute (ofleaming). encompassing! enclosing. + ~)' _..J v. t. contain,
Cj ;;-fo. &.pS.+)S_ n. adviser (esp. academic), encompass, enclose.
counselor: ..s;-,-",L;..s;LS~l; economic adviser .:,,1- -an I. plural suffIX. E.g. .:"lS4 the mountains
*u!l:-- ..s;lS~1,; military adviser *u!L..4..s;lS~L: 2. suffIX used with certain nouns denoting place!
legal adviser.+..s;LS_ n. I. advice and counsel. 2. lime! type ofaction. E.g . .:"lS...J.JJol!" Jewish quarters
friendly admonition! reminder. Cj 1. ..I.i~ 3. (in Sulaimaniya), .:"li~p Month in the Kurdish
calendar (lit. time of stacking harvested crop).
instruction, directives. E.g . ..sJLS~l; I.JJ Final
instructions. Syn. 2.... L:$...;. -:.;.+;;J..,s ..s;LS- v.I. oj.eJL..:l; anal1ze (E) n. analysis, study, estimation.
advise, counsel; give a friendly admonition.+. Syn. ..s;~. Cj o"";I.IS:.;,..J.+.:"J...s- v. analize,
;;IJ ..s;lS V.t. give out instuctions/ directives. study, evaluate. Cf .:"..I.i\$:.;...J.u. Syn. '.J4JJ~.

~j.al; amoniya (E) n. chem. amonia. 4..iL -ane adj. and aliv. suffIX: as, -like. -Iy. E.g.
4JIA~ Manly .
.."..L; amu n. beam ofa plough to which the share
is attached. See ~~.J4A. ~l; anha adj. now. See l;....;;.

.:..oo;.."..l; amuret n. tool, impliment. Syn. 2. } ... l;. ~l: an4,k n. anat. elbow.+ '- n. I. elbow/ L-
shaped pipe. 2. brackets [ ].
 33

.1L.; aw n. 1. water; sap,juice, latex: ..}~o.S.11:. mill chute directing water on to the paddles of a
water of life *.1~ o.S.1l:. cataract, opacity *rOJ o.S.1l:. water wheel.+ ;;,:..Jl:. ZF.I- V.t. rinse oIDout; pour
water on. throw water at (s.o.). C.f ~ ,.;,-..;j.!.
spittle *';o/o.S.11:. glaucoma (leading to blinsness)
*~~o.S.1L.: water of life *J-j o.S.1l:. lime water o.SJI:. ;;,:.~. (under .,;...:.4).+ ;;,Ij;:';_ v.i. water (.ryn . .11:.

*i.-:.;s distilled water *o.S)JJ'" o.S.1l:. glaucoma. 2. ;;'JA; become damp/ moistened! sappy.+ ~ n.
beer, lager, ale. See 0,r--i'+ ~ adj. (usedfor)
broth: ..5....:....J'" o.S.1L.: chicken broth. idiom: ~r-t.11:.
<I..i l$.;. "-I ~ L.; j.> ~ ~ j/ ~ once a kin always a kin drinking E.g . .J.PJL.;~~ Drinking bowl.+ 1:.1_
(/il. water of the river may dry up, but a kin never ;;,1:. v. be porous and exude water/ miosture; leak
becomes an outsider). ~~l.;o.S~r.4.J l..;:"IJG water. Cj ;;,~~.+)J- adj. 1. succulent, juicy
o.1o)0I'-'~ Better perish with honour than accept (esp. of fruit and vegetables). 2. having!
help from the unworthy (/il. better let the current containing an abundance of water (of a place). 3.
sweep you than cross the coward's bridge). 4..l.11:. well-tempered and polished (of a dagger or
sword blade).+ ;;,~IJ- adj. full-length (of a
4..l;J OJ o.1~)- Something basic is wrong here (lit.
garment).+ ;;,b/_ V.t. I. irrigate; water (animals).
this water is murky at the source).~.J JI~o.SJI:.
2. temper (a weapon, e.g. a dager).+ o~b/_ V.t.
0"';';;"1.; This is beyond remedy or This course
temper (a weapon).+ -lJ- n. land tom up by
cannot be reversed (lit. once spilled, water cannot
be collected. 3. semen, sperm <0.1":;1.. .11:..4. used onrushing water; wash, gulley.+ ...s-lJ- n. canal
in comb. e.g. ;;,L..bJI:. q. v.+ ;;,~.J.11:. v.I. sprinkle formed by rushing water; spot where rushing
water has broken through and remained.+ jJ- n.
water (esp. on s.lh. dry/ hardened i.e. bread) in
order to soften 2. water. E.g. ~lS"': .1L:r.1~ My inflamation and spreading ofa wound.+ iJ,).J j:..11:.
eyes are watering.+ .5JLadj. ridiculous, absurd. v.i. swell and fester (of a wound). Cj ;;,:..J "... + -
Cj ~..;'+ 0.)4- n. 1. water diverted by the use .5ojJ n. plunger and glass cylinder of a
of a barricade. 2. barrier, barricade, dam for hypodermic syringe.+ .JoJ- = ).:'Jl:.q.v.+;;,I~.JoJ/­
diverting water. Cj 2. ~ (under vh
3. name V.i. exude water.+ ;;,I:'.J0J- n. bot. exudation.+ .
of a stream in the western part of Sulaimaniya. +_ ':'-0:' n. bathroom, latrine, privy, w.e. Syn.
jLt n. swimmer See ;;,I~~.+ o.Sj~- n. swimming. JI.JI.;...s.+ ';~J- See ':-':'.11:..+ ).J- n. one who
See ~~.+;;,~.Jo.Sj~_v.i. swimSee;;,~.J4..l~.+~_ irrigates farms! fields for an annual or monthly
n. condition fatal to livestock caused by drinking wage.+ o.S).J- I. adj. pertaining to irrigation. 2. n.
too much cold water in the winter.+ ;;'-'-"'~JI:. V.i. irrigation. E.g. ~~:'.1I:."":;;..;4.to";~General
die from drinking excessive amount of water (of Directorate of Irrigation.+ .:r-:--l- n. sprinkling!
liveSlock).+ 0.,...;~.J }~/_ V.I. drain, draw off throwing water (esp. on the ground to clean and
water.+ ~OJ""- adj. cooked to perfection, cooked lor cool it ojJ).+ ;;,:..J v;:..pl:. V.t. sprinkle, spray
with the right amount of steaming and having the with water: ;;,~~;:J:.~pl:. jig. have a soothing
desired flavour (of rice).+.J"-I_ n. water boy, effect. + .5...:,.J - n. J. dew =..s.:..1 1:.. C.f t.,.:.. 2.
water carrier.+ ;;'~..r-iblS;~4.t/- v. work secertly, sparkle, glitter. See ~..Ji' 3. given name for
act in a secretive and underhanded way (lit. pass! women.+ ;;,b.5...:,.J- v.i. glitter. See 0~~..Ji'+­
run water under hay). Cj ;;,~~ 0.J4-J,j~ ~.+ ..Li4.t-
.$.:..J n. cyst.+ o.Jo~j-l - n. water slater; water
also ..s.:."-I_ n. pleurisY.+';4- See ~.J.JL:.+ _
. - spider.+ .1.1r = .1.1~L.; q.v.+ ~..;- n. person who
,,;J~ n. filter (jor liquids).+ .;,-~_ n. spraying!
pours water on the dead when they are being
sprinkling with water.+ ;;,~~ v-'Jr.- V.I. spray/ washed before burial. + .1 ~ .;Ij I-v. i. water (of the
sprinkle (s.th.) with water.+ v-'"* n. sprinkler, eyes esp. resulting form a surge ofemotions).
sprayer.+ .l~ n. narrow trough at the base ofa C.f 2. ;;'J~ JL.;.+ rOH.:,1jl- v.i. water (of the
 34

mouth). Syn . .)>>'iJl;I'~ro~ (under ro~I).+ ).':'_n. seeped.+ <l..iojo_ n. 1. sluice, sluiceway (esp.for
waterfall. See &l;.+ ,,;.;$_ I. n. one who hauls diverting the water of a mill when not in
water for a fee 2. adj. causing thirst, which operation 2. detraction, diversion. + ')>>I4.iojo J l:
causes thirst (esp. cerlain food).+ .)~/_ V.t. v. be detracted (of one's auen/ion).+ .)~.J 4.iojoJI;,
haul water for a fee.+ ~_ n. occupation of V.I. detract, divert, tum from one course to
hauling water for money. + ~)' / _ v. I. ripen and another. + »- A.. adj. I. made smooth by the
be filled with juice (offruit). 2. extractjuice.+_ action of water (of rocks, etc.) 2. impudent,
shameless. C] »-oJlJ~ (under J~).+ J.J-OJI;,
.)I~...s
n. metalic implement with a long handle
.)>>-1 v.I. be eroded smooth by water. 2. become
used for hauling water.+ ..:....:.,;!_ n. gravy. C.f
impudent. + ~A.. n. small diversion dam in an
..:....:.,;!JJl:. + .r-s- n. I. water basin. 2. cistern,
irrigation runnel; sluice (see 1. 4..iojoJI;,).+ ~A..
pool.+ r.?- n. I. swamp. C] JlS:Jo). 2. snack. C]
adj. 1. stray (said of sheep and goats which join
j"s.,..,. (under .)4./). + .)~.J r.?JI;, v. have a snack.+_
another flock.+ .)>>.t/ ~o_ v. separate andjoin
.)~ ~ AJ/ V.i. break water (as in child birth).+_ another flock.+ .)~~ ~DJL.; V.I. f. cause to stray;
~.JJ j~ 4J/ v.i. feel famished! very hungry.+_ lead astray. 2. assimilate, absorb, incorporate.
.)l..;"s I.J..S..;~ 4J/
v.i. work to no avail. with no C.f DJ<I..i..l.iI.,J.+ ~A.. n. blotting paper.+ ~A.. n.
result (lit. pound water); beat one'd head against 1. wheat and barley grown with the aid of
a brick wall. C.f .)l;"s ~.)1..~1;,.+ .... AJ_ n. bio. irrigation. Syn. f. ~JJjS. 2. stepson. See .pS jJ
fetus; embryo.+ JIJ"'- n. med. glaucoma.+.$.:._ n. (under jJ).+ .)~ j~/_ V.I. pump/ drawl raise
dew = I . .$.:..)JL.;. Syn. JL.ij.>.+ Jl;J- n. zest and water. (as from a pool, river. well. etc.).+ -
gusto (esp. in talking or when doing s.th.). C.f DJ4.i~/ v. reach an orgasm. C1 .)~.J J4i-D~.+ ..s-
":';'~.+ j.$J- n. f. mettle. 2. destiny, fate.+_ f. adj. water, fluid, liquid. 2. n. colour lighter
';"':",;!J n. meat stew Syn. JL::..:.,;! q.v.+ ..$J- n. sap than sky blue. C.f f. ~l.-I;,; water (colour. as of
(plant! bodily fluid).+ IpJ- n. climate. C.f f. a painting). 3. adj. aquatic. 4. n. crop/ vegetable
~.+ ~J":';"'/- v.i. ejaculate, reach a climax. raised by irrigation. Ani. ~~I.

Syn. ')>>I~~DJ'+ fJ:':D- adj. drained gradually (as IJL.;I awa adj. flourishing, prosperous, peopled.
of a wet cloth).+ ')J.HfJ:':DJL.; v.i. be drained Syn. f . .)boJL.:.+ I.S)~ n. development, public
gradually.+ .)~~ fJ:':oJL.; v.i. drain off. C] works.+ .)LS.. n. and adj. developer, builder;
oJ4.i..l.iIfJ:': (under fJ:':1).+ D;j>A.. n. I. bot. sieve tube creative, constructive.+ DJI~- n. development,
in the phloem. 2. anat. esophagus. See ..$PJ. 3. settlement, colony.+ oJ<I..i~.J/- V.I. reconstruct,
muzzle, snout (of animals). C1 ,JY.&S.+ jJA.. n. f. redevelop, rehabilitate, bring back life and
sewers, sewage system; gutter. 2. course, stream prosperity (10 a place).+ ..r-- n. hamlet, small
(of a river).+ &'sjJA.. n. sewers.+ ~JJJD- n. (act settlement, group of house usually in the
countryside. Cj 1. ;:s~. - fJ'!IJWI.o (under ;:11.0 ).
1
oj) scalding and plucking (a bird).+ .)~.J ~JJJoJl:
V.I. scald and pluck (a bird).+ i~JJJ A.. adj.
IJ\.f awa n. reslr. setting (of a heavenly body). C.f
scalded and plucked.+ o~JJJA.. n. water
)jJ'ul;,.+.)~/- V.i. set (of the sun. moon, etc.);
spider.+ oJ<I..i~ ~DJA.. v. used as a deprecation
disappear, fade away.
directed at s. o. who habilually brings bad news
and lor predicts evil things: be struck dead (lit. IJLi awa adv. as such, as that, like this, like that.
vomit black water).+ o~..JA.. n. watershec!.+ "";..JA.. E.g. .;..;,~ ~ IJI;, It should be done like this. Cj
n. fine woven type of f. J~ q.v.+ ;;jA.. n. damp 1.I J .
place; place in the ground into which water has
 35

I.JLf awa suffIX used with certain nouns denoting: .,.Lil-.Jl; l~.Jl;) awsandin V.t. cause to swell.
time/ place of setting. E.g. 1.Jl;jj~ West (lit. where
.JL-.Jl; awsaw adj. swollen, puffed up.+..? n.
the sun sets).
swelling.
..:..I.JL.; awat n. wish, desire, longing. Syn. &~.+_
~.Jl;1 awse pres. stem of/he verb. ,jL...Jl; q. v.
ii-I.,i-I v. wish, desire, long (for); hope (for).
aspire (/0).+ i~1.. adj. wishful, desirous; ~.JL.2 awse =~.,I.)Jq.v.
wistful.+..? 1. n. heart's desire 2. adj. longing
for his! her parents (of a child).
\S.J)'.JL.; awlawl adj. pock-marked (of the face).>
DJI.JL.; awarae n. banishment, exile, expatriation;
.u.Jl;.
expUlsion. adj. banished, expelled; fugitive,
displaced (person) Cj JOJJ..u0:l (under J':l2),D~.+ ..J.Jl; awle n. med. smallpox.+ ):1_ adj. afflicted
,j.v--d- v.i. be banished, exiled; become a with smallpox; pock-marked.+ ,jl:l.)o:ll_ v.
fugitive/ an outcast.+ ,j:l.?I_ V.t. exile, banish; contract! have/ come out in smallpox.
expel. C.! ,jJ~ JO:l4.....JJOJ.+~­ n. exile, uS'0.JL; aweki adj. astray, off the right path! route.+
banishment. ,j:l.?I_ V.t. lead astray.+ ~y.S/_ v.i. go astray, be
.jI.,L.; awaz n. 1. song (human. bird), melody, tune. led to the wrong path/ course .
See 2. I~ .~... 2. voice (loud). Cf 2 ...hl$:.;lt. ....u.J1; awleme n. fetus; embryo.
1. ..5:.;0:1.+ I.. n. 1. nonour, gossip. Cj IJ""lt. 2. See
J.J.JU ..,II! n. backl sideway glance.+ 0~1:l1_ v.
I. jl.JL.;. 3. reputation. See..s.;lul;(under .Jl;').+-
glance back! sideways (at-;:.,J); take notice/
~..po n. singer, vocalist. See ~I..u!.+ ~.. adj.
recognize the presence (o}), pay attention (10).
melodious, musical; vocal.
V"'.J.JL.; aWlls adj. I. pregnant, full, expecting (of
.u1.Jl; awale adj. open, ajar. See o.,l.j.
human beings and animals). C! r.>-.+ .,»11-
,j1.JL.; awan n. I. household utensils! items = I. v.i. become pregnant conceive.+ oJ:I,}I- V.t. make
,jl.el; 2. fee or rate for grinding! milling. pregnant, fecundate.
J.JL.; aw;r adj. stem and authoritarian (offacial ~.Jl; awha See I.J.
apr.). See ':">--.J.J~. Cf j}.J.J~' .,1:l0.JL..; awedan adj. I. inhabited.< ~1:lo.JL.;;

~-J.Jl; awri~m I. n. silk 2. adj. silken. -~,j thriving, prosperous (of an area) (syn. 1.Jl;I). 2.
~-J.Jl;.+ ..? adj. silken. spacious, roomy. See ,j1.J1-,"",.+ 0.J":':I,jI- V.t.
develop, rebuild. revitalize (an area. old village.
4.i.J.Jj.Jl; awdlne n. buckle: .J:- ';..? belt buckle. land). + ~ _ n. inhabited! bustling! thriving
awzengi n. stirrup (gen. having a place; civilization (see "';;;lw;l..:.).+..? n. I.
rectangular base with sharp comers used as bustle, life, prosperity (of a place. area. etc.);
spurs).+ .J,Jj1J4.,j I_v.I. put spurs (to-;:"';), use thriving! bustling community. C.! <J!I.JL.:. 2.
stirrups (on).+ ~~ adj. at full gallop. Cj 4f spaciousness.
.Jli}~ (under .../).+). adj. having a high J0.JL.; awer n. I. conviction, strong persuasion!
instep (of the foot).+ ,jIJ;:,J I_See ,j.LiIJ..; "';':'oj.Jl;. belief. C! 1.J.ri. 2. See ~LeJ:I.+ oJ~/- v. be
.,L-.Jl; l;:'-.Jl;) awsan v.i. swell, puff up. Syn. convinced .

,j li~ •oJ L..l.e.

 36

~...,o-,U awe!ij n. watershed, a crucial dividing in contradiction (to), be in contrast (with).+ j.>
point/line. iJ~.J o~Jli v. contradict oneself.
jo-,U awez n. cognizance, awareness.+ ~ adj. ....:.jJl.: awine n. I. mirror; looking glass: ';;";'';..s-
cognizant, aware. C.I )-,l.:.;-t. plain mirror *.,;-..s- spherical mirror *jJ;J..s-
-,-,jo-,U aweju I. adj. having the wrong side out (of convex mirror *j4-,l.;..s- concave mirror. 2.
clothes). 2. adv. reversely, in reverse.+ iJ»iI- v. reflection, image. Cj I. )lJ:..e;, J. a:,jJ. + iJ»lI-
be in reverse; have the wrong side out.+ iJ~.JI­ v.i. mirror, reflect.+ J..i~_ n. mirror-walled room,
reverse; put the wrong side out. chamber decorated with mirrors.

"';ojo-,li awejene n. diversion, deviation from a ..s-,L -awl adj. suffIX meaning: affected by, soiled!
course/ activity.+ iJ~.JI- v.t. divert, deflect. tainted! stained with. E.g. ..s-,~j.> soiled with dust.

..u-t-,l.: awesfl adj. impudent, lacking prudence/ oU I ah intj. expressing grief, distress. sighing:
discretion. alas!+ ~l.;-,_ n. groaning, cries of griefl
distress.+ iJL.:.:;,SjAA/- v.i. sigh, groan.
u.-0 -' li awesi n. long sleeve of a Kurdish woman's
dress. Cj ""~. .Li ah n. strength, vigour, stamina.+ iJl.."" ~/_ v.
be completely inervated, have all the starch taken
jo-' U awel n. I. person one feels free to call upon
out of one, be at a very low be of strength!
and talk to; comrade, companion. 2. afterbirth.+_ vigour. Also used in the affirmative. E.g. r':"""l.: ~
..,;1 n. bonus agreed upon in advance, given to a o-,L... ~...,AL.; There is little life left in him.+ ~/_
shepherd for bringing back newly born lambs or
iJl.,.. See iJl.."" ~ oli.
kids from the mountains.+ ..... L,.- n. adverb. See
)~}80-,L.;.+ ..s~_ n. comrade in arms.+ I-,Ij_ n. L..l.: aha int}o expressing amazement or surprise:
brother-in-law, the huband of one's wife's look!,lo!
sister.+ iJl..)- n. adverb. See )1~}8-,1.:.+ .....I.J- n. ~U aho n. I. med. epilepsy, fit. See ~/ 2. blame,
women's underpants! underwear (esp. the baggy culpability (see 2. ~); fault, flaw.
pantaloons worn by Kurdish women). Cj ~o~
(under )ol).+ )b.;$_ n. gram. adverb: ..s)~~ l~jL...I)~l.: Ahflramozt/a n. principle of good in
..,;;..,..:. adverb off place *~LS ..s)~.;$- atlverb of the Zoroastrian religion. Ant. ;"ufo q. v .
time.+ -,Li_ n. gram. adjective: ...,,:o)L...j..s-,L.. ..s~li ahek n. lime. See j....:i.
adjective denoting number *) ~~ l.;..s-, L....;..
.s...;.... li aheng 1. n. concert; party (social) Cj 1.
demonstrative adjective.+ ""l.!- n. escort; adjutant,
rj~. 2. adj. harmineous <..S.;~-,li.+ iJ»lI- v. be
aide.+..s- n. comradeship.
in harmony (with- ~.u).+ iJ~.;$I- See .s...;~li
)~J..io-,li awendyar n. mediator. See ~jol.;. iJ1;...s.+ ~JI- See iJ 1;.5.s...;.... li.+ ;.51- n.
t.o-,l.: aweha = I-,Ii q.v. entertainer at a concert; host, one who gives a
party.+ iJl;.JI- v.t. hold a concert; have/ throw a
.,;;jJl.: awile = ~li (all forms) q. v. party.
awh. adj. suspended, hanging. Syn. ~li ahisle 1. adj. calm and easy-going. Cj
.,I.,...I.,.J.... + '- n. chandelier. j...j-~. 2. adv. softly, slowly.+ ..r-- n.
calmness.
o~JU awije n. disparity, dissimilarity; contrast,
difference. Cj 4,j1~.+ iJ»d- v. be contraryl
 37

uL.; ay int). 1. expressing sorrow! physical pain: c,;..; ox intj. e:cpressingjoy or pleasure: wow.+ IoSI..
ow 2. showing amazement: oh! look! E.g. ul,; intj. experssing satisfaction E.g. IJaj~ loSe.>';': I am
I»I"';: asJ!-- oh! look what has happened. glad he is back. + ~I.. = loSe.>';': q. v.
uL.; ul,; ayay n. type of Kurdish song in the form of u~';': oxn only in u~';': J u~1,; q. v.
an elegy sung on the open road and lamenting
injustice to Kurdistan. u';': ode = I~~ q. v.

~L.; ay1n n. ceremony, rite; religion, cause, a,;;;; one n. long! big carpet. C.! Jli 'J~L...
principle (see v-.t~).+ "u.}- I. adj. canonical,
JJ~';';; ordli See.f..:...J.
revealed. 2. n. way, path (esp. in a religious
sense). C.! I . .i~-.}.+ )S_ n. cleric, member of the l..,;.-;s.;.;; orkislra (E) n. orchestra. Cj .l.i4(jl-.
clergy. ~ adj. ritualistic, ceremonial; doctrinal.
';"J.w ozon (E) n. ozone.
o~L.; ayinde I. n. future, time to come. Syn. jj.} IJ~
~l:.-';': oslak1 (E) adj. anat. eustachian (tube).
2. adj. mext, following, coming (of a day, month,
etc.). Syn. JJoiL..I~ (under I~I).+ O":'JI.}J- adj. ~I.r-"'; USlralya n. Ausrtalia.
coming and going, commuting; back and forth.
~I.r-",; Us/ran n. and adj. Australian.
V'''';;~L.; ayinHloyin n. prevarication; equivication.
~.;.: OSlrya n. Austria.+ ~ n. and adj.
Cj j;iJ}.
Austrian.
.;.;.;.; part ofthe jingle .;.~ 41 J~ ~ ~
4. 4. 4'
y~..u;.-';': oslorillb (E) n. astrolabe.
repeated by a woman bouncing a baby in lhe air
or on her lap. .,J.;; o~;r n. restr. trip, travel; destination (polite
~ imajJirmative particle: yes Cj 1. 1,;. form used only in reference to persons).+ ~.;.:
';"JJ-/ v. only in the standardformulafor politely
~ also~ and.uS~ inca adv. then, at that
asking the question: ~ .,s.,;,: Where are you
time; soon after that. E.g. ..;J J ~I~ ~ He
going?+ .;,,~.;S/- v. go, leave; start (a journey)
then sat down and said ... Also used in comb:
It ~ Then let.. ,~~ Then what ~ (polite reference). E.g. "j' 1oS~;':uas When did he

,ajl ~ Then, in that case. leave?~~~u.,s.;,: May you have a blessed

departure.
,;..; 0 intj. shOWing disapproval, often followed by a
...;,;..; of intj. denoting pain! grieF despair! disgust:
deprecation or disparaging word: file!, shame!
ow!, oh!, fie! E.g. r~...;:~I~";;': Oh God, what
jL..o: oba[ (A) responsibility (see .i~J.iI,;); sin, guilt, should I do?
fault (see .;"IJt. Cj eli,,!). E.g. ~~IootJl..';':
I....,J';': oqre (A) n. stillness, calm, tramquility (see
I accept all respionsibility, I am to blame.
iIJL.;); patience, forbearance, self-control (see
~L...;J';': olomank (E) adj. automatic.
1oS)~';'> ,.s:.;;...,.). + ~} / - v. sit still, have patience,
J.....:.:.o.;J';': olombll (E) n. automobile, car, vehicle.+ control oneself. Syn. ~} I'),;,> 1oot.;,,1') (under .;,,1,)1).
...;:_ n. chauffeur, car driver.
oqyanlis (E) n. ocean: .~-.; ~ the
J.;J..,; ulel (E) n. hotel, inn. Atlantic ocean .oJ"'& ~ the Pacific ocean ~
.1oS~ the Indian ocean .UJJ..,s~ ~I.I.i~jk- ~
4>';': ol!e intj. used in driving cattle: ho!
 38

the Arctic ocean *1.S"'..Jl1';' ~1.Li4jM-..s- the backgammon.+ jLt- adj. equivocal, tricky. Syn.
Antarctic ocean *~..s- the Pacific ocean. .w:.;
,; . - .

~w;; oksank (E) n. chem. oxalic (acid). oye n. embroidery; lace.+ ~/_ V.t.
embroider; adorn with lace.
LJ..u:.-S';; oksicin (E) n. chem. oxygen.
~ also Il e I. verbal prefIX denoting continuous
J..-...S..
_ .J" oksid (E) n. chem. oxide: ~L:..s- ferric
aspect of the present. future or past. E.g. oJli
oxide *)L:..s- hydrogen oxide.
.:..1,,>""; He is eating. ~l.;L~~~~.
&,,; ulke n. I. arena. area, realm, domain. Syn. Tomorrow I am going to Sulaimaniya . ..L:j~~
oJl~........ Cj. .Li~ ...... 2. throne (used poetically). He was studying. 2. particle usedfor emphasis
Cj .::..;..;. before pronouns and the demo adj. E.g. D~ 1,;1)
Come right here. 3. defining suffIX used in
u .......;; omet (A) n. generally in: ~ ~ .....;; conjuction with the demo adj. E.g. ~ Him, ... L..~
followers of the Prophet Muhammad, the These. 4. emphatic particle used before a
Muslims. pronoun and the demo adj. E.g. w-o": I. 5. prefIX
~,,; umid n. hope, expectation (syn. I. I~. C.! to present and imperfect ind tenses of most
yL:); confidence, reliance, trust. idiom: oJL.~"; verbs. E.g'l"j~ 'I"~ '~.r.!~' etc.
~,;D~...r-J- ~D).v-t u-tl) ~ He on whom we j~ ebro .u. q. V.
pinned our
hope turned out to be no
hope.<~";li.+ oJ.b-t (.u) _ v. I. have hope, be ";'I~ ebre! adj. dry, without milk (said ofa
hopeful. E.g. 4..!aloS;:r.I"~";,;jj I have much
female that has no milk after giving birth).
hope in him. 2. have confidence. E.g. 1~";IoS~ J~~ eb,leq adj. I. piebald, spotted. C.! 2. ))j~ 2.
He inspires confidence.+ oJ~.;$I- v. hope, wish, blankly/ vacantly staring. + oJ.b-t ~ V. have a
expect. E. g. I.$I~".s.;4-1"4S~ ~,,; I wish you blank look.
success.+ hl- adj. hopeful (syn. ,;bl-,",,=,,); IoSl~ ebedl (A) adj. eternal. Cj.l,$!lJ... lJa; (for)
confident, optimistic. + 1oS..,I)D _ n. hopefulness, life. E.g.IoS~..rS.p Life sentence.
buoyancy; confidence, optimism.
~;.;.....,..; ebenos (E) n. bot. ebony.
I"',r-S.;"; unkirem n. unit of weight equal to 40
grams. ~~ eM also ~Il and ~u 3rd pers. sing. pres.
ind of.JJY- (under ./) q. V.
~,,; uni!k n. butter. See l..,.s.

4>""'; fJl!e intj. used to halt cattle: ho!

j~~ ebyal n. blanket (syn. ~lJoI.t); qUilt. C.! ~~.
~ ebetalso~.) =~q.v .
...i,;""'; urfe n. I. type of Kurdish song. 2. city in
Northern Kurdistan. ";'I~~ etrq, n. anat. bile. See I. )I,;j .

..s~ uk n. throat. See 2. ))..,-$. ..5.;~ etk n. defamation, degradation; disgrace,

loS;": oy int). denoting pain: ouch! (syn. J';;); dishonour.+ .J.).;$I- v. digrace, dishonour.+ ",sl-
denoting distress: oh!, 0 dear! .J~.;$; V. defame, degrade, humiliate.+ .JI.)~/- V.

embarrass, place in embarrassing! difficult

Uo''';; oyin n. I. trick, subterfuge (see j.;i); mischief.
position.+ iJ- adj. humiliated, disgraced; raped.
also in Uo''';;~li: trickery, deception, tricks and
stratagems. 2. one of five games in a set played in ~ eties (E) n. atlas.
 39

etlesi adj. Atlanctic (ocean, etc). - ~.)~ edib (A) n. litreary, person versed in
literature or creative writing. See .:"IJD;;-,.

jj"; eto See 4 . ...;. D.t.i_I~ eramende adj. poor and miserable. See
"lAl.) .).J.u.
~;I.,......: etrwanre 3rd pers. sing. pres. passive of
~I.,.: It lends itself to being performed! fulfilled! ~"-'!'.J"; Ercenlin n. Argentine . ..s- n. and adj.
executed! carried out. Cf ~.,s..;. Argentinian.

rjj""': "";'.J"; erxe n. backer, supporter. See .:"I~ (under

etom (E) n. atom; tiny particIe.+..s- adj.
atomic. E.g. ..r'jj"';IoS~';" atomic bomb.
_ ').
'--"; .

.:,,1 J"";'~ erxewan n. bot. Judas tree. Syn. ~~. +

':".vJ"'; elun n. hell, the abyss. See tDjj.).
.J»-. n. I. season when the Judas tree blooms. 2.
r';"; etem n. fetus, embryo. Syn . ... .uJl:. deluge of rain! snow water; flood season.+..s-
?.....: ecr (A) n. devine recompense for meritorious adj. purple. Cj I.,;;...
deeds. Cf~b~. .)~ erd =j~q.v.
~17.""'; ecza£i n. pharmacist, apothecary. j.J"'; en (A) n. earth (see t:~.uj); land, field, ground
.....:t..I7.""; eczaxane n. pharmacy, chemist. Syn. (see ~"Dj); soil, earth (see ....st..) .
~ lA.JD.) ••.;l,j.,"; lA.)I.). .:"Ij~ eT1.llll = ;hp (all forms) q. v .
•~ ecinde See~. ~~ rejin, See.:"lp~.
~ ecel (A) n. fate. See rlSl:. . ~.j~ erjen, adj. horrible, frightening:.,;...)..s- big

D~""': ecinda (E) n. agenda, a list! programme of and awkwardly built person.

things to be done (i.e. in a meeting). Cf ... l.i.J.olo.f. .;.I}';:-~ erislocral (E) n. aristocrat, nobleman.+
..s- I. adj. aristocratic. 2. n. aristocracy, gentry.
jl~"'; el!wal = jlJ~ q. v.
':"4.-~ ersen n. academy, institution or society of
.J.J.J-A~ exlamlJr n. bot. lim tree, linden.
learned persons formed for the advancement of
I.)"; eda n. grace, elegance. Cj .:"lAlp. art! science/ literature: ..:.-ilj..s- academy of
science *~I~lAj..s- academy of linguistics..s-
.;.1.,"; edat See jl..... l:.
*I.S!D;;-, literary society. C.f &jj.ol: .&;,s ..t.i~....
~.).).....: eddi I. int}o of course. 2. interrogative: Is
that right?
..s.J""': erk n. I. labour, drudge, travail. Syn. ~D.J' 2.
duty, task, burden. C.f I . .JLt, 1. .Jl.S'.< ..s.J~
~l;;...).)"; edrenali (E) n. bio. adrenalin.
(under •./).+).)/_ adj. I. burdened. 2. on duty.+
y • .).....: edeb (A) n. I. manners, decorum. See r~' ~ ~b/. V.t. trouble, put to exertion!
2. literature, culture. See .J.»=J...s.D;;-,.+.;.~ n. incovenience. + D_ n. important job, difficult
belles-letters; literary work. assignment.
~.)...; edi adv. I. yes (in reply to a call); affirmative .:,,~...~ Ermenistan n. Armenia.
reply to a question: yes. E.g. loS.)"; ~ ~I.i:!."; Do
..;...~ Ermeni n. and adj. Armenian.
you knew it? Yes. 2. then, besides. E.g. ~1oS.)";

~~ What do you want then? .~ ere n. saw (tool) Syn . .JL:.....

 40

Ir.~ erec n. anat. forearm. Cf ..s~M. ~ esp n. 1. stallion, (male) horse (c.! ~t...): ..s-
j.l.;jS a horse led in front of a bier with the dead
is.J'''': eri I. affirmative particle: Yes. 2. particle
person's clothes arranged on a wooden frame.
used to introduce a question. E.g. .:..~is';"":
idiom: ~"';JI.Sr-;:J~~';"..;..5 ~.J;:Jli.;,~
':""':".J.J By the way. has Neriman left? 3. intj. They shoed the horse, the jackass also raised his
equivalent to: suppose you tell me. E.g. Ji is~ foot and said: me too . .;.s ..s~..L~ .u rJ ~
,- _·~li suppose you tell me why you don't want .~~ one genuine piece is bener than a thousand
to study.+ )J- adj. positive, constructive.+ _ less worthy (lit. one frail horse is better than a
is.Jo,jJ adj. willy-nilly. stable-full of donkies). 2. the knight (chess
piece).- ~D~~. 3. horsepower (unit o/power).+
.u;"j~ az}Jole n. spices. Syn. ~..i"".
~L; Do. n. bicycle (lit. iron horse).+.»-tD- n.
~j"": evn (A) n. restr. digestion;fig. toleration.+ brown horse.+ j}I 0.. n. gray horse.+ "':"..Jb 0.. n. go-
':"»1 ~jaj v. belbecome digested.+ .:..~.J/- v. digest. cart, wooden child's wagon.+ ';D; 0.. n. black
Also in comb. with :.r. meaning: put up with, horse. + ~Dd 0.. n. dark brown horse. ';':'~Ddo..
stand. E.g. is.Jli~jaj~~Maj I will not put up with n. dark bay horse.+ ..s;-":"Dd 0.. n. piebald horse ..
this or 1 cannot let this go unanswered.+ i}- »0»- D n. sorrel coloured horse. + ;:,..:. 0.. n.
adj. digested. chestnut coloured horse. + ~ 0.. n. bee eater
(b;rd).+ ';':'~o.. n. bay coloured horse .
.:....,."..j~ evnlin n. test, trial, experiment. C.!
DJo,j~HL;·+ ..s- adj. experemintal, pilot, trial-and-
error, empirical.
~~ espayi n. restr. quietness, peace.< ~
J.i_jaj eunend adj. trying, taxing, tough; eager.
~~ (under ~2).
avid, earnest.
~ espon n. 1. bot. saltwort. 2. chem. lye.
l.D~jaj ejdeha n. dragon. = lr-~~ q. v.
esperde adj. committed, entrusted.+
lr-~~ ejdfha n. dragon, basilisk (fictitious
.;,~.;S .~~ v.t. entrust, commit. E.g.I.SD~.J~
mythical anima/); a huge snake (Cj. .Jt...).
~ I~ I leave you in! commit you to God's care .
.Jt...jaj ejmar = .Jt...j q. v.
D~I espe!e n. cross piece on the shaft of a
';'~.Jt...j....: [~j....:l ejmardin v.t. count; compute, spade (~q.v.) on which pressure is applied with
calculate. Syn. ':"~.Jt...j. the foot.
~~ ejmer I.pers. stem o/the verb ':"~.Jt...~. 2. n. .;~.2 espe!e n. turmeric. See D~~.JDj.
calculator, counter. + .Jb _ n. accountant.
..s~ espek headache and delirium of a typhUS
j.ij....: ejno n. anat. knee. Cf ..5k·< j.i~I.SDJ~.+ • patient. C.f .J4.M o,jlj (under .;,Ij).
.;,b I~/ v. i. kneel. C.! .;,I~ I~ ..5k.+ .:,,1$..:../_ v. fig.
be dealt a severe blow, suffer a serious
t li~ aspenax = t '.:. q. v.
misfortune. Cf .:"t...o,j j.ijaj I.S~. ..5o,j~ espenek n. chem. phenol, carbolic acid.
I~jaj ejnewa adj. docile, amenable. c.f, ;:J~I;..,s. ~ espi n. louse. Cj 1. ..s.:..d •.s:.J~.+ D»S"-
.JJ-iL..aj esansor (E) n. lift, elevator. n. anat. thumb (lit. louse-killing finger).+ ':"JJ-
adj. lice-infested, lousy .
...;;-~ esper pres. stem o/the verb. ';'~.J~ q. v.
 41

ol~ eslar n. lining. Cf. 3. ?/ silver jewelry. 2. astrologer.+ ~Li_ n.

astronomer.+ """,li_ n. astronomy .
..s:.L....,:.-.: eslrelk n. paste, glue. See ';;.J"'"
~ eslel See..5;';'-:' .
..s~ aslri n. name applied to varieties of thistle
and thorny shrubs.+ ..;"s~- n. species of thistle ~~ eslewlk n. dough scraper. - .J'..P.
with large blue head.
~ estiw n. fire shovel.- }I;,.
~ eslo n. I. anal. cervix, back of the neck. Cj
4.fL.....-..: esl!abe (A) n. companions of the Prophet
J-o. 2. burden, responsiblility. <.)>>-1';;"-; .u. + -
Muhammad.
~\5...;.1 break one's neck (used also disparagingly
in reference to S.o. 's departure) . ..I.ilS:.:...s';:"""': He V''''''':' esnn n. tear. See ...s:....;..).
left, good riddance. ~ esAil n. live coal, hot cinder. See~ .
..1.,,:-.; esluwane n. cylinder. -j.,t,.l.....

ol"':-'; eslflr adj. I. thick; having a large diameter. ~~ eskn n. wooden ladle. Cf. ~~ •~J.s.
Cf. ..s:...JLt •..s..;~. 2. stout, burly, bulky. Cf.
..:.o...,..~ eskerpfll (A) n. med. scurvey.
"..J..J.+ ~»-II_ v. become thick. gain in body/
diameter.+ ~~;SI- v.l. make thick, increase the ..sol&-':' eskn n. species of grape. - ~,; ..

body/ diameter (of).+ ~I_ n. only in .:r-:,~Iol~ J..~ eskemil n. I. chair (esp. armless); stool.
v. make an extravagant claim (iiI. spin stout 2. name of a card game resembling rummy.
thread).+ 4.f"'!L n. thickness; diameter; thickest
~ eskene n. chisel.
part.+ ..s.. also .sol~ n. special kind of thick
bread baked on a heated sheet of metal. C.f ~....JA--'; esmerpef n. type of ~I (q.v.) put
I. ~li I .D;.,J"s.+..s-n. thickness = <J!.lol~q.v. together with coloured threads.
~~ estlin n. I. pillar, column (syn. I. ~"",:...); ~D~ q.refl n. I. gold coin used in women's
shaft, pole. 2. math. perpendicular.- 2. ~L;I.+ L.. jewelry. 2. cultivated rose. C! t W."s.
adj. upright, erect, vertical;. Cj ~.+ ':"'.ji,.j L.. n.
...s:...:....; q.k n. forearm. Syn. ~. See ..5~.
rainbow. See .:....ji,.j~~ (under J-,-J.
~ q.kinc n. anal. hollow of the groin. C!
J..lJ"'"~ Eslemlil n. Istanbul. 2
j..SJl.i (under Jl.i ).
~ esle n. fire steel, fire iron (jar slriking
~~I q.kence n. I. torture, anguish, agony. 2.
sparks from flint). Cf. ~D~ol6I.i.+ j .... ~4.l/_ n.
instrument of torture, press.+ ~~.?_ v. torture, put
name of a guessing game.
to torture.+ ~I~/_ V.t. cause (s.o.) trouble/
..5~ eslerk n. reservoir.+ L.. n. reservoir (syn.
anguish! agony; torture.+ ~L.:.;SI- v.i. be
I. JI}.• -..;); pond. Cf. (,.$; fig. large supply/
tortured! tormented; suffer.
reserve.
~.s..:.....2 q.kence n. carpenter's screw clamp .
•.,;;;.-; eslere n. star, celestial body, luminary: ..s-
• )~ comet • ..5j,r$..s- planet; satellite.+ ;J-=,- ..:.0~ q.kewl n. cave, cavern, grotto. Syn .
adj. starry, marked!set with stars.+"';"~_n. I. red ol~lj.

semi-precious stone used in women's gold and

 42

~ qk€[ n. I. diameter. 2. only in ':"J}'~ ..soLiu,; efena. (T) n. Effendi (Ottoman title
V.t. tie the feet (of animal) together and throw on fol/owing the personal name equival/ent to
ground. Mister).
~ e!,e also ,-: ··fJ J. 3rd pers. sing. pres. Jll.,j eq[ (A) n. sagacity, discernment, perception,
indicative of .:,,~ q.v 2. standard expr: it is common sense. Syn. ~L;IJ. Cf 2.~.
pennissible/ proper; it is likely E.g. ~:.,:...; <JlL.;.+.:,,»-!(~) Jll.,j V. have common sense, be
~ It is proper that we go too. CI ~~.;. perceptive. C.f ':"»-!.r..~.+ .J'..r-I- V. think (of) as
probable, see as likely, find conceivable. Syn.
~I esyia also ~J 3rd pers. sing. imperfect indo
.~';4o.i~.+ .:,,15..:..;:'r..I- V. perceive, think of,
of .:,,~q.v.
contemplate E.g.;';"':'\; ~ 4.t )J1.,j. He doesn't
~ esya (A) n. things, articles, belongings. See perceive anything.+ ';;-;}I- V. begin to show
j....,J4S (under J.tS). comprehension! perception/ intelligence (of a
child).
jS.1.,j qz n. restr.+ .:,,~jS.'; V. be given!consented
to with reluctance. E.g. ~o~ ~ ~ r~ 1 was
..s.; ek intj. used to introduce good or bad wishes:

reluctant in giving it to him.<jt'; I..t (under 1..t2).+

may you... E.g. ~;~ ..s.; May you go blind. =
.:";L..;:,,,L V. be against (one's) will, go against
..su.
(one's) grain . ~lS'; ekaki n. bot. acacia.
•jS.'; ~ze (T) See .;L.oj. .LtL-1J'; ekrosayd (E) n. insecticide used against
-.;W'; efsane n. myth, fable, legend.+ ..F adj. locusts.
mythical, legendary . ~.; ekku =..s.; q. V.

.:"..",.....i'; efslin n. incantation, sorcery. Syn. JJJ~.+ O.J.; egre adv. here = .;.; q. V.
j~- n. sorcerer. Syn. j~JJJ~.+ fo n. sorcerer.
~..J.; egrlce n. strands ofa woman's hair which
eJser (E) n. mil. officer. Cj .j~,J-- come down over the cheek or temple, kiss curl,
side-tress. Cj ~ .;i.

),":.;.; Ef!,ar n. variety ofrlJ~ q.v. ~~I.,j egunci I. 3rd pers. sing. pres. indicative
of .:,,~~. 2. standard expr: It is feasible/
.:"l:.-;l.i.i.; Ef~anistan n. Afghanistan.
practicable. Cf :.,:...; <,,}I.,.;';.
Eef~ani n. and adj. Afghani.
~.; eger con). if, in the event that; even if(ojien
jj~ e/eroz adj. repudiated, forsaken, used with J.- also). E.g. .:..lS\;..s-..i':"~.,.5.; It
disavowed.+ ':"J.;S jj,J~'; V. repudiate, refuse to doesn't matter even ifhe doesn't come. Cj ;;,J~.
recognize (c.j ':"J}';:"J .).v>-;); abandon, foresake idiom: -.;~L.;..:,,~::.r....; jL....J ~,J&'; In the
(cj .:"L:.;.;:"J h ..:"IJ,JI..t;:"J ":-OJ). boss's absence they are having a field day (lit.
while the cat is out, the mice are having a feast.)
LL~'; Eferiqa n. Africa: *JJ}P..s- Sothem ~.:"L.oj~~jljp,;. power rules (lit. If
Africa *1.JI~jl..s- West Africa *':"~4A~j~..s- East you don't dominate you will be dominated) J&';
Africa *..s#4S..s- Equatorial Africa *..:-I~f.Jl;..s­ .:..1;':1.,j.$&::.r....;.$-- A tyrant is restrained only
Central Africa.+ '..F n. and adj. African. when he fears another one above him (lit. were it
not for dogs, wolves would attack). ~--,lS ;&.;
~~.; E/eriqi n. and adj. African.
 43

I;,,>....:~.;S' 4-!b~ He is so obviously stupid (lit. E.g. ~ Ik...,>.;J~ ~4. I am tempted to give him
were he to ruminate, he would have passed for a a push! push him down. ~4. you would think it
slaughter animal) ~ljJ"";~}";'''; ";1)'':'':'.;S'.;.s4. waslhe is, as if, it might well be, it looks as if.
One can always reject what one finds E.g. u4.! l; ~4. It looks as if he is not coming.
unacceptable (iii. If the price of meat is high,
•• -('·1....; eliktron (E) n. phys. electron.+..s- adj.
boycotting it is not difficult) ~~~~";:J.,s'.;.s4. oJJ~

~ Jfyou can't help, don't hurt (lit. If you can't electronic.

be a rose, don't be a thom).+ ~_ conj. r....:1 em pron. this person, himlher (as objecl ofa
eventhough, although. +.vS- conj. if, in the event prep.).+ .;,1_ pron. these persons/ people.+ ..;1_
that. + l; _ conj. if not. pron. these persons/ things. E.g. ~ #. ..;Lo4. what
are these things.+ L.i:l.. also ~l;D _ and~:I.. here
l;.!4. egena = l;.,$4..
he/ it is. + ;.s- also .... ~ this place, hereabouts.
~....; egina I. adv. otherwise. E.g. b l;.,$4. .s JJj E.g . ..;Le;....J In this place/ vicinity.+ .;,It.- this one
.:.;~ Hurry, otherwise it will be closed. 2. conj. (oP among several). + ~ also 4 this/ this
if not. See l; .;.s4.. other one.
u~4. elbet =~.. q.v. rJ em demo adj. this E.g. 4.!~r"'; This place
(used normally with the defining sui D).+ ~
this side.+ ~_ See ~.+ ~4t.- this end! side.+_
...A.l....: elf n. name of the first letter of the Arabic
alphabet. + ~J _ n. alphabet.
.." ...
J~"';J.J4-!. back and forth. + .JJj' J~
. J ~4.
. V.

cross to and from, move/ go back and forth. + .J'!,'-

..r.-li.)""; elqayi n. gate, big door C.f I. \$'J1J under this! the near side,this side (ofa border).+ .J'!,'-
JI~
2
. .J'!,Jy..;J (from) side to side; .J~j'.J'!,~~.J'!,~4. V. go/
travel from side to side; tum from one side to
W4. elqe (A) n. I. ring, band. Cj oU.;;-..,...4.. 2. another; toss and tum.+ :JL..- this year.+ ~_ this
link (in a chain! series); bond, seam. 3. circle end, the near end (of s.th.); the starting part!
(see 2. ";jlt); orbit, scope (syn . .sp,-). phase (of a journey as compared to the return). +
J~ J":' J J~ - (from) one end to another. + J~­
~lS:.J4. elkan (E) n. chem. alkali.
';'J.;S J~~ V. walk! go back and forth, move from
'jJ4. Ella (A) n. Allah, God. Syn. I.,.>. one end to another repeatedly.+ ~_
adv.
IS""'"'!IJ'jJ4. ellaweysf n. name of a traditional tonight, this night; last night (depending on usel
context).+ j r adv. today, this day.+ 'L adv. this/
Kurdish melody.-;l;~.
the near side'+~J"": J ~_ adv. around, here and
V"W""; elmas (A) n. diamond.+ ';IJ~ _ adj. cut there, all over, in all directions.+ ';'Jj'~~J~4. V.
(of glassware cut! shaped with diamond).+~--!_ look around, tum (one's head) to one side then
also u.,$ _ adj. studded with diamonds. the other; look all over.+ I ..... ~ n. this much.

DJj.U....; elmode adj. stylish, fashionable (of a Lo4. ema (A) conj. as for. regards; but. See r ~4.f.
person! clothing).
u,,;Lo4. emanet =u..;Lol;q.v .
..s........;..J4. eletrik (E) n. and adj. electricity; electric.
~4. empir (E) n. ampere.
J....; eli 3rd pers..~ing. pres. ind. of.;;J lit. he/she
~....; emr (A) n. order. Syn. 2 . .;,LoJ.u.+ ';'Jj'".4. V.
will say; used i~ comb. with the pronominal
suffIX rand..; :~...; I am tempted/ might as well. order: used with ;:,r. meaning: order/ command!
 44
--------------------------------------------- ~~[~) ---
instruct (s. 0.); also .:".)~ I..,.> 1oS...... ~ v. die, pass ~~.; encumen n. council. assembly,
away. Syn . .:".)....... governing body (cf ..:..~); diet, senate (cf

;.,........~ .d.pS): IoS)LSjj.ol.;..;.. consultative body/

VA"': I emn (A) gen. only in: ~L..l.;.J_ n. order.
conuncil *~ L-l.; loS- Security Council ..;..
security. public safety.+ ..:..~_ n. trust.+ ..:..~-.:
*.:,,~:~ executive council *':".)ft''';~'';''
.:".).J~ v. trust. find! consider (s.o.) reliable.
administrative council *.J~~l.. J~";" senate ..;..
emtn pron. I ,me. = VA q. v.
VA'"~. *":"~"""",~oJ~ council of state *~~I.).J)~..;..
.:-.,..-.: emust n. finger. Syn. ~~: ~ loS- toe. + _ commad council *~IJ')l..!.1..S-- city council..;..
~ n. ring. C.! w-':: .:"l...J.J.I.)loS- thimble.+ .J~~­ *.:"I)...:,j""; house of representatives/ commons..;..
adj. pitch dark. ~J..s. *.:"I.r...J'.J council of ministers, cabinet *.:"I.I'JL..4..;..
legislative council.+ .ILL n. councilman,
..5~.; emek n. I. allegiance, sense ofbeholdingl
councilor.+ ~}/_ v. meet, convene, come
gratitute, loyalty. Cf .s)~L;-. 2. hard work,
together, assemble. Cj '~.J.J6S.
toil. Cf ~~d.+ ':".JY. 'J~~/- v. be indebted to,
feel beholden to.+ .Ib/- adj. beholden, obligated 0.il~""; endaze n. I. measurement; size, dimension,
(as for a favour); loyal.+ o~b/_ v. return a scale. 2. engineering.+ .J.)~ o.;,l~~ v. compare
favour/ good deed. (with-jA.$..J).+ )S_ n. engineer.+ J- adj. and n.
measuring (device! instrument); one who takes!
~.; emiba (E) n. bio. amoeba.
calculates measurements! size/ dimensions.+ _
~...: emin (A) adj. trustworthy, reliable. +..;.. n. ~}I v. measure. take the measurements (o/).-..J
trustworthiness, fidelity. ,.;,I~~ '.I'.)4.! •.;,I~';.+ 1oS).$ - n. engineering work!
..s...;;:..; entike (E) adj. and n. antique, antique business .
object; exceptional, eccentric, curious (s.o.) Cf )lol~'; endazYar n. engineer.
.ft.4.0.+ ..;~_ n. museum. C.! ,,;~,~.
~I~ endam n. I. member, associate (of a club/
~~....; encam n. end, conclusion (see ..,r-LJjS under society. etc.); 2. limb, part, organ (of the body).
l;jSl); result, outcome, effect, consequence (cf Cf ~.+ ~ L. n. membership.- ";.JY.l.;.+..;..
IoSU •.$.;........).< r~-.:~·+ ':".J.J-I ( ..... ) - v. have ~ n. sense organ.+..;.. adj. organic.
result! consequence.+ ~_ adj. effective,
~~.; ende~e n. J. reflection, contemplation,
productive (see )~..IlS); conclusive, decisive (cf
consideration, careful thought. Cf '~.).J~. 2.
r- 4...o...i).+ .:"b/_ v. do, carry out, accomplish (a
concern, anxiety, disquietude. + .J.)~/- v. be
taslc/ undertaking! etc.).+ ~lA/_ v.i. come to an
anxious/ concerned (about- ;:,1).
end, be concluded, finish.+ .:,,~/_ v.t. bring
(s.th. ~) to an end, conclude . ..;.. adj. concluding, ..:..JJ)o;'; enzerut n. balsam.
final. J~'; engaw = Jl$..; .... q. v.
... ~.; encame n. hinge (as on a door).
oI.iJ~'; engawte n. casualty; case (medical).
~.... enc;n I. only in .:".).J ~-.: ~-.: v. cut into
~J~[~~l engawtin v.i. hit (a mark). Cf
slices/small pieces. Cf~. 2. pres. stem of the
.J~.
verb ~~.+ ~[~';l v. slice, cut into small
pieces. ~~.; [J~'; 1 engut;n See ~~-.: j~.
 45

~~ engiz n. initiator. one who begins/starts other way.+ ~)'.. adv. farther that way.+ 0.,)'.. n.
(s.th.), that which causes/ brings about! creates.+. that (the far) side.<o J 'i.J4.f (under 4.f2).o.,'i.,.J.+ L.
on. prime reason! cause. J. pron. that (person, thing) E.g. ! "-!. ~ oJ'; What
is that? Cf 4.;1':' 2. adv. then. and so, suppose you
,...;.; enem n., bio. tissue.
tell me, now, E.g. !1oS&':'~ 0"'; Well now what
.,..; ew I. pron. he, she, that person. C! I. 0"';. 2. are you doing? idiom: ~ 0"'; Joj~ 0"'; Show us
dim. adj. that (normally used in conjunction with what you can do (lit. Here is the arena and here is
the defining suf o. E.g. o.,~.,.:. That man. idiom: the measuring tape) ~ ~.,..s.:. ~ ;..s~ ~ loSo"';
.....!.;>;:.,..J ~~ ..s .....!.,;> "'--! ~ .,.:. Home is where one ~.,..sli~;4-SJll Often opportunoty knocks at the
feels happy . .J I., 1oS&.s..;~~ .;.,.,~},> jj ..s"-!. L..~ .,.:. wrong door. ~L.. .J~;:";lftlj~;:";I~':'jUoJl,;.IoSO.,4.
I~~~u~ I am well aware of what you are up J;.L.: Ifhe only knew how much the odds are in
to (lit. The pit of the date you ate is in my his favour (lit. If the thief only knew how scared
pocket). o)l."'-i ~....; 0).J4A''''; Circumstamces are the landlord is, he would steal every thing). + lA..
the same, but attitudes have changed (/it. the adv. such, thus, sO.+ \;L. there it (he, she) is; it
campsight is the same, but the spring is diffemt)
(he, she) is. E.g. 0""';;-~4.f \;0.,4., There it is in his
;:,..-..w.li~;;...IoS~ He who is afraid will not
hand. 0.,.jL...J \;o~ She is at home.+;:,,;\;L. =
survive. ~~O)~IH.,Oj...,!~..s'i 1oS"~' A bad
\;o.,~ q. v.+ ..s';L. conj. since, from the time, ever
friend is a bad influence . .;,~~ )4.f.J ..;I.,~ )4.f.J ..s.,':'
since. E.g. o"J~.J.;,~.;...,~l.IoS';o"'; Since you
Those in sight are always remembered. ..s~
came 1 haven't done anything.+ ~L. = 1oS';0J':'
o.ft.!.~~ Having stayed behind from the
q. V. + ~~L. n. the next world. + o..l..iL. adj. that
battle, he now boasts ofheroism.+ L adv. there,
(much, many); so (much, many); so, very. C!
here (used as an interjection). E.g. ~l.I"'; Here
o....~.:.. idiom: .....;u;~~o~..s,hLto~o .....~
he comes! idiom: ~~ 1oS~1.S I..,.....: There he goes
~';,j Don't overstay your welcome.+ ~L..';' O....L. V.
putting his foot in his mouth. = 2. IJ .+ ~Lpron.
be almost, nearly bel do, be at the point (of) E.g.
they, them, those persons.+ .;,1_ demo pron. those ;:,(~..s.;.> ~L....; ..so ....~ He was at the point of
(people. things. etc.). Cf .....;L...:..+ ;4-1- n. that killing himself. + ..sL. J. anyone who, anything
side, the other side.+ la.;- adj. utmost, extenne, that, E.g. "':';>';'loSo"'; Anyone who is sick. 2. that
ultimate. E.g. ~I.,L.:loSl""""": My ultimate hope; (which), the one, the thing, what E.g. jj loS'''';
perfect.+ J.."- adj. such, of such a kind (a word ~~)L.; That which you sent.+ ~_ n. there, that
generally not translated which anticipates a place/ position; that far. E.g. ,.~~.,.; \; I went
following qualifying or restrictive clause). E.g.
that far (as far as there).< ~.,.J.+..s- = ..so"'; q. V.
~ ~ LS:.;.; \;4..&. ~ 1oS~~ ...I lS.:. jj"';"';':" He does
(such) things that are unheard of.+ ~_ adv. then, jb.,.;l ewda[ (A) I. n. name of a group of spiritual
in that case.+ ...1... _ adv. when (cf 5. &); then, beings believed to be charged with the
at that time. Syn. L-"';.+ Jot. n. that side, the preservation of the cosmic order. 2. adj. earnestly
searching, feverishly pursuing (a cause. lost love.
other side. Cf J!~~'+ L-_ adv. I. then, only,
etc.). C! I. 1..I.t-':".+ ~~/_ v. be in earnest search
only then, only at that time. 2. when, at that time
(of-loS), be ardently interested.+..s- n. passionate/
(normally in conj. with &) E.g. ~~ a...;: & l-.,.:.
ardent interest, earnest search.
When we went.+ "-!.l-_ = l-"'; q. V.+ )4.M_ n. the
far end, the other end; the way back. <~.,.J. Cf jbJ4.r.2 ewda[ n. male francolin. Cj I.~.

~':'. +)'.. adv. that side, the other side/ surface/

direction. <'i.,.;.,~':'.+ ~~.J'iJ':' V. look! tum the
 46

..s..;.J~ ewreng n. majesty, glory.)l.. adj. J~": eyero intj. woe! you don't say?, Oh no!
majestic, glorious. Cl :,S.;.. What a pity.

}j.,": ewzar n. tool, implement. Cj 2. ) ..... 1.:. eyho intj. I. used to .ftop s. o. after he has
unnece.uarily prolonged or repeated an issue:
~.,..: ew/iya (A) n. saint(s). stop it, will you? 2. used to indicate impatience
and disgust.
LrJ""': ewtn n. romance, love.+ 1oS)l.. n. passionate
love/ romance. J~": eyhll intj. meaning: long, long, ago.

.;.;~ ewit pres. stem of the verb ~--' q. v. ",,4,j eyt intj. used to ascertain or verify the intent:
Is that right?, Oh really?
.....: eh intj. denoting regret! embarrassment: Oh
~ i J. Yes, I am listening (when one continues to
no! E.g . .J.j~t"..s~I~~ u":Oh no! I broke the
glass. agree with what is said); very well, Yes sir (when
agreeing to do s.th. asked). 2. and then? so?
~.....: eha intj. I. used to alert! draw attention: See! (when requesting s.o. to proceed with a
look! E.g. t. •.,..:! l....: See! There it is. Also used to conversation).
draw attention to s.th. sudden! unexpected E.g. ~I~ ibrahimi n. kind of t"1l4.0 or ~.~ q.v.
~.,s l.......: Look! He killed him. 2. to express
~ Iblls (A) n. the devil. Syn. ,:,~..:..
disbelief and scorn: Is that so?, oh, yeah?
'"""~.....: ehali (A) n. people. See ,:,I~I~ (under ~ iti, adj. 1. anymore, any longer, further. E.g.
I •
I~) •..sJ~. 01.; ~~ ~ cannot do it anymore. 2. now, very
well. E.g. ~4.0~ ~ r i Now, enough laziness .
.J4.'.....-": Ehrimen n. Ahriman, principle of evil in
3. then, beyond (that). Cj 1.,~D.J4.l.
the Zoroastrian religion. C! bjL.IJ~I.:.
adv. extremely, exceedingly; too. E.g.
~.....: ehiw intj. used to belittle! makefun ofs.o.
..sDJ"..JJ~ He is extremely intelligent. )~~;;
for making an incredible statement or doing s.th.
frivolous: you don't say. DJJj It is too much. + loS-- adv. J. too, too far. E.g.
..,L.:.;Sju~ .:;j""":'IoSJ~ You have gone too
loS""': ey intj. I. used to introduce a reproachful
far; once and for all, for good; totally, completely
question. E.g. j.t 4.0": 4.!1~ loS": Oh God! Why this?
(often with 4t).
2. and then, and what about?, and what of! E.g.
,:,1.,.....:1oS""': And what about them? 3. true, yes, that J~ ixtiyar (A) adj. old (person). See I.,r-;.
is correct. E.g. »-t1.,1oS""': Yes, it wat so. 4. Oh!
1oS~ idi See ri·
(when addressing s.o. with respect! admiration.
E.g . •J"& ~L..JllloS": Oh, great hero! '1'· iran n. lran.+........ n. and ady·. Iranian.
"'.r-- L

Jlt..: Eyar = JW q. v. ..;1...;; irane also ..;lS•...;.; .;JiLSo",;,; n. and adv.

hereabouts, this vicinity, here. C! •...;.;.
J~""': Ey/Il/ n. (month of) September. C! .,.J41
.i!4 (under .,.J41). .~ ire I. adv. here, in! at this place. E.g. •...;.; OJO"
come here. 2. n. this place, here, E.g .•r:-lt •...;.;
l:.t.....: eyna rhetorical expr. meaning: Isn't it?, of
This place is better.
course it is.
JO"';'; ireq also oilD"';';. See ~~p.
~..: Eynt = ~~ q. v.
,:,U.,;.; ireqan n. med. jaundice. Cj I,$I.JJ~J.j.
 47
I··'
ft'

I;;'; eza n. reward, remuneration. See ~1~4. insufferable, boorish, dull, ugly. C.! ~..,.:.l.i.+ _
..,..Jij n. insufferableness, boorishness.+ J}- adj.
4.i1r-: ;zafe n. gram. name of the particle loS' q. v.
insufferable. + ..)IJ- n. insuferableness.
~I~ luall n. Izrael (the angel of death).
s.....-;..1 esk n. bone. Syn. ~li....;:.- ~~~.+_
~.~ iuem n. unit of weight equivalent to 114 of ~~ n. anal. skeleton.+ oJ.:.;J/- V.t. set broken
-.l';' q. v. Cj. r0.r-J';'. bones.+ ..5--JJ'...J- n. remains/ skeleton (of one
~.;;.; ized n. God. See. I~. long dead). + ~~L. n., med. osteitis.

~ ist n. pause, temporary stop; incerted r'J-..;. islam (A) 1. n. Islam, Muhammadanism. 2.
comma. (cj. J..,.s.;-.J)'+ ~~.J c-; v. pause, linger adj. Muslim, Muhammadan.+ ~L. n. Islam,
for a time, stop temporarily.+ ..5- n. stopover, Islamic (world, etc.)
stopping place; station: *,:,;...;i.J4J 1oS~- television ~ 4 n. pain, ache (syn. I. ~Ij ,)jl;); suffering,
station *J.!~I),.$..5- radio station *~';'","""":'IoS~­ agony.+ ~.JY. (a) _ v.i. have pain, ache.+ ~~.J ~

railroad station. + '- also ~ I. adv. now, at the v. ache, have pain (in one's body).+ ~'-[~l V.i.
present timet moment.< l:.....;; l;. 2. n. the present, ache, hurt, have pain.+ ~~'-[~l caus. of ~~
now; gram. present. 3. adj. present, current. E.g. q. v. + o.,...JH.'';'~JI/ _ V.t. cause (s.o.) heartache,
L:.....;:~.; present value.+ ~lSl_ adv. about now; agonize.+ ~~lt...5~/- V.t. cause pain to, hurt,
nowadays; now.+ u.;.,s1- = ~lSl:.....;; q.v . ..sl_ = mar.+ ~~~/_ v.i. be hurt! inflicted with
t- :; q.v. pain.
;:......;: esti, n. mule. Syn . .;u. Cj. ..)~lt.+ },... n. ~ 4. n. I. work, labours, endeavours (cj.
mule rider; mil. infantry mounted on mules. + _ ~L..); action, activity. E.g. o)':;j~ I have much
~IJo n. mule driver. Syn. ~IJo';u. work.< ~ (under ~\ 2. trade, perfession,
occupation, business. ~ "-! ~ ~ What is your
.J~ istiqaie (A) n. resignation (from office,
occupation. Syn. I. )lSl. 3. that which is pursued
job, etc.).+ ~~~/_ v. resign, quit, give up one's
at a particular time and / or in a particular place.
office/ position.+ ~b/_ v. tender one's
E.g. ,,-!a ~..5..;..iJ.' I have a little something to
resignation. Cj. ~~ jlJ.
do.+ ~»-I ( .... ) _ v. have work, be busy, have s.th.
I~ isliwa (A) n. restr: _~ equator. Syn. to do.+ ~~.J/- v. work, exert oneself physically or
IoSJ'j 1oS.J"'-"..s· + IS- adj. equatorial; tropical. mentally; be working! operationaL+ ..::-o~ .... _ n.
employed person, person having an office/
~ este = t- :;q.v.
position. C! ~....)lS (under I. )lSl).+ ~~.J le;/-
~~ istikan (E) n. tea glass. Syn . .J~. V.t. work on, continue one's efforts in, pursue.+_
;A..S I. adj. industrious, diligent, hard-working. 2.
~ isfene (E) n. sponge. Syn·lo'~J..s·+ loS-
n. house servant. Cj. ;..s.)lS ')lS ..... + )jfi. adj.
spongy.
efficient, competent, able. C! ':'-'~.;4J.+ :.)/_
~ isqa n. med. dropsy.
~L.. v. be fit! qualified! seemly (for ajob, taslc,
~t; :; esqan n. anat. bone. Syn . ..s......:;. etc.) ~~~.;.JyU~r~ Only he could do
justice to this job.
~' esk n. form, appearance, 100ks.+..5»-
adj. cute, nice looking, affable, urbane.+ ~»­
1- .:; q,ta = t- .:. q. v.
n. cuteness. C! I. ~I~.+..,..~ adj.
 48

..s....:.;; ~ik n. watch, sentry-round, patrol.+ ~_ n. r~ imIIm (A) n. religious leader; person who
watchman, sentry. C.f. .:,1.J4-~ .~.+ }- n. leads comgregational prayer; title of an eminent
person on duty/ call. 2. sentry.+ ~J/- v. I. keep religious teacher; one of the Twelve Imams.+ A-
watch, patrol. 2. be on duty/ call. n. the two flattene'd beads dividing a rosary or
string of beads (cf j-'J~).+ ...iA- n. position/duty
'jJ~ ;sella (A) intj. God willing; please God.
of rL...:.:.
Syn. ~I.,>.
.;,~ inuJn (A) n. faith, belief and trust in and
O,)~ iftade (p) adj. senile, disabled by age (ofa
loyalty to (esp. God, religion).+ ;1.)_ religious,
person). C.! J«. devout.
~ iflic (A) adj. paralized, aIDicated with .:,~ imti!!an (A) n. examination. Syn.
palsy. C.f. ;lH.1;~.+ ;.»>-d- v.i. become ~l.ojl:. C.f. D~.).N\j.
paralyzed.+..s- n. med paralysis; palsy. Cf oI.l;":'.
I~ imza (A) n. signature.+ .).)..,s/- v. sign;
~ eq = J4..! (allforms) q.v. autograph.+ .;,Li 1.)/_ v. put one's signature (to-
y~ eqlab n. amount of grain processed for .J--.l); sign.
daily use before the remainder of harvest. Syn. ~ lme pTon~ we, US~ Cj. 0"';;.+ \jlil..... prone we
u.,$.;4i. for our part, we ourselves; those of us.
~ iqlim (E) n. clime, region. See. ~...P C.! yl~ (A) n. mandate, mandated territory. See
1oS.JlS"JD.J'- (under .J-)'
.J).)I~ ikwador n. Ecuador. ~c_~ intela (A) n. overeating. See ~.w.+ ':'.)..?_ v.
~ ike adv. now! Syn. 2. rl. overeat, have indigestion.
~ inc (E) n. inch (unit ofmeasure).
r'~'~ igrembljrem n. unit of weight = 1/16
of 43";- q.v. ~ inca adv. then = ~ (all forms) q. v.

J....;: II n. major tribal division consisting of sub- oIoi~ tncane n. flowerpot.

tribes having a common aneetry. Cf ';::i .»-.+_
~ Incil (E) n. gospel.
tl n. highlands. Syn . .:,W..,s'.+ .:,~I_ n. season of
insayc/opidiya (E) n.
nomadic migration to the highlands.+ 1oS:,~ n.
emcyclopaedia.
levy in mass; thronging, coming together,
assembling. cf ~~;,S-.I..s campaign, drive. (cf .~ Ingiltere n. England.

j'Jlp). E.g. .).)}ft.!a l.l46;J.;; Election campaign. .:,1- 1<'::; Inglistan n. England.

~ llei (T) n. ambassador. See .inJlt. ~ Inglil. n. and adj. English, Englishman.+_
.:,W iHan also ':'~.Y:A;. adv. definitely, in spite loS adj. English .
of all objection, no matter what. E.g . .:,~.;':J..;,
~ iw intj. hurrah!
~P I am going no matter what.
·1 1 _. ewaran adv. haitually in the evening, on
oJ.J~
~ im = I. roloi(allforms)q.v.
any eveninig. E.g. ~ .~l.o -.1.:,1;1"";: I am not at
-.II...:;: Imale n. enema. Syn. 3 . .J.v=-.). home in the evenings.
 49

.},..;; ewaTe I. n. evening, eve. Cj J.j.j.~ (under

~ I). 2. adv. in the evening.+ ;Ijl,.- n. remnant

sale.
\:s}';; ewaTi = .},;: q. v.

•;;.: ewe pron. you (of the 2nd pers. sing.). Cj jj.+
pron. you and your like, you (for)
.:"LJl.....
yourselves.
~ iy I. expr. of threat and strong disapproval of
an action done or about to be done. E.g. ~...;.;
!~.).} .:..•.,.,..; Now, you have done it! 2. expr.
urging s.o. to get to the point: pray continue. Go
on. Yes, I am listening. 3. expr. indicating
continued attention to s.o.: yes .... yes ....
 50

swealing).+ ~_n. windbreaker.+ »>_also_

j;J n. very small crack (as in a wall).+ ";'r
See lot~'d'+ ;Jj _ n. blizzard. + ~ _ n. wind
tunnel. + } _ adj. open to the wind, very windy
(place).+ lS-n. whirlwind. Syn. .s~~ft!. Cj
~~ .lot~'d· + ,ft! - n. whirlwind. See .s~,ft!
q. v. + .r-S - n. air passage in a cellar/ basement

• used for drawing cool air into a house or place

in the summer.+ ~l.i_ n. airmail letter.+ _
~'J n. hand fan. Cj I. ~~.+ <JJ.? ';';':"Jlot v.
I fan, move air with a fan.+ <JIJj> '-'"'lot 1oS/- v. go
Y b I. second letter of the Kurdish alphabet.
2. the imperative and subjunctive prefix. Eg. for a constitutional walk; take time out (to rest,
l,-f Go. ~lot Let us go. 3. prefix used with the change scene, etc.).
present stem to form nouns of agent. Eg. Ll ba n. I. rheumatic swelling and pain. Cf I.
IJ"»-t One who writes. JU. 2. gas, air. + <J»i (~) lot v. have gas, feel
2
b pres. stem of the verb <J.JY. q.v.+ .n-past bloated.+ <JJ.? lot v. be flatulant, have gas.+~_
tense, 3rd pers. sing. of the verb <J.JY. : Was, n. stomach trouble/ pain (esp. from gas).+.
became idiom: <JLSdJ JLi IoSJ;L.; --".J.J-! It is lost ~IJ:..r;/ v. swell up and be painful (of
forever. ..l.r! <Jl.i~ JJJ~"'" IoSOJ~"-i O.J.J-! He rheumatic pain).+ )J_adj. I. rheumatic (ofa
missed all opportunities. part of the human body). 2. gas-producing
(food). + loS) J - n. med. rheumatism. + ..:.,s _n.
bi I. particle prefIx to imperative mood and
small hernial rupture. Cj 1oSp.;.+ 'j.u_ n.
to pres. and imperfect tenses of subjunctive.
flatulence, gas. + '~J _ n. gas/ air that rumbles
Eg. ~ Go. 2. prefIX to pres. stem ofsome
inside one's stomach.
verbs to form adjectives and nouns denoting
.
agent! activity. Eg. .s.:.~ JJJ.t . oJ:,r- q. v. L.l ba n. twisting! turning! winding
(movement).+ ~IJ ~/_ v. swing! shake one's
L/ ba n. wind :;..,..,5'lot loS - northerly wind *'r-I.S-
waist (in dancing). Cf ~bp,....+ <JIJ~/- V.t.
only in the idiom.: 'r-loSlot;40-'~l. Weare
twist, wring, roll.+ <JJ}";'/- V.i. coil, roll up,
back where we started *":"~';;;'IoS- easterly
become wound. ('j <JJ)~~.+ ~IJ/_ V.t. turn,
wind *~»>IoS- west wind *IJ"JJI)J 1oS- warm
cause to wind! twist! roll; wag (Ihe tail); shake
wind of spring *.::..H-1oS _ windstorm *I J 4-IoS-
(the head! hips). < ~IJL..;>.+ ,~IJ/_ v. I. back
east wind *jL..~ loS _ breeze, zephyr.·!'"! llloS-
out, withdraw, change (one's stand. mind). 2.
high wind *~'JIoS- southeast breeze bringing tum once again! go back (10-;'-, a subject.
soft rain. idiom.: CoiN": IJ";...,$' 1oS~~ J<I.,!lot He is issue, etc.).+ JI;J- adj. twisted, twined; turned,
indifferent to the whole matter. + <J.JY. lot v. be wound.
windy (of the weather).+ ~..:,_ I. n. hole/
It4 ba n. heat, sexual excitement (in certain
crack through which wind! air penetrates. 2.
animals). + ~l./_ v.i. be in heat. Syn. lot ..;;l..
adj. not airtight.+ JJJ.rI- adj. I. very light,
wind-blown. 2. cheap, low, trashy, base. Cj 3. lts ba I. affirmative particle used in replying to
..5»-. + "';.J'I- n. I. small crack. 2. jig. negative questions: yes. E.g. r~ lot ~..;.,~
loophole, means of escape.+ rt- n. restr. to Didn't you go? yes I did. 2. particle meaning:
<JJ.J'"i ~ lot v. be stiff and have chills (esp. after let (followed by the subjunctive). Eg. .J-'~ lot
 51

Let us eat it. idiom.: ~ <I...i.P-.J'H.o/ 'j..!" It Let point (of debate, controversy, question). E.g.
~l: ':""'-oilt
The issue is peace. Cf "",L.;4-. <
sleeping dogs lie. ~ '" ~ J.~ It That is
throwing good money after bad. 3. particle U4.flt-J. + ..; - adj. at issue, under consideration.
used with the conditional perfect. E.g. It
~">'4lt babe.xule n. children's game consisting
"'-! l:..,~ You should have gone. 4. part of
oftuming in circles.
some compound adjectives. E.g. .'-'''Jllt q. v. 5.
~vlt babibabi n. name of an indoor game.
prep. used only in comb. E.g. ~'Jlt q.v. 6.
conj. even if, although (used in comb. with J. ~.xlt bapuske adj. gray. See ~.J.p-.
and the negative) ... ~~ IJ~~ It Even ifhe
..;~~ bap;,; n. a species of sour pomegranate.
doesn't say so ...
C! .JL:....
lt6 ba n. shortfor y~ meaning: father.+ y_ n.
~lt Batismi n. Yezidi celebration.
father. See ..5J lt.+ i-/- n. father.+ ~_ n. I.
father, daddy (esp. when calling one's father). t"j;lt batlax n. lakelet. Cf J~jj .&)j".
2. title also used as a first name. E.g. .J"'-!l;4.tlt
u·UL. batman n. unit of weight equal to six 4l~
Baba Tahir.+ ~_ n. grandfather (paternal,
q.v.
maternal).+ ,~_ n. grandpa.+ '.JJ4,.;«- n.
great grandfather. ..u'lt batu n. testicle. Syn. iJ)'.

It It baba 1. n. Qalandari dervish, title in an IJ~~ bateqa adv. as much as, commensurate
esoteric fraternity. 2. adv. indeed, wdeniably, (with), corresponding (10-";). Cj.
truly (often used with I~). E.g. ~lt ltlt I~ .JO~under4l) .
~I~ ~ Indeed he is an expert in it.
..5..... lt balek n. character, nature, natural
,jlt~ Baban n. well-known Kurdish family that disposition. C! .Jl=.i•..,. Syn. ':":"J'''' •'J'''';.
ruled in Kurdistan in the 17th century and later
built the city of Sulaimaniya. ..;It bali restr to ..;It-J q. v.
.:-o...,lt babdest adj. broke. See 1. .:.."J. ..5~~ balinok n. red anemones. See

babole n. rol1, rolled parcel; rol1ed

,)~)'.
sandwich.+ iJ"~ ~j.r~ v. make into a roll, rol1 t lt bac n. tax, levy; tol1 :':".J~u..;_lncome
(bread, sandwich). tax. + .J~':':'-> I-v. f. impose/ levy taxes on. + -
}w.lt babuwar n. matter, substance, element. iJ.Jj--1 v.t. col1ect! take taxes (on-..,J).+ _
Syn. 3. .,,~I.+ ._ adj. material, physical, ,~,,';jSl v.t. collect taxes.+ .;-5- n. tax
tangible. col1ector.+ ~}I_ v.t. impose a taxi toll (on).+

4...Jw.lt bablJne n. chamomile. Syn .• 4.!j-,~)' ..;.,$ _ adj. concerning! pertaining to customs or
taxes.+ 4_ n. placet office for tax collecting,
iJ~4.t·
tax collector's office; toll station.+ ~}~/_ v.
~lt babet n. 1. sort, type, variety. E.g. )jj help oneself to (s.th. that does nol belong to
..;~ ..;..:. ':"4.tlt He bought al1 sorts of things. 2. one). C! .;,!" ..501..i..,>li.+ ~I)~J- n. (bureau of)
item, article: ..;J,....;..j" ..; - Luxury items ..s- excise and customs. - ~I)~.
*~j) Commodity, commercial items. 3.
~ltI bace n. I. big! elder sister (used in
type, that which is suitable/ fitting. E.g. u~
address). See ~l,..
4.J""; ~ ";4.tlt This is not his type. 4. issue,
 52

~ll bace n. window box (in a bank, theatre, ~ liuo!, He is tupid enough to ride like a
etc. for tickets, business). C! ~~..;.,s. donkey. 3. position, place. E.g. ;:;.tIoSIH.J~r...J
Put it down in this position. 4. situation,
~~ bad n. big! elder sister; also used as a title position with respect to conditions and
preceding a woman's name.+ --..J_ n. circumstances. E.g. ~L:-IoSJ~ Military
dimunitive and endeannent fonn of ~~. situation. (cj 2. JLS'j.1J •.»J. 1. OJ). 5. case,
~~ bare adj. pied, piebald. Cj .J.Jj~2. instance, eventuality. E.g. lS:.J...)~.u In case ... 6.
time, occasion. - t.'.Jlt.+ ~J.JI- v. I. load (s.th.
~~ bar;k n. millet. See ~j.J""
on an animal, truck, etc.). Cj ~ .J~' 2. pack
bax n. garden, orchard. < ~~.+ .:.r-.r- I - V.t. up and leave; emigrate, move in order to
prune an orchard; cut down! destroy an resettle (as a nomad). Cj c;;-s.+ ";1_1 n. tax
orchard.+ ~_ n. flower garden; smalV levied and collected on anirnalloads. + ~ _ I.
dooryard garden. + .j _ n. arboretum, plant n. carrier, porter. Cj jL._. 2. adj. pack-, -
nursery, plant bed.+ ..:..t.~~.J- n. big! spacious carrier. E.g. ?-u~~~.J.J Pack anima\.+ ~/_
garden and orchard.+ ~1.Jo- n. gardner. V.t. pack, load. C! I. ~J~ .J~'+ ..... ~_ n.
warehouse, storehouse.+ ~/_ v. I. unload
~~ baxe[ n. 1. bosom -~~..;~ (under
and! or unpack ( a cargo). 2. lie on one side
~~I). 2. space between two garments at the
(of afowl).+ .;IJ_adj. pregnant. See IJ"'JJl:. Cj
midsection of the body used as a pocket
~.+ ~}IJ/_ See I. jj.....j.).o/.+..5»-"_adj.
(specifically the pouch fonned by the ~k q. v.
having little responsibility, unburdened.+ .J~
_·L~L
..,- . tJ''I~ ..,- .. .
UI.r.~.·L~L:..
~.t.J-I..5.JJ- v. have one's burden! responsibility
J~ bad only in Jlt.J.JJ (q.v. under .J.JJI). lessened; have one's work ease off. ..5»-" J~
rblt badam n. almond. Cj ...JI~. ~.;S v. help ease off/ lessen another's burden.+
J»--- n. (state of) having little
'.J1Jlt badawe also '.J.Jlt n. snow stonn.
responsibility.+ ~y...SI_ v. be victimized.,
.J.JJJL,.. badrfi n. bot. cockscomb. See .~.uJ...$ suffer misfortune.+.JY,,4 _ adj. victimized,
j.J-. broken down. + ~_ n. beast of burden. + _
iJ~1 v. accept responsibility (jor-IoS),
'JJlt badre n. kind of aromatic herb.
undertake/ agree to carry out (a task).+~_
.Jlt bade n. wine. Syn. loS'" (allforms) q.v. n. transport, (act of) transporting. + } _ n. piece

r.JL,.. ba~em = rblt q. V.+ 1oS- almond-shaped. < of wood (board, beam) used as a shore or
brace to prevent stacked articles from falling
~'Jl,w..I.,i.i. over. + ~I} _ adj. having a great burden! heavy
I-"'"r-Jlt badlhewa adv. in vain, to no avail, responsibility (of persons); carrying a heavy
uselessly. C.! Jr-i. load (of a vehicle, pack animal, etc.).+ &_n.
I. animal load of personal belongings. 2.
.Jl.../ bar n. I. load (esp. a load consisting of two cargo, shipment. + ~ _ n. person in charge of
equal parts transported on an animal's back). a cargo.+ .r--5- n. work! draft horse.+ ~li:";/_
Cj 1. l;1. also used as a measure ofquantity. v. load up, put a load in or on (a caravan,
E.g. ..i..,)4>~~. One (animal) load of coal. cargo vehicle).+ ~li_ n. bill of lading,
- .J~ ~ (under ~I). 2. cargo, freight; jig. burden, invoice.+ ";~)o/.J- n. caravan (generally of the
load, task (cj 2. ..5.14,). idiom.: ;:,:..:"; 1oS;..,!'.J It belongings and goods ofa single merchant or
 53

traveller); mil. baggage-train.+ ~-:..o- n. "";;".J l,. barimle n. 1. security in the form of a
possessions and chattles of a wanderer! deposit (pawn, pledge); mortgaged property.
nomad.+ tj~J- n. situation, position with 2. deposit. +.:,,~~ a..,;;...J~ v. deposit (0 check,
respect to conditions and circumstances. Cf money, etc.).+ oJl.i I~/_ v. put up as security;
~..,Ja. + ..,$'- n. beast of burden, pack deposit.
animal.+ laD_ adv. often, frequently.
,;..... j.Jl,. barometir (E) n. barometer.
.J l}
. bar n. parched layer (forms on the /ips due
JJ.Jl,. bam n. rampart, bulwark; battlement.
to thirst or dryness).+ ~J/- v. be parched,
form a parched layer (of lips). ';"JJ.Jl,. barfit n. gunpowder.

;Lt ba! adj. young, immature (esp. ofbirds).+_ I.JLt bare I. n. part, portion. C.! 1. ~ , 2.
4Sj n. pullet. Syn. (J~' Cf .j~~. + .,.s,- n. ~»,". 2. restr. to D),,~ q.v.+ ,;i-o/- n.
young partridge. Cf 1. .,.s. participant; shareholder. + ~_ n. benefit,
interest (cf ,.;.J.iI.JD~); share, lot.+ .J.i..... _ adj.
~1.JLt barfl! n. load of grain set aside for
blessed, fortunate.
milling.+ oJ~J',(,l ~I).o/ v.I. mill grain, grind
by milling. 2. prolong, extend (one's talk) '; lot ba!e n. bleat,bleating-.:".J.il;l,..+;~-n.

unnecessarily. Cf oJl~~ D~..J~' continued! persistent bleating.+ ~~/_ v. be

heard bleating.
rl.JLt Baram n. I. (the planet) Mars. 2. given
name for men. ~.Jl,. barheng n. bot. plantain.

oJ1.JLt baran n. I. rain, precipitation: idiom.: .:"I.J~ ~.JLtl bare odv. ifnot; at least (normally used
~.ts.;, ~~~.J~li.:"I.J~~.ts';'~\j~.J~ He has with the negative). E.g. .,;,j";'; ":"'..,u-ili .s~.J~ If
it both ways. 2. second part of certain you are not going to sleep at least study. Cf
compound nouns meaning: rain! shower! ~.;,.
heavy volley (of). E.g. oJl.J~UJ)' q. v. + JI- n.
~.Jl,.l bare pres. stem of the verb .:.r..J~ q.v.
rainwater; rain pool.+ .:.r..Jlot/- v. rain, come
down as rain. C.! 1 ~~.? ~:p. + J" _n. third ~..;l,. ba!en pres. stem of the verb .:".J.il;~ q.v.
month of the Kurdish calendar = May-June.+_
~l,. bariye n. crowbar. Cf j;,.,;.
~ n. rain gauge. + oJ~ _ v. cause to shower!
come down like rain.+ D_2 n. type of Kurdish ~..JLt baTik adj. thin, slender, slim (cf ..>.;...);

song.- 2. ~ (under .:-../).+,.;_ n. raincoat. narrow, confmed (cf ..s:.-...).+ oJJ.Jo/~..J~ v. be

thin! slender; be narrow! confIDed; waste away
ba!andin v. i. bleat, make a physically, emaciate.+ .:,,1_ n. very thin thread!
bleating noise. - D;~. yam.+ iJi-;.:"I- v. spin fme thread; jig. be
tedious, be excessively meticulous.+ ~I_ n.
JJo'..J~ barbii n. aid, succor, relief, help; practical
wedding gift. thin part, narrow spot! place. + ~.J _ n.
wasting away from prolonged illness; frailty.<
':-.J l,. barist adj. elevated, raised up. + c,F.1- n. I.
~..,s:....J~~I~ (under .:"I~\+ 1- n.
rising ground, height, elevation. 2. phys. mass;
embroidered ribbon. + ~;D _ n. narrow path!
bulk. 3. standard, level: oJLUI...f'!l:;.....J~ Standard
road. Cf ~;41~+ ,.;_ n. thinness, slenderness;
of living.
narrowness.
':"":'.Jl,. barist n. slow! steady drizzle of rain. Cf
.....;:,J "oJ1.J ~ ......J't.';.
 54

IY~L,.[~JL,.] barin v.i. rain; fall, come down (of n. trade, business, commerce. E.g. IoSJ.J.Jj
snow, hail, etc.); shower, drop heavily as a ~lS'Jj~ Chamber of ccmmerce.
shower (of bullets, arrows, etc.).
..5j ~ bazg adj. motted, speckled. See ..5..J.....
.w~ ~ barine n. dozing. See j.J":'•.J.
iJjL,. bazjn n. bracelet, wristband; bangle. Cf
jL/ ba, n. falcon (bird); goshawk (cf j~'~).+
.jjL..;4...t (under A 4).+ ._ n. 1. bracelet used to
r n. sparrow-hawk.+ .j1.J'- n. falconer.
mend! hold together s.th. cracked. Cf •.,..JaS.
jL,.2 ba, also ~j~ n. jump: j)"'-IIoS- high jump 1oS- 2. geom. circle: ..5~ loS - minor circle 1oS-
*~~~ broad jump. < j~.,&.:.- (under ,.s..;.}) . *'J"& major circle. Cj 2. ~.
jl.;;-.+ ;:;jj~- = ~..jL..A+ ~..jlt- n. competitive
Jjj~ ba,or n. eagle (bird). Cj j~ •..5J~.
jumping! leaping.+ .j~.r./- v. jump.+ iJl~/- v.
jump, spring into the air, leap.+ ~'J- n. 1. ..Jjj~ ba,oie n. chubby/ fat arm. - .J..uV.
quick movement, shooting out (as ofa snake).
2. the streaming (of blood from the body);
In L,.1 baUJ n. anat. arm, the part between the
shoulder and elbow. Cj 1. ~~.+ .,t,;.... _ n.
spurting out (of liquid from a hole).+ 4;'J/-
armlet.
~ v. shoot out; stream! spurt out. + & _ n.
1 · •
place to jump/ leap from; fig. springboard, .JJ.ilt baUJ adj. speckled, patchy. Syn. ..5~.
point of departure.
.j~ baze n. stout cotton fabric.Cj \SJ.u1t 'r~l.
jLl ba, suffIX to certain words meaning:
.jO.i~ ba,ele adj. I. grown out of infancy (ofa
skilled, full of. E.g. j~ .jL..;.;S .jL..;I.."'; q.v.
baby). 2. partially spotted.+ iJ.J.:.j~/- v. be
Jlj ~ baza! n. market, bazaar; market, condition! impertinent, become discourteous.
rate/ price offered for a commodity.+ ( .. ) Jljlt l
\S.iL,. bad n. play. Cj IoSJlt(under Jlt ).+ .;as-n.
iJ.J.J-I v. have market, be in demand. E.g. lr"aj 1. player. 2. pendulum .
......""'""'IoSJlj~ It is not in demand today.+ 1oS-
~.Jlt bazibend = ~Jj~q.v.
V"l...J.S listless market *r~ 1oS- active/ bullish
market.+ ~_ See """&Jlj~.+V"'-5_adj. ..Jojlt bajef.e n. name of a skin disease.
inactive, having a listless market, not in
baje! n. town, markettovvn;market(see
demand (of a commodity).+ ..,-'-5_ n.
dullness! listlessness of market or business, JI.iL,.). + 1,$- n. and adj. townsman, bourgeois.
stagnation of commerce. Syn. IoSJlj~ (under C! ~~~ 'IoSJ~.
;:,./).+ rP - adj. active, in demand, having a V"L,. bas n. mention; story (told) (cj .iJl..jJ
good market.+ ..,..,& _n. activity and briskness iJl;;.....I~); news, rumour (-V"Lpo~). Cf .;:)I~
in market! price/ business.+ 1oS- adj. 1. .jI.,L.:.+ iJ~~ V"L,. v. mention; tell! talk about;
valueless, inferior. 2. vulgar, cheap, common. discuss.+ .JI~ _ adj. mentioned; talked about;
3. made at! bought from the market (as
contrasted with homemade). discussed.+ ~I;_ n. short adventure stories,
novelette.+ V"I.,..>.J- n. news, rumours. Cj
~jL,. bald n. jump = j~2.+ iJI J ..... - n. the time in
V"LPOl.
spring when the days begin to get longer.

iJL.$J.i~ bazjrgan n. merchant; trader, iJl:...-lt bastan n. ancient times (cj ~J-~);

businessman (syn. JL...;,.. cj J..lJiIli.u5).+ 1oS- tradition.+ V"L.:- n. archaeologist.+ ..,-1;_ n.

 55

archaeology.+ u- adj. ancient; traditional (syn. j:;..:.l,. bfl!el n. cloth worn by women over the
.,~J-J). back and looped around _the w~ist, used for
carrying things. Cj ...;1.,JjS"~~fi (under
...;,,:-~ basturme n. sausage.
fi4) • .uj)~ .
•J.i..a....l,. basqende n. I. pipe stem; long cigarette
.:,J.i~~[~~] baqandin v. bleat. Syn. .:,J.il~lt.
holder. 2. cane/ walking stick made from
cherry wood. (cj .:,Lt;$' ."::-J.)b).+ r-- n. pipe 1oSl,. bar;e n. bleat, bleating.
stem borer.
~~ ba¢n pres. stem ofthe verb .:,J.ils.lt q. v.
~~ bask n. I. anat. forearm (cj .,.,..iV). 2.
4.t~ bay n. cel1uloid; plastic.
geom. side (cj I. ),1).3. mountain spur.+ u.,l-
n. geom. ploygon :..5J.r>u- spherical ..::.;It baft I. (P) n. style of weaving. 2. worthy,
polygon. + '-:"'~ _ n.
geom. parallelogram. + ._ deserving. + • _ n. braid.
I. n. basketball (the game). 2. first part of
certain compound nouns.+ ..5_._
n. dog born
.)l,. bafre n. white glue. Cj .~.u •.;.;...,...

of a female greyhound and a dog-mastif. Cj .:,J.iul,.[V:;;~J baqandin v. bleat.

.)~p.+ ....J...... _ n. breast stroke swimming.-
..J...... ..,3lt baqir n. I. tarnish (forming esp. on copper
utencils). Cj ..s:..;.j. 2. defect, imperfection.
. .
Jllt baqil also rU~ 'r.u..ul,. adv. as it seems to
')h-l,. basDr n. haemorrhoids, piles. Syn. me, apparently.
~l..o.
;.14 baqo adj. unripe (fig). - ~~.
J.v-~ basDq n. soft, gelatinous sweetmeat
ul,/ baqe n. sheaf, fagot, bunch, bundle. Cj 2.
made from starch and grape syrup. Cj J~.
~.J.~~ (under ,;-,~2).+ ~_ n. anything
•~_~ base!e adj. windy (of a place). used to tie a bundle/ bunch with; binder .

~lt bfl! adj. good, well, fine. Syn. I . •~l> 4.Jl,.2 baqe n. bleat, bleating sound.+ J~- n.
~. + ':'»-1 ~~ v. bel feel good; become well;
continued! persistent bleating.

improve, get into a better condition.+ ':'J.? ~lt V:;;l,. baqen pres. stem ofthe verb .:,J.iu~ q. v.
v. do (s.th.) well. C.f ':'J.;S ~.+ u- n.
..54 bale n. fear, dread, worry, care. E.g. jJ ~
goodness, well being; merit, virtue.
~ .:.S~ Why should you carel worry? <~
JL.:.l,. bfl!ar n. I. life (see I. .:,lU). 2. remedy, (under ;:,/).+ .:,~ ..54 v. fear/ care none,
solution, cure (see I. J~I). have no worry .

jli.:.~ bfl!qal only in jli.:.lo~ q. v. .).vSlt' baleur n. north : IiJ.;> u - northwest u-

. L.4i.:.L. n. name of a species of
,,:,,'J.;;,;, northeast. C.f "J~I (under .)_).+_
IJ • •
u adj. northern; northerly.
snake.- .)l..o.
..:u..s~ bakev adj. poorly fired! baked (of a
...s...;..:..~ bfl!olee n. name ofa species of sparrow
brick). - I . ..:....:.;..
hawk.

.)~lt balur n. south (cj .,.,)~); in comb. with v!J.}l,. bag;rden = v!J.J..;l,. q. v. (under .:,l,.) .
.,.J4-i - towards meaning: southwards. + u _ adj.
southern, southerly.
 56

jL.. ba{ n. J. wing (of a bird. place, etc.); upper thin, sleevless cloak worn over all other
arm (cf J. j;J). idiom.: ~~u o.J\S:..!.J~ garments.+ ...:.l>_ n. upper story/ floor/ level.
He is treating the wrong ailment. 2. phys. arm Syn. ,:"l>.;-"+ ':-0,)_ adj. influential, powerful
:~I.S. arm of force. 3. zool. whale. See (syn. 2. ~~-"-,)"-I under "-12); senior.+ ':-o,)~~
..s.;~.+ ,:",))'j~ v. clip the wings (of a bird).+ ':".J.J--/ v. transcend, exceed. + ..;.-0,) _ n.
~_ n. (act of) tying (s.o. 's) arms behind the supremacy, ascendancy, dominance. Cf .Jlj
back.+ ,:",)~ ~_ v. tie (s.o. 's) arms behind l.S.;b~.+ ,:"I.J.J-l- n. 1. full-Ienght mirror. Cf I.
the back.+ .JI~- adj. restrained by having ....:J,J li. 2. window in a ceiling to provide

the anns tied behind the back. + ij.-..d_ v.I. ventilation/light, skylight.+ ,:"b.;otS _ n. one who
pinion (a bird).+ o~';'_ n. name ofa bird.+ would sacrifice himselffor another.+ ~..vi- n.
.;b. adj. and n. winged, having wings; bird full-Ienght mirror. Syn. 1. ,:"I.J.J/·J~.+";";'- n.
(see J.t.....).+ ,:"IS...:./_ v. fail miserably; have senior person present.+ ~_n. heaven and
wings broken. + .J ~ _ adj. unsuccessful, earth. + "':;,J - See ~.J.Y~ Lt.
frustrated.+ ~}/_ v. take wing, fly (cf J. V'''; ",,~L.. ba{ani n. small species of mule. Syn.
under ~\ fig. hurry, make haste; also fig. be 41$· Cj ,:"Wlt - ,;;.....;;.
beside oneself (with joy- li~j.HJ).+ o.Li_ n.
,ilJlt ba{baz n. soldier. See jltfo-.
bird (see J.t...... syn. ';.J".u~; winged, having
wings (see ).J~) :.;.5.J0-lI.S- migratory bird I.S- .5;JltJl,. Ba{ba{oke n. Pegasus.
u':'o.Jo.; migratory bird *~jS' I.S _ predatory/
•..uJL.. balore n. type of Kurdish recitative song.
camiverous bird *~I.S- non-migratory
< o..uJlt...i-l."-I(under~"-I).
bird.+ ~~o_ also ~....J~ n. fluttering of the
wings. Cf ~;J~.+ ~~o_ n. kind of poultry ...J;Jl,. ba{o{e n. roll of stuffed bread. Syn. I.
disease.+ :..,...s;o- = ~;.j~ q.v.+ o,rio- adj. .J.J';~'
newly fledged (of a bird).+ ':"»-I/:;.j~ v. .:",;jl,. ba{on (E) n. balloon.
fledge, attain the winged adult stage. + ~;o _ n.
~.o-Il,. baltlke n. wart.+ ~I..:,.t/- v. develop a
flapping of (a bird's) wings.+ ,:,,1.Jo_n. saker
wart (of a part of the body). E.g. 1.S.5.o-1l,.r-0,)
falcon. Cf ,i~1 • 4. ~.+ ~_n. cushion (esp.
o.u"LA ~ A wart has grown on my hand. Cf
one wilh embrOidery). Cf ";'jS'2.
.0-1.
~L.. ba{a I. n. height, stature. Cf J. 1.S,i~. 2.
...J~1 bale n. I. bleating (ofayounglamb). Cj
adj. ascending, rising; high (cf 4); superior
0-l~' 2. leather gloves. Cf I . ..;.:$.;-0,). 3.
(cf I. j.;4-l). 3. adj. upper (as opposed 10
volleyball (the game). 4. bale, large closely
lower) (cf .J.J)~)' ,:",)~ ~~ v. I. gain height, pressed package of merchandise (as ofcotton).
get tall (cf ':"»t ;;..;,). 2. fig. grow inches (from
.Jl,.2 bale n. volleyball (game! sport).
pride, happiness, etc.). E.g. ,))' I.S~~ ,i"sj"s He
grew inches. 3. promote (in rank, salary, ,jl,..Jl,.1 baleban n. big mule; nag; jade (cl J.
etc.).+ ~_ adj. very short, dwarfish (cf .,.sJ~ under JV); hulking person.
~lt ....~: ""':"'..;,i4 ~ I.S~ ~~ long-bearded
,:"l,.Jl,.2 ba{eban n. sacker falcon = ,:"I~l,. q.v.
dwarf in children stories.+ ,i.;4-l- adj. tall,
grown high, tall and slender. Cf ;;..;,) .4. + _ 4.il>4.ll,. ba{exane See.,,;l>~~ (under ~l,.).
oj.;~ n. the middle fmger. Syn. jli.+ ";';..._ n. of.Jl,. ba{eki!,e n. dustpan having a long handle.
 57
J~

~4 baleintj. used as an expr. ofdisbelief! invitation; declaration. E.g. ~~ 1oS-

sarcasm: 0 Yes!. declaration of war (cf jlS").+ iJ»t ~lt v. be
~lt ba14me n. piece of timber/ beam time for any of the five Muslim ritual
prayers.+ ':"J.;S ~4 v. call, summon, call out;
inserted in wall above door or window to take
the weight. invite, extend an invitation (to); also used with
:". E.g. ~:"J..;4 Call outtohim.+ jl..,l_
....i;Jlt balIl n. pillow (syn. ~-?- under .;400).
See i~lt.+ iJb/- v. call to prayer.+ .)oJ_n.
~lt baline n. a ring-shaped toilet seat for one who calls to prayer, muezzin.+ if ":-1.)/_
children; ring cushion worn by workmen to v. proclaim, declare, promulgate. + i } _ adj.
balance a weight carried on the head. called upon, summoned; invited (as a guest). +
~4 bafyoz n. dip. ambassador. Cf •.,I,l~l.) .:"I~ I~...s~~~/_ v. call fori advocate secretly.+

ul=-.,i under I}.+ 4.il>_ n. embassy. - ~A-..,_ n. prayers and religious readings:
......- . . . . . IoS~~..,s.;lt The teachings of
rlt bam v. let (see 2. l/); should.
Muhammad.+ ~40- n. frequent! persistent
;:,..It bami n. okra, lady's fmger. calling. + )..,0 _ n. call! appeal! statement. + _
~ v. promulgate, put (law) into effect (i.e.
·L
oJ. ban 1. prep. on, on top (as second part of
by formal public announcement). Cf
some compound prepositions. 2.n. roof,
rooftop; surface; plateau. idiom.: ..,..,~ ~lt iJlJd~ 'iJ..t.i~4S'Id·
1y.A There is no equality of treatment or This is LClt banima n. thermometer.
a double standard (lit. it is one room and two
climates).+ w.)lt- n. bridesmaid who ""';4 banlJ n. lady; queen (of cards).+ 1.,._ n.
accompapies the bride's trousseau to the goddess.+ 1.;._ n. gueen.(see.v'ltl.;.).
groom's house. Cf ..5.J>'..J"-i (under ~4) • ..,V baw n. fashion, style, vogue; practice,
..,-i1..,Lt+ .)~_ n. coin sown to the top of a custom iJJ.J-I..,4 v. be fashionable/ in vogue; be
Kurdish woman's cap to which her shoulder
a practice/ custom; be rumoured. E.g. o..,lt I.., It
scarf (jL....o~) is looped.+ ~~.J - also ~~.Jlt n.
is so rumoured.+ )~_ adj. fashionable,
roller (usually of wood or stone) used to roll
roofs during the rainy season+ ..;.J _n. person conforming to the established mode.+ .:"..t.i-.-/_
employed to roll roof after rain. + ~ _ See
v. become fashionable; gain acceptance.

";~4.+ iJ1.ft$/- v. roll a flat mud roof (with ..,41 baw n. father. See ..5..,lt.+ 1_ n. maternal
~~}:.;Lt q. v.) after rain to prevent! stop grandfather. Cf ~lt.+ iJl- n. parents. E.g.
leaking.+ ~j_ n. terrace.+ 0_ n. subdivision of iJ1..,4,-,",L... parents' home.+ ~I_ n. trousseau
a field to be sown.+ lSo_n. pubic region. Syn. accompanying the bride upon leaving her
3. ~4.+ ~o_ n. midspringseason.+.:"lt..,_n. parents' home. -.s.)~lt.+ ..5_n. father, dacV-
jumping! leaping from one roofto another.+ :..5J Lt paternal grandfather *~I~ 1oS- maternal
iJ~.,s iJlt..,4.ilt v. jumpl walk from roof to roof.+_ grandfather. Cf ~lt.+ 4S_ 1 n. affectionate
..54.t on top of each other. + o~ _ n. penthouse. way of addressing one's father or another
person. + 4S} n. male/ cock sparrow. + Jd~­
">';4 bank (E)n. bank.+ J-n. nameofacard intj. used in expressing one's loss offather, a
game. + iJl..,o- n. banker. misfoture or a tragedy: also for father.+ J~..,lt
iJ~.,.s v. wail and cry over one's loss!
~4 bang n. call (to pr~er): iJ1"";;'1oS _ evening
misfortune. + r4S~ _ intj. my dear fellow!. + _
prayer call; time of such prayer.- ~...,;;
 58

~a..S See ra..S4S'J~. + ~ ~J - n. ancestors, »"~ bahQ n. I. anat. the upper arm and
forefathers.+ ._ I. vocative: daddy. 2. a title, shoulder. Cj J. jj.J. 2. skirting board.+ )~_
also first element of personal names.+ 'J~'­ adj. broad-shouldered. Syn. .:.l!}~.

n. stepfather.+ .Jj.>._ n. (act oj) taking a new

~ .... lt bahendr n. first (inferior) crop of figs.
bride on a first visit to her parents' home.+_
•..,..;~.J .Jj.>./ v. take bride on frrst visit to her ...;-Lt baher adj. arid, not supporting agriculture
parents' home.+ .;,jo_ n. stepmother. (of land).
~ It bayist (A) n. reason, rationale (see 2. jA);
j.,Lt bawul n. suitcase, trunk. C.I l;;~. Syn.
motive, impulse (see ~) .
.Li~.
.;,~lt bayincan n. eggplant, aubergine: 1oS-
..u'!"'Jl,. bawecQ expr. meaning: to come to think
)J.J-'tomato *~o:=,loS- aubergine.+ 1oS- adj. and
of it.
n. aubergine-colour.
:="JLt bawe! n. belief, faith, credence;
t~l,. baye.x n. J. value, worth, merit (cf ~4I).
confidence, trust. Syn. I-'r- :~ L: loS _ religious
2. regard, deference.+ .;,.,-",,(u)t"'-!!.t v. have
belief *IoSJle-ol; loS - political belief! philosophy -
valuel merit! worth.+ .;,I~~/_ v. I. give value
*1:.»'~ loS superstition.+ .;,»t{ .... )JI.,lt v. have
to, enhance the worth (oj). 2. have deference
faith! belief (in-4I); fmd (s.th.) credible.+ ;tJlt
for, pay attention to. + Jb _ adj. valued,
.;,~.;-S v. believe, accept as true! credible.+ _ meritorious, worthy of attention!
i~ n. and adj. trustee, accredited! consideration. C.I )~~4I.
recognized person! plan! idea, etc.: loSi~­
...M.!.lt baye/ n. bitter almond tree. - .;Jl:i~.
JL..:. mayor (cj .;,I.,o)l..!.); believed, accepted,
credible. + Fu _adj. (person) of conviction! ~~~ It bayqu!, n. bird closely resembling an
persuasion! belief.+ ... l.i_ n. covenant, binding awl, superstitiously associated with bad luck.
compact! agreement; credentials. Cj ... l.i~4I. Cj~~.

~ Lt 1 bay' n. cost, outlay, expenditure made to

~.,Lt baw~
n. I. embrace, hug. < ~oJ~ .:.~.J.
2. armful, as much as both arms can hold. E.g. achievel produce (s.th.); price (cf tA. E.g.
~~.,lt An armful of kindling.+ ~/_ o.Li~ ~ It How much is it? What is it worth?
.;,~.;-5
v. embrace, throw the arms around (s.o. to L}
r.,F-.
greet or s.th. to carry/ move, etc.).
imperious! supercilious.
ujJ•.,Lt baweqot adj. dwarfish, midget (of
1oS1r-tU1r-t bib!ay bib!ay adv. never; never again.
persons). Cj ~~lt.~W~.
~ bit n. I. idol. 2. fig. wallflower.+ .::-~_ n.
""•., Lt bawe!! n. disease attacking young lambs and adj. idolworshiper, give to idolworship;
and goats in their knees and causing lameness. pagan.+ ii-~/- v.t. worship idols, practice
.5-:.:;u.L. n. yawn, yawning.+ .;,I~/_ v. idol worship.+ ~~_ n. idolworship,
yawn. idolatry; paganism.+ .:.l>_ n. place where idols
are worshiped, heathen temple.
loS.,lt baw' n. almond. See rb~.
~ bitew = A (allforms) q.v.
.s:.L-.Jlt baw'lke n. thistledawn. See '.i!~.;J..IX~.
.5..:.4-:1!: biceng adj. pugnacious, combative,
~lt bahot n. dust devil. Syn. J.uJo~).!.
truculent. - .5..:.~.
 59

.;,lr."I birran = .;,I~ (all forms) q. v. 1. ..s~ . 2. Lil.,; (under .;,1"..,J).+.:r-.r- -=-_ v.

..s~ b~lJk =..s~ (allforms) q.v.

exhaust, sap, overtire. C! .;,~.? JJ..I.iL.o .
r-J bir. n. I. piece (offirewood); branch (ofa
~ birej adj. tasty, flavourful. Syn. 'j(j~
tree); section, part. 2. crossing point, fordable
.:...j...J~ (under 4.i2).
part (of a stream). < .;,b r-' 3. lot! quantity
~ bixor adj. gounnand; gluttonous, hearty offered or bargained for in toto. Syn. I. t,;;$.
(eater) (.ryn. »>Jjj under Jjj I). 4. math. measure, quantity; geom. secant. 5.
gram. sentence. See I. ~J'+ .~I_ n. iron
~~ bixurd n. incense.+ .;,I~_ n. incense burner.
fllings.+ .;,b/_ v. I. separate (one thingfrom
JJ~ bixUr (A) = ~#. q.v. another). Cj .~~.?~. 2. be passable/
fordable (of a stream).+ ~._adj. sectarian,
JJJ...t bidli adj. conversationalist, well-spoken.
factional. E.g. ~'-t-l.Sjl;- sectarian strife.
Cj JJ.J.J>.s .";:;;-;;.
Cj 1.S~4j-l •...,s.:;Sl;.
r-I bir. pres. stem of the verb.:r-.r- and '.J4w-.r-'
r-4 bir. I. component part ofcertain adjectives
+ .;,1_[;Jr-l v. i. I. :ease, stop, be cut off; be
meaning: decisive, convincing; cutting, sharp;
separated ( < .;,Ir- vl). 2. be cut! severed; be
final. E.g. ~ •.r.--'~ q. v. 2. first element of
wounded (cj .;,»I).J.:...-.r.).+ .y..;..I.iI_ v. caus. of
some compound forms. E.g. .;,~.? -t- q. v.
•y...il.,'i q. v. + •y...il_ v. come to an end! a close,
cease. Cj •.J4w....JI.+ 'JI- adj. 1. cut off; severed, ."./ bi! n. little, small amount! quantity.+~_

disconnected. 2. ended, over.+ ~_n. 1. chip, adj. a little. some. Syn. S;...i.jJ.
shred (of cloth, paper) (cj 1. ..:.......J.... tJ"-). 2. l....-t blra n. brother: ..sJltl.S- partemal uncle (.ryn.
sharpness (of cutting tools) (see I. ~~). + i$ _ jL...) *~J~I.S- half brother (having the same
n. 1. incision, notch, indentation. 2. cross father) ~I~I.S- maternal uncle. (syn. ;:J~) I.S-
section; point of intersection. 3. syllable. + i$_
.~b half brother (having the same mother) .
..s _adj. notched, having many incisions. + t..l.i_
C! I....-I-!j under -lj I. Syn. ..sL.olft· idiom. ,,!Ift 1ft
I. adj. cutting, sharp: t..l.i-t-~~
white arms. 2.
,,-!I~~ -llj~ Business is business (lit. we may be
n. incisors (teeth).+ ~_~] V.t. I. cut, wound;
brothers but the deal doesn't change) . .;,L.olft
cut off, sever. 2. stop/ terminate (the flow/
~~.;,L.o~ ..,r-Ift Brothers we are, but we
source oj). 3. break into, burgle.+ tA- V.l. I.
keep separate purses. + .;-,. _ n. sharing
shear off (wool, hair); saw off (wood, etc.);
amputate, lop off. 2. wean (a child). 3. partner, person with whom one shares things. +
conclude, complete (an issue, transaction, ~~ _ n. ordinary member of a gang of farm
etc.). E.g. t~....JIl.SjjJ Completion date; fix, labourers. - J~.+ ..s.J.ffl- n. younger brother.+
settle, stipulate (a salary, wages); cease/ stop ~,W_n. ring fmger. C! I. Aj,W. -~~.+ JU-
(talking). - t.J4w-.r-......J. n. associate, companion, colleague, comrade,
friend, pal. Syn. ;:JU..... I. -=-j~. Cj l;.!.,l.:.+_
./ bir. n. range/ extent! limit. + .;,~.? -t- v. I. range,
I.SJ'~ n. comradeship, association, friendship. +
have range in a particular direction or within
certain limits (as of a projectile); have the ~.J'~- n. friendship.+ j r int}o expressing
capacity/ stamina to reach (of a person). 2. sorrow/ grief for the loss of a brother.+ _
carry weight! influence (esp. of one's word).
';'~~/j-ll-t- V. mourn the loss of one's brother.+_
E.g. .:..lS'l; -t-I.S-....J His word carries no weight. +
-=-_ n. strength, energy, vigour, stamina. C!
Ij n. brother's children (nieces and
nephews).+ Ijlj_ n. grandchildren of one's
 60

brother, grandnephew, grandniece.+ IJlj- n. some compound verbs meaning: take (on),
best man (at a wedding).+ .:"j_ n. sister-in-law, carry (out). E.g. )'- ":'lJl' carry out, achieve,
brothers wife. + IS»S _ n. and adj. fratricide; carry through (to the end), carry on, fmish. Cf
':"l,? JI J..... + DJ'- V.t. 1. win (in a game, race,
fratricidal. E.g. IS»SIJI' 1Sr-:-- Fratricidal war,
etc.). Cf .:"b.p.i. 2. take/ carry back, return (to-
factional infighting. + ')J& _ n. elder brother. +
~).
4..1. intj. dear brother, my dear friend.+...st._ n.
half brother (having the same mother). Syn. "';~'lJl' birdemenl n. movable property;
J.w.b ISIJI'.+ ..;~_ J. adj. brotherly; affectionate. chattles.
2. adv. in a brotherly manner.+ ~4-!- n.
&j.ft birizge n. cliff, steep slope; undercut bank!
brotherhood; brotherliness.+ ~_ n.
shore.
brotherhood.
.:"Ilr.[;;lr.] birjan passform of.:".J:.IUiq·v.+ 'J'-
.:"1.,r.[iS.,,t] biran pass. form of the verb ':"lJI' q. v. v. heal (of a wound).
JI.,r. biraw 1. adj. taken, carried away. 2. part of birjandin v.I. broil, grill (meat);
certain compound adjectives. E.g. JIJI'.Jli q. v. roast (nuts, etc.). Cf .:,,1 J ~.J;i under :'/ • )>>""
under J li I . •J":'l.} under )>>"" I • .:".J:.'J"s under 'J.JS2•+ •J' _ v.
sterilize (a wound, cut, etc.); cauterize (cf
bi!bi!age n. anat. spine, vertebral
column. •"";.J:.I..;"S).

'r-t- bi!bi!e n. 1. anat. vertebra :":-;IS_spinal JIl,t birjaw adj. broiled, grilled; roasted.
column. (.ryn. ~J.;Ij. 2. line of ancestry/ ..$..;Il,t birjang n. anat. eyelash. - I. Jl"...
lineage. + )l_ adj. zool. vertebrates.
jjl,t birjol n. 1. fiinge; awn. 2. = ..$..;Il,t q. v.
.J:.....-t- bi!bend n. file, hardened steel for cutting
;;lr. birje pres. stem of the verbs .:"Iln and
ridges! smoothing surfaces; rasp.
."..;Iln q. v.
..$..;4.t.t- bi!beng = .J:.4J-t- q. v.
iJ-i..lr. birjen pres. stem of the verbs .:".J:.lln and
jj....uJJI' birtubo[ n. (act oj) grumbling! muttering
.~.J:.lln q.v.
to oneself.+ ':"l,?WJI' v. grumble/ mutter to
oneself. ~JI' biTSI adj. hungry, empty. - IJ""JI' J~. + IJ""JI'
':".JJ-i v. bel get hungry.+ ':"l.} IJ""JI' v. make/ help
~.,r. bire n. J. tower. 2. sign of the zodiac IS-
become hungry.
:~...r--;
seven days of renewed cold weather
expected around the end of February. ~JI' biTSM n. hunger, craving! need for food.

':"l.,r.[~] birdin I. V.t. take away, seize, get hold ~.r. bi!i!t n. J. swatch! chip/ shred (of cloth,
(oj) (cf .:".J:.L..,;~);
take (along), carry. 2. paper). 2. plentifulness, bountifulness. See 2.
component of certain compound verbs ~. 3. stamina =':-.t- (under i)·
meaning: mention, refer (to). E.g. ':"JJI' Jli q. v.
nS-JI' bir~ n. screw. See ~~.
under JL.;I; cause to lose, wipe out. E.g. JJ-t-li
':"lr, q. v. + ..5J.J-! ~/_ v. take a bride to the ..5J"'i 1 birk n. med. lumbago; stiffuess in the back
groom's home on the wedding day. - J. ..5)J/ due to exposure to df!lughtl sudden change in
temperature. Cf ~jS'.+ ':"J,?..5.r1 v. have
Cf ':"l,?~. + L..J.:;,?L.:, ..d _v. fig. reduce to
lumbago; bel feel stiff in the back.
nothing, destroy completely.+ .-first part of
 61

..5J .l birk n. s.th. thrown (as a rock).+ iJb/- v. &.-.v. bit1lSke n. 1. tingling! painfuV sensation.
throwl hurV cast; throwaway, discard. See ~.i 2. spark, charge. 3. telegraph, cable, wire.+.
iJl~. iJl~1 v. tingle with pain.+ iJl~...,J/- v. send a
telegraph. + !.S~';.J - n. post and telegraph
..5,r. bi!k n. I. gourd vine (o/cucumber, squash,
(office, dept.).
me/on, etc.). 2. See .1./.+ ~_ n. I. a kind of
fodder grass. 2. flock, herd (0/livestock).3. .;;$-.v. biruskin pres. stem o/iJJ,jI5-.v..
paragraph, passage.
~.JJi biruske pres. stem o/.~I5-.JJi.
_ Ji birme n. pastry made by rolling up crushed
nuts and sugar in thin sheets of dough and :;1[1 b!on1. (E) n. bronze (metal).
frying it. ..5.JUI birl1k n. manifestation. + ~ ~1_t,S.J..v.] v. i.
r"'-r. birmebirm n. continued groaning ofa be manifested, show.
feverish person.
"vS.J.JJi birl1ke pres. stem of.~IS.J..v. q.v.
~..r- bi!Jflln adj. brave, capable and reputable
~Jr- bi!Wi! n. fragments of grain left after
person. See 1. ~I~.
grinding wheat for .J~.J L... q. v. + iJ:;.J ';';J-I v. talk
t liJi bimax n. nostril. See U~4..,s. gibberish! nonsense.

r!i') . birlnc n. rice (husked). Cf ..5.v=J~!.S- ~.rI bire n. correct poaching time (jor eggs);
:!.S.J~ whole or long grain rice *J4lj~l>!.S­ correct firing! baking time (jor pottery). < 1.
iJ~·.ft4J.
hedge parsley *UJ.J.J!.S- cracked or pudding
rice. -~.J"'''';'L..+ h- n. rice paddy, paddy . / btc.e n. wild boars tusk. Cf ~.s ~.).:.. .
field. Syn. 'j'J-.+ u.,s- n. one who pounds!
•.,l bi!e used in comb. with certain nouns. E.g.
grinds rice for a fee.+ ..5j_1 n. . whitlow-
)~~r. Fuel log, piece of burning wood.+ ..5_n.
grass.
1. section, part. 2. mil. squadron, company.
~.i birinc n. brass. Syn. 2. ~.J.j. Cf ~.
.J'ft birew n. marketability, demand. < .J'~
..5~Jil birincok n. gauze-like material used in under ~ .iJ.J..H I.J'~ q.v.+ iJl~",.r.I- V.t.
women's clothes. propagate; increase the demand! prestige
(oj).+ iJJ,j--I- v. gain in demand!
.5..;Ji biring 1. n. shears. 2. See.5..;~.J.J.
marketability .
~"";..r- birnl1tf (T) n. snuff: ~"":'-I!.S~.,J snuff
..s.r. bin n. substitute, replacement (syn. ~....r.). +
box.
.JLS _ n. agent. representative (business! etc.);
~ biro n. eyebrow; brow.+ iJ~.?~/- v. deputy. C.f ..H. .J ISJ"-.
frown.+ iJJ,jlS.; ~/- See iJJ,jIS.;~ .J~.
is.r. bire pres. stem 0/ iJlr. q. v.
1.J.rI bi!wa n. belief; confidence; judgement. See
o.S.rI bi!t adj. quantitative, expressed as a
d'.JLt (all forms).+ ..... li_ n. certificate,
quantity. Syn. !.SJ,j~.
document. paper.+ ...,t._See ...,t.1.J4.I.
~ bi!i pres. stem 0/iJ1-I ••~J,jlr- and .~I-I
iJJ,j!L.v.L;,;S".-.v.] biruskandin v.i. tingle with!
q.v.
have flashes of pain.
L.....Ji birya intj. expressing a wish! desire: I wish,
.~!L.v.t.s:-.v.] bit1lskanewe v.i. glitter,
if only, would that. C.f .$jji-.
sparkle = ~~~....r..
 62

JV- bi!ya, n decision, act! process of deciding; •.,..;~IL..ftL;,.;i...ft] bi,iqandinewe v. give luster!
ruling, verdict.+ (,)b/_ v. decide, detennine, sheen (to).
make a decision; give! pronounce a verdict. + _ ,~IL..ft~..ft] bi,iqanewe v.i. give out luster.
;I~ n. decision-maker. adj. decision-making. + •
!~.,L..ft biriquhlJ!. n. high luster! sheen .
..;IJI~ adj. decisively, conclusively. Cj I)s".+_
~ li n. decisions, report of conclusions! ruling! U..ft bi,iqe n. luster, sheen.+ ':;"..;1_ continuous
verdict. luster! sheen.+ )~_ adj. lustering, gleaming,
having sheen.+ I~b/_ v. blaze, shimmer (esp.
(,) L..ft biryan adj. roasted. + IS _ n. sheep roasted
whole on a spit. in sunglight, light, etc.).

"';"..ft biritf
n. 1. substitute, replacement, -;.,L..;I bi,iqe pres. stem of 1J':' lL..;I q. v.
supplantor. < ...;:w~ q. v. 2. metonomy (figure ~..ft bi,iqen pres. stem OfDJ':'~lL..;I q.v.
of speech).+ (,)~.fw..;l v. I. be a substitute!
Ir..ft bi,in n. wound, injury, lesion (syn. ~Ij);
replacement (jor). 2. consist! be made up (of
~). sore, boil (cj ja...JJ~); ulcer (syn. L.I"'~).

Cj IJl.!~ under Jl.!~.+ ISJI- adj. covered with

4.A....ft birixe n. the material which supports and
wounds.+ ~_ n. med. dresser, one who
strengthens a collar or lapel from the inside.
dresses wounds.+ )~_ adj. wounded, injured.
Cj ~1~41.
n. wounded person. + (,)>>01...:.....;1 v. be wounded,
~..r- bi!.ej n. mold; fonn; matrix into which a get injured.+ (,)~.? ).L.:....;I v.t. wound, inflict
melted substance is poured. Cj &~-=,I~ under injury (upon).+ IS)~- n. state of being
I~I.
wounded. + (,)~.? JD~ / _ v. break out in sores!
~..r-~..r- bi!.es bi!.is I. n. hurly burly, tumult, boils! ulcers (on one's body).+ 1_ n. labour
uproar. Syn. .r- r-' 2. adv. in a noisy! hurly pain. See 2. (,)I~.

burly manner. j-/I biz adj. wide open (eyes).+ ~jji_ adj. wide
1~~I.S:........ft~..ft] briskandinewe V.t. polish, open and observant. + D_1 only in ~I.- J~ ISDji
give gloss! shine! brilliance (to). V. be seen to have eyes open; be wide awake

(esp. ofa child in bed). + ji_ only in (,)~.} jiDji v .

•~lS:..-....ft~..ft] b,iskanewe v.i. glitter,
search around (with eyes); peer.
shine.
ji2 biz n. goat. + (,) _ n. nanny goat over two years
!~~..ft biriskuhu!. n. contino us glitter!
old. Cj ~..;IL... idiom.: (,)1.';'~li.:..I.-..r'~.J..it
brilliance.
.:..I~ This is asking for! inviting trouble (lit.
&..........;1 biriske n. glitter, sparkling brilliancy;
the goat courts death when she eats the
glittering reflection of sunlight on a shiny shepherd's bread).+ ':'1_ n. goat tax based on a
surface. + ..5...-...;1_ n. continued glitter.+ Jb-
ratio of 40: 1. + ~-i _n. name of a wild flower
adj. glittering.+ I~I~/_ v.i. glitter, sparkle.
with blade like leaves. + ;.J _ n. a species of
~..ft biriske pres. stem of the verb 1~lS:-...;I wild fowl resembling a goose. Cj jl:i.+ ~_ n.
q.v. monitor lizard.+ ..s....:..._ See ~ji.+ D_ first
bi,isken pres. stem of the verb element of certain compound fonns. E.g.
J"""ji.jDJ~':'ji • etc.+ J'4D- n. species of goat
with erect ears. + -.>j~D _ n. goat in milk with
kid given each year by each household to the
 63

Agha- \.l.l:.+ --:.-t.l- n. bot. goat's beard. + ..-l L.. JL..o:r. biuna, n. nail, stud.+ ~--l- adj. studded,
n. young she-goat.+ ... lpS._ n. goat sent to the having many nails driven in.+ .Jl'? ~--l.)L..jI v.
Agha as a gift when a son is born to him.+_ stud with nails. + .:...,.s _ adj. closely packed
~. n. ibex.+ j.~._ n. Angora goat.+ .JI J .- cluster (of grapes). 2. See ~--l.JL..ojl.+ I_n. 1.
n. goatherd. Cf J. .J1.,.:.. + ~ JI _ n. goat skin com, local hardening and thickening of the
(used as a container for liquids). skin. 2. wooden plug. Cf .)jl~4J.+ ~_ n.
cuneiform.
:r,l biz n. a pock between the buttocks. + I~/_
.Jl'? v. goose, poke between the buttocks. ~~-it biunok n. gas mask. C.! ~L..u .
:r,4 biz n. name of a species of large fish. Cf ~jjt bizok See ..,;..:r..
~L..u.)lj. J.Jjooi bizJJ pres. stem of ~J.lr. q. v. + .J'-[~JjI] v. i.
":'I:r, bizav n. motion; action Cj J~ .~; move, stir, change position! posture.+ -(v'JjI]
movement, drive, group activity. Cf ."":';J.lr.. .J.t...il v. t. move, cause to stir/ change position. +
~ -uJ..i-d v. i. move, budge. + I"":'; _ I. v. i. move
.J1j.--.I bizan adj. expert, proficient,
grad}'ally/ slowly; move again. Syn. 1.
knowledgeable. Cf 2. ~. - I. ~Ij under .~~~; rise gradually (in price! value),
.1. 2
0,).). increase gradually (in flow/ source). 2. n.
movement, the activities of a group of people
~JI-it[~J-it] bizawtin See .J.l.il J-it. to achieve a specific goal. E.g. ~•.J4ZJ~
.Jjo! bizj, adj. absent, not present, missing (lYn. .)~ u:!.ir..~..)U'j.) The Kurdish liberation
.JJJ); lost, astray, off-course.+ .J»Ib-t v. be movement.Cj ~I..it.
absent; be lost (cf ('.,..$); disappear. Cf
.JL..~v'''''':'J.JA-.+ .Jl.;$.;:r. lose, lose sight of. <
~..v. bizwl pres. stem of.J1 J.lr. q. v.
.J.JJ'I .u. ~.
v'.J.it' bizwen pres. stem of.J;';IJ.lr. q. v.
fJ"'i bizi! gen. -ljl jr. adj. in curds, curdled (of
s. th. spoiled). + .J LS -t,Sjr.] v. I. curdle, spoil, ~.J.itl biz wen n. mover, agent, driving!
go sour (esp. of dairy products). 2. pale, impelling force: v'J..io!~ vowel (gram).
change colour (from emotion). Cf ju l.)lj . .
.J1r--!.+ .J.l.iU' -k,,,;S-ljl] v. I. cause to spoil! ..J •..io! bizele 1. n. piglet. 2. adj. adolescent.+ ,ul..io!
curdle. 2. be delirious, rave, jabber .J.J.Jo! v. reach adolescence.
senselessly. Cf .Jl.? .;j--lJJ.
~..:r. bizlbiz,l n. name of a plant bearing a
~.fJ'i bizi!ke pres. stem of.JlSfri q.v. white flower.

~.J. bizen n. name of an outdour game -~.) ~

.:;.$jr. bizi!ken pres. stem of.J.l.ilSjr. q.v.
under .)~'.
pSjI bizgu! adj. cheap, second-rate, common.
Cf .Jljp. bizew adj. restless, marked by
uncontrolable exuberance, rambunctious. +"';..:r.
~Wjl bizilmaci n. thick, flat bread baked on a .
o,).J.J--oi v. be ' restless! rambunctious.+'.......
L-

pre-heated sheet of metal. Cf •....;J..,s. -.Jl.i'.

restlessness.+.Jl'?~..:r. v. move restlessly.
4..iL..:r. biunate n. thick scab (over a wound);
~ bij J. adj. fluffed (of hair), Cf.;$. 2. See~.
scar. Cj ot.>ll...J.
 64

}~ bijar n. weed, weedy growth. E.g.';~ ('.; ~ biske n. cheerful look. + ~~ •.,;J/- v. look
•.)Jj u}~ This lawn is full of weed. + ~~.J }~ v. cheerful.+.:;uj........;...-~ v. smile with
weed, remove weeds (from a garden, lawn, gratification, beam with joy; smile
etc.); clean from impurities (of grain).+";_ triumphantly.
= .~)~ q. v. +~l-I L-J~] v. clean. pick out ~ bisen n. buyer, purchaser. See.)~ under
impurities ifrom).-~~}~~.+'l-adj. selected, .r
<2 .-~.I.o•__ .

chosen. Syn..~}ft.lu.+ fo n. person hired to

..s...:..~ b4ku~k n. bud (jIower). See .~-"",,,
weed a field.+._ n. 1. (act oj) thinning out
(seedlings). 2. review, critical evaluation (of a
book, play, etc.).+ ~~..,.s .}~ v. I. review, .;~ bqiwne adj. causing trouble/
comment on, give a critical evaluation (oj). 2. disturbance! tunnoil. Cf ~.v:..t;,.
thin out. C.! ~.J.j~...j~.
n. chaos, disorder. Syn.
" \ I.
..r.).;-i
r~·
~...r.
) bijardin V.t. pay (as debt,
compensation, damage, etc.)<~~}~~

under;..,/. ~ biv also ~ intj. generally addressed to a

child meaning: Don't! It will hurt you.+AJ,.
.j.~ bijblje See 4JjS~.
~.b/ v. be dangerous! hannful.
~.J.J~ bijfJlk See..s.;lln·
~ blkllj adj. fatal. See .~.,$. - ij..:...,$.
V'...J~ bijwin adj. clean. pure. See 1. ..s1;. ~...J~'
bigar n. way/ room! opportunity (to
.~ bije See '~.J~' advance, pass or progress).+~b/_ v. give way/
opportunity (to), allow.+. _ =.)~ q. v.
~ bi}i intj. expressing approbation: long live!
Syn. '}.b/.
E.g. ~l::-~;.,S' .J~~ uj.t Long live the Kurds and
Kurdistan. ~ biglrbigir See U.J4.f~•.J.,t under •.} ../.
bijir n. warrantor, surety, guarantor; .~I bigre 1. adv. nearly, about, almost. 2. 2nd
compensator. pers. sing. imperative of ~} q.v.
;~2 bijh pres. stem of ~~}~ q.v.
..J.,t2 bigre only in u)4I.J'.J.,t n. clamour, scuffle,
~ bist n. span! maximum distance between uproar. Cf 1. -:AI~.
the tips of the thumb and the little fmger (used
~ n. driving force, dynamic element,
bigi!
as a unit of measurement). E.g. ('I.,;; -=--t 4.f I
measured it with (the span of the) hand. mover; manager (syn . .;4-t,";-t-t unden._/).-
Cf ~~.,l. + ~I ~ j.J4l 4.f / - v. take full advantage 1. ~I;.J. under;.J2.
(of-u), enjoy/ utilize to the fullest extent.+._ 1 ;).....t bi!. adj. over-ripe (of fruit); too soft,
n. snapping of the forefmger of one hand on
overdone (of coolced rice, elc')'+~»IJ.tv. be
that of the other. C.! 1. ~.+ .JI~~.- v.
soft! over-ripe/ overdone.
snap the forefingers toggether. Cf~.J.jU.,; ~
..$-'it bi[omik n. small stick used as muzzle to
underJ/).
prevent lamb or kid from sucking dam.
~ bislll n. mound, hillock.
.J'it bi!.a.., adj. 1. scattered, dispersed, spreadout
~2 biste n. pistachio. (syn. I. ~j; propagated, publicized,
disseminated. 2. coarsely woven, having a
 65

large mesh. (see ,""L.:..).+o~»i/- v. be 4 bi/.ind adj. high, towering, lofty. Syn. I . ..i~.
scattered! dispersed (cj .:"I~); diffuse, spread Cj 2. 'S~. ;J..;~. + ':"J.1'I4 v. be high! lofty. +If-I-
(of news. epidemic. etc.) (cj I. ~~b n. height (measurement). E.g. o;i.}'!J t*"; If-I.L:.l,."'i
underl~ 1).+o.,I."s_ n. published! disseeminated To the height (as high as) of this wall.+ ..
material (statements, release. etc.). +o~~.?/_ o~»i/ v. rise, grow higher; be promoted.+fti_
V.t. I. scatter, separate widely (.syn . .:,,~~ n. loudspeaker.+o"-"';~.?/_ v. raise, make/ lift
.:"~.,,....s); disperse. 2. publicize, announce higher; promote.+1S- n. height, loftiness .
publicly; broadcast; publish (cj ':"J.? I;-I~).+D_ Syn. .;..i~.
n. dispersion, dispersal.+':"J.?u.:", V.t. disperse,
Jj..1.. biloq n. blister, vesication.+ .:,,~.? J.;lt v.
break up (a crowd, gathering).+':"J'?'" alsoo_
blister, vesicate. C.f ~.;; j~ .
.:"~,,.s;.)
v. disperse, break up, come away
(from a gathering). Cj ~.,.s -...; .u.... ~.v1t bi/.lire n. I. container used to collect the
miller's fee in kind from customer's amount of
J...J... bilbil n. nightingale, bulbul; child's small grain milled. 2. unit of measure (quantity)
clay flute in the shape of a bird: .hL.:.j> IS- equivalent to 114 maund-.;.,... q. v.
nightingale (also fig.) (lit. sweet-singing
.)~ billir n. I. crystal; any high quality glass.
bulbul.+... n. tap, cock (water).+1S- adj.
Cj l.":'~. 2. chimney (as ofa lamb): I? IS-
imperial (of a beard).- .;....;.
lamp-chimney. 3. See I . .,,..;..,.It.+.:.oL.t- n.
4 b/lle n. plop. plopping sound (of an object tableware made of high quality glass or china.
dropping into water). C.f d"..+ ~~ v. 4 ~.".L, bllwer n. 1. pipe/ flute without a
drop with! make a plopping sound.+~_
mouthpiece. Syn. ..s:J.vJ. Cj lip..i' 1. jL.:..-:.. 2.
continued! successive plops.
urine tube normally made from wood and
~ bilre n. bot. hawthorn: OJ.)0..i_ hawthorn fitted into a child's cradle.+ .)...iol....t- adj.
(bearing yellow fruit) * O')JJ--- hawthorn irrepressably loquacious. Cj .i~~ (under
(bearing redfruit). .;.,~).+~ n. cloth wrapped around the mouth
~ bill! adj. useless, good for nothing, inept. of the urine tube where it touches the baby.+_
Syn...sj~ under;./. Cj 1. ~~ ,':"OJ.J.5.+1S- .:"oj n. single-pipe player, flutist. +.:"IJ;.) / _ v.
n. uselessness, ineptitude. play the flute/ single pipe.

oA biffi!e n. name of a small bird. .i lS41.t bilegal. adj. poor, miserable. See ;i~.

~ bilq n. 1. bubble, bead. 2. blister (see J.;lt).+ {iL....L bilemar n. a kind of gruel. Cj J.J~.
iJl~/.. v. bubble, fonn! produce pubbles; flow ~ bilil (E) n. ticket. E.g. ..sf ~ .J.J~ I bought
out! rise with bubbles'+J""'.J- n. loud and two tickets. tJ.)-lilS- Identification card.
continued bubbling.+ 0_ n. bubbling! gurgling
~ bilhe n. blaze, intense flame/ flare (of
sound.+JL 0_ n. continued bubbling.
fire). C.! /.+ ~_ n. continuous blazing.+ ..
O.)O~~ bilqedere n. yellow house-lizared. .;.,b/ v.i. burst into a blaze, give out a blaze/
Cj ~~~ . .,.)J;..;L... tlare.+ ';";:'i.--/_ v.i. blaze up, turn! break out
~ bilmebilm n. mumble, mumbling (esp. into a blaze. Syn. .:,,;:, __ ~.
of! resembling one without teeth). .:.o~ biDmet n. & adj. genius, brilliant person
(ej ,..S\..-'...i); old fox, shrewd/ clever person
 66

(cf .:,ljJjj under Jjjl).+.:,J.H~ v. be Cf JtjjS.;4--. +~ - n. girl promised in

brilliant; be shrewd.+~ n. ingenuity, marriage while still a child. Cf ':'~4t':'~. +~_
brilliance; shrewdness. leaves of somewhat inferior quality at the
lower part of the tobacco plant.- .;,J~.+~- n.
f":' bim I. adj. heavy and compact (of a person).
sole of the foot. +.:, ~ _ n. scorched sediment
Seei~. 2. short form of f"'l"Imeaning: I
left in a cooking pot after making
will be.+ .:,~;S f":' v. puff oneself up, get ruffled.
confectionery. Cf ~.+ ~ n. basting,
Cf.:,~.J J.$ j.>.
stitching made by a baster.+~_ n. I. root, base.
~I bin 1. n. bottom, base (syn. 1. ,}.j); lowest 2. a plant, one single plant (normally said of
point, nadir: ~~ ~ The ends of the earth; very grass plants). + ,. ... .'!'_ adj. rooted,
farl distant place. Cf 1. &. 2. prep. under, established. Cj JIJj.... I~.+.:,~...s.- ... ~.: v.t.
below, beneath.< 1. ~.u. 3. in comb. enable to develop a base, establish. +~~_
e.g. j.I.>~ q. v. under u./.+ .:,-,-", <.... l.Jol v. have a also .:,l;.,5" I~ ~_ v.I. take root (of a plant). 2. get
established, take root.+~.,5"I~_ adj. deep-
bottom! base. +~ n. generation. +)_ n. foot (of
a hill. mounlain).+t}L.;_ n. dough placed rooted, firmly implanted.+.:,IJ~_ n. source,
beneath hot ashes to be baked. +.....tL n. point of origin (syn. oJ~.J"-); depth, the
foundation!. ground! body uopn which s.th. is innermost part< .:,IJ~~4.i~ underG,.2.+~_
built (cf 4.J....4i); ground, base (cf ~).+. n. anal. coccyx. Syn.> ~.+ .?-adj.
.:,L..il~/ a.,tl v. lay a foundation: base, establish basic, central, fundamental.+ j~_ n. I. rather
(see.:,.... IJj4-.0 I~ under b ).+ oJa..,.;I~/.....tL v.
1 unpleasant smell of stored grains! cereals. 2.
excavate and prepare (an area) before laying a bottom of a pit! hole.+~_ 1. bot. shrub,
foundation. + o~l.i ~L also~ .... 4....i.L bush. See ':'0JO~. 2. root, base. See I. ~.+~_
See .:,L..iI~ ...t~.+ .:,....<lSj.... ~I_ Seet.J4.il~ ~~.+_ n. veins and roots.+ ~_ n. foundation,

~ n. side of the neck below the level of the ground, basis. Cj ~~. Syn. ~.+}4.- n.
ear.+.:,IJI_ n. I. dike built to form a reservoir. & adj. fundamentalist. +~~ adj.
Cf ..5~. 2. woman who grows up in a fundamental, basic, primary. Cj )Jofo-.+':'~­
home and later is given supervision of the See .:, u. ""';.j. + .:, L.P
_ n. grain left on the
housework. Cf .wl:.!J. 3. birth, rise, threshing floor after the harvest.+)~ adj.
formation, genesis, origin. Syn. ~JJJI~. Cj having a basel bottom. +JJJ~ _ n. 1. type of
l;oJ~.+ ~j.u..:,IJI- v. build a dike, dam a sewing. Cj '-:"'~ OlJJJ. 2. way ofhervesting
water source by erecting a dike.+j.I..>lt_ n. characterized by cutting close to the ground.
armpit.+j~_ n. area under the upper arm. Cf ....:.;..JJ~.+ ..5j~_ See ..5Jj~ underj~.+ l$'Jo~- n.
E.g...,J~~ (Help him) by getting under his vestibule, lobby.+ .:-O~_ n. area below the
arm.+r-'- adj. I. annihilative, eradicating.2. armpit; side of the waist around the ribs.
fmal, definitive. + ':'J.H ~ v. be fmaV Cf <IS..J<IS.< ':-o~.JoI4.i~ underG,.2; sub, under,
definitive.+ .:,~.J~ v. fmalize, end once and beneath (used as a suffix). E.g. .:-o.L:.t l.SoJ4i4.i
for all.+ ..$JJ~;4i- n. bOI. single stemmed grass Subculture, Subnationality. +..,:..-O~ _ adj.
plant with small white flowers.+ ~_ n. (act secret, subrosa, in confidence. Syn. ~.+_

oj) consolidating! strengthening.+ ~.J ~ jjJ n. cloth to which the under arm part of a
v.t. consolidate, strengthen, buttress. + ..s.;fti- woman's dress is sewn.+ ..5- n. 1. bottom,
n. certain unwanted course partides that pass underside, base; plinth. 2. stub, counterfoil. +_
through a sieve while sifting.-..s.;fti unde~2. ).L.S 1. adj. having a bottom! base. 2. n.
 67

wholesale merchant.+~ n. hard browned procedure), controll direct in agreement with a

flakes of rice or bread laid in a cooking pot rule. C.! .J.)~j~jS.+ j.)'_ n. 1. receiver of
below the rice (or cerlain Olher foods! and stolen goods. 2. fence. See 1. V'~. + ':"'1'- n.
allowed to brown. Cf .J~.-.JJ,jlf.+~-n. foundation, root, base. < .:...~..J. +'-"'1~ _adj.
fig. under one's skin." • .i<.:.,..i..-J~ < radical, fundamental, basic. +~)' ._ v. take up
under'G.2. + ..5-:..jS _ room at the lower levell residence/ domicile.+.w)'._I. adj. domiciled.
floor. Cf.Jl>;.j.+.$_n. 1. base (malh .. mil.):.. 2. n. resident. + .JJ..H .w)'~ v. be resident (of-
I.$!lo-~ military base. 2. dam, barricade. C.! ~). +.J1.JJjjS.- n. the edible underground bulb of
2. 'Jlt.J\,;. 3. institute, established organization! the bugloss.+L..._ n. basis, basic principle(s),
foundation dedicated to public service/ essential requisite(s).+.JLA._ n. descendant,
promoting a cause. C.! .~~ . ....s:.;~
scion, child (male or female) of an established!
-........~.+~_ n. pointing (in brick aristocratic household. +;;.. • .: n. grapevine.~.;
laying).+ .Jl~ ~ v. point (a brick or stone -. +j..$:.i._ also j$.:.u _ n. armpit. See j~~. +_
wall). + J,j.,$_ adj. having an eroded! hollowed ....;l>J~.J. n. baggage train.+&~.J_ n. case,
out base or foundation.+ .Jl~ J,j~ v. erode action! suit! just grounds for action; set of
and hollow out the base. +»IJ,j4..S _ adv. reasons/ supporting facts offered Cf ";-.+'.J'-
unndermined, weakened. +~.J4..S- n. armpit. n. bottom, position below (often used with .,J).
See~~+ ~.J/- v.i. stick to the bottom E.g. '~'A.,J Hold it from the bottom. +.:..It-
(e.rp. cf" s.tIt. cooked). 2. settle and get n. (act oj) planning out! laying groundwork.
establisbed. establish roots.+ ~ _ n. grass CJ. u.l:t.+~W~l....!- v. plan out, lay the
pulled out at the roots and fed to c:attIe.+4$ _ groundwork (for).+.JI?~- adj.
=~ q. v. +J..J _n. small stem! branch growing institutionalized, given (s.th.) the character of
from under a larger one. + ~ _ n. ceiling~ Syn. an institution; established, accepted.+~~_
I. ~l-.+ ..5j_ n. name of an herb.+.,Jj_ n. adj. constructive, practical, positive. Cf
.)LS~.+~~_ n. groundwork, foundation;
small sack. Cf .,$'J.w. +L.. n. 1. necessities,
institution. E.g. .JLS~I..i-- -........~ Penal
indispensable items, essentials. 2. ox used on
the inner side of a thresher. 3. pivot. Syn. institutions. Cf ~ ~ • '~.J lS'j• .).
2. 0.). 4. in comb. e.g. Jl.o~ q. v. under,;,/. 5.
~2 bin n. hymen.<~ under~ 3. Cf
household items taken when working away
~.+.JJ..H (u),r. v. be a virgin.+ .JI~/- v.i.
from home at harvest time. +r-' _ =~ q. v. + -
have the hymen ruptured accidentally.+ •
~. n. 1. capital, stock or value of
.J.t-.,;I~/ v.I. deflower, ravish, deprive of
accumulated goods.; assets. Cf
~ l.oJ"- •'-! L........l. 2. grain left on the threshing virginity. Syn. .J.)'; ~ under zi.
ground that is later collected. Cf .Jl.oJ~.+l;L.. 1.$!lS'.)~ binargay; n. a kind of •....;.J."s q.v.
n. limit, the utmost extent. +Jjj._ n. part of the
.).=.t binare n. crying and refusal of a child to be
grain harvest set aside as next season's seed.+
comforted.+.J-i)'/_ v.i. cry and refuse to be
u ~.. See .JJj~. + ~._ n. foundation,
comforted (of a child).
endowment, institution. Cf 4J~. ~.+~_
See ~. +~._ n. racial origin! descent. .JL;... binaw n. bot. ash tree.
Cf j...5•.) under •..5.J~'J • ..s•.)
2. .,;..,.,.;l.; under ~A binew~ See"':""';'.J .
.Jl.;I.+ ~_n. foundation, basis. See~.+.
":".J~ binew~e n. I. bot. violet ="':""';'.J q. v. 2 .
.Jl-ill/o v.t. regulate, lay down (detail/
violet coloured silken material used in
 68

women's attire. +.r..- adj. having violet colour, J""..J J-i. +~ - adj. why, for what (r~ason),
violet like.+~ n. bot. rocket; dame's violet. what....for. +.:"L:;.....D.J1/- =2. .:"l:...D"ldc.slq.v.+.
.:.;~ ..S-..;-.d/ v. work out, go according to
~ bines adj. lean, emaciated.<~..,s:.....)~. +
(one's) desire/ design (of a plan, situation,
..;.. n. /. med. tuberculosis. Syn. ~~DJ)DJ. 2.
etc.).+)".J~/_prep. on to, up on to.+ ;"~/_prep.
frailty, emaciation, leanness.
under, to the bottom of.+ .J4.../-prep. to the
~ binisk n. piece of soap which is nearly top of.+ .:"..1.ilLA...../_ v. prove to, demonstrate/
used up. - ':"»1 L... +D _ = ~ q. v. validate/ substantiate for. C.f .:"..1.iu...... ~
-
~
... b;ne~.t n. gum, chewing gum. Cf under-;.s./.+D"";..1.i~/_ v. engage in antiphony,
~4-.+jl.JD_ n. myrrh.+....;..P-D_ n. (/it. sweet sing responsively to; join in chorus.
Cfo".;..I.i....... +.:"..I.,jI,i/- v. make an inauspicious
chewing gum) restr. to jig. expr ...;":''p- ~
remark! prediction (jor-";).+i},5/ _ v. be
.:"b"";j That on which s.o. keeps harping or
capable of doing, succeed in doing. E.g...;,j./
drumming.
• 1
,- :: l),oI.-i He couldn't come. Cf 2 . .:,,1,;S:.r.
bo 1. prep. for, to. E.g..rJ-i For me.~
7"1
under',J_{+ v-5/- prep. to the side of, to
~.t.,;j..,> To school. idiom:..5.;iD.)L.:.;...r'jl.S"~~
E.g. ~~j...tn Go to him.+ibSl_adv. where
~ Any sensible person would comprehend
to, where? E.g. ~ ~ ~ j.t Where are you
this (/it. for a discerning person one sign
going?+"i/_ prep. to (often in comb. with..;)
suffices) . .)lt~l.i.);....v-e~.,jJ-i Trying to
E.g. .:"I"....:..;"i~~ Go to them.+.:"I~/_ v.
save his beard, he lost his mustach too.";J~ ~
afford, manage/ tackle/ bear s.th. without
)""G...5nS G.)~ It is mistreatment regardless serious cost or detriment. Cf ~ ....;~ J-i. +.
of the source. 2. in comb. with the postp. D.JD
.JL.;/ prep. into.+....:.i-.J/_ for example, for
meaning: towards, in the direction of. E.g.~
instance. Cf 2. -";;-.J ~.+ .:.;~/_ v. 1. come out!
D""":;''';''i Towards us. 3. adv. why, for what.
turn out right for, be successful in, be capable
See u--->~. idiom:J-i ~.u..Jk _I...~""; ~ .....~ of. E.g. .:.o~~~ o)''!'o"4ahis time it didn't turn
.:....~ Even a superior-subordinate relation has out right for me . .:.ow.;j.t..;.$.......:i J)' ..;~p
to be mutually beneficial (/it. I call you uncle No matter how hard he tried he could not say
so you will catch me a sparrow). 4. used in the words. 2. approach, come toward (esp. in a
comb. with some verbs, e.g. .:,,1.uJ~ q.v. 5. used jight or encounter). E.g. .:.o~~~r...J Suddenly
as part ofsome compound prepositions, e.g.~ he came at me.+4!- conj. 1. because. E.g.~ ~
)~ q. v. ':".v-t (~) J-i v.I. be likely/ probable. -.~ ! ~~ l.i Why are you not coming?
E.g. ~ ~~ ... ..;j...t It is likely that I will go Because. 2. that is why, because of that
too. 2. happen to, be faced with (normally in (normally followed by.u - when). E.g..$ ~
comb. with p). E.g. .- ~4:..;,j./ p He is alway ~ o.,;J ~L.. That is why when you came he
faced with S.th.+D.J....;/_ con). so that, in order was not here.+ ~lS4!- also .$4!- See ~ I.
that (normally takes..; onS-that). E.g.";D"";~
J..i2 bo n. smell, scent =/. .J,;.i (allforms) q.v.+~_
~ So that it does not break.+.:,,~/_prep.
adj. spoiled through long exposure to air,
up on to. E.g. .$Dft,e .:,,~~ up on to the table.+.
stale, stale-smelling (offood).+':"»1 l..j.t v. smell
~/ prep. under, to the bottom of.+~/_prep.
old! stale.+~.J.Jr.- = j.J.Jj ~ q.v. +j~_ n. musty
to the front of.+G.- =..,>~ q.v.+)..... .;,~/_ v. smell of grain which has been kept too long in
get away with, afford to do. E.g.~ ~.J.Jo"4A the pit. +..5.J¥ _ n. smell of burning fat or oil. +
,;J- ~ He gets away with everything. Cf ..5~. also).J".u~- Syn...5".J..r';J-i.+ .:"IJ/_ v.
 69

roast slightly on the fire. Syn.oJb;:r..J.j.t.+..,.)- .u~ bote n. crucible, melting pot (also fig.).
also oJ..,.) - n. body odour resulting from
oJl.;.>..w buxtan (A) n. slander, false accusation.
uncleanliness; fetid smell ofanimals.+ j,uJJ.)-
Cj ~lS'.....; under-';. Cj 1. ~.. (under
n. smoky smell.+.;,-'.Hj;....S JJ.)j..! v. smell of
~).
sm'oke, be permeated with smell ofsmoke.+_
;l.... n. foul smelV odour; stink, stench. See ~..w b~e n. square-shaped piece of cloth in
2. ,:,J~.+;...- n. smell of burning rags! c1oth.+_ which clothes are bundled up: i~4.>I.S~..w
oJ~~j- v·fig· be exposed (ofapersonal bundle of clean clothes taken esp. by women
to the public bath *'JI}'...:.\.S- confirmed
habit, secret, vice, etc).+.;,L....;~~;..._ v.fig.
bachelor (lit. unwrapped parcel).+;:;b~ 4ot- n.
be extremely poor and destitute (lit. not even
having rags to singe).+.;,;l.;..._v. smells.th. parlour game resembling hunt the slipper.
burning. E.g.~J-~ (I smell) s.th. burning.+_ .);'>..w buxurd n. incense.
jJJ..! n. scorching smell (e.g. ofhair burning).
~..w buxuyi n. med. trachoma.
Cjj-j..!.+;,S- n. smell of slightly burned food;
desirable smoky taste (e.g. yogurt).+~_ ~.).Y. budce (E) n. budget. Syn. j1~.

See oJ..,.) H' + ..5....:.;S _ n. sme II of rotten '..I.)~ bodre (E) n. powder (body,facial).
fruit.- .... L.:.l:.+ ,:,J-l. adj. stinking, offensive
.Jj..!1 bor. n. colour bordering on gray or ash. Cj
to the smell, rank. 2. .n. stink, stench, strong
offensive smell.+ ~.v-t ~ j..! Y. stink, have an ~4.l.P; dull, undistinguished. <J~'.»l.+.-

offensive smeU.+~."s ~ jot Y. go bad! decayl 1. adj. pepper-coloured (of a horse, dog, etc.)
2. part of certain compound nouns meaning:
rot and smell. + ."...1.).J"-t ~ v. let out! emit a
common, ordinary, undistinguished. e.g.•~
bad odour; stink.+~_n. bot. jimsonweed;
},.... q.v.+..1~_ n. heated argument, quarrel.
fetid herb.+.;,;L. ~ _ v. stink, give off a bad
See~u.....u und.erj•.)I'+J~L n. ordinary/
smell. + -.;I..I~ _ n. plant resembling garlic but
undistinguished man. +.~. _ n. kind of grey-
without the smell.+ ~ See.$..;.;S~.+~n. 1. coloured bird smaller than the house sparrow.
smell, odour, scent, aroma. 2. perfume.+.J.j.t Cj ....s.Jk.+ j:?-'_ n. distant relative. Cj j :}-.+_
~.J..H (4...a)
v. have a smeIVodour.+ oJ.)}'.J.j.! v.I. j ~.j. n. a nobody, an undistinguished person.
smell, scent, detect an odour by smelling. 2. Cj i~.j.+},.......- n. poor/ second rate
rot and have bad odour, spoil and smell bad.
horeseman. Ant. ~},.... Cj },....~.+Q._
Syn. oJ.).,.s~j-/.+.~- n. 1. antidote for a
adj. slightly pepper-coloured' + ..5J~. _ adj.
child's iIIness.-.;,;yt.S".J.j.! 40t q. v. 2. deodorant.+_
dingy looking.+\.S-1 n. pepper colour; (state oj)
.;,1.) ~ oJ v. roast slightly on an open fire.
being pepper-coloured.
Cj oJ..L..iI~.+~.;...;...;- adj. fragrant, having a
pleasant smell.+.~y..;_ n. fragrant grass ~2 bor n. 1. Arabic vowel point for short
used to perfume linen and clothes. +~y..; _ n. u'<~J"""""'" 2. comma (punctuation mark).
sweetness of smell.+).L.....i_ adj. scented, Seej)';-,.+j~J- n. semicolon.

aromatic: )..L..i~ ~..,.,. Aromatic tobacco. +.;,_ .»lJ bor adj. fallow (of land) .
•~I.) v. emit a smell, give out a scent! odour;
~ bo! n. 1. cool place where fruit is stored
be rumored.+.;,..,...L..O... =';'d.)j..! q.v.+~I~..,;_ n.
under a pile of straw or leaves. 2. defeat (by
smell and aroma.+.;,;L.. oJ _ v. smell, emit an surpassing or outdoing s.o. in s.th.). Cj
odour. J.•~.).rI' <oJl.) ~.+ .;;~- n. competition, race,
 70

contest (esp. one where one player outlasts the u--..Jj.I borin adj. used in comb. with a noun in
other).+ ;;~)~/_ v. be defeated! surpassed! such expr. as: the same old ... , the good
outdone.+ ;;I~/_ v defeat by outdoing! old =.:r..»S q. v.
outlasting, etc ... +J)~/_pass. of;;IJ~.
~..Jj.I bo!iye n. J. bugle (instrument). 2. pipe,
·1 •
..,~ boran n. tempest, stonn, stormy weather. tube = 1S»t q. v. + .joj _ n. bugler.
Cj D.,;l:.. .ij..,o boz adj. gray.+ 0..
1
n. that which is gray, the
,:,J...jI~Iv'~1 bo!andin v.i. moo, low (of cattle); gray .... +IS- n. grayness.
cry/ yell in a disagreable tone ofvoice.
o.ij..,o2 boze n. kind of beer made from maize,
*..so~l»t borandek n. transmitter. millet or other grain and drunk freshly
fermented. Cj Dft{.
~I»t boran; n. dish from eggs.- ~.
<l..il».t bojane n. herbage with small leaves and
..,I»t bora", n. dish made from ';';..Jt- and hot oil.
small gray flower used to mothproof clothes.
~»t borfin n. female duck. Cj 1oS..,1.... under
2
3».t1 bojo n. left over and damaged fodder.
J"'.
3»i boJo adj. annoyed, harassed. +':'»1 3».t v.
loS.hj~ burjuwazl (E) n. & adj. bourgeoisie;
bel feel harrased or annoyed continuaUY.+j».t
bourgeois. E.g. ISjl..,lJ..,..t u .)..,.., petit bourgeois,
':'l.,$ v. annoy, pester, harrass (esp. with
lower middle-class.
excessive talking).
~»I bur:J.fI n. screw= J"&'.;I q. v.
4-J.i bose =~»Iq.v.

L..»I Burtnll
Burmese).
n. Burma (hence c.r"»i n. & adj.
.rJ-t bo! adj. empty, void, vacant (ef 1. jb'..,);
hollow (see~~).+,:,J.H~~ v. be empty,
bu!",an n. dried out grains of become void.+ .j~.$ ~J.i v.t. hollow out. +\"Itl- n.
pomegranate. -.)l;.... void, emptiness, vacancy; hollowness: ..5..:.-1S-
D~ bo!e n. mooing (of cattle). Cj ~LS; thoracic cavity.+ ..sj.)D_ n. volume, space
disagreeable cry.+ ,:,~.$ D»t v. moo, low.+»1- n. occupied as measured in cubic units (math.,
etc.). Cj DJ. Syn. D.)~.+IS- =\"ItL:.J.i q.v.
sustained and disagreeable yelling! crying.
..so.JJ-t borek n. J. name of a bird. 2. fried rolls J. adj. taU, heavy and broad-
of thinly rolled out dough stuffed with ground shouldered. Cj ...;L:.}p' 2. = t ~J.i q. v.
meet or cheese. 3. borax, hydrated sodium
t.l.;..:..~ b o!ntl:J. n. Bosnian; swaggerer,
borate.
swashbuckler.
loS;,.l bo!i also IS.JJ-t n. J. tube, pipe. 2. anat.
~ boq n. J. zoo!. frog. Cj IjH D~. 2.
tube, canal: ~l:.-;:IS- Eustachian tuble,
vapour (esp. of swamps, etc.). Cj ~~. 3.
auditory tube * Dl'...r-IS- spinal column * ~ IS-
shove, push. See 3. j~. 4. only in J..IS- nape.
ear canal * J~ IS- blood vessel (e.g. artery).s-
Syn. a,.j4lj.t.+,:,L.;D~/_ v. push, give (s.o.) a
* ;;~~~ connection tube * ~ IS-urinary canal
shove. Syn . .jL.; o~ j~.+aJ... o.. n. breast stroke
*I..,~IS- windpipe, trachea.+~_ n. anat.
swimming.
bronchus, bronchoiles, bronchial.
o?J.i boqije n. med. thrush (the disease).
v'~ bo!in pres. stem of the verb ,:,~I~ q. v.
.j.JY'.J:iJ.i boq/emfln See .j.JY'aJ4l under j.J 1.
 71

4..i4lj.! boqete n. restr. back. nape (of IS):~ ~ occasion, circumstance, affair, time. E.g.......
nape, back of neck. C.! ~~. DJD..iJ.)""'IS"'j.! On the occasion ofNawroz.
- 1
.JSy. bukle n. baby doll. C,f 2. ..s.JY. . J.J-I bu n. owl. Syn. ~ 4;.;,,$.+ D;..,5 D_ n. bird
closely resembling an owl. See";;; ",-!l,..
.5j.! boge n. grandee, socially prominent person.
) J.J-I buwar n. ford, shallow place in a stream
j;... bol I. adj. a single (grape, date) (normally
that can be crossed by wading. C.! J ts:..;",;. + •
talces the definite particle ..s:;J. 2. adj. ripe (of
,:,1:)/ I. v. be fordable, a11l0w crossing by
grapes, dates). C.! .)oI!!..s. 3. large mule bell
wading (l)'n. ,:,I~ IS~); used also in comb.
worn by the lead animal. 4. n. ashes. SeeJ,:;>
with 4J meaning: to wadel ford. 3. extent,
~. +JJ..i ~ - n. kind of yellow grape with a
scope, range. 4. access, admission C,f
slight sour taste.
..:...U.JD~. + D _ n. chance, opportunity. C,f 3. DJ L...
':'.L.i1j.!1~;..1 bolandin v. grumble, mutter in Syn. 2. ,:,L...l;I.+ ,:,I~ D_ v. give a chance (ta-IS),
discontent. Syn. ~,j .uj.!. let, allow (esp. to spealc/ reply/ comment) .

.hJ;.. boOin n. roar, loud! boisterous outcry. ,:,~.)IJ.J-IL,;-»II buwardin v. I. skip, leave out,
pass by. Syn. I. ':'.l.il~.
2. be indelible, stay on
~liJy' Bulxariya n. Bulgaria (hence lS.)liJy' n.
where it cannot be removed! washed away
& adj. Bulgarian).
(e.g. stain on clothes).
~;.. bole n. (act oj) grumbling; a grumble. +Jj.!
~.»-I bIUJc. n. hole, burrow(esp. ofan animal).
~~ 11. grumble, mutter one's complaint.+itt-
C,f i»S.
n. continued grumbling! muttering in
discontent.+.:;u/_ v. be heard grumbling! ~.,)..ut btide{e adj. colourless; unseemly (of a
muttering in discontent. person).
~.u;.. bolemi! n. hot ashes. C,f 4. ~. ~~»I bQdfne n. bot. mint. Syn. ~.

A...l.uj.! bolenime n. mildew.+~"..s;:;/_ v. be .).JY.l bur adj. fallow (of land).

affected with mildew.
.)J."l bur pres. stem ofthe verb ':'~.).JY. q. V.+.
1 )-'j.! Bolivya n. Bolivia (hence ~Wy. n. & ,:,~LJ.J-IJ V.
J. go beyoad, overpass. <':'~.).JY. ~
adj. Bolivian). q. v. 2. be overripe, pass beyond ripeness (esp.
-
.;,;.Jj.! bo{en pres. stem of the verb ,:,.l.i1j.! q. v. ofa melon, cucumber, etc.). < JJ~.).JY..q. v.

Lo-
.',Y. bomba (E) n. bomb, bomb shell.+,:,I),,_ n.
bombardment.+ ,:,~".s ,:,I.)L,. ~j.! V.t. bombard, .~,).)>>I [')J.J-II burdinewe v. faint, swoon.
attack with bombs.+~--,u_
adj. bombing, Syn. ,:,~ ,:;>..;;. .u.
designed for bombing (e.g. airplane).
JJ~.)>>I burdu adj. overripe. - ,:,~.).JY..
D..i.l.i;" bondze n. powder flask.
~.)-,-,"" bQre pres. stem of the verbs DJ... I.)Jy'
4..ij.! bone I. n. determinent factor, prime
and D""'~.)-'-'" q. V.
mover. E.g. "'-tIp r": 1S...j.! ...... .:.....JY..9 You were
the cause of this trouble. C.f 2.;.. 2. prep. JJ..iJ.J-l buzQ n. homespun woolen material (esp.
through, because/ by means (of ~). E.g.~ one from which Kurdish men's attire is
made).-....t.~ .
.:..~ D""':"IS~j.! He came because of me. 3. n.
 72

.y.....;lj.JYo(~.J.H1 bOjanewe v.i. be revived! have See oJ~. 4. in comb. with ~ or •

animated! invigorated! stimulated. meaning: tum into, become, change to. 5. 3rd
pers. pl. preterite ofiJ»I: they were. E.g. ;;.".u
'.J4.i;';lj.J..Po/(':;~.J..Po/1 bujandinewe caus. of '.J....;lj.J..Pol
oJ~ They were there.+ .J\;~/_v.i. condense,
q.v.
undergo condensation.+ oJ~ ~/_ V.i.
oJ.j.J..Pol bOjen adj. material, physical, substantial.
crystalyze, become crystalized. + ;I ~ I.-t I-v.
;;j.w. bOje pres. stem ofthe verb •.J4.ilj.J..Pol q.v. rot, decay thoroughly; completely
disintegrate.+ J,j~ ~/_ v. lose dignity, appear
~~.J..Po/ bujen pres. stem of the verb •.J4.iJ,jlj.J..Pol
like a fool, feel humiliated.+ ~~ ~/_ v. in
q.v.
comb. with '.JO meaning: encounter, meet,
~.J..Po/ buse n. hideout; ambush. + oJl},i-I_ v. come upon face to face; be faced! confronted
hide, go into hiding. (with).+ oJo.Ju.~/- v. acquire, get possession!
..s~l blik n. I. bride (c.f I. 1.Jlj); daughter-in- ownership (of loS)· E.g. oJjjJ4!'J~";o.J\j.~»I
law.<..s~oJ~ under .)1._/2. doll (esp. a small He has acquired a lot ofmoney.+ j\j..f~/­
baby doll made ofcloth). C.f ~.,.,:.,I.S»t • Js-Yo' break into many (thousands of) pieces. C.f
oJ~ lJ.J.J. + j.J-1.-t I_v. bel become as one of the
Syn. Ift"/tt.+q.w.- n. child's game of playing
family, feel at home. c..f oJ.J..Po/~·+ r~p~/- v.
house using dolls. +I..L n. doll. + 1.Jlj.J _ n. I. red
fig. as in the apr.: ..:..."'ip ~ (":' May I be yours
anemones. Syn. 'JJ.J-.:n.,! q. v. 2. bride and
to command.+ ISjJOl.J~ll ~/_ v. become as
groom.+;:';loJ~ 4...t 0... n. draped wooden figure
thin as a rake, lose much weight. - ..,>...h + _
carried from house to house in rain-making
ceremony with people throwing water on it.+_ jjoJ ~I v. break (of day), dawn (syn. o""';.J..Po/ jjoJ);
OoJJ.J-' n. robin (bird).+.~~4..00_ n. I. puppet become/ tum into a period or time (of IS)· E.g.
(lit. dancing doll). 2. silly looking! frivolous ~ IoSjjoJ 4..i.J.J-I It turned into chaos. + uL.. ~/­
woman.+~.".:.._ n. baby doll made of glass, v. 1. die. E.g. '''':;:loSu~ »I He is dead. (c.f 1.
plastic, etc.+..r!_ I. adj. bridal:~»1~ ,jl......). 2. sacrifice (oneself) for, esp. in the
bridal gown. 2. n. nuptial time/ festivaV apr.: (":'.:.ou~ May I be your sacrifice (used
ceremony.
as an apr. ofdevotion). + ~ ~ I_v. get dark,
..s.t,l bOk n. red anemone. Syn. 'oJ»-~.,!. become nightfall. + oJ LS; ,j IS; ~ I_v. tum into
1 pandemonium! tumult! total confusion; be a
r.J.H bum n. build, physique; make up,
free-for-aIl. + oJ L.,»l ~ I_v. used in a formula
constitution.
indicating the death of a person. E.g. ~ »I
2
r.J.H bum n. land, soil, territory. C.f ;..; ..;ltJ"l He died. C.f oJ.JJ-i ,jL.,»l ~ (under
loS.Joj. < r.J..Pol.J~ under .J4...t 1. +I.S- adj. native, ~2).+ jUU I.-tl- v. be burnt and blackened by
indigenous.
fire. > 2. jUU q.v.+ .~u~/_ v. I. fig. get
.jyU~»I bumelene n. earthquake. into a predicament! a fIX, be faced with a
dilemma. 2. get caught on a na~V spike/
oJ.J..Po/[~] bOn 1. V.i. become, come to be; be, have splinter, etc. (of clothes). Syn. ,j~ ~u I ...J. + _
identity with, constitute the same as; exist,
o~"s ~I v. be saddled! stuck with.+ WS ~/­
have being in space and time; be born, come
into being. 2. n. existence, fact! condition of jL..;..J.J.J v. bel become deeply afflicted,
having being; becoming, facti condition of distressed and miserable; also used as curse or
changing into s.th. or s.o.; possibility, fact! imprecation (lit. turn into a pile ofcoal).+ ~/_
condition of being possible. C.f I. ";»1.3. jLe v. I. start! form! develop into a family. 2.
 73

become the property/ possession (o!-..s); am delighted by your coming. 4. by, to (in
become a liability/ undesired possession (jor- comb. with I,). E.g. I,)...s.,.;~.? ...,::-IJ 4..t To the
•."•.)~). (cl2. jl.. .... .:".),,$).+ .;1." .... 1_ v. I. bel right side of the alley. 5. via, through the
become the talk of everyone, be on everyone's medium of (in comb. with IJ). E.g..:"~lS'.,,L; ....
lips. E.g. .)1S~j.) ..s.;I." .....bi He has become the IJ Through which one? 6. through (in comb.
talk of the town. 2. be proverbial. > 1. .;1.".+_ with 0.".) ~l.i 0."...s1S.)0,) .... It doesn't go through
J..."u.-tI v. bel become someone's the door. 7. by (of weight, measure). E.g.....
yokefellow/ mate/ consort. + Ip t4....!1 _ v. flare v--:.~..;~ It is sold by the kilo. 8. with
up/ tum into a melee/ brawl. + "'jJ~ -..d _ v. (indicating means, cause, agent). E.g.4-i
degenerate into a hubb~b/ clamour (of a ~~."...s Eat it with a spoon. 9. with
situation, issue, etc.).+ r-'''' . .
1_ v. evaporate, (indicating condition). E.g. 0.".,...1~...s ~..,.,.".t.il.. ....
tum into steam! vapour. + •."...:,s........d _ v. fall I carne back tired. /0. through, by means of
upon sudden w~alth, become rich! prosperous E.g. .)jj "-I Through force. 11. on (in comb.
fast.- •."...:,s......+ .)•.",_ n. the existent, reality; with I,) E.g. 1J..s.J"-4..t~1...:.;S I hit him on the
cosmos, the universe.+ ..s- I. adj. possible, head. 12. on (in comb. with 0.,,0). E.g.4..t I."
capable of being realized, practicable. 2. n. .."...s.}~,) It is on the wall. /3. with, along with
possession, wealth; well-being, state of being
(in comb. with 0.".). E.g. ~~..; ."......L; .... I eat it
prosperous. Ant. ..;~.
with bread. 14. in, according to (the opinion!
.}...»i bllwh pres. stem ofthe verb oJ.).;I bi q. v. belief! estimation oj). E.g. tJ-A ..s1.J.rt 4..t In my
opinion. 15. as far as, as for (in comb. with
.,rJ...»i hllwlJ 1. adj. talkative, garrulous.
1.J1). E.g. I~ ..s~ 4t As far as I am concerned.
Syn.,.J:..:,S.2. n. poet.- 1.,,1).,;...
/6. to (indicating amount! extent oj). E.g. ....
..s."lj........... hllhinaw' n. type of Kurdish .s'')JJ~...,!I;;.J,) To the length of the room. 17. to
song.- ";1;jS2. (in comb. with 0Jo). E.g. o."l-J".i o.".s~ .... It
is stuck to the ceiling. /8. -to- E.g. .".,,~ .... J"'~
t L.J.t hoyax (T) n. polish (jor shoes); paint
Face to face. /9. to, into (normally in comb.
(see.....J.t2).+ .:".)~ t L..J.t v. polish (shoes), have
with.:"J.J-I or .:".)~. E.g. .:"I.)lt .... ..s.).? ~ Then it
(one's
shoeshine boy.
shoes) shined.+~_ n. bootblack,
turned into rain. 20. like, as. E.g..... 0......,).,.; r-s
.;; ..so~ 1 have never seen the likes of you.
t ~ boylnbax n. tie, necktie, cravat. idiom: ~tJ-A ~-;';l""';..s~~...JI.&.~ 1 have a
Syn. .::..I.".~.+~/_ v. tiel wear a neektie. most unworthy enemy . ...,......; .,J .:"I.)lt .... ." ~lt ....
r-Yo bller adj. fearless, confident, bold.- .:,,1)..,.,. •~~....s)~ The result is the same
regardless of the circumstances (lit. the snow
.....J.tl boye n. polish, paint. C.f tl&..+~n. melts whether because of wind or rain»)JY. ....
painter's profession.+~ n. painter.+..sJlS'_ n. ~....s";1J ~,.Jo') o~...s.,.; He plans rather
paint job. prematurely (lit. he pulls up his trousers even
4..t I be I. pres. stem of the verb ':"bi q. v. 2. 2nd. before having the stream in sight) . .JJ.)..5.:;~ ....
pres. sing imperative of':".vi be! E.g. .... ."."j Be •.• ~ ',' . ~
~.., - That is a double-edged remark.
quick! or Quick!. ~~:,..;. ..s.)~ .~."." J.J-I'::"pS .::..."." .:,,~~ ~
1 "'-".P ~ A son is worthy only when he
4..t be prep. I. by, during the course of. E.g.....
lightens his fathers burden ...;I.,,~ \j'p~.J.) 4t
~j~ By day. 2. by (in swearing). E.g. Ip .... By
""';1.J.r. ~oi,i...;4 ~ View others in the same
God. 3. by, with, due to. E.g. ~,)L.,:j,)~la .... I
 74

light in which you view yourself. ;:";o~~j~ ~ up, awaken; become alert.+ .:..I.JL.;- adj.
He will settle for anything. ~ ~ I.SjjO~ ~ wishful, desirous, hopeful.+~.s .:..I.JL.:_ v.
~;...sl; A big task calls for big means (lit. a reach one's aim, get one's wish.+,:,b I.JI.:/- v.
well cannot be dug with a needle )....;-o~ ~ waste, squander; dissipate (money, time, effort,
~)'...: j l..o~.u. He brags about what others do etc.). Syn. ,:,1~J.?-4.t'+':'»-i.JL.:/- v. only in the
on his behalf or He lets others do his dirty expression:"," .JI.: ~ Shame on you (lit. may you
work for him. l.So.lj ~ .:..\SI; d0.J~~""" J.;0l ~
I get soaked)(c.f ,:,.J.I<' ....~ ~ ).+.JlJ.J.JI.:- adv. with
.:..\S~ l.J~ j..s He choses to believe the dubious zest and gusto, heartily.+ .J.J~.JI.:- adj. with the
(lit. He would rather believe the donkey's bray wrong side out, inside out, in reverse.+I~~_
than the Mulla's voice).;:,.s .:...J.J,:,L.....I.S.".;-d~ adj. elegant, graceful. C.f 1. ,:,Lolp.+ yol~_
~ ~.J.J .;...;.L..:. His (your) proof is less than See 2. J"",j.+.s~- adj. demanding (said ofs.o.
plausible (lit. They asked the fox: who is your demanding much care, attention, work).+_
wibtess? He raplied; My tail) ..J..i-t ~I'y'~..) ~
c.s!~ adv. quietly, noiselessly; without
~)~j_ Don't let appearances fool you (lit.
disturbance; gently, softly. C.f ~ j-....J.+.
if it were for the length of one's beard, the
':'»-i ;:-~ 1 See ':'»-i j L";;. +ji."': - adj. without
goat would have been a chief)).. !J'''';' ~ ~
consent, lacking justification! reason. +ji."':_
jil ~~ .;,.,.S ot..J Discreet and amicable language
~Ij v. view as unjustified, consider
can be most effective (lit. with sweet words
even a snake can be made to leave it's hole). unreasonable, not to consent to.+Jj~_ See 1.
0.J'-: ·:'-tJI;~rs~ 1~~jJ I.S~ ~.."..:.~ He is a J"",j. C.f ~&.;i. Ant. Jj.....:.;..+!"I .......:_adj. of
true mercenary (/it. He looks for a dead fine physique.+,:,~_ adj. religious, pious.+~_
donkey to steal it's shoe).~~~~ 1. adj. in heat (of female dogs, cats, pigs).
~.,r:-SI;
It takes more than this! than what you C.fj...s 4.t .,.....J.; 4.t. 2. gassy, windy.+ ':'.J.Y. ~ ~
I

have (lit. Baghdad cannot be captured with a v. desire a male, be in heat (of animals).+~ ~
march on one's rear). o";;':',:,lJ;.,S ~~;JI;~ ~
,:,~.? v. winnow.+,:,I~ ~/_ V.t. I. air, ventilate,
He is always ready to face the weak (/it.
expose to the air. 2. winnow. 3. waste, spend
keeping his distance from the jackass, he
foolishly (of one's effort, wealth, etc.).+~~/_
attacks the packsaddle like a lion) ..s..;j.,s ~
,:,I.r v. happen recurrently to one (as if
~ I; j l.4.t It takes more than one deed to be
preordained. destined).+~)'~ld_ V.t. measure
remembered). (lit. one flower will not bring
spring).;:,.L..; ~ ,:,L$.;;~.v--l.SjjO~ )j.... ~ A (cloth) on a prospective wearer.+ ..:..:."'_ adj. 1.
thousnad half measures will not produce one having the quality of abundance (> 1. ":":',ft);
true result. (lit. A thousand needles will not fertile (of land) (syn.~ 4./). 2. conversant,
make a bodkin.+.J.JI"L.;- adj. honourable, articulate. See J...,..o~~. +~I" - n. fertility (of
respected; chaste, decent, modest. Ant ..J.J.t-~ land); articulateness.+.J0r.- adj. productive,
..r-/. +.J.Jjo)'--:'-
under . . 1. adv. willingly, originative; profitable, in deman~. < Il.JOr..u
voluntarily; willfully, intentionally. 2. adj. ':'»-i' + ':'»-i .J0r. 4.t v. be productive/ profitable.
craving, desiring. +"';L-I.:_ adv. easily,
C.f .:....,,; &....t. +.:u-,. - adj. odorous, scented;
effortlessly, with ease. <,:,L...I.:.+!"~L:.. adv.
fragrant. C.f ).J,.jJ.i under j./.+~"...s ~/_ v.
slightly, barely, scarcely, hardly. E.g.!",.;....1.: ~
become ill (of an infant) from the smell of
f'y...S ~ I barely touched him.+L5'I.:_ adj. lavender and certain other strong smells
awake, not a sleep (see );.;,.); attentive, alert; (associated with old wives
informed (see I. )~L5'I.:).+~u LS'I.:/_ v.i. wake superstitions).- 0~J.i under j ../.+ ~_ adj. /.
lucky, fortunate. Ant. ..:.i-~~~ under ~4./. 2.
 75

lucky in marriage, having married well (of a behind doors. Syn. 0.J4..i~~.+~ I. adj. able/
girl). Cf .J~'+ ~»I •.J.?d- v. 1. be at the swift! adept at walking. 2. prep. according (to-
breast (of a baby); suckle, have a baby at loS), in conformity (with-loS); as stated! attested
breast (of a mother). 2. be able to tolerate/ put (by-loS); depending (on-loS)· (cf 1. ~).+ ~~
up with! take/ bear.+ ~1.. •.J•.J4t1_=2. 0.JI.J4t~
_ adv. on foot, walking. E.g. Uo'....lP."~~~ We
~..u--t.+ r .......J4t- adj. fruitful, yielding,
went on foot.+ o""';~_ adv. while standing,
productive.+~L..:;ar~.J4tI- V.t. utilize, make
while on one's foot.+ ~_ adj. foxy, sly,
productive, use profitably. Cf I. ~_;l.:;'
evasive (.syn.j'.b); of devious character.+_
r~.J4.f.+ .J~.J.Li~-
adj. troublesome (of a
li4....~ adj. 1. roundabout, circuitous (said of
person); mischievous and controversial (of
a route or building with many twists,
things).+r---I- sharp/ keen in memory.+_
passages, bends, etc.). 2. devious, tortuous.+_
.vJ1A-.......ilft adj. unbelievable, incredible,
~ adj. glutinous, f1TU1 and elastic (of dough).
unthought of; unthinkable.+~1A I,r--II- v. occur
Syn.)l~.+ o~_adj. standing, on foot; erect,
to, come to m~d, come across (one's) mind.
upright.+ ~_ adj. fertile, productive (of
Cfr--i ~1A.+0.,..Jl;- adj. lying down; with the
land). Cf .:....!.,r.4-I.~~.+ ~~o.Jo~/_ V.t.
side down. E.g. ~I~ 0..,.Jl; 4-1 put it with the
receive, go and welcome (a guest. s.o.
side down. Cf o.,..Jl;--.J.+~.LiLtwr~l;/­
returning from a journ#'y). E.g.~.,...~
Syn. ~l...:;.~~I.J~' q.v.+ ~&rLtl;-v. come
•.;~ 4.i 4...il>4S)'; We went to the airport to
tot arrive at a conclusion Cf ~L:;. ~ ",-lJjS". +.
welcome him.+ ~lAo.J•.r-f.4-I/- v. be received!
..rx adj. hustler, go-getter. See ~.+.JlJ".-
welcomed (by s.o.).+~Ojl,j_ adj. while still
adv. at full gallop (of a horse); hurriedly (of
newt fresh.+ ~.."slJ.. adv. all alone, solitary.
s.o.).- .Jl,j,r. under,r.l.+.J.. ~- adv. forcibly,
Cf 1. ~-..;.+~~r.~'il.,jl- v. carry off as
in a compulsory manner. Syn. .JJj~.+IoS)A..;­
loot. > ~ 'iL.; q. v. +~.t,.llJ.. adv. narrowly,
adj. anonymous, nameless.+~ adj. 1.
robust, having stamina/lung power. 2. patient, closely. E.g. .J.J-t 1oS.J lSj~ ..s.t,.llJ 4-1 He narrowly
tolerant. Synh}>. Cf ~~.+~~adv. escaped.+ rL.;..... adj. flavourful, savoury.
through cajolery, by deliberate flattery/ Syn. .:..oj-'~.+~L..I~;..,.,;l,jI_ v. talk at length
soothing words.+~_ adv. gradually, in steps, about, enumerate/ elaborate on the virtues and
step by step. +~j.J~ _ adj. enthusiastic, ardent, drawbacks (0!-1oS).- 2. ;..,.,;L.; under ~lJl.+.JlJ..
fervent. + ~.J.H ~j.J4...(. ~ v. be enthusiastic adv. rushingly, speedily, energetically. C.f
1. ~ 4-1.+~~lJ.. adv. especially, particularly,
(about- ~); yearn (for-~).+.JI..~~- adj.
in particular, principally. Cf ~l.i4;. ojl...;.+.
aggressive, enterprising, self-assertive.+ .J~_
IJ"'~ adj. alarming, dangerous, grave. Cf r '- ~
adv. hurriedly, hastily.+ ~j.J.J,r..J~- adv. in a
.+IJ"'..J~~ adv. very cautiously,
hustle; through strenuous efforts. + J-..t.J~­
circumspectly; sheepishly, timidly. > 1. IJ"'..J.+.
adv. in much haste, in a considerable hurry.+_
o".u:..il,,; adv. by implication, inferentially.+•
.Li~ adj. admonished, sobered, reformed.+~

~.J.J-t.Li~ v. be disgraced! scorned! humiliated.

..s~ adj. spirited, vivacious, vigorous and
animated. Cj t I..ol ~. + ~..,; - adj. ambiguous,
Cf ~»-t.JL.: ~.+ ~~.,s.Li~ ~ V.t. disgrace,
admitting of more than one meaning,
dishonour, humiliate. +»I.Li~ _ adj. disgraced,
equivocal. +~~ ~~ . I_also L,i\..!..j.J. ~.J';
. I_v. go
dishonoured; lewd, immoral. +i . . .S" .Liol...;-
to waste, go down the drain; be lost! sacrificed
See»-t .Li~~.+~l,-i'-.!- adv. in a concealed in vain (ofs.o., s.th.), be a dead loss.-~r.+.
manner, secretly, covertly, clandestinely, iJ.--> a,J.; I V.t. cause to withdraw, frighten
 76
..,
away (esp. through an embarrassing remark expression:;,.r. (~) ~~~ May he/ she have
or comment). + ,:;J..s ~ I_pass. ofif...-> u'; ~ my plight (said in anger against s. o. who may
q. v. +..s!-...,;.J.;- adj. in an orderly fashion. +. talee pleasure or have a hand in one's
,:,lilJ ~..;.J.; 1 v. arrange/ pack! dispose of in an misfortune).- 2. ~'+~J~ adj. of solid
orderly fashion. +y~.;_ adj. in heat (of a character, of real substance (of a person). +~_
2 •
mare). Cf 1. ~ under~ .+ ':'J,Y.y.u.; ~ v. be adj. 1. fit, proper, appropriate, suitable (cf.r.
in heat. + L.~ _ adj. anticipant, expectant.> ~ I...! under ,r.1); lawful, legitimate (see

L.~.+ ':'J,Y.L.~~- v. anticipate, hope, expect. ':-J;J). 2. fair, objective; reasonable,

agreeable to reason.+~_ adv. separately, one
idiom: J--,,:;....:.~~;r..JIJJ~L.~ 4.fJ...$.;
.~ To depend on others is to leave one's by one.+ ,:,L.~/_ v.i. fall/lag behind (cf";~
hopes unfulfilled. (lit. to depend on the ,:;"..5); in comb. with;.) meaning: forget to
nighbour is to go to bed hungry. + ':'J,j L..; ~ take along, leave behind (cf ~~~).+_
v. leave (s.o.) in anticipation, keep (s.o.) J~ adj. left behind, lagging.+ ~~_ =~ ~
hopeful. +.:;i....:...J~ ,:, liojo;,."..~ I_v. i. circle in the q.v.+':;~Zr:I- pass. of,:,I:.;J.-:..r:~ q.v.+ ~/­
air and flyaway (often said of a demon· ~J in leave behind, depart! go away
.:;;....:.;. V.t.
folktales) > .;,."......-2.+,:,1J .:}.;~/_ V.t. put (s.o.) without; leave (s.th.) behind (at the time of
in a tight spot! predicament; aggravate, one's death! departure).+,:,I:.;J.~/_ v. realise,
excerbate (a situation, etc).+':'»-t oy.5..;';I_ v. accomplish, carry out. Syn. ':'J,j~.+~_
be concerned, care, mind, take heed. n. reasonableness, rationality, plausibility,
Syn. ':'»-t":-"-.;OJ under;.JI. Cf ,:,1J~t4!lt.+. suitability, appropraiteness; legitimacy.+.)'~
,:;L.. .".:5.;.;1 See ':'»-t0~'; ~.+ ~l. oy.5..;~ adv.peacefully, without trouble/ resistance/
adj. concerned, heedful, attentive.+Le,;.;_ adv. difficulty, etc.+o.,,4.iIJ IJ .,,~/_ = IJJ~~ .J4.ib q.v.
under,:,IJ .+':'J.;S .,,4/- v. sight, spot, get! catch
3
alone, all by oneself. E.g. O;.J Le,;~ L.i come
alone'+~JI~ adv. completely, totally, sight of. Syn. ':'J.;S ~JL.t.+ .J.J~- restr. only in
altogether, in toto; exactly, precisely. E.g.4.f comb. with,:,..1J-I and ':'J.;S.+ ':'..1J-I0.".J4- V. be
."...;. J ~ ~1~ It is exactly six thirty.> adversely affected by/ exposed to the evil
JI~.+ rj~- adv. violently. intensely; eye.+ ':'J.;S •."•.,,4 oI..t v. bring down the evil eye
forcefully.> rjyl.j.+ .J-~ - adv. sardonically; on.+ ':'J~ L.!.L..; ..5JJ--'~.,,4/- v. look down
upon, show contempt! disregard for, have a
backhandedly. E.g. rJ,jj4 .u~-...J .~~~ He
low opinion (of- ~).+ ~ _ adj. hustling, go-
spoke to me in a sardonic way.+ ..;~_ adj. in
getting; industrious; aggressive.+~~~_
violation! diregardJ breach (of- ~). + ~ adj.
adv. through hard work! travail! sweat.+~_
effective, striking, decisive (.syn. 1. ~.)IS
~.l adv. frantically, frenziedly. + J~ )~ - adv.
under; LSI); intense, profound, considerable,
vigilanty, watchfully.+..Jli}~ adv. in a
strong.+~"!'p'- adv. together, in a pair, both
canter, in a three-beat gait (ofa horse).> )~
together, jointly.> 2. ~~.+~_ adj.
.uli q.v.+ ,:;1.1S~/_ v. kneel. See,:,b lJ..5k.+.
persistent, relentless (of an effort, endeavour,
o.,,4..i~ adv. squatly, in a squatting position.
etc.)' + ':'J~ ~~ ~ carry out! accomplish
through persistent effort. + ..sPo _ adj. having E.g. ":""':":;IJ o.,,4..i~L.i He squatted.+.:..~".­

"guts", fortitudinous. Syn. ("'!l.iS'J~ '1J"'';4..iJ~' adv. stronly. Cf i.IY~.> ~~.+~:,;.- adj.

Cf 1.ljL...;'+':'..IJ--I..sJ~1...! v. have guts! hospitable. Syn. )~"""j>.+ ~_ adv.

fortitude.+ ~~_ n. quality of having "guts", indolently, slothfully.+ I'p- intj. by God, with

fortitude.+':'~~/_ v. only in the the support! sanction of the Almighty. Cf.::-:...

 77

I.".;. ...... under ~I.I~~ underL'/.+o";..r-J>- v. tum out to be false.+.~".s j.),)/_ v. be

..;.;~ n. self-rule, self-government. exposed and proven as lying. +~I/,J,) _ aliv.
C,f 1oS)~""',)~ .~;4-.+~u 1,);..>/- v.i. throughout, during a period! course of time
grow, develop, mature physically. C,f o)J.,$ (of..;). E.g. jjd~I/,JH"""'i All day long.
Throughout the day; all along, all the way
;;.JJ-i.+p>- adj. in torrents. > ~.+ ..51~_ adj.
from one end to the other. E.g. ~I/,J,) ......
nutritious, nutrient.+~I~_ adj. free, gratis
;;lY.L:;.....J .s'... l:i..:. They were standing all along
(syn. ~ under;:,.\ for ~o apparent reason.+.
the street.+.j,)oj,)_adv. slowly and stealthily.+_
r~ adv. torrentially.+;;L..j,;.>/_ v. supprot
o".....,,j,) aliv. secretly, in secret, stealthily,
oneself. be of independent means.+ "..jj.>_ v.
furtively. E.g.oJ•.).,)ulA."...,j,)~ I came out
adj. self-supporting, living by one's own
effort! work (of s.o.). +~j.>_ aliv. amicably, secretly. Syn. u-'y~ ....... + ;;,)~ Oj4.J,jH,o/ V. do
(s.th.) in secret.+j~ aliv. wholeheartedly,
without fuss/ quarrel. E.g. 0~~~j.>4.t ~
Let's settle it amicably.+ ,jJ,jU,;.>/_ v. act! enthusiastically, sincerely.+;;.JJ-i j') ~ v. like,
approve (of), find acceptable; be pleased
behave imperiously, be conceited. C,f j.>.J
(with).+;;~ "1,)/_
v. be appealing, appeal to
oJ.JJ-i~~.+ 0J.j.>_ I. ad}. hefty (ofperson). 2.
one's liking! taste, etc.+ ;;L-"";.".j')/_ v. be
phrase meaning: to oneself.+ oJlY. 0# A.f v. be
enjoyed peacefully and without interruption
hefty/ heavily built. +~~ adj. (said of s.th. one does). E.g.o".j,) ...... ..;4.S.,;l:
bloodthirsty; ferocious, brutal.+;4-1~- adj. L-~ He didn't have a peaceful meal.+I J ,)-
awake, not asleep (see )4.); aware, conscious, perp. after, in search (of loS normally talces I,).
informed (see 1. ),)l.Sl:).+;;»-t~A.f_v.be E.g. I'),;,; IoSl fl .......,W'lA He has come after you.+_
awake; be informed.+..:.... j ..... _ aliv.
oJI J') aliv. beyond, past, over (preceded by .J
instinctively, intuitively, by instinct.
or;:,!). E.g. •JIJ,) .......;,J Beyond here or From
C,f jl"i-":'j.>'+r";'- only in ;;,)~ r"';' A.f v. raise,
here on.+lsJ,)- n. standard expr. meaning:
rear, bring up. See;;lY. o').)oJ.)~.+~;4-~-'>'"
good-bye. +oJ~ •JO JJ') / _ v. follow, attend
aliv. haphazardly, in a slipshod! sloppy way.+.
closely to, be after. E.g.~~:.s.,s p J.I
i.r.~':••!!u";·/ v. dream about (also fig.). C,fy.;.
~."""'JJ,) He follows me wherever I go.+.
~.+.,,;...>_ aliv. in charity; of one's own
~•.l.t.,) adj. boisterous, exuberant (of s.o.);
volition. E.g. .;,,;.> 1oSft.> ~ If you please or If
spectacular (s.th.)+ )0,)_ prep. except! save
you feel like being charitable.+;;~ ~/_ only
(for- .J), with the exception (of .J).+ oJ')JI ,))0,)/_
in the expression: ~ ~ A.f or ~ ~ A.f good-
v. cause anguish! injury to. > I. ,))0,).+ ,)).,)/_
bye!. +.JI.~ ft.>/ - v. tum out auspiciously/
oJ~ v. suffer anguish/ injury, experience
propitiously.+ ~u.,,;...>/_I v. only in the
vexatious circumstances. + adj.
":"-0,) _
expression: ,- -::ft.>~ or ~ft.>A.f Welcome!
influential, prestigious, of considerable weight
C.! ).l.ilft.>.+ ~L..ft.>- n. (act! occasion of) (of persons). Syn. ",,:..:....),;-0,).+;;lY. ":""0,) A.f I.
greeting! welcoming.+ ;;,)~ ~L.. ~ A.f v. greet, v. be within the power/ a~thority/ decision (of
welcome (a guest).+oJ..;.I~ aliv. regretably.+. loS); be up (to). E.g. lY. J'; ..:.....,) A.f~,VAU
~~ oJ1')/ v. become sick (of cattle, livestock) Everything was up to him. 2. be influential
from too much grazing and eating.+j.),)_ have weight. +/.".:.;..-0,) _ adj. having performed
lyingly, in a lying! fibbing manner.+j.),)/_ the ritual ablution, ritually clean and fit to say
one's prayers. > ~"';'+,)J'''':'''''o,)- adj. fast and
.~ v. prove (s.o.) untruthful, expose and
etlicient.+IoS,)J'.,,:.....O~ n. speed and efficiency.+.
prove to be a Iie/ an allegation. +oJ~.)O,) j.),) /_
 78

~JJoIIJC-e:JI v. be intended, have in mind (as a prisoner, capture. + ~.l.. adj. scenic, striking,
task. aim. end. etc.). E.g.IS'i~~I..i.Iy...:;....'H~ spectacular.+ ~.l.. adj. virtuous, good;
I have in mind to go and see him.+~I:J 1y.:;...,I:JI_ religious.+.:-I,,_ adv. in fact, in truth.+.::-I" ~
Seel~l:J ,,-!~I:J under ~1:J3.+.::..'i~.l.. adj. I. ~.v-t v. be telling the truth; be sreiousl earnest.
capable, competent, proficient. (of a person). E.g.~I,,4.f I am serious or I mean it.+~...JI.)­
2. influential. Syn. ~J.r-:J.+JI:J- adj. 1. adj. by conjecture, through guessing.+J)- a~.
well groomed, clean-cut (oj a person). 2. fresh spiteful, rancorous, vindictive. +.JJ~j) ~ adj.
and crisp (of clothes). Cf I. Ju. 3. in
fasting, on a fast. Syn. ~IJIJ.J~j" unde~~j".+~
accordance/ conformity (with). See 2. ~4.f
~J.J-i.JJ~j" v. fast, practice fasting. +~JJ...- I.
under._.i.+~I:J_ adv. rarely, seldom,
adj. naked, nude; plain, by itself. 2. "adv.
infrequently. Syn. L,.;~ under~. C.f...:.;~ nakedly.+ ~IPJ"- adj. shamefully,
under:.rl +.)&I.l.. adj. capable of performing disgracefully, shamefacedly. +.)U"JJ) _ adv.
important and difficult tasks, possessing great externally, outwardly; seemingly, ost;nsibly.+
stature and ability; resourceful, ingenious, ~J..s '::"1/_
v. obtain, come to possess. Syn.~
adriot.+I"'.l.. I. adj. articulate, able/ skillful in
~J..s .r-S.+...r-'r adv. officially, formally.+_
conversation. 2. adv. verbally, by word of
~" adj. fresh and blooming (esp. of a
mouth, orally. + t L,OI.l.. adj. in high spirits,
gir/)o +",..;IJ ' r adv. thorougly, fluently,
cheerful. Cf.sJ..poi 4.f. + oJJJot t Lou A..J... v. be in
smoothIY.+J4...iJ'r adj. charming, winning,
high spirits.+~I:J Lml_ v. strike/ slap across the
engageing'+~r only in ~:J~~)_ v.
mouth; fig. silence, hush up.+.)L.U.l.. adj.
accommodate and help (s.o.) get on his way/
conceited, proud. Syn. ~ ,,-!.+~:J.,s '-':JI_
start on ajoureny.+~~)I_See ~:J.J~)4.i.+-
See .~u 4.f~:J~. +~~ Lm I_v. stretch out " "
:;;~ I. n. title of courtesy, used in the salutation
face down, lie down on one's stomach; fall flat
of letters equivalent to: Esq., My Dear, Dear.
on one's face (syn. ~~ JJ.)Y-!..u under ~).+
~'-
" ". 2. adj. respectable, esteemed (ofs.o.}.+:;...;I-
'-':JI_ v. slap in the face/ across the
~.} v. respect, esteem (c.f ~ l..i ;:,J..:,.;...; u~er
mouth; fig. silence, prevent from talking
(c.f ~:J.,s.;...,.s...u underl"':JI).+ J."" ..u:J- adj.
:,.;~I); consider serious, view with s~lemnity
(c.f ~.}..5...;,.} ~).+ ~~_ adv. in line/ queue/
having conversational ability. C.f I . .::-1.)•.u:J
row.+oJI~~ adv. plentiful, abundant. C.f ~
underl"':JI.+ JJ:J~I:J- adj. articulate and witty.
~.+ oJ~ IJ"':'-~/- v. become involved! mixed
C.f U!Oj.W...-.l.+~I:J I~I:JI_ V.t. give free rein to
up in (esp. against one's wil/). Syn. ~":JS I.,;J
(a child), give much freedom to. 2. feed little
by little, keep feeding (afire. machine. etc.).+_ underl~.+~~...;_ adv. in an orderly and

~.} I~I:JI v. talk constantly about, repeat organized manner; in a well-behaved manner,
peacefully.+ .::..~~_ odv. by chance,
frequently.+ JI.l.. adj. fast, speedy, swift (of
incidentally, by coincidence'+~~~r v. get
walking. flying. etc.) C.f ~~2. I. 1...,,:;,.>.+_
on the way, start (a trip. journey). Cf ~) Li
~.J.J--! IJI.)~:JI v. I. look after, stay with and
watch over. C.f ~:J.J 1S.)l:Jl$L:. 2. be present, be
~:J.,s. +..,..s..;~ - adv. I. harmoniously; even"ly,
straight. 2. on good! friendly terms. +~.,;...;_
on the spot! at the scene, be a witness. > 2.
)~:JI.+IS:J- only in ~:J.J IS:J- v. see, sight, spot. adj. timely and suitable, appropriate.
C.f ~ l!.. + ~J.J-I-;"''';~ Li _ v. be appropriate. +.
C.f ~ under ~./+~lAlS:lI_ v. be realized!
':;~";-J adj. in an established position; well
accomplished! achieved.+~L-;.;,.IS:JI_ V.t.
thought out, well planned.+I";~_ adv. en route.
realize, accomplish.+~.} J...,t:ll- v. take
on! along the way. E.g. :J~~L.....~I~~'" We
 79

discussed it on the way.+ ~~ 0"';-l4.t v. be on the manner/ fashion (o/- ..;).+~ adj.
route. E.g.~ 0";-l4.t He is on the waY·+~~ft o";-ll- faithful, loyal, steadfast in affection!
I. v.t. direct, manage, administer. aliegiance.+~~~/_ v. be born together,
Cf ~~~ ~~.14 '<JJ~ "';--:";4JJ- 2. n. be twins! triplets, etc. - .... I.1.1~ under .1.1~ I. +_
administration (junction, work, process oj). +_ ..;;1.,- adj. riding, on horseback. E.g...;),.. 4.t
.J4-t0";-l n. director, manager, administrator .:"u He came by horse.+.).u-_ adj. useful,
(cf ;.$;L5 under;lSI); head, chief: ~~IoS­ serviceable, beneficial. Syn. ~.",.../- under ./-1. +
chief of police * ~..s- director-general, ~I~ .v-I- v. lend (money) on interest.+.....",.._
head (of a department in a ministry) ..s- adj. in the form of a gossip or a prattle.+_
*~ »- chief of the records office. +~..J4.to";-.r ~J.J--' adv. I. disdainfully, contemptuously,
n. adm. directorate, department (in a ministry); scornfully. 2. gently, quietIy.+fl"-- adj.
.
administration.+~~o""'..J/_ . v.i. I. manage, patient. Syn. )~~.+l.0~4...-_
adj. by the
carry on (cf ~~"s ~I;o.»-S'); be carried on! hundreds, in great numbers.+~_ I. perp.
managecll directed. 2. get along (with-j&.J). over (in comb. with I~);on, on top (in comb.
See~~..-s~.+':"lj- I. adj. brave, daring, with 0.10) 2. adv. by (used in comb. with I~ as a
fearless. Syn...,...;....:.. I. IjL;. 2. only in the junction word in division and
expression: I.,..... ~Ij oI..i By God. > .:"I}. +loS),;.. measurements)I~~~~~ Divide it by
adv. verbally, by word (as contrasted to deed). three. 3. part of certain expressions of
Cf )~"s ~.+ ..:......;Ij_ adv. knowledgeable, courte.\)'. E.g. .1~ ~ I...i Gladly (in reply to a
well-informed; erudite, learned.+~L..j_ adj. favour asked) (/it. on (my) eyes), 4. part of
talking, speaking, endowed with the faculty of certain compound verbs. e.g. ~.J.P. ~ 4.t q. v. +.
speech; sound, talking (of afilm).+;'jj- adv. ~~ Iy.-I v. catch (s.o.) in the act! red-
forcibly, through coercion! compulsion. handed; break in on (s.o.) unawares.+I~/_
Syn. ..L.~4.t.+.H0j- I. adj. powerful and 0""".J.P. v. review, go over, examine again.+.
resolute (of a person); forceful, vigorous. ~...r-I~ I~I v. cause to stick., make permanent
Cf )~.1~. 2. adj. hard, intense (in force,
(of a nic/cname, epithet, accusation).+I~/_
manner, degree), vehement. Cf 3. ;,;,,,;. 3. adv.
o""';~.? t L. v. charge with, impute (guilt, crime,
by force/ power (0/-";). E.g. ~";ft0j~ By
etc.) to (s.o.).+~;';'~4-0 I~/_ v. impose on,
sheer force. C.f ;jj ~. + ~.JJ-{.HIj ~ v. be
force (s.th.) on (s.o.), make (s.o.) assume the
forceful; be vehement! intense.+ o.,...;;,;,I;&,Ji0j-
burden of(s.th.)+.;,;l.I~/_ v. interrupt, break
n. forcible repatriation.+~oj.J.r.o';" adj.
in on (an action! s.o.). See~~I~oI..i 2.
forceful and stern! austere.+"';;oj_ adj. agile, at
advise, counsel (s.o.) 3. calm down (s.o.),
ease in physicaV mental activities.+':"o)L..,jI_ quiet, slow (s.o.) down. Syn. 2 . .;,;l. b~ 4.t.+.
~~ v. go on a visit, pay a visit (to- j.!).+~~_ ~~.H;4...-1 v. get (s.th.) done (regardless of
adj. injurious, harmful, hurtful; damaging. results); manage to fmish (a task); get (s.th.)
Ant. ~L..k.+o~;L..~ adj. by piece, by unit, as over with.+u;.....:.,.Jd~~/- v. tiptoe, walk
counted.+~ ~L.._ adj. aged, grown old. Cf on! as if on tiptoe.+.1~ ; .... _ intj. my pleasure!
I.~. 3. 0;4-0.+~~~L.._ v. age, show the with pleasure! gladly! (in response to a
signs of increasing age, become old. Syn. request or favour asked).+~.J.P. ~/_ v. I. be
~»'~.+ rL.- adj. awesome, awful (.ryn. out of date; be out of season (e.g. fruit); be
~L..); imposing, impressive. > rL..+..,..L._ bygone. 2. ejaculate, reach a climax, have an
n. awesomeness; impressiveness.+~L._ adv. in orgasm. Syn.o"..,...:Jl. .JL;.+..;)j~- adv. to all
 80

outward appearances; pretensiously.+................ _ ot.tO".....:.;.."...;.A......i~ .... He is always following

intj. I shall gladly do as you wish.+~/_ me.>~.."......:..+.:"I~~/_ v. stirr up/ kindle/
0y..j~.J I. v. review, re examine. 2. n. appeal, provoke a fight (between others)'+r~- adj.
application for function! decision, re check. shy, bashful (lJ'n. V'"~); decorous; marked by
E.g. o~~.J~..s&ll~ Court ofappeal. Cj~ good manners and propriety.+j...:..J"':'_ adv.
o~.ue under~. 2. look up (e.g. an old limpingly, lamely, favouring one leg. > j...:..+.
acquaintance); show deference/ concern by ~j4.S o.;l~1 v. be temporarily blinded and
asking about (s.o.).+.JI;..-s .J..... I- v. confuse
handicapped by light at night (esp. of a
(s.o.) by distractions/ interruptions! wrong bird}.+,jJ.....:..- adj. I. bright. Cj ..5l.iJJJ
instructions. Cj .:"I~~~~.+ ~J.J""'­
under ':"JJJ' 2. enthusiastic. See r~l. +-
adj. distinguished looking, impressive in
.:.4"...:. adj. dignified, noble.+I.f'!< • _adv.
appearance.+o~_ adv. in turn. Syn.o.w4.i
unhurriedly, slowly and carefully;
.q.v.+~l..~_ n. occurance, incident, event,
imperceptibly.+.:"-,-,",, DJ~D;j .. I_ v. long! hunger
happening (esp. one involving persons).
for, feel homesick (about- J./). E.g.ot.t'J~D;j" 4i
Cj JI~JJJ under JJJ . .:"l:..-I~.+~LA.J........ I- v.
occur/ happen to, meet with. E.g.~4..t~
l.S.t j&.J ~ot.t-.J He is longing for a word
from her.+.:"I~ See.J 'J...... +jlL. adj. in estrus
~.:..t.. What happened to you?+~} oJo........ I_ v.
catch (a man) in the act of committing (of a mare, donkey). Cj I. Lt4..,l. ~4.i.+.
adultery.+.:"Ir5 0"'........
1- v. I. sponge on, cadge. ~I..;.:.......)I See~I..i~~.+.t-i- adj. useful,
go around smooching off of (one's friends, beneficial, advantageous. Syn. ~..s4i. Ant.
relations, etc.) 2. go around inspecting! ~ under:..r./.+H,,$.;u.. adj. rougish,
looking over.+..s.J4-- expr. of oath or solemn knavish. Cj ..;LJ;.;.+.:".ue j~/_ v.i. be wasted,
attestation to truth meaning: by the head of. be spent foolishly/ to no avail; be in vain, be
E.g. ~~..s~ '-t By the head of the futile (of effort, help, etc.).+.:"ll~/_ V.t.
Prophet. +.:....;.";J,,,,- adj. grand, regal, splendid, waste, spend foolishly and wastefully,
in grand style.+...y~ adj. adept, having the squander (money, effort, etc.). Syn..:"I:.IJl: 4i.+.
inborn disposition to do that which is proper.+ ~ adj. haughty, disdainfully proud, arrogant.
.:... ......... suitable. satisfatory, good enough.+• Syn. J..;~.+ [ ..;u~ adj. involved in!
.:,,~~ l~o.;l~1 See.:"b o.;l~ ...J.+~~L..:.... adj. characterized by endless fraud and trickery ~of
strapping, robust, sturdy.+':"»t~l!/_ v. bear a person's acts or dealings).+ ,;-,.;J-=~~

witness, used esp. in the expression: 4i':"ot.t l! 4i q. v. +.:,,~ iJ I_v. become extinct, be totally
Bear witness to the fact or you are present so I destroyed, be annihilated. > ;S.+ .:"b ;Sl- v.
want you to note. E.g. ~ l".s 4i ~ l! 4i .u cause extinction, lead to total destruction!
oJL.....;r~ Bear witness to the fact that he has annihilation. Cj ~-:.,.;~.+......:L I. expr.
no more claims on me.+;';'_ adj. starched, meaning: the rumour is, it is said (that). E.g.4i
stiffened with a hardening agent. 2. damp, ~l j~"': ~ The rumour is that he is coming
moist. Cj I. ~.+,;;;._ adj. which lathers! suds today. 2. adj. gossipy (ofpersons).+.:,,»t.....:; 4i
well (of soap).+.v-:._ adj. married (of a v. listen to, heed; do as one is told.+lr-L for
women). Syn. ~~ 4i.+.:"b .v:..1- v. give (a girl) instance, as an example. Cj .,;jJJ./ under J/+.
in marriage. Syn..:"I~~...;.... 4..,1 +~.."...;.- only in 4i ~ adj. wasteful (of a person who lavishly
I~ ... ~...,..:. prep. after E.g. I~ jj ~.."..:. 4i':".ue They allocates or is extravagant in the use ofs.th.,
went after/ looking for you. OJO ... ~.."..:. 4i adv. normally preceeded bY~l). E.g'4i)j..;...,;.-ol
after, in persuit of, following, behind. E.g. ~ She is (her hands are) too lavish.+~/_
 81

iJ.-.> v. I. delay, detain, retard, cause (an easily (of colour. c.rye). - t"";~ under rl.+-
action) to drag on. Syn. I. if-#. IJ~. 2. throw/ ft.I J;"':; adj. given to strong feelings of likes
push (s.o.) down on his buttocks.+t~/_ and dislikes, having strong aversions and
;:)4- ~ v. take the wind out of (someone 's) inclinations.+L.tU- adj. vindictive, vengeful.+.
sail, nonplus, cause to be at a loss as to what to ..;.,..5 ~I v. persist in! contiue one's grudge
say/ think! do. (lit. bury s.o. seated in a pit).+. (against- ~); be omery/ obstinate (about-.u).
\J~ I~/.. v. fig. be damned! cursed (lit. sink! E.g. ~ '-i t~y4.S ~ He persists in his grudge
go down in mud). E.g.~I~4i May you be against me.+JLS.. adj. I. active, efficient,
damned.+\Jb-I\JL.;.,i/- used only as a tenn of industrious (of persons). Cf I.~. 2.
entreaty, respect or devotion. E.g. r:'':'; L.;.,i 4i practical, purposeful, useful (of things).+)S_
May I be your sacrifice. ~ rS,,-!tJ~ r:' .:.;lwl4i iJ.-;. v. implement, enforce (law. regulation);
I beg you to do something for me. CI 4i \J~ pefonn, carry out. CI \J~)" t~~.+':"t. )S_ adj.
\J4.uJ under .,}.+~L...;.,L adv. weighing as efficient, competent, able. Syn.• )~. 1~ld
much as, equivalent to the weight of. >~ L ~ .:..-~~.+..;~;l51- v. be usefuV serviceable,
underlJ".;.,:JI.+ ....;.,L adv. by lottery, through have utility. E.g.! ~~ J lS4.t..r: J..t What is it
the drawing of lots.+~} ~/_ v. I. block up useful for? Syn. ..;u~4..S 4-i.+~~;l5- n.
with mud. E.g..:...;S ~ 4.t r.$.:,.,s I blocked the efficincey, competence. Cf "":;-t~~.+;l51-
hole with mud. 2. fig. desert, abandon (a \J~ v. use, make use of, utilize.+.,1.;.;. JlS-
house); not to set foot in again (said in anger). adj. used! employed in accomplishing s.th.;
E.g. r}"';..spJ 4-i I will not set foot in it seconhand (see':";'I~. cf I . ..:,jS).+r15/-
again. > .;,.;} ~ ..... j~ under j~ I. +.ir:-5' ~ ~& See ~& .:..1 JL.; 4.t. +,!_ adj. brooding,
adj. aban~oned, deserted, run-down, sitting on eggs. E.g.,! 4.t ~~ A brooding
derelict'+\JI~ 4J:;sI- v. lend, loan, give (s.th.)
hen.+)~....s- adv. indeed, in effect, actually, in
with the intention of receiving it back. + •
action (esp. as contrasted to in word).
\J.w-.J.,:;I v. borrow, take with the intention of CI ..s)j4.t. +t~,.,..s.. n. math. proof. + .sj)"_ adj.
returning. Cj \J.I.i--. ...j:;s •...j:;s Jj;JJ. + ~4.l...14.t essential, key, material. Cf ..s.:,}. +\J1~ -;.s)" I_v.
= JULl.+)4.j",2 only in ~} ~Ll ..... v. estimate/ rent, let, put up for rent; hire out. +JIJ.l.iJ- adj.
appraise (s.th.) by measuring it against s.th. leased, rented, hired out.+..;}"..s.}I- v. rent (as
else or an established criterion; hold (cloths.
material) against the body to determine size, a tenant); hire (a taxi, worker. etc.)+a;.J.;J- n.
length, etc.+.,,-~4.L adv. as (much! big, etc.) as, tenant, one who makes a lease. +.i~J- I.
to the same degree, of the same size/ quantity/ adj. hired, rented. 2. stool pigeon, agent. +uS-
amount, equivalent to. Syn. ~lt· + \J~ Jt~U 4i perp. past, by, in a course/ direction going
v. be as (much! hig) as, be to the same degree/ close to and then beyond (in comb. with b).
of the same size. E.g.•.v-i~ r~"'-.)4,] 4i As big E.g. ..sJ4.f.~ b.:,,-o ~ 4.J He went past me. Cf.u
as/ the size of this house.+\JI~jP/_Syn.Jjl"'-t ,j-5. +iJ.-.> L5.:.S I-v. cause to fall on the
\Jb. +\J.l.i4- jJu1- Syn. ~ .ujJ "'-t. +..:.....t.L adv. buttocks; stall, delay, cause to lag. E.g.4i 1J"4i
intentionally, on purpose. +~ See~.u. U. L.$..:S Stop delaying it!. +..;.,.s l5..:.S I-v. lit.
+.:..u'S.u.... adj. strapping, of imposing fall on one's buttocks; lag! slacken! stop for
appearance/ stature. Cf I. r~o~.+~~ ~ the time being;fig. be obstinate.+~nS- adv. in
adj. bouncingly. E.g..:..IJ~ j~U j~U ~ He short, briefly, in a few words. +\J1~"::":'.,s I - .:"b
bounces along.+r4.l... adj. which fades! runs =.::...:..,s 4-i under \J1~3q. v. +"J,S- adj. with a deep-
 82

seated emotion; wholeheartedly.+ ..5jJ~adj. (of s.o.) 2. adv. in a cheating manner, by

suitable for boiling, fast-cooking (e.g. certain cheating. + iJ~ 1;.51- v. I. pick a fight with,
varieties ofchickpeas, lentles, etc.). > /. ~2.+ snap at; pounce upon, bark out peevish retorts
~jS _ adv. as a group, in a group; together. at. E.g. iJ~ \S4t~ 4.f They pounced upon each
Syn. e~. under..s..:~t+IJ.j..,s_ which way? other. 2. climb, creep up (e.g. a plant climbing
up a wall, tree, etc.). Cj iJl.rS~ ~.+I~/_
through where? E.g. ~~l.l.,Ij..,s 4.f Which way
~ ..... =iJ~ I~ 4.f.+~_ adv. generally, for the
did you come?+..,~ ~I;..,s.. apr. meaning: to
most part, in general. Ant.,",,~ lJ 4.f. +~..1S'_ adj.
(s.o. 's) chagrin, against (s.o. 's) will and in
spite of his disgruntlement! opposition, etc.+. captious, inclined towrds much complaining!
airing of grievances; critical. iJ»I~..1S' 4.f v. be
iJ~.;S ....,J~I V.t. utilize, employ, put to use.
captious (about· ~); be critical (01- ~).+e.;;S'­
CjiJ~JLS~, iJ~),..;.~.+iJL.4.,jre~/- v.
adv. I. the lot; in bulk. Syn. I~ under..s:..;;.
become utterly useless, be completely
ineffectuaV uncerviceable; be thoroughly 2. foolishly, for no apparent reason. Syn..u
spoiled (of a child). C.f ~..,..s..s:J..s .u.+. ~I~.+ p-S'_ adj. fast, speedy. Syn. I...;...>. 2.
~l..J,.reJ...sI v. be usefuV serviceable. See4.i energetic, vigorous. Cj I. (~. + iJ»I (.~ I_v.
~~ ..s:J..s.+~ adj. in estrus (of a cow). Cj be fast; be energetic.+-.r:~ adv. actively,
I. ~ 4.i ,ju "-I.+..s:J....s.. adj. useful, serviceable; nimbly, briskly, quick and efficientlY'+r»S-
beneficial, advantageous. Syn. P4.f 'J\S4.f. Ant. adj. & adv. violent; passionate; violently,
..s:J~ under-;sl.+~ ..... ..s:J...iI_ v. be usefuV vehemently.+iJL....,S'_ adj. doubtful, dubious,
beneficial/ serviceable. Syn. ~l..J,.re~ ~.+. distrustful. Cj iJL..~ under;./. iJ»IiJL...,S' 4.f
iJ L.:.;...s:J..s I v. use, make use of, utilize. +r~1- v. be dubious/ have doubts (about- ~).+ ~
~Ij v. look down (upon), think little/ have a adj. having excessive sexual desire (0/ a male
person, anima/); verile. + ~ adj. attentive,
low opinion (ol-";)'+~.}r~/- v.
heedful, regardful. Ant. ~ under -;s'/'+4.f-
underestimate; underrate, undervalue. +~..s..
iJb-I ~ v. be attentive/ heedful. + iJ~)';;)' 4.f-
adj. in good spirits, in a good mood,
joyous.+~ _ adj. efficient and hardy (ofa
v. listen, pay attention to, heed (what one is
told), obeY.+iJ4S'- adv. soulfully, with one's
person, anima/). C.f~4.f.+~ adj. arable,
soul. Cj j~ 4-i.+~ adj. quarrelsome and
fit for ploughing! tillage. > iJ~ under j.;S". +.
demanding the unacceptable/ unjustified.<
~ adj. harbouring intense dislike/
~ 4.i~. q. v. + .r-L I. adj. having great
detestation, resentful (oj), having a grudge
fortitude; imperturbable, bearing up well under
(against- ~). + iJ.J.J-I ~ 4-i v. detest, harbour a hardship and misfortune. 2. difficult, complex,
grudge/ dislike (for s.o.), resent.+l=..;..;jlS'/_ entangled, intricate. > 3. r-S. 3. only in.r-S' 4.f
adj. flat on the back, with one's back on the iJl.:.....e.., q.v.+ii->r-SI- v. help (s.o.) acquire/
ground. E.g. .;.,~ ~";jLS' 4-i He felY laid
come into possession (0/ s. th.). +~~ .r-S' I_v.
down flat on his back.+dlS'.. adv. jockingly, as
come into one's possession. See ~~ .:-e~.+.
a jest, not in a serious way.iJ»I dlS 4.f v. be a
iJl:-e..,r-S1 v. be stiffand ache (o/parts of the
joke, be meant to be in jest! joke. +e..,dlS_ adv.
body).+~""'r-SI- v. be confronted! caught in
jockingly.+.;,.;.}..s:...;.}I_ v. take seriously, look
(s.th. bad, unpleasant). Cj iJ.JH e~~
upon as important, attach significance/ weight
under ~.+iJ~~/- v. pressure (s.o.) by
to.+ iJLJ- I. adv. weepingly, tearfully. 2. adj.
word or deed so as to allow him no escape
full of tears. E.g. iJ LJ 4...t..,~ With eyes full of
(cj iJL.:;. ~ Jjj under Jjj 'iJ~.;--S ..,~.....,;-);
tears.+..;:,S- I. adj. characterised by cheating
beleaguer.+~ perp. 1. by (the side) of; next to
 83

(in comb. with b). E.g. ..s~~b~L..~4.t He (0/ a woman). Syn. ~ .),),)...;..-.+~b ,)...;..-/_ v.
passed by us. 2. as for, as far a ... .is concerned give (girl) in marriage. Syn. ~I.)~"'t.+ •
(in comb. with 0.,0). E.g. oy.:......s~ 4.t As for ~ y...5 ~I~ / v. unfriendly and deprecatory
me.+~L.. b~/_ v.I. collapse, stagger and fall. expression, as in ~.,..s ..:..;I.r:-" .... May you not
2. calm down. quiten (s.o.). See 3. ~l.I.,...... .... live t~ enjoy it (lit. May you not live to enjoy
3. come by, come toward and beyond.+)oi.JJ'i. it).+ ~.)~I.;_ adv. unwillingly,
adj. having a good figure (esp. 0/a woman).+. unenthusiastically, haltheartedly. +..sJ 41.; -
0.J4-A~ ..s~/ at least, at the lowest estimate, at adverbial expression: helpless to do otherwise,
the minimum. Cf~~ under~.+JjJ_ having! seeing no other alternative, of
necessity. E.g. ..::.....:.;.~ "'i ..sJ~I.; .... Seeing no
adj. having! walking in long strides (0/
persons).+ ~oj--.J_ adj. tasty, flavourful. other way, 1 left him.+jl.;_adj. coquettish.+_
C.f ..;;....;.. Syn. rl;4...i.+~ ..L adj. & adv. j,W.,jL.; adj. coquettish.+~I.;_ adv.
prancing; prancingly.+ r - combined/orm 0/.... unintentionally, inadvertently, due to lack of
knowledge/ experience. +1J"'.Jr ~ - adj.
r";+ meaning: 1. to him. E.g. r .... o~ Give it to
dignified, honourable.+~Li_ adj. hospitable,
him! this person. 2. in comb. with b: by/
bountiful (0/ s.o.). +~"";I.;_ adv. on a
through this. E.g. 1,)"t~.U"" Through this road.
minimum subsistance level.+.,l.i.... = .,I.;,)~ q. v.
3. in comb. witho.,o: with this. E.g.~ o~ ....
under ,)~.+~~ I.,L.;/_ v.i. look old and
}~ With this! him they become (add up to)
emaciated., age. Cj ~.JJ'/~' ~.;underO;J.;l.+.
four. 4. first element 0/ some compound
expressions. E.g.•~r"-t Thus! In this way.+. ~Lul; adj. famous, well-known, renowned.
...,;~.;~ adv. stealthily, furtively, at slow Sylll..:;....."..~. + ~...,.... ~lul; "-t v. be famous!
well-known.+~.,L..;_ in partnership (with-
motion.+"';~ combined/orm 0/4J~~+"", the
plural of r4t.+ ~oJr- adv. at this rate, in this jJ.u).+lS~ .,Li/_ adj. interlocked, meshed

way, thus.-~oJ'+J~ adj. attentive and together.+ t~- adj. valuable, priceless,
discerning (0/ persons).+~ adv. precious, invaluable. Syn. ).)~. Cj 1. ~I.J.+.
comfortably and without much effort! cost (0/ t.Jj-i adv. in turn, one after another. Cj t.J,j.i
s.th. obtained).+o.,"J..,...... adv. farther in, to this ~. + ~ adv. secretly, stealthily,
side; this way .. E.g. 0.,"::J,.. .... OJO., Come this way surreptitiously. Syn.t~,j,)"'" +~~_ adv.
or Move to this side.+ ~~ 0.,"::J,.. _ v. be farther labouriously, strenuously; torpidly,
in, be over this way. +~ I::-..,~;.. / _ v. be fixed sluggishly.+., _ combined form of .,..;+~ : to
in a gaze, be blank (0/ the eyes).+J.JY- adj. him, to that. E.g. .J"-t rl.) I gave it to him! that
dignified, experssing dignity. Cf j.>..J J~ person. 2. in comb. with I.): by/ through that.
~L.;.+ ...... combined form of ~~+ ..... See r..... +. E.g. b..,;'2jS'.J"-t Through that alley. 3. in comb.
I,)~ adv. according to this, this shows! with 0.,.: with this. E.g. ~.P .... ~t.,o.J4t. With
indicates. E.g.~.,.s JO') rJt b~ .... This indicated him! that they become/ add up to seven. 4. first
element 0/ some compound expressions.
to me that...+~,).r.0yU/_ v. inflict severe pain
E.g. "to";':".Y-i In that way. Cj r4t.+~oJ"-r""
upon, cause great pain! anguish! worry to. +.
= ~oJ q. v. +0., ~.J- 1. prep. except fort aside
~~ oyU/ v. suffer hardship/ anguish! pain. +.
from that. 2. adv. combined/orm %J~~+"":
..;j...... adv. predominantly, overwhelmingly. >
beyond., farther away. E.g. 0.,~~~L:..,..J
2. ~j"""'+~ adv. as an example, by way of
Beyond that mountain; .... on. E.g.o.,~~o.r-J
illustration. Syn. 2 . ...,;;...J..... +,),;...- adj. married
From here on. 3. prep. over (that way). E.g.J.r-
 84

t.J'i~ Move over.+ ;;»1 t.J'i.J4i v. be beyond! strengthen, reinforce.+~;..a- n. formative

farther out.+tJ.J.J- adj. determined, resolute, agent! element, strengthening! basic factor.+_
fInn; spirited, having high morale.+~.J.J­ ~ used in comb. meaning: in no .... , for no
adj. I. not festive, lacking the necessary mirth! (thing) and usually ending with the article~·
conviviality. E.g. ~.J.J4.t';;~~ Dancing a. E.g. ..s::;...tP.- ~ A-i In no way. ~ ~ A-i For
without a singer or lipj);-t.) q. v. 2. lacking all nothing. Not for any thing.+I~_ adj. hopeful,
the trimmings. 3. in a dry/ unfriendly manner. full of! inclined to hope. + ;;»-1 I~ ~ v. be
E.g. t.J,,-!I.) ~IJt.J "'>-:'.JJ A-i He answered dryly. +
hopeful. + ;;.);S I~ ~ v. give (s. 0.) hope, boost
"':';;...J. I. adj. like, the same as. E.g.A-i t.J'i.')i,j ~
(s.o. 's) expectations.+.)l.!._ adj. having sharp/
j.J ..s..:,j...J. J haven't seen anyone like you. 2. as
keen memory. Syn. .r-t4-I.+;;.),....s .)'-!/_ v.
an example, by way of iIIustration/ example.
remember, think of, keep the memory of
Cj ...:,J...Jj./ under j/.+ t~L:;;'u;;...J/_ v. give/ tell
(s.o.).+I"~_ adj. inauspicious, unlucky.+.
as an example, relate by way of illustration. +.
;;L..:.;Sb ~/ v. adopt (a child).+..5A.i.-pron.
;;~ t.Jt).JL../ v. go to the help (oj).+t.Jt).Jl../-
each other, one (to) the other. E.g. uJJ;;L"S'''-!A-i
LJoiL.. v. come to the help (oj), answer (s.o. 's)
They told each other. Cj..s.:;/+;;J.J#; IS,,-!/_ v.
cry for help.+;..-_ prep. J. through! by means
1. clash (said of two people tackling each
(oj), through the agency (of- ..s), with the help other in a fight). 2. intertwine, twine about one
(oj). E.g. t.JtJjj~~A-i Through hard work. another.+ ;;1.) IS~/_ 1. v. clash (e.g. of two
2. because! on account (of- ..s). Syn. 2. ;J-~. + armies). 2. v.t. mix things together. Cj~t;

....ja. adv. collectively, in concert.+t..u-_adj. ;;.).;S.+;I~~adv. all at one time, all at once.+
resolute, firm =tJ.J~ q. v. +..5;..- _ adj. lustful, >-IS~- adj. conflicting, contentious. Cj •.;.~
sensuous; lecherous. +~..,. _ adj. artistic; ;lS'j.).+~L.....SA.i.- adv. equally, evenly; on an
skilled.+t.)J.v-A_ adj. astute, shrewd, sagacious; equal basis.+tyl-i»l .)L.!...5~/_ v. be happily
tactful, diplomatic, suave. Cj j.t~.+ ..5~_ reunited. +~& ..5"-!/_ v. encounter, meet! run
adj. high-strung and easily angered. into each other.+t~A.i.- adv. jointly, together.
Syn. J~.JtlJ";.+ ..:-......._ adj. sensitive, easily Seet~under~2.
affected, susceptible. Cj J~.+~lj ~/_ v.
4.t3 be adverbial suffIX I. ·ly, in a specified
seize an opportunity; fmd (an occasion,
situation) timely! opportune.> ~.+ u.,&... _ manner. E. g. t.JtJ.J.Jj ~ J.J#; .s..t~ J went in
adv. by chance, accidentally, by luck.- ~ quietly. 2. ·wise. E.g. ~...).)A-i Lengthwise.
LJoi.J4S. +;;.)J"i 4.J... / - v. cause to make a mistake/ 4.t4 be I. prefIX to certain adjestives, e.g. ;ISA-i
commit an error; mislead (cj .;,.-o~z.).> q. v. 2. prefix to certain compound verbs,
.J... I.+;;~.J... /_ v. be wrong! mistaken; e.g. ;;.)Ji t";...t-t.
mistake, misinte!pret, make a wrong
4.J~ beblane 1. n. smalV dwarfish person. 2.
judgement.+;;I.JI.) 4.J..... adv. scurriedly, fast.
Seei,jl*-.
Cj I"';;'.+~.t-'-li~- adv. pantingly.+ """~_
adv. seriously, solemnly, earnestJy.- """.... +_ ~I~ bebluwane n. small doll made of wood
~}"""O v. take seriouly, consider as earnest! and cloth.
grave. Cj ~}.+~Ip_ adj. in vain, to no uJ.t4.t beboke 1. n. doll made of plastic! rubber/
avail.+ ~tJ""" adv. just for the sport of it; wood. Cj..5»-1 1 • ...:. ~ ..s»I. 2. affectionate
willfully, without regard to reason. +;..a _ adj. way ofrefering to a baby.
strong, powerful; potent.+;;.),....s ft.A ~_ v.t.
~
1
bebe
-
n. 1. tenn used by small babies to
85

Syn. ~ under~J.+Dy...jI}"/_ v. have one's

refer to other babies. luck take a turn for the better, become lucky,
1 have one's fortune improve.+.;,Ir! .1D.J/- v.
4t4t bebe n. the Baban tribe! clan. See .;,l,.l,..
have one's luck change (jor better or worse).+
j(j"-i betal I. adj. empty, lacking content; idle, L n. male sheep/ he-goat over two years of
unemployed (see ../ _':: under ~\ vacant, age.+.;,I;l.".... also .;,b.1D~ n. 3rd month of the
unoccupied (see 1. ~). 2. useless, paltry, Kurdish calendar May/ lune'+.1o.JL.adj. lucky,
rubbishy. See..sj~ under~J.+ ';'.J.rij(j4t v. fortunate. +IoS.1D.J.... n. fortune, luck. + .1 4- adj.
bel become empty; become vacant; be happy, blessed, felicitous (syn. 1. .;,I.J"'-" IS
through, get fmished (see D""';»I~)'+ ';'l}"j(j4t
under rLS2); fortunate, lucky (syn . • ~.;.;.
v.t. empty the content (0./).+IS!'- n. empty part!
..JD~).+ ';'»I.1~ v.i. be happy; be lucky.+
portion. +D ~l}" /... v. invalidate, nullify. +loS- n.
4"jI.11.!- adv. happily; auspiciousIY'+IoS.J4- n.
emptiness, void; idleness. idiom:..)(j"-i ~ r:- happiness, bliss, felicity (syn. ~I.1u\S); good
D..,:..!.l,. Nothing is worth than being idle (lit.
luck! fortune (syn. ~.;.;.).
better to fight than remain idle).
~ be:q I. n. donation, largess. 2. pres. stem
betalyon (E) n., mil. battalion.
of the verb ~andD.J~q.v.+~l!._
Syn.D.JDd· .1»I(j. Cf ...;J .~.
n. forgiveness, mercy.+.1~l!.- adj.
,-",(j4t betanl n. blanket. Cf ..,.,;~. merciful (of God).+ .J1.1- adj. donated, given,
~"'j.;4t belJane n. holiday, day/ time off, granted, awarded.+fo adj. munificent (esp. of
vacation. Cf ~. God).+D,J,j_ adj. 1. openhanded, generous. 2.
forgiving, inclined to forgive. +~D..I.i.... n.
Ci~ ber n. 1. young, child; chick Cf l.~. 2.
openhandedness, generosity; magnanimity.+ ....
swarm of bees. -..s...;...... +....s_ n. 1. young,
n. grant! gift for a particular purpose. +~ n.
immature offspring (esp. of lower animals)
tip, gratuity; bribe.+~] v.I. give,
(cf 1. ~); used as part of compound
donate; give (s.th.) free! without charge. 2.
nouns. e.g...$..... ~.+jl.J4t.s.. n. shoat, young
forgive, pardon. Syn. ';'l.J»-I~.+D~- v. give
hog. Cf 2. ~~.+..$..... .$_ n. puppy (see..S:.;..,.,;);
away (esp. by distributing). Syn.D~.
fig. son of a bitch. +~_ n. lion cub. +.... n.
baby, child (cf I. jl:.o); boy, beardless youth ~ bexlw restr. (act oj) raising, upbriging,
(cf )SDj~ under Dj~).+jL..,..... n. pederast. rearing, nurturing. + ';'l}" ~ v. raise, upbring,
Syn. jLt~"""+loSjL...,.- n. pederasty.+D.u-;..... n. rear; nurture. C.f ';'l~ U.1D.J.;4-I..+.J"--S"- n.
complusive eating, neurotic urge for food. sustainer, nurturer.

I.r-.D.;-4t Bel!reyn n. Bahrain. l4t bed I. adj. bad, evil, ill, foul. Syn. 1. ,;-,1..,>. 2.
first parI of certain compound adjectives
~ bext n. luck, fortune (syn. 2. ..;..:.,..); lot, meaning: ilI-, un, mis-, foul-, e.g. '::"':'.Jr-' l"-i
fate, destiny. Syn. 2. .;,1~.Jli under q. v. 3. evil, ill. ';'l}" l4t v. do evil, commit a foul
.J L.2 .V".v-iD;l'~"+';'»I (.,.) ~ v. have luck, be deed.<.1lSl-....,..+I.r-.L.;- adj. infidel.+~_ adj.
lucky.+ ';'l~~ v. sacrifice.<';'l}"~';';'; unfortunate, ~apless, unlucky .. (of s.o.).
spend, expend; fade (colour). See I. D""';~ Syn. J-Dl.14- .j;.1S. C.f D)~ .U4...lk underz.,.
underr:..2. +)~ See;l;;;'~.+J-Dr adj. 3. ';'.J,J-I.:..H...tl4t v. be unfortunate, have bad
unfortunate, unlucky, black, hapless. luck.+~_ n. bad luck, misfortune,
 86

reverse.+ft..I_ adj. evil-tongued, who speaks ill Cj .;:.....:.J.ll~.+\.Sl~ n. maleficence.+~ n.

of others. Syn. ;S~~.+~k- n. (act oj) speaking evil, iII; misdeed. Syn.l. ~I~.

eviV maligning! defaming.+~ adj.

4.Jo;)4i bed,eqe n. guide, escort. Cj ;4...tll
pessimistic, gloomy (ofs.o.). Syn. ~'l'+~­
underl/+ iJl.J Uo;)~ v. guide, escort.
n. pessimism, inclination to emphasize
negative aspects! points of view, etc.+~ ...... o)~ W,eme n. species of small honey-bee
ad}. characterised by perverted taste/ desire. +. which produces ~ .... ...:. q. v.
~.,; adj. baseborn, lowly, ill-bred. Syn.
;4...t1 be, n. I. fruit, product, yield (ofplants .
.J<t-Idli. +'; 4- adj. disagreeable, insufferable;
etc.). Cj ('''';4i unOer;4il. 2. offspring, child in
boorish. Syn. V"~ under..s;--;;I.+:,I.,.>-
the womb.-.;4...t1 under ;4...t1.+~I- n. vision,
adj. ill-wisher, malevolent; grudging, envious;
imagination, enterprise. + "':;".jL n. female
hostile. +\.S}~ n. illwill, malice; grudge,
animal that has had a miscarriage.+ );_ n.
envy. +II~ = )"'~4...t q. v. +),..i-- adj. difficult,
daily food supply set aside from a main stock!
cross-grained; ill-mannered, nasty.+ ~»tJ;~~
store.+;b..u>_ adj. rewarded, prosperous (lit.
v. bel become iII- mannered.+ ~~."s '»>~4...t v.
living long enough to enjoy and be supported
spoil (a child}.+ JJ:I... adj. foul-spoken, by one's grandchildren).+~.t.H;I)~J4-i v. be
vituperative·+.J<t-Ir = .J<I-'lli q. v. +;IJJld- adj. rewarded, have a long and prosperous life
ill-behaved. <;l.iJil under J'd' +..:.....:.J.r adj. of (used esp. as an expr. ofgratitude or aclcnow
bad character, ill-natured.+~L....j_ adj. evil- ledgement).+ ;1:1... adj. I. fruit-bearing (of trees.

tongued. Syn. fli~4.t. +.::....:.J.r' _ adj. ill·natured, plants). 2. consenting, approving.+lj_ n. first
child.+~I~~/_ v. miscarry, have a
cross, surly.+jL......A.. adj. ugly, insufferable.
Syn.V'~li.+;LS- adj. evil, criminal, of wicked miscarriage (of a person or animal). Cj;l".u
conduct (of s.o.)+\.S;LS"_ n. wicked! foul ~.J.J-I:' +~);I,;. ~ / - v. profit from, exploit. +-
conduct; misdemeanor, offence less than a ('.t.HJ I. n. yield, product, gain. Cj I.~I. 2.
felony.+;1~.,,$- adj. of wicked conduct.+:,S.. adj. 2. by-product.+.s:.......:..;.J_ n. Kurdistani
('.t.J-i
1
evil-tongued. Syn. fli~4.t.+IJ"'.:,S- n. derogation, cradle with its bedding. Cj ~. &..:.'J. +1-
disparagement. +~~.,s'- adj. having a low/ n. descendant, stock, progeny. Cj.~.;,.+l.Sjl­
discreditable opinion of others; suspicious, n. that which grows on Christ's thorn.+~_ n.
prone to feel supicion.+'--!-i.,s'_ adj. askew, I. yield, product, harvest (cj.u~); proceeds,
awry, amiss. +~ ~ adj. of bad character return; econ. production: .;,~~...~ foreign
(s. 0.). +J l..A.L adj. obstinate, stubborn. +~ (imported} product * JI..~~...J4i homemade
adj. in a state of ill-tempered inebriation; products, domestic good.< ('~)~ .....:;l.. 2.
fighting-drunk, drunk and unruly. +...,:-.......- n.
achievement, accomplishment, result.
state of ill-tempered drunkenness. + J li _ adj. of C.f (' ~..;. +;1 J..o4.A _ adj. productive, creative,
ill-repute, disreputable, infamous. + ~~ J li~4...t prolific.+\.S;lJ..o4.A_ n. productivity, productive
v. bel become disreputable. + ~~."s Jl;~4...t v. capacity.+~~_ adj. producer, one that
besmear, damage s.o.'s name/ reputation.+_ produces.+~L;A('4.A_ v. pr<>?uce, create, tum
\.SJLi n. disrepute, iII-repute.+~_ adj. out. Cj ('...~..:.;l.. ('~;4i';'~.
unlucky. See ~~~. +..5...J.... adj. ungrateful. +.
;4...t1 ber n. side/ place with respect to a center.
~I~ adj. baseborn, ofcommonllow origin.+.
E.g. .:.-ll\.S'J \.S;4-i Right side. Cj I. 'J .• ~~
I
;~ adj. ill-natured. Syn. ';":"J.r' ~~.+~~ adj.
-;~...;.
wicked-hearted, malefic, malevolent.
 87

~~3 ber n I. width (as compared to the length place. Cj ':'..iLt.+ ..s:..;Lt- n. supper ofa fasting
of fabrics. planks. etc.) (cj ..,;\/); any of the person during Ramadan.+ oyt..,i.).?..s:..;Lt.J4-1 v.
two folds ofa doubled piece of fabric (esp. on break one's fast by partaking of the sunset
a roll). 3. lining (of garments, etc.). Synr--l:. meal during Ramadan. +~J...s ;;.,.S loS ~ / - v. get
Cj ~~.+u:!L;,....n width, breadth. See ..,;\{ wind of, hear rumours (about s.th.).+ 1oS)~- n.
I. distinction, special honour/ recognition. 2.
~4 ber n. I. front, forward part! surface: ;:"IS- special right, privilege; concession,
sole of the foot * ":-0.) IS- palm of the hand. 2. franchise.+ ..s~_ n. matron! bridesmaid who
position! time ahead: .;, ~~ IS- dawn. Cj I. ~ accompanies the bride to the bridegroom's
3. pubic area. C! rJJ-!' Syn. ~...;~. - ~~~.w. 4. house on the wedding day. Syn. ~
part of certain compoundforms, e.g.• ..s»'~ under:,,/+oyt..,i»d_ v. fall off (from-aJ). +_
.;,I.)~ '.)~JI~ q.v. 4. release, discharge.+~ ~j.J",l n. place in the sun sheltered from the
,:,~
v. I. be released (as ofa prisoner); be set wind: sunny comer. Cj .;,1..i0J~ under ~I.+_
free (as from a cage). 2. be unclogged (of a o~ SeejL.)~. +;:;ISD~_ n. discord,
pipe, drain, passage. etc.). 3. emerge/ come contention, opposItIon. C! ~D~~JJ.)
out from an eclipse (of the sun. moon).+~L I.
underJJ') I. + .;,.);S;:; ISo~"..J",I v. contend, conflict,
n. math. equation: J\.;.J.;S4! IS- identical/
be in discord! contention (wilh- j...s..J).+ _
homogenous equations * oI-ilS4! IS- simple
'jjo~4.i ad). open; permitting ingress! egress/
equation. 2. See ~I~~.+ ~L adj. facing,
passage/ a good view.+,:,Y-t_ n. pendant
opposite; parallel (with); equaV similar
(jewellery).+~_ n. barricade, barrier,
(to).+.;,..u-t ~I~ v.i. be opposite (oj); be
obstacle; dam. + iJJ.} ..:-..~ v. barricade, stop;
equal (to); be in balance.+~~'_n. contest
dam. 2. set, make permanent (of colour. dye);
between two players, singles. ~~,~~-~
thwart, block.+~_ n. defense. C!
under J-.iI.+IoS~I_ n. I. opposition, act of
1oS;-,L.;>.+~- n. small dikes built to distribute
setting up an opposition. 2. balance,
water on uneven rice paddies.+J.;.t_ = ~~~~
equilibrium.+ .;,.).,...s 1oS~1.J",I v stand face-to-
q.v.+~_ n. anat. larynx. C! ...sl.,.,:;.,.,:;.+~_
face (to), oppose.+ ~~I_ n. opposition, (act!
only in ';'»1 ~ v. break out, start; be waged.
condition~ of opposing or of being n conflict.
Cj ..r-J~~. + ~,- n. large workin~ apron! Cj .;,L...,..,$j~.+ .;,.).,s"
L,.)4.t V.t. wage; start;
overall for women. Cj ';'jS.J4-I.4~.J",I.+.
engage in! carry on! set off (a revolt. unrest,
* Ii.l-il n illusion, chimera, image. +JL
campaign, etc.).+ ..,..,r.-
n. comment, remark,
observation.+ir-".r.- adj. open, responsive,
combined form of Jl:+ ~~: n. land on! adjacent
amenable.+)-:-__.r._ n. and adj. person
to water; irrigable land. Cj r-!.).+ .)~JI- n.
responsible (for)/ answerable (to) accountable
comparison, collation, contrast.+ .;,.).? .)~JI.J",I v.
(for)/ in charge (of s.th.); responsible.+.J"--I
compare, collate, contrast (with-j..,S..J).+ •
.;,~~le-.r. v. be responsible (for)/ answerable
--.;I~IS.)~JI ad). comparative, by way of
(to).+ 1oS~~.r.- n. responsibility,
comparison.+ JJ~JL adj. wrong side out.
accountability. Syn . ..iLtJjl: .jL";;.+u.~~- n. I.
Syn. JJ~JL:.+~- n. dried-up empty seeds
refutation, disproof. Cj I. ~JI-. 2. fence,
carried away with chaff when the grain is
railing. See Uo'~. + 0~I.) u.~ - v. refute,
winnowed.+ .)~_ ad). I. worn out (through
disprove, overthrow by argument! evidence.+_
use). 2. incorrigible (of persons). +)~_ n. pack
.s!~ n. reaction, response. +.;,.).,s" .s!.......)~ v.
animal that has not been broken in.+.;,..i~- n.
react.+;:.r.- n. space in front of a person, place/
bangle worn on the wrist to keep the others in
 88

position at one's foot. Cj:.r.IoS~. + ~ _ n. under the fat tail of ce~in sheep.-..$JJ~'+.
holding nut (screw). Cj jJi.,JI.+~ n. whorl ..5JI~
n. front of one's house.+lS';lJ- n. front of
of a spindle.- ~'+J~- n. I. view, scene, one's house/ main gate.+I.ilS';lJ- n. ceremonial
prospect.- .;,;yt.S J~ ~...,. 2. part ofcertain money which the bridegroom pays in order to
compouruj adjs., e.g. ~ J~~. 3. sight, enter his bride's home.+.:-o~_ n. 1. attendant
range of vision. 4. adj. observable, apparent. (esp. one who works under another as a
helper). 2. material sewn to the inside of
C.! ;~J .1;;":"1.:. +,jJ.t-ts"'..Jl.; J4- v. fig. have
sleeves as a cuff Iining.+.,,;....,J- = 2. '::-IJ.;4I
one's range of vision! sight blocked! blurred.+
~"';J~- adj. miserly, grasping, stingy. Cj q. v. +~J _ n. (state oj) attending! working as
1. ..5J.J? '..,...,JIJ~' Ant.;;; J~ ;4{. +~J~- n.
a helper.+.JJ,? ,j-JJ.;4I v. work as a helper/
attendant.+~u_ n. front, fore part, space
miserliness. idiom:·- :·:'tJ.sI"-1~~ J~fi
Miserliness breeds degradation.+;;;J~- adj. immediately in front (of S.o., s.th.); presence
(of a person, used in comb. with 4J ·in). E.g.4J
generous, giving, freehanded. +loS;;;J4 _ n.
b.:;..; ~'~;4-t In your presence or In front of
generosity.+';';J...s' J~/- v. happen to see, come
you.+~IJIJ_ adj. (state oj) lasting!
across. Cj.;;~ J~ fi 4J . .;,;~ J~ 4J.+.sJ~­
enduring. + .J»--I ~1.JIJ;4-I v. endure, last,
n. golden chain! string of beads worn by
women around the forehead. Cf ~J"o(J'-.+­ continue, carry on. E.g. 1J4S'I;lS;4000 4J ~I.JI~~
~~ n. breakfast, the fIrSt (morning) meal of He carries on with his work.+~IJIJ- n.
endurance, continuation; phys. inertia.+~/_
the day.+ ,jJ..$.s~ fi v. have breakfast.+~_
n. opponent, rival.+ ~_ n. I. prop for ~1 ~ v. help obtain! possess. Syn. ~ .,.$ 4i

q. v. 2. stafT, long stick. Cf '9..:;;.+.:..-;.- n. unden•./.+.;,;y...5 ':"1/_ v. encounter, come

offer, proposal (c.f A' .:;); bid.+ ~ v.I. upon, cross the path (oj); be accesible/
available. +u--J - adj. old enough to be broken
miscarry (of animals). C.f ,:,~;Lt...,. 2. put
in and saddled (of a riding horse).+":'I~_
forth, state, voice, express; offer, propose.+.
Syn. ~I~ under ~I~.+j....;-_ n. fringe of a
':'J},.>/ v. utilize, exploit, make profitable use
moustache that grows over the lip. +J.;-)4i
of, reap the reward (ofone's efforts).+,:,b~/_
.JJ,? v. trim off the fringe of a moustache. + _
v. drive by walking behind (a person, animal)
and urging on.+IoS;.;...>- adj. ostensible, ~ n. breast collar (of a horse). Syn...I.i4{"':':-.
apparent, outward, superficial. See IoSj......,;.+. +~_ n. answer, reply, response. Syn. ~1;lJ'+­
,:,IJ/ v.I. release, set free; let go/ loose. 2. ,,:;,.....:. See~~ q.v.+,:,L..:J.L n. breakfast.
unclog, unstop. 3. in combination with 1 Syn. .s ~~. +.;,;yt.S ~AJ / - v. get caught on a
meaning: put to cover (male onfemale); set! splinter/ spike/ nail. Syn.,:,b;"J ~4J. +;lS_ n.
incite to attack (of a dog) (syn. ,:,IJ.;4I ;';;). 4. construction! building material prepared in
give/ bear fruit.+I~IJ/_ v.
let falV drop; throw advance for work. C.f _,.;4S'.+;S- n. pommel
(s.th., S.o. off of a height); open, tum on, let of a saddle. Syn. j~.u q. v. +.:...,5- n. grain
flow (liquids); let out (air)'+Uo-!b_ n. taken from the theshing floor for immediate
demonstration, show, display. C.f. ~~ use. Syn. y~.+ ':'J;S .:.."s;4{ v. take grain for
,:,I..I.i~";'>. +...;lS;J- n. meal bought for friends immediate use.+';;.S- n. apron! towel used to
by one who is wearing new clothes.+~jJ/_ protect the lap. C.f ~IJ;~'+;:J".S- n. small
v. have (s.th.) as a snack! small meal.+jJ/_ portion taken as a snack (from food not yet
served).+ ,:,~,? j,S')4i v. take a little snack (from
.;,;y..5 v. like, desire, be attracted to (s.th.)
food not yet served).+j..S_ n. heifer, young
C.f .JJ.;-S;"J j--.+..$JJJ- n. area of fine skin
 89

cow. C.f ....sl;~ •..s..;J~'+~y..S- n. 1. med. n. programme, brief outline of the order
,,-,!,-"l;
case; incident (cf JI~JJd)' 2. math. quotient.+. to be pursued or the subject included (as in
~ y..S I v. I. advance, move a head, lead off. programme 0/ public entertainment). +Jl;- n.
Cf ~~~. 2. get hit (by), be struck (with), title, appellation of identity/ honour, etc. Cf
JL.; ;4-.+ ~..,;- n. one who leads prayer, imam.
become a target (oj). E.g. ~J.s J'ot.,s.JJ.,s:.,.. He
Syn. ~...,. ':';.+ ~..,;_=~...,.
1
':'; q.v.+)J- also.
was hit by three bullets. Cf ~JY- I~. 3. have/
I)I J n. 1. country house/ mansion.+.s;.;I J _ n.
obtain as one's share; be entitled (to). E.g.~
(child's) bib; apron (see";';S~). +":-:"'..J- I .
.;..;...,..s..; ~ What (how much) am I entitled to?
adj. wrong side out (o/clothing). Syn. JJ"JL:.
Syn. ~Ir;:r. under;J'/ 4. have a tum, get a
2. n. both sides, back and front. +~~.J ~ J)4t
chance. Cf I~.+.v'~ n. victim (cf
v. tum, reverse (e.g. a shirt collar).+~ JJ'ot
JL..~); medical patient (cf ~2).+~l.!;S­
~.tJ-I v·fig· only in the negative. E.g.~..5DJ
n. exploitation. +~ lL n. labourer who leads an
4.t~~~ J.;4t ,,-!IJ He has no principles (Iii.
untrained plough ox.+~lS_ n. kind ofsmall
like a Ientile he has neither front nor back).+_
bird. +.,$- I. n. defender 2. adj. resisant,
IJ~J adj. one after another, consecutive, in
defending, defensive. +.;,.iJ I-v. I. obstruct,
sequence.+ jj.....#.IJ~J- V.I. reverse the order (as
hinder, impede; prevent the flow/ passage (oj)
Cf I. ~~,;S~~2. bear fruit (o/atree).+_ first 10 last).+ ~J..sIJ~J- V.i. have the order
~.;Sn. inadequate/ second rate replacement or disrupted (said ofpeople changing position in
a line of/ormation).+ ..5j_n. lapel (ofacoat,
substitute. +w$- n. defense, capability/ means
etc.). Cf~.+ ~1~J'ot..5j- v.fig. leave alone,
and method of resisting an attack: ~ L..p ... ~
get off(s.o. 's) back (lit. let go ofs.o.'s lapel).+
civil defense * '""~ ~ national defense. ~J ..5j_ v. pick a fight with, press, push,
Cf ~..)L..."p.+..:-..-:s - adj. preeminent,
harrass. +JJ _ adj. previous, former (syn. ~);
outstanding, supreme. Cf .v'1..)u under )u l .+.
preliminary.+ l:...-IJ- n. apprentice, Syn.
..;-:.s n. preeminence, superiority.+~.,.s~/_ 2. ~JL:.. q. v. + I} 1. n. corps, group of persons
v.I. be heard by others accidentally (o/s.th.),
associated together: 1.S.)L...;.oa.S.,sa.. diplomatic
be caught wind of (o/s.th. said. rum our, etc.).
2. strike/ come in contact with the ear (o/s.th. corps. 2. n. front, movement linking divergent
thrown, etc.).+~ .r-SI- v. attain, bring into elements; line of battle, front. 3. n. breast-
band. 4. < 1;4-1 1;4-1. 5. only in D)4t ~~ and
one's possession. Cf 2. ~~.JI~I..f..+~.,.s..r:?I­
D.;'-i.,s....:..;S q.v. 6. first element of some
v. come into one's possession, be attained.
Syn.~.,..s ":-1~.+jL.._1 n. prayer rug (usually a compound nouns e.g. ~~IJ'ot (under.;4t4). +.
rectangular sheet wove!' from wool). I a.. adv. little by little, gradually, by degrees.
idiom:.;..;...r-SIHJIJL;~~L..;4-I He is most Syn. Ijj.' Djj.'. Cf U.)JJ D~)JJ'+ ~~4tI- n. dawn,
pious and God-fearing (lit. his prayer rug daybreak, early morning.+~I.. n. wooden
floats on water).+jL....? n. lengths of tent cloth counterweight of a hand spindle. - ~.+_
to reinforce the sides of a tent.+IJL.._ n. ~~D n. 1. area ploughed by one plough in
le~overs. Syn.IJ L-:.l.t.+4.T-L...... n. excess.+_ one season. 2. annual yield of a piece of
~I..v,.-.,... n. anat. groin.+)..".._ n. necklace land.+~L.;j~_ n. the few days preceeding the

worn by women as a shoulder sash.+... IS;......... Muslim feast of Ramadan and Qurban.+pl_
n. suckling baby. Syn. »> I~ under .r-!I.+. n. place where animal loads are unloaded. + _
J~ adj. prehistoric.+.... l;_ n. programme, IJ~I I. adj. turned about, backward. 2. adv.
detailed outline, plan of action. Cf ~~.+_ from behind.+~L.; IJ~D- v. pursue, follow. Syn.
 90

~y..S ~.,.;..+ ':"OJO - n. pitfall, trap (also jig.). house prior to the wedding.+4J/_prep. before,
C.j. 1. .,1.).+ AoiLa.io _ n. buckle. Syn. Aoi.,.,.i.,L; q. v. prior to, in advance of. Syn. 2.~.
+.:"Ijo_ n. occasional labour pains experienced
J4.1' ber suffIX with nouns ofagent. E.g. ~o~
by a pregnant woman a few days prior to
Toiler.
delivery.+ ..50_ I. n. doctor's smock! white
jacket. 2. lapel. Syn. ..5J~ (under ~4).+'jJ0_ .:u.J1.J4t berll'et (A) n. acquittal.+ .:".)j ':"";1.)'4 V.
adj. I. free, at liberty; unrestrained, be acquitted, be pronounced not guilty; used
immoderate; uncontrolled. E.g. 'jJo~~.)ljl_; with ~ meaning: acquit, discharge from an
unrestricted freedom. 2. having an open accusation.
course/ path'+':"JJ-I 'jJo~ v. be freed, be at .:..I~ berat n. 1. yearly allowance (esp. in k.ind)
liberty; be immeoderate.+ .:".)....s~o- v. set free, given to a subordinate. 2. voucher, check;
release, let loose; leave unrestrained; unclog, permit. 3. pellet of clay from the Shrine of
open up.+ i...,..s.9Jo- adj. released; left Sheikh . Adi carried by Yazidis. 4. occasion of
unrestrained.+ ~'jJ 0- n. lack of controV the 15th of Sha<;ban- .:,,~~ when children go
singing carols in the neigh bour hood.<..s~
restraint. + ';""0 _ adj. tied up to be weaned (of
calves, lambs. k.ids, etc.).+ ~o_n. butter .:..1.)'4.
obtained from one churning of milk in the ..s.)I.J"'-t bollr; n. subsidy.
.s...:.-
q. v. Syn. .:,,_oj (under rtj). + ""';"t _ n.
beewax. C.j. I . .,..;...+ J~'- n. restr. (act of) .i1J4.1 bera, n. I. zool. pig, swine, hog. Syn.
suddenly encountering.+':"JJ-I J~o~ v. meet! ..$~. C.j. ~"-I' 2. strong, indefatigable
encounter face-to-face. + ..s; ~t _ n. challenge, person.+.»->_ 1. adj. and n. pig-eater. 2. name

encounter, confrontation.+ J'- See .,0J~ (as of a tribe in Iranian Kurdistan.+O- n. cannine

separate entry).+jl.,t_ I. adj. back to front. 2. tooth.

adv. vice versa, conversely. 3. distorted, J...,jl.)"t Berar)/ n. Brazil.+i.S- n. & adj. Brazilian.
misrepresented, perverted.+ .:".)~ ojlJtJ4..t V.t.
_IJ"ot berame n. aroma, fragrance. < uIJ.....,;j.t
distort, pervert, misrepresent. C.j. tfol.r-s~.+
(underj.t2).+).)_ adj. aromatic.
~~ _ n. long apron with the lower ends
doubled up, used by women to carry things or .:"I~ beran n. I. ram, four-year-old male sheep:
to protect clothing while working. C.j. .s:.;1.,.)'4 0.r.!u "';1.)'4 ram five or more years old. 2. Aries
4 -
(under.;4-l) .j;....:.lt.+.:-...J.... - n. obstacle, (zodiac).+.:"I.)J4..t- n. season for the mating of
obstruction, hindrance.+;lS:.:;..J~_ opposition, sheep; early November.+.w._ adj. ram-faced.+
an organized gr?Up/ act! attitude in ~o_ n. male wild sheep/ mouflon.
opposition.+u - 'u_ n. resistance,
opposition.+ .:".)~ u=--J.... J4..t v. resist, oppose, ..5Aoilfo. beranek n. thumb. Syn. o;.,.! ~~.
fight against.+.:,,~_ n. current, course (of wind. "';Irt beran, adj. outsider. C.j. Aoi~.
water); current (electricity) course, trend (of
events).+v-t.- adj. I. wide, broad. Syn. 1. .:,,4. 2. U'!IJ~ beray, 1. n. propensity, inclination,
past, former, previous. See ~. appetency. 2. adj. beginning, first; fore, front
(part).+.:"b/_ See ~1..U'!IJ"t q. v. +~I../_ v. have
~5 ber adj. restr. prior, earlier in time or order appetency/ inclination, be conscientiously able
(used in comb. with ....J). <...J ;~. +..,; _ adj. (10). E.g. ~.:..~l;U'!I~r"~ I cannot bear to
earlier, prior (to-Io..l). Syn. 2. ~. + Aoi~ _ n. look at him ..s"(j-t \"""'!"I':""-! l; U'!1.)4t ~.) It would
persent sent by the bridegroom to the brid' s
 91
'.J~

hurt me to go and see him (in that condition). ~.J~ berd n. I. stone, rock (c.f ..5..:..A:~~.J"'I
or I cannot conscientiously go to see him. ~...;..; flat stone laid as the roof of a grave~~~
'.JJY..J4...t berbQre I. adj. presumptive, * ~~ marble stone. 2. jirst part ofcertain
presupposed, a priori, sight unseen (normally compound nouns. E.g. ;.,..s) '~;4-I q. v.
used in comb. with ..J). E.g. '~~.J~ '.J»,~..J. idiom: ot.-il~... ~~... ~~J~J.i~~~
Don't make an a priori decision. 2. n. Asserting too big a claim is a sign of losing it
preliminary, prelude, start. (lit. picking up too big a stone is the indication
.;4i.;4i berber n. barber. See I. ~l;.;4-. that the target will be missed).~ 4.S ~~~
.~Jl,; ~ ~ 1;4 Once discredited one is
~.;4i berbesil n. dish of fried meat and
never fully exonerated (lit. once a rock is
yogurt. dislodged, it never goes back into place ).~~~
~.;4-I bertil n. bribe, hush money; bribery.+. zr-.' .,,;.J"-..s~No matter how
iJ~.;I~/ v. take/ accept bribe or hush money.+_ insignificant, an enemy can still hurt (lit. even
~ I. adj. susceptible/ submitting to bribery. a small rock can inflict a head injury).+~I_ n.
2. n. person who accepts a bribe.+~J.J'J/­ millstone; large rock.+~I_ adj. stony, rocky.+_
See iJ~.;I~ ~.J"'I. ~-,I n. stone's throw (distance). +~l.:;_ n.
stonemason.+~~ n. stone masonry .
..s.;,~.;4i berceweng also .Jj'~.;4i adj.
Syn. ~dL;"';.+~\j/- v. dress stone·+4.iiJ b /_
calculated, reckoned by the exercise of
~ v. jig. be far worse than (noramlly
practical judgement.+ iJ~~ ..s.;.~~ v.
preceded by .;I~), be a thousand times more
calculate, forecast the consequences, think
over. C.! I . •..,..:b..s:.;J. resourceful (in deceit, trickery, elc.)+~-!_ n.
metalling of roads with stone. + iJ~.J ~-! ~~ v.
berceste adj. embodied, personified,
metal (a road! yard) with stones. +~_ n. one
manifested.+ iJ»-I~~ v.i. be embodied!
who carries! transports building stones for a
manifested (in-~).+ iJ~.J ~~ v.t. embody, wage. +tJJ - n. stone serving as the whorl of a
manifest, incarnate.+ -"-J"S _ adj. incarnate, spinning wheel.+~._ n. flint (for striking
personi tied. + n. embodiment; fire with steel).+.J.;-~""_ n. stone set in a
incamation.- ~. ring.+.JltL adj. discerning, perceptive, acute (of
~.;4i ber~;ne
n. pannier made of willow s.o.).+iJl.;l.~.- n. stoning.+~.;-SiJl.JLt.~~ v.
branches or reed used for carryin~ perishable stone, hurl stones at; pelt to death with
fruit and vegetables. C.f ~.vJ .~.,--l; stones. +~.J Lt. - n. discernment, perception,
(under \jl). acumen, penetration. +.i Lt. _ n. stepping-stone
(as used in crossing a stream);jig. means of
~.;4i ber~fn n. land sown and turned over once. progress or advancement.+~lto_ n. talV
C.f .;p. upright stone.+Jr-""I"- n. granite.+~._ n.
~ berx n. lamb before the first shearing. pummice stone (often used by women to scurb
the bottom oftheir feet when bathing).+J'--
C.f ~ idiom: A:......r..)~j..t.;.,.;J-~ A nation's
n. whetstone. Syn. iJ~ q. v. +;.;,..:.. _ n. I. flat
sons are destined to be sacriticed.+....Jj_ n.
stone in a stream, edge of a pool on which
baby lamb (less than three months old). + JL n.
clothes are washed. 2. (act oj) rinsing.+.~~
flock of lambs.+iJl~L n. shephred ofa flock
iJ~.;S;';"':' v. rinse; pan (rice, lentles, etc.) to
of lambs. C.f iJ1..".:..
wash away stones and impurities.+"'I'.il.._n.
 92

heavy rock lusty bachelors lift to demonstrate See .jJ4.t./'9.J.J.+~'" adj. having the habit of
their strength.+~;6_ n. (act oj) throwing getting into arguments and interrupting others,
rocks (at one another).+ <J:'.J~; 6:'~ v. throw being a "buttinsky"+<Jl;......•.J~... v. stand up
rocks at one another.+~L.J... n. sling. to, reply sharply (someone in a corrversation,
Syn. ~l:i~.Jl. Cj..5..;:-- ~):. (under ).)1).+_ argument, etc.).+~o_ used only in the
j ......h n. limestone.+li....s'6_ n. gypsum (in rock expr.<Jl-~ (~) ~oj..l"-!jump up, stand up
form). C.! liJ. + <J'9. _ n. roky land, stony (often to greet s.o.).+• .r.... n. zool. cicada.+ 15...
ground.+~'9... adj. & n. stony, roky; stony n. highest point: <Jl.ilt~.j~ one who can get
ground.+.;,;... ... n. clay tablet from Karbala or away clean! get out of a situation unscathed.
E.g. ~ J0.) <Jl;lt ~oj..l"-! i.5•.J He got out clean.+.
Najaf on which Shic;a muslims place their
foreheads in ritual prayer. +~..,t,..;. _ n. rock ...:..:,So n., math.angleofelevation.+~._n.

inscription.+jj"';._ n. slab of stone (esp. in a aromatic herb used to scent bedding. + t'9.J.J. -
mosque's courtyard) used as a place of ritual n. horse, mule (in general and as contrasted to
prayer. +.:r..- adj. stony; made of stone. animals of lower stature). +<J.J.rI O.J"'= j~
o.J....»t q. v. +\.S- n. I. height, altitude; elevation,
i.5.J.:.;4-t berdewk n. boon companion, favourite rise. 2. progress, upward development. Cf
(e.g. ofa prince). ~\.:4. +.):.! n. altimeter.
~.).J4.t berdil n. three-year-old sheep. Cj tJ4t.
.j.;4-t'Z bene adj. lost. See <J.J.J •.J.ii.+ <J:'.J .j.J4.t v.
j;4-t ben adj. I. high, lofty, towering. Syn. 4. lose. See <J:'.J .J.ii.
Cf 2. '9 Lt. 2. loud (of a voice, sound). 3.
berjenek n. part of the loom
exalted, sublime (cf 4 4! 4); esquire (title of resembling a drop wire.
respect) (see:;~ under ... b. <JJ.J-i jJJ...i v. be
J..i •.J.1JJ...i berjewend adj. beneficial, of interest,
high! lofty; be loud; be eminent! sublime. +t L
advantageous. + <J»t J..i.J.~ v. be beneficial, be
n. foot of a mountain. See Jl.:.t (under
of interest (to).+\.S- n. benefit, advantage,
~t) .';'-;"I:..+~L adj. indifferent (e.g. of a
interest, welfare: ..,.....,.:P 1oSJ..i•.Jo1J~ self-
horse) to fodder due to overfeeding.+p>lj..l"-!
interest. v - .~ 1oSJ..i•.J.~ public
<JJ.J-i v. bel become indifferent to feed (of a
interest • ~. ~":'IoSJ..i •.Jo~ national interest.
horse).+<JL n. I. elevated land! place. 2. the
Cj I. :'J.J-. Syn. ~.Jlt.
Barzan area or tribe (Southern Kurditan).+ ~I_
n. & adj. member of the Barzan tribe.+u!1- n. j.;....J4.t bersll n. kind of thick bread baked on a
J. high placet spot. 2. sublimity, eminence.+. griddle. Cf o;.,.J."s'.
•"":'»tl v.i. rise, move! grow upward, ascend; ~.J4.t bersi/e n. unripe/ sour grapes.
appear above the horizon (of the sun); increase
Cf:.s.; .j;.)t; (under jt;I).
in altitude (of an airplane, kite, etc.); jump up,
start up (of s.o.).+},...;.- adj. aspirant,
aspiring. +IoSjl,....... n. aspiration, ambition. +.
..;,J4i berj n. snow = )4.t q. v. +I5..IP _ n. hale.
~";I v. I. fig. claim (s.th.) one cannot cope
Syn. •j~ q. v. +..;...:.. _ n. snow mixed with rain,
with, talk big, extend oneself beyond one's
sleet.
means. 2. fly high! at great altitude. + •.,...;:..J1-
v. raise, make higher, elevate; put up, lift (the • ...;.$.J4.t berketl adj. important, significant. Syn.
finger, the head).+~:;.J- n. ubrupt unevenness ..$..;,.}.
(of terrain) (cj ~,.,j4-); ups and downs.+ ... 1
 93

j4.AAS.]41 berkemer n. aromatic herb that grows ')4.../ bere intj. urging an ox on while
in the plains. ploughing: giddup.
.$.]41 berg n. 1. cover, case; binding (ofa book); I~ bere n. woven rug, floor mat. Cf •..,.~~
volume, book (syn. 2 . .,:.,;is). 2. clothing. Syn. )LJ. idiom: ';;;~4. .~~ 1S'i .u.~ Weakness
~2.11.S •..st:..~.3. leaf. See 1.$.4. principle, begets misfortune (lit. a rug tears where it is
conviction, rule, code of conduct. Cf 1. most worn out).
J'Jl;.+~} '-«1- v. cover, put a cover (of cloth) *u!b'J~ beredayl adj. indifferent,
on. +}:.;i - n. bookbinder. + .;,J} ;:; I_v. enwrap, unconcerned.
wrap, put into cover; bind (a book).+JJJ:t- n.
Ijt.t-t bert!'lll n. bot. kind of herb resembling
tailor. + V'..;4-'- n. pillow case. + ..sa..:.j~._ n. peppergrass.
mattress cover.
.j';4-I bereze adj. wandering, homeless. Syn.
~.]4I bergin n. very fine lamb's wool.
2.jjJ.
J.]4I berge n. 1. stamina, staying power,
"'':''U';4-I berevan n. mediator. Syn. ~~JL;
endurance. Cf 1. L;I.,.. Syn. ~li (under /).2. (underJL;2).
immunity (against disease): .w.,.s..;..-~u.$fo.
acquired immunity '" ~J.r- u J fo. natural J';4-I berew first element ofcertain compound
immunity. + .:,,~ ( ... ) .$.]41 v. have ·immunity. +. forms meaning: -wards, in the direction of,
towards.+'J4..i»uL~/- v. come, be brought
.? n. & adj. defender; defending, resistant. +_
face to face (of two people). Syn.JJ; J';4-I
~}I v. endure, have stamina (jor-..s), be able
'~»I'+ I~~.J J~/- v.I. bring face to face.
to take.+u ;:' n. defence, resistance. Syn...s.}.]41
Syn. •~~.J JJ; J'.J4-!. + IS.rt - n. interception,
interruption. +'.J4--iI~ IS.rt - v. intercept, stop,
.;..;..s.]41 berg~te adj. unfortunate, hapless.
interrupt the progress! course (oj).+ ~~_ adv.
Syn. ~~~ q. v. +..,...t- n. misfortune, bad
backwards. Syn. ~~~ q.v.+~~_ n. sixth
luck.+.;,Ju~ v. faU victim of misfortune,
month of the Kurdish calendar. Cf J..ul!4..+-
meet with a reverse/ bad luck.
~ adv. forwards. + ..s~ _ I. n. meeting and
t L..J'I-t bermtq (n n. cigarette paper, rice receiving, welcoming reception. See'J'~~
paper. ':".iP. q. v. under~2. 2. adv. in the direction (oj),
~.]4I bermll n. barrel. Syn. ~. towards.+ },.>_ I. adj. downward, moving!
extending downward. 2. adv. downward, from
j~ hero restr., only in the follOWing
a higher to a lower place or condition.+},>_
combinations: jr--uJ~ (under JJ~I) .j~
t~»i v. descend. go down.+AS},>_ n. slope,
(under~,}).
downward slant., declivity. Syn. .j.;.lJI;4-.+.
)IJ;4-I berwar n. date, time at which an event I},.> n slope, declivity.+ u},>- n. declivity,
occurs.+ .:"b/_ v. date, determine, record the slantedness. +~ I. adv. upstream, toward the
date (ofs.th.).+ JIJ~- adj. dated, having a date. source or main current of a stream. 2. adj.
upstream. + IJ~ _ adv. backwards, in a reverse/
J~ berli n. bot. acorn. Cf .$.v>'~ ..,:.,~.+
contrary direction. Syn. ~~J~'+ pIJ~_adj.
~. n. wooden pin passed through the hole in a
retrograde, tending to retard! slacken.+ )SIJ~­
peg to keep it in place.+ ISjj)".u- n. small kind
adj. retroactive, restrospective.+.:"l..i IJ~- v.
of cucumber.-lSjj)".
pursue, follow, chase. Cf.:"li JI;.+ JJr adj.
 94

face-to-face, in direct confrontation. + .J.Jd- rj 4..i bezm n. I. fun, amusement, enjoyment,

t~.JY. v. be brought (come) face to face/ in merrymaking; party. See I. ~... l:. 2. affair,
direct confrontation (with).+t~~..? .J.Jd- v. 1. matter; espisode, incident.+L.$.. n. place of
bring face to face/ into direct confrontation gathering for entertainment, parties, etc.+.
(with s.o.). 2. send (s.o.) to whom one is ~JI v. have a party, hold a gathering for
indebted to collect from a third party who is
amusement.+rj.d.J- n. 1. merry/ festive
likewise indebted to the first party.+J.J.Jj_l.
adj. upward, uphill. 2. adv. towards the upper
gathering. 2. hubbub and commotion.
end! part. + t.J~.JY. J.J.Jj _ v. ascend, walk
Syn. •~.J-iJ....

upward! uphill.+ t~~..? J.J.Jj- v. send uphill, S~j4.t bezmijk n. tick. Syn. .:..$ q. v.
take upward.+-SJ.J.Jj- n. upward slope, ascend,
Sjj4..i bezok adj. defeatist, characterized by
acclivity. Syn. jlJ.,....+tJ.J.Jj- n. upward slope.+
defeatism. - .;,;.;Ij~ (under j.-h. +IS- n.
"";.j. =)~.JtJ<l-i (all forms) q.v.+;.;LSee.Jt~
defeatism, acceptance off resignation to defeat.
-S},.> (all forms). +....,.t1;;J- n. downward slant.
.j4..i beze n. sin, offense, misdeed, fault.+tj4.t
leJl;.~ Bemanya n. Britain. .;,~~ v.
sin, commit a sin! misdeed'+J~_ adj
e,;l;.~ Beman; adj. British. .sinful, tainted with! marked by/ full of sin (of
an action).+JIS- adj. sinful, wicked (ofs.o.).
j4/ bez n. fat: .J~u~ stye.+·- ':':.J- n. dressing
....,.t.j4-i bezeyi n. compassion; mercy, pitty,
oinbnent prepared from fat and mastic gum. +.
.JWt restr. (act oj) rubbing with heated
sympathy.+ .~~ "-«/_ v. have compassion
for; feel pitty/ smpathy for.+)~_ adj.
fat.+ ~~~ .Jl;tj"'-i v. apply fat as an unguent, rub
compassionate, merciful. Ant. ....,.t.j~.
with heated fat. +IS- adj. made of fat
(soap): uj4..ie,;J.Joil-low grade white soap used ~J~I bezJn 1. n. children's outdoor game. 2.
esp. for laundry. adj. element of certain compounds meaning:
defeating. < ~~. +J. _ adj. defeating,
1
j4..i bez pres. steam of the verb IJI~ q. v. +~.J.jL
vanquishing.
L;J4..i] v.t. defeat, beat; outdo, overcome.+~

[)4..i] I. V.i. be vanquished, be defeated. Cf:J;S ~J4.t1 be'l.in pres. stem ofthe verb ~;.;lj4.t q. v.
~I~ (under;t...SI). 2. v.i. unpack and settle ~ bej n. I. land (as opposed to water); dry
down! stay. See~jl... 3. v.t. mate (a horse. land, terra firma. Cf u.J.j. 2. grass! green
mule). See 3'1JI~ (under d~-/)' 4. used in vegetation that has suffered draught.+ S_ adj.
comb. e.g'IJIJ4.t I, (under 1,1) 'IJI~~ q.v.+'y-- growing with little water, succulent (of
adj. defeated, vanquished, beaten; vincible. +_ plants)'+Jl! _ n. continent.
lob! n. defeatism.
I~ beja n. one of the same age, contemporary.
*S4,jj~j4.t bez,donek adj. cowardly, lacking Syn. .J4A".J~' Cf t ~.J~'
courage/ resolution. Cf e,;.,.,s. ~~ bejn n. figure, physique.+~ll.J_ n. stature,
StjJ4-t benek n. kind of grass used in a pain- height, figure, physique, build (of a person).
relieving paultice. ~ bes 1. adj. enough, sufficient. 2. adv.
~.J.J•.iJ4.t beuewunc n. name of a fragrant herb. enough, sufficiently. 3. n. enough, a quantity
that is enough! adequate.+ ~.JY.- v. be enough!
sufficient; have enough. E.g. ~ That is
 95

enough for him. + .J~,.,s..,......, v. limit! confine/ ~ besti n. partridge trained and used as a
restrict (oneself to- ~).+ ._ intj. enough! quit! live decoy in hunting. - I. ~.

E.g. ~u.l,j ~ Stop being so lazy.

.r-4I besr prefix added to certain words
besat n. necessities, necessaries, meaning: before.+)~ adv. three years
exigenncies, requirements. Syn. ..;-.~. ago.>}~ q.v.+~ adv. three days ago (lit.
the day before the day before yesterday).
~I best n. 1. dam, dike; barricade, obstacle.
Cf ~~. +~..s~ adv. three nights ago Cf
See.:..-Ja j4i. 2. small river, creek. Cf J ~.J.J;. • • (nde. I)
~..s~..,.. u r..,...
3. sanctuary, refuge.+.J.J.J- n. small creek. Cf
.~ Besre n. Basra (city! province in Iraq).
1.r'~'

~2 best pres. stem of the verb ~ q. v. + _ .J L.~ besiunan adj. 1. gentle, harmless, mild
.$..;1 n. freezer.+.Jlrl~~J v. 1. be tied, get (of s.o.). 2. poor, exciting pity. E.g.4.i..sI~

fastened; be closed. 2. fail to complete the ~j>4i.JL..jooo Poor Hiwa is sick.

marital act (of a groom).+.JI J - adj. 1. tied,
~I b~ I. n. share, lot (alsofig.)(cf 2.
fastened; closed. 2. bound, obligated. +~r
~.JJ); share (of stock, inheritance) (cf 1.
pres. stem of the verb.Jl~ q.v.+.J_[~l v.
.)...). 2. n. part, portion (cf I. ~J~); section
1. tie, fasten, attach by means ofa tie; tie, form
a knot! bow. 2. tum solid, freeze (of liquids);
(of a book, etc.) E.g. r ..s~' ~ Section 6
be covered with ice/ frost (of ground. roads. paragraph 3. C.!..$r- 3. adj. open, ajar.
etc.); jell, coagulate, set. Cf ~..... 3. close, Syn. •.J1,.,s q. v. 4. pres. stem ofthe verb •~
shut. See ~ I~ (under 1,,1). 4. bind, obligate, q. v. + .J.b'i ~ v. be open. + oJ")' ~ v. divide,
constrain, commit; conclude, enter into (e.g. make into shares! portions. 2. suffice, be
an agreement). 5. make a groom impotent (by enough, meet the need. 3. divide (of
a spell. charm, etc.).+.~ v. I. tie up (as numbers).+.J1.,.../_ v. be deprived of one's
animal. person). 2. overcome, beat (in an
argument, discussion).+. _ n. I. bundle;
share. +i r- adj. deprived, dispossessed.
Cf ~ (under~)'+J~_ n. heir(s), inheritor
parcel, package; ream. 2. kind of song; a coda
(in a legacy).+~_ c..dj. divided, separated
to a maqam I.r'll.u q.v. 3. sense, meaning,
into parts! portions.+ .J~,.,s ~~ v. divide
signification, import.+.JJY. (a) ~ v. always
up.+ oJ"},.;.I- v. rob (s.o.) ofa share, deprive
preceeded by the prep. ~ and ~ -what
(s.o.) of what is due.+ i.I..~- adj. robbed of
or ~ -nothing. E.g. ~ ~ leJ ~ It does
one's share, deprived of s.th. due! expected.+.
not mean much or It means nothing.+..5... n.
..s.JI~ n. state! condition of being robbed of
bedding (mattress, cover. etc.) rolled up into
one bundle; parcel, bundle.+ *JL.S,- n. one's share.+)J_ n. sharer, partner;
shareholder; participant, collaborator.+)~
composer (of music).+ ..5.;:i.- 1. n. ice cap, ice
field. 2. adj. rigid, set, inflexible.+ ..54J._ n. ice .J.JJoo-"" v. share in (s.th.); participate,

cap.+~ ... n. ice cream. Syn. u.rLij~.

collaborate.+ ~,)~_ n. business partnership,
company. C.! 0-: .....J lA. +..s)~- n.
~ bestIJ n. glazed earthenware pot.
participation, involvement, partaking.+.JI~/_ v.
Cf~· share (s.th.) with (s.o.), give (s.o.) a share!
portion.+.JIJ~- 1. n. math. divisor. 2. adj.
~ beste n. sense, meaning, signification,
import. -.J~ ~ leJ~.
recipient. + i,s- I. n. math. dividend. 2. adj.
 96

divided, made into shares.+j....s'_ I. adj. & n. ~4t beqye n. type ofsewing.-<J~JJJ~.
divider, one who divides. 2. n. math.
~4.t bektirya (E) n. bacteria.
denominator: ~JL...:,..sJ.s. 4( common
denominator. +JJ~.}4..,j- adj. inadequate, o.}4..t bekre n. spool (cf ....s'.:;J~.,..); reel;
insufficient, meager.+o~L;"-I] v. parcel out, wooden part of the fire-box ofa hookah.
give away in portions; distribute 4.AA....S4t bekseme n. kind of biscuit.
(among 1~.J"-4.I). Cf <J:l.}~.
..5"-1 beg n. Beg, Bey (title 0/courtesy).+ dj _ n.
~2 b~ pres. stem o/the verb o~ q.v.
member of an aristocratic family (lit. son!
~ also ~ and ~ I. adv. perhaps, descendant of Beg).
maybe, possibly but not cretainly (normally ~ be/ adj. pendulous, loppy. Cf ';";;'.+..S- n.
used with the subjunctive). E.g. ~~ earlobe. + ....s'j _ n. clitoris. Syn. .s.:..;s q. v. + _
Maybe he will come. 2. conj. what if, what ~..;~ adj. slender and emaciated (o/s.o.).+_
will or would be the result if. E.g. ..::..1....; ~
~o n. wobble, wobbling motion. C.f
What ifhe didn't come. Syn.~"-I' .»3~.
~~.s~.+<J.JJ-IJ~..J4I v. wobble. E.g.~
4&."-1 be~ n. farm animal (nursery word). ~....,.J"-I It keeps wobbling.+~L. adj. fast
walking (of a person). Cf 1...;.;..+ ~~o_ adj.
It''-l Bt!!,a n. Baghdad.
wobbly and dangling.+~IJJjo- n. buckle.
I~ Baxda n. Baghdad. See ";JJ.JJl:.
.)41 befr n. snow. Cf~"" •w";' • t ~ . oJ.J..k. + "i~ bela (A) n. calamity, misfortune, affliction
J~IJ- n. lOth month of the Kurdish calendar. (cf 2. J~); cause of irritation! nuisance (of
Dec/ Jan.+....s:;I_ n. refrigerator, icebox.+JIJ - n. s.o., s.th.) < "i~. +..;.:-5- act of charity
icy water, ice-cold water; water from melting performed to ward off misfortune.+<JI~~/_
snow.+ V''';~/- v. snow, fall as snow.> V'..;lt
v.i. be struck with calamity, be faced with!
q. v. + jL... _ n. snow shovel, snowplough. + _ afilicted by misfortune. E.g. b ~ ..s"i4./ May
....s'.JJi-o low/ dusty cloud that accompanies and calamity strike him.
helps thawing.+...s:.LJ _ See.s~o.)4t.+ ~_
*~"I4.t be/atltk n. butterfly. Syn. ..J~~.
n. time when a snowfall sticks! accumulates
and freezes on the ground. + ....s'~o _ n. fme/ ';"1"-1 be/fl! adj. free, gratis. Syn. I. ~I? q.v.
powdery snow.
~ "1"-1 be/fl!e n. cheap kind of material used to
~~ bef~ n. implement used in combing and make clothing.
cleaning rugs.
~;N~ belallik n. bot. morello, small bitter
";4..t be!l. n. male partridge. See~o;;; q. v. +.»3"-1- cherry. C.f o.;-'k$.
n. coo, cooing. Cf <;-u ~ll.
r"i'-l belam conj. but, except, except that; yet,
j\.J~ be!l.al (A) n. greengrocer, vegetable or/ but nevertheless (cf~.
and fruit seller. Syn. ';~o~.+ ..s- n.
greengrocer's occupation.+ <J~.} Jll "-I v. work
.s...~'-I belamk n. muzzle put on young lambs
and goats to prevent them from sucking.
as a greengrocer.
<J"I4..t be/an n. man of strong character.
~~4.t beql1sok adj. impudent. Syn.JJ~l:;.
Syn. ~...;....J.s q. v.
(under....,.\ Cf J\jJJ-'.
 97

~ ~4.i belan =r ~4.i q. v. belese adj. disobedient, noncompliant;

on the loose; loose (of an animal). C.f
*~4.i belf/m n. leaf. Syn. "1&.
~~. + ~.JY-......-.I'-I v. be on the loose; get loose.
~4.i Belfika n. Belgium.
ot..il~'-I bele~uwane
n. bot. herb with slender
~4.i Belftkt adj. and n. Belgian. leaves which grows in the highlands.

t;J~ belx n. film, thin covering, fur (on a e~..J4.i belefi!e also ~~..J'-I n.. diarrhea (esp. of
surface. container. the tongue).+~}/_ v. livestock). Cj ~.J.J-':..5-.+~:r../- v. scare,
fonn! produce a film, be covered with a filmy cause (s.o.) great agitation and fear (lit. cause
substance. diarrhea to).+~y..S:r../- v. have diarrhea (of
animals);fig. bel get scared out of one's wits.
~'-I belxL n. swine, boar. Cj jlJ"-t.
. . ..s"'"u'-l belek 1. n. bot. licorice. 2. calf (of the
rW4.i belxem n. phlem. Cj..,&j ,~.
leg). See j.m.
.uS8~ belkfi also ~~ intj. what if... ,
..s"'"u4.i belek adj. piebald, spotted, speckled.
suppose ... ; maybe, perhaps. Syn. 2. ~.
Syn. JJjL/.+ loS- n. I. spotty discolouration of
&'-1 beige n. sign, indication, evidence, the skin (disease). 2. state of being spotted or
manifestation (syn. 1. ot..i~ ,ej~); proof(cj piebald.

~.JJ.J4-).+ 1oS)~-
n. signification, import. Cj ..s...:..~..J'-I belegu~k n. auricle (of the ear).-
..,5-;}.+ ~}/- v. fmd an indication! sign, 1.~.
collect evidence.+ }~_ adj. arbitrary,
r"u4.i belem n. I. rowboat. Cj ...::....e~ 'c,*,!ll
subjective, discretionary.+ ~-.Jot..i- adj.
...;....:..s. 2. platter/ serving dish having an
incontrovertible, indisputable, axiomatic, self-
elliptical shape.
evident.
*j~'-I belengaz adj. poor (syn. )jou); beggar
r-1~ belm n. rice straw.+ ""':"'..)6.. adj. having a
(syn.~I.,......).+ ~~j~'-I v. impoverish,
luxurient or bristling beard.
deplete, deprive of strength! richness/
jo.l4...j belubo n. system, apparatus, group of fertility.+ loS- n. poverty; impoverishment.
organs having a common function.
~'-I bele I. intj. expressing incredulity: Is that
..JW4.i belebage n. fatal disease of goats. +. so! 2. adv. expressing affirmation! assent!
~~/ v. be incapacitated (esp. by a sudden. agreement: yes, yes indeed.+.:>-I n. promise,
unexpected blow). one's word. Syn. I . ..:.;S, I. ~~. +.JI.,~ adj.
~"""'-I beled adj. conversant, familiar, engaging, demanding. + ~»-I.JI.,.;..;;J~ v.
ac~uainted. Sy~ Ije;L:.. Cj 2. ~. Ant. stipulate, make an express demand! provision,
~~4.il.i.+ ~»-I ~~'-I v. be familiar (with- ~),
specify. +~I ~ ~ _ v. promise, give one's word. +.
know (about- ;:,J); understand, comprehend ;L...t'; n. stipulations, conditions/ terms/
requirements specificaly agreed upon.
(see~&;:,.;).+1oS- n. familiarity, knowledge,
acquaintance. ~'-I2 belen pres stem of the verb ~.\J~'-I q. v.
j"u4.i belez adv. speedily, in haste.+ ~~.} j..J'-I v. ~""~4...jI~~1 beleyandin v. approve, have/
make haste. Syn. + ~~.}..J~ (under ~). express a favourable opinion of, sanction.
Syn. ~~.} .\J~.
~l....J4.i belesan n. bot. balsam tree.
 98

r"" bem n. 1. old low-pitched stringed musical enforces order.+ "'1.)~;;_..oI.J- adj. disciplinary,
instrument. 2. droning. booming sound. designed to correct breaches of discipline. +_
*..J~4.t bembfile adj. dilatory and knavish (of I}~D n. drawstring, waistband for the trousers/
a person). Syn. jd.D'). pants.+ ..t.i~o_ n. range, chain (of
mountains).+*~~L. n. waiting.+.:,L. n. rugged!
~I ben n. I. spun woolen thread! yam (cf
rough mountain track.+ *..;)..,0- n. interest,
I. ":"a..: 'IJ"""";"!); lace, strap. 2. outskirts (of a
concern. C.! ..;.LiD..,01t'-i.+1.S- n. prisoner.+_
vi/lage)+ ..,~_ n. shoestring, shoelace.
......;~ n. prison, jail.+ )~_ adj. committed,
Syn. .:,~..:;.+~.u;.. n. rifle sling.+4jj.oL..._ n.
pledged, bound. C.! I . .Lio.xa..:. + ..;}~_ n.
woven thong used for strapping a pack behind
commitment, pledge. + .:,I.x _ n. warden, jailer.
the saddle.+ ..:..1........ _ n. lace/ chain used on a
pocket watch.+4..ilytS _ n. safety chain (on a "s..t.i....l bendik n. aromatic herb used in the
step ladder). +.$J _ n. ribbon (jor decoration. making of cheese.
tying packages. hair. etc.). Syn. al,!.)..,l. ..,\oI.J.Li4..i bendubaw n. bad rumour, evil talk
iJ4t
2
ben n. bot. terebinth. See .:,I~. connected with (s.o.)- ..,V.
1;..., 1 bena n. name of a plant. + ...1.,.:. _ n. fragrant ...S'j.Li4.t bendoke 1. n. name ofa green used in
herb used in flavouring ..:-l.. q. v. salads. 2. = .$j.Li4.t (under.J4.t I).

1;...,2 bena (A) n. mason; bricklayer. +IS!- n. 0.LiL.t bende n. I. slave; servant. 2. used instead
bricklayer's profession, masonry. of jirst person pronoun to refer modestly or
humbly to oneself. + ..;.).5 _ also..} _ n. slavery,
~..., bene n. anesthesia, anesthetic.+ .:,.).} ~4.t v.
serfdom; servitude, bondage.
administer anesthesia (to). +.:,I.);:r./_ See~~
bender also ji..Li..., n. port, harbour.
.:,.).}.
Cf ~\j .
.Li..., bend n. I. detention. delay, stay. 2. article.
V-...;I4..i benTJn (E) n. petrol, gasoline (motor
E.g. V..;.?-.) ,.. ..;.Li4.i Article 3 line 7. - 2. ,J.4t.
fuel).- ..:....,..;.+ ... li-_ n. petrol station.
Cf 3. 45" (under /).3. ream (ofpaper). 4.
topog. ridge. 5. barrage, dam. Cf I.~. 6. ~..., beng I. n. hashish, narcotic drug prepared
only in h ..;.Li4.t very dear person (e.g. one's from hemp (cf~. syn.IJ"'~); bot.
child).+.:,J.1-t.Li4.t v. stay, be delayed. Syn. o..,..;l.. henbane. 2. = 1. .Li4.t(al/forms)q.v.+~n. &
(under .:,~2).+ .:,.).;-S .Li4.t v. cause to stay, detain, aq;. hashish! hemp addict; jig. forgetful,
oblivious.+.:,~/_ v. smoke hemp.
keep (s. 0.). +.:,1_ final element of certain nouns
denoting the quality of being total! wholesale/ ..Lyj~ bengelejiJe n. kind of a plant.
widespread. e.g. .:,1.w.J~. q. v. +..,1_ n. pond,
small lake (artificialy made by means of a *..5ri binhnok n. comma (punctuation mark).
barrage).+ ..5-1 n. hyphen.+.)LLaq;. binding, Syn. j)')J.
obligatory, compulsory.+ ..;).s.. n. obligation,
.J4t.J4t bewbew n. kind of a small bird.
commitment, duty.+ ~..,_ n. discipline,
control gained by enforcing obedience/ .).J"-i bewr n. 1. zool. leopard:.:, 1.t4.i ";.).J4..t
order.+ .:,.)......,s ~..,.Li4.t v. descipline, conrtol/ ravening beast. 2. snow = )4.t q. v.
penalize for the sake of discipline.+,)~:_'I-'_
~.).J4t bewr~;nke n. malignant ulcer of the
n. disciplinarian, one who disciplines or
skin.
 99

jJ4.t bew:. n. bot. tree resembling the mUlberry. a fight with or adopting a hostile attitude
toward. C.f ~.;S:.r.r-s (under .,..:~/­ .t5>.+•
..;~ bew! n. reed used for beating the weft (in v. give an excuse (to escape responsibility/
a loom): J.;l ~~ anat. upper arm. commitment).

<J.J4-t bewn n. I. land left to lie fallow for a year. ~ behr n. part, share. Syn. I . ..;~ q. v. +~~
See )>>11.2. smell, scent. See 1.1.»i (under ;/). <J.)~ v. divide, make into parts! shares.

j.J'.J4.I bewer:. n. animal of the cat family smaller *..s~ behrik n. small sea. Syn. ~L..).j q. v.
than the domestic cat.
.~ behre n. I. good fortune, blessing. 2. gift,
~ beh also ~ int}. expressing admiration: notable capacity/ talent. C.f • .;40,) • ~
splendid! how lovely/ marvelous! E.g. .s ~ l.il.,..+)l_ adj. fortunate, blessed.+.I.i....... _adj.
a.,;..Po ~j/ What a splendid smell! + :;Ij _ ad}. fortunate.+IS.w....._ n. state of being fortunate/
noble, highborn, blue-blooded. blessed. +.J'.J - adj. gifted, having great natural
~4...t beha n. value, relative worth! utility/ ability, talented.
importance; value(s): l;......;;1S~~ current ....... O~ behreme n. auger, gimlet (carpenter's
(marlcet) value * ~.J.J)u 1S~4...t moral value tool).
* i.Ii.Jl.i IS~~ face value; price (see I. tJ· c.f ~ behsik n. mosquito. Syn. ..t~ q.v.
I. ~'-t).< ~-r.- (under -r.-I).+):;...adj. valuable,
~ behett n. paradise, heaven; place of
costly, precious. C.! )..I.!'-t. Syn. ~-r.- (under
bliss! felicityl delight: jl UI- ...."-1 heart's
",1).+IS.Jb_ n. costliness, preciousness.+~lj/_
v. appreciate, recognise with gratitude, show delight * ~.j ~ ~ heaven on earth. +IS-
appreciation (jar-IS). adj. good enough to go to heaven (ofs.o.);
heavenly, delightful .
.J~ behar n. spring season! time. idiom: \j
~ behl n. I. bal. quince. 2. feminine
~:;V'Ju)~.:.;.J":
He is so terribly slow (lil.
personal name.
by the time he says spring, summer would
have arrived). <)~ •.,..:~ (under rl)+ I)l n. ~ behtt 1. n. miracle. 2. adj. strange,
poetry written! recited in praise of spring. + _ unusual. See I. J!-'
.I.i~ n. I. place where animals (horses, mules,
*~.., behiv n. almond. Syn. rbl,..
etc.) are tied up and left. 2. See ).J')~~'+'- I.
IS'" bey = I. ~q.v.
n. good variety of spring wheat.- {.s. 2. adj.
spring (esp. said of clothes).+ho.. n. spring ..:.ol.!4.t beyat n. I. food left over and kept. C.f
camping ground, springtime abode. C.f~J~ 0.JL......:.~.
2. type of rll....... q. v. 3. name of a
}P.+IS-= 2. 0.J~' Kurdish tribe in the Kerkuk area (Southern
Kurdistan).+ 0_ n. dripping, fat and juices
..:.ol)~ beharat n. spices, condiment,
drawn from meat during cooking.
seasoning. Syn. <JL..)o.).J.JI.). C.f ~~.J.
t l.!4.t beyax also tl..l.!~ n. flag, banner, colour.
~~ behane n. pretense, pretext (esp. for Syn. I. ~L.;.+ ).)_ n. I. flag bearer. 2. shrew
adopting a hostile altitude toward s.o.) (syn.
(woman); fishwife. C.f ..:.o'r.+ ~Jb/- v.
.t5
I . ..t~, c.f 2 ); excuse (esp.for relieving
lower/ bring down a flag.+<J.)~~/- v. I. hoist
oneself of a commitment) (syn . ..,.,;L..e.t). +:.r./-
a flag. 2. act in a vexacious! brawling manner
;,;J v. use a trifling excuse/ pretext for picking (ofa woman).
 100

J~"'-I beya, n. I. land left untilled for many -;.r.J be I. conj. followed by the subjunctive
years. Cf ~J~. 2. hidden remark! comment. meaning: without. E.g.~"""";;...s a"-"';~
Without my telling him. 2. prefIX to many
j~"'-I beyaz n. I. collection of the poems ofa compound forms equivalent to: in-, un-, non-.
single author. 2. manuscript. e.g. ~L;aJa4 q. v. or-less, destitute of e.g. r-~
..,. l"-..... beyan n. I. morning: ~~~u;4ot dawn. 2. q.v. idiom:.;.,I.)"';JL.;..J)~;.r. He acts/does
restr. (act oj) stating! proclaiming, etc.+... l.i_ things precipitately. ..J:;;'-'; j..$ .J).) ~.)a.);.r.
n. propaganda leaflet. +..,sa _ adv. early in the I.)~ Each is preoccupied with that which
morning.+~~ adv. in the morning, mornings, concerns him most.....:.~ I..,> j.t P ~ Only
every morning.+u.- I. n. morning, time from God can be truly alone and self-sufficient.+_
sunrise to noon. E.g. ~~~ ~~ Tomorrow JJl"L...; adj. shameless, impudent, insolent,
morning. .;Lt~~4..t Good morning. JJj~~4..t forward. brazen. Syn. r-~ (under;.r.\+ -
Early in the morning or Early tomorrow r-1JL.; adj. restless. unquiet.+~J.JI!"JD')~DJl.i/_v.
morning. 2. adv. tommorrow. Syn. ~~ q. v. get out of (s.th.) without any punishment/loss!
injury.+ )jL.i_ adj. painless.+L.SL.:_ adj.
~»:t4...t beyhfin n. bot. camomile. Syn..j~
uninformed., out of touch; unaware, not
"':';...J~.
vigilant. + ~.J.J-i l!l.i ~ v. be uninformed. +1J!.l!L.:-
~"'-I beyt (A) n. tale, story (ef ~l:....I.):~~ n. ignorance, state of being uninformed.+_
a»Jl....t unconvincing and rehashed tale, ~L...l.i adj. unsparing, relentless, ruthless (of
prevarication *..J.,. ~~ do. + ~.).J ~~ v. rehash s.th.. S.O.).+ JL.:- adj. arid., waterless, dry.
an unconvincing account! tale (for- j.t). Cf ..s....:.JJ.+ jIJL.;- adj. unconcerned, aloof,

J~~ heyta, (A) n. veterinary surgeon.

distant. C.! l!~ ,....;a~. + iJ::.t.l.i _ adj. infidel;
faithless.+';"J~_ adj. dishonest and
beyfel adj. barren (of a woman). pretentious.+jl~_ adj. stupid. See 2.
Syn. Sj.i4". Cf..,-J. +u.- n. barrenness. ;4-SI, ;jJ..$. + S~.; _ adj. ungrateful, thankless,
tl.Lt~ beydax =t~~ q.v. unappreciative. + r-~"'; - adj. futile, fruitless.
without result.+ Djl.l.i"';_ adj. immeasurable,
':-a.Lt~ beydest adj. incapacitated, disabled.,
measureless. (sun.
.., 4......i1~
• • under'1J""""i.
3) .
powerless. Cf ~~~.).+ ~~'::-'.Lt"-i v.i. be
haphazard (cf -;;~,;,~, ...aJ....:.;...,...).ajl.l.i...;
incapacitated ~.).J -=-a.Lt~ v.t. make powerless,
>.+~.I.i~ adj. carefree.+D)~_ adj.
reduce to incompetence.+u.- n. incapacity,
incompetent, inefficient, unresourceful.
weakness. Cf ~~ under;./.+~_adj. unemployed
*.;.,~4..t bey/fit n. type of Kurdish dance. Cf (syn.J~ under"..r-i\ idle.+~_ n.
~-!~a. unemployment, joblessness; idleness.+~~_

adj. irreligious.+ J~- adj. fickle, inconsistent,

.;.,~~ beynet n. fidelity, faithfulness. +)~ adj.
faithful, having fidelity. changing (of s.o.)+ UJL..,.- n. fickleness,
inconsistency. + ~IJ~- n. lack of sufficient
",.,i 1 hi n. name of the second letter of the
rainfall; prolonged period of dryness.+ u-!Ij~­
Kurdish alphabet.
n. dullness of the market, stagnation of
-;.r.2 hi I. 2nd pers. sing imperative of v"la q. v. commerce, recession; economic depression.
Syn. aJaJ. 2. 2nd pers. pres. subj. of ~.JY-. Syn. ~l..••.S)jLt.+ *~Lt- adj. illegitimate,
having no father. Cf jjj I. + ~ _ adj. carefree
 101

(syn. ~.Li4. under ~\ fearless, unaxious; impermanent, transient. + 0,)~ adj. open, free
foolhardy.+~lS~_ adj. with impunity/ from reserve.+ IJ~ adj. fearless, bold, with
disregard. +uS~ _ n. freedom from all cares; nerve. Syn. ..,.';4J. C! ~ (under~3).+ _
impunity, license.+..5J~_ adj. orphan (without !,S!IJ~ n. fearlessness, boldness.+ j~Jr.- adj.
a father). C,f ~~'+JoJLt- adj. skeptical.+_ weak, powerIess.+ • ..;~_ n. tranquility.+_
ISJOJ~ n. skepticism, attitude/ disposition of IS,-! adj. bottomless (esp. ofwater)(c,f 2. ~
doubt, uncertainty; lack of conviction. + t ~ ~_ under ~\ plentiful, abundant.+ 4J1~ adj.
adj. worthless, undeserving, lacking merit, immeasurable, indefinitely extensive.
inconsequential. + 0-1-1- n. zool. invertebrates. + Syn. ojl.Li4, (under~\+ ..:....Jt... adj. bored,
J0r.- adj. not marketable, not in demand; not in a good mood. + I" l;.. adj. tasteless,
discredited, discounted.> JOft.+ ~_ adj. I. no lacking taste/ savour (syn. 0.i~ under ~\
longer virgin. 2. bottomless. C! IS~ (under insipid, dull, flat, uninteresting.+ .JIJl;.. adj.
~3).+.J»-I~ v. lose virginity.+.Jl)'~v.t. innocent, having no guilt! fault.+ ";IJl;.. n.
deflower, ravish. Syn. .J.L.,;I~~ (under ,:/).+_ innocence, faultlessness.+ ..,.~ adj. I. bold,
~ adj. baseless, having no basis, rootless. +_ daring, courageous. 2. safe, reliable, secure (of
.;..~ adj. groundless, without foundation.+_ s.th.)+ • ....z _ adj. superfluous, expendable,
inessential. + ~",,; _ adj. poor and wandering
~ n. loss ofvirginity.+ ..:.>~_ adj. unlucky.
Syn. ..:.>........,)~.+ ~_ n. unluckiness; (of s. 0.). + ..5~ _ adj. J. lacking spirit,
misfortune. + ;4-! - adj. sterile, barren (of a cheerless. Syn. ~~ (under;,,i). C,f I. ~.
woman, female animal or tree). C,f ..5jj1..i.+_ 2. hairless.+ ~~ See~~.+ ~ n.
wireless.+ L..~ adj. altruistic, selfless.+ _
1S.;4-I n. deprivation, exclusion (from a share,
esp. a willi legacy). C,f ~ !,S!L...t...J n. altruism, selflessness.+ ~~ adj.
under;./.+ .J,w.lSh v. be deprived! excluded! incorrigible, irreformable, recidivist. Syn. ;L..e.i
disinherited.+ .J,)~ IS~ V.t. exclude, (under;J"../)+ .s~_ adj. cowardly, having
disinherit. + !,S!oj4-i _ adj. merciless, pitiless. nO"guts". C! ..5:;:-,;.+ "...r:_adj. out of place,
Ant. )~oj~. C.! .JL..~ (under~).+ ~_ adj. inappropriate. + .JJ~ ~ V. be inappropriate/
deprived (0.1), without a share/ part. + .J,w. ~ improper.+ 0;4- adj. helpless, beyond
v. be deprived, be shareless.+ .J,)~ ~ V.t.
remedy/ solution/ insight (e.g. a situation,
disease, etc.); obliged, compelled, having no
deprive, keep from having a share.+ ~_ n.
choice (ofs.o.).+.J»I o;~ V. be irremediable;
deprivation, state of being without a share.
feel obliged, have no choice. C,f .J,w.;~l,;.+­
C! IS;~ (under ~\+'2~_ only in ~ '2~
!'s!o;4 n. helplessness; quandary, "fix",
used as an expr. of freindly admonition or
mild rebuke: why in the world ... !+ ~~ adj. predicament.+ JJJJJ4- adj. shameless and
shadowy, nebulous, hidden; groundless, audacious. Syn. JJlJb~.+ ....s,;:_
adj.
lacking proof.+ r-!- adj. forgetful, having poor noiseless, causing no noise/ sound.+ ..5~_ adj.

memory. Syn. ~.s.+ ~_ adj. confident, sure unarmed, not armed. Ant. ).IS~.+ .J~J.Li~­
(of a result, outcome, consequence); safe, expression meaning: without any reservation!
secure.+ ~_ n. safety, security:~ qualification.+ jl>_ adj. I. moribund, dying;
)J,j~ marginal safety; confidence. + o;l~_ seriously iII; hopeless, desparate (cf .JL:;~).
adj. short on cash, insolvent, broke. Cf I. 2. impoverished, deficient. Syn. ':"-o.JwoiS. + _
.;..~.+ .Jlt4- ad}. infinite, unending, endless, j~ I. adj. unspotted, without a mark! mole;
limitless. Syn. ;L..~ (under~\+* adj.
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unblemished (syn.~.h. under-;.,.\ 2. n. name adj. ritually unclean to say prayers.> jJ"":;-u. +
of waterfall in Rawanduz.+ ,:,L...,;~_ adj. ~u_ n. I. downfall, obscurity; want, need.
homeless; having suffered a severe setback (in 2. failure, invompetence, Cj uo!0)S..:.. Syn.
weI/-being, prestige, etc.).+ ,:,oJl....>... adj. ~'J~",;,.+ .:..'2.........~_ adj. I. incapable,
neglected, unattended to, uncared for, incompetent, inefficient. 2. uninfluential,
foresaken; having no owner.+ ,""oJ~- n. powerless. See ~_J~'~. + ~'2~~ _ n.
neglect, inattention.+ ~~_ adj. unconscious, in incompetence, inability.+ ~O~ SeeJ....,..o...;..+ _
a faint. Syn. 2. ,:,~~. I . .;~. (under
•..,...-/3) .+ ':'.J.J--i ~~
. • v. &.lam.
• t + . n.
t.L..o~ See..s~. + J.....,..u- adj. dull, boring,
I.S~~ inarticulate, uninteresting in speech or manner
unconsciousness.+ .:.-~_ adj. quiet, calm. of talking.+ ,:,IJF"....O~ adj. tongue-tied, not
tranquil. Cj .s..o"';' (under-;.,.3).+ ':'.w.':-~ talkative, too quiet. Syn.JJ;.....s.+ .s..o~_ adj.
v. bel become quiet.+ .ul.->- adj. idle, silent, still, free from sound! noise. C.!.
unemployed.+ ~~ n. idleness, ..:..-~/. ';,;..1..>.+ ':'»-I..s....;o"';' v. be silent,
unemployment.+ .J~- adj. uninformed, become still/ quiet.+ ,:,~."s ..s....;o"';' V.t. silence,
ignorant, unaware. idiom: ..s.s..:..s ,:,I~.,J compel to maintain silence. + ~o~ _ n. silence,
.:..IJ~ Where have you been! or You are stillness, muteness. + ~~ adj. atheistic,
really out of touch.+ ~y....;._ adj. anconscionable, not God-fearing. Cj ~
impecunious.+ ~~ n. impecuniousness.+ n. atheism,
~~ adj. unworried, untroubled. unscrupulousness.+ JJr adj. shameless. Syn.
carefree. + ':'.J.J-t ~~ v. be without trouble/ ~~.+ ~";-d- adj. haphazard, aimless,
worry/ concern. + ...,..;.. n. insouciance, ease of marked by lack of plan/ order/ direction.+ )..)_
mind.+ ~_ adj. sleepless, insomniac.+ _ adj. not respectable, unworthy of esteem.+_
.;~ adj. pure, free from impurities. Cj .:..Ij adj. fearful, timid, sheepish; demoralised.
I. ~.+..5I..tPJ~- adj. unable to sleep or Cj .::..Ij~ (under4i'). See..s;:-,;.+,:,~.J.:..I:k v.
eat.+ I.S#- n. insomnia, sleeplessness. Cj demoralise, weaken the morale of; hector,
I.S)~.+,:,L:.;S I.SP- v. suffer from insomnia.+
browbeat.+ .::...-;1;- adj. ignorant, unlearned,
,;.,.;. _ adj. useless. See ..sj~. + ~I~ _ adj. l. untutored, destitute of knowledge/ education.+
""':;"-';1;- n. ignorance, lack of knowledge/
excessively abundant, in limitless supply (e.g.
food on the market). Cj)...~. 2. unjust, education.+ ,:,L...;_ adj. speechless, tongue-
unfair, tyrannical. C.! )~JJj (under JJ/). tied. + IJO; _ restr. to the standard expression:
Syn.IJodL;.+ ,:,b_ adj. toothless.+j.J~_ adv. .w.""""; 1JO";';""I.S~"""--- ~ ~ LSI.; I had no
truthfully, 10 plain words.+ j~_ adj. knowledge/ awareness of it whatsoever.+ ,:,~_
unenthusiastic ,disincIined.+ ,:,~.J":'j->.)~- v. adj. harmless, peaceful, innocuous. Syn.
1.S0~.+ o.JL...j- adj. countless, myriad,
do what ever one likes, do what one's heart
desires. + ,:, l...J0~ _ adj. incurable (of a disease). . innumerable. Syn. Jl..~.+ ;:Jl..";j- adj. having
Cj 0.J~'+ ,:,L.;oJo~ adj. vulnerable, no family ties, unencumbered.+ JJj- adj.
susceptible, vincible; powerless, having no having! giving little milk (of a woman).+..so j_
source of help/ support.+ ,""l;0.J0~ n. helpless I. adj. giving little milk (esp. of an animal that
situation, plight, predicament; vulnerability.+_ has recently given birth). Cj J~' 2. n.
..:-o~ adj. uninfluential, downfallen, obscure phonograph, record player.+ .:...u-_ adj.
in status or prestige; poor (see )~).+ jJ~o~ disloyal, faithless; ungrateful.+ ~.JJ-- adj.
useless, futile, unavailing; inefficacious,
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inadequate. Syn. ..sJ~.+ o.S~J"-- n. idle. Syn. ,./ _-::.+ DJIS _ adj. incompetent, inept,
uselessness, futility. Syn. o.S~.+ .:..Lt-- adj. bungling. Cf ,:,L..~~. ",.~...:.;..J.+ ~DJIS- n.
fickle, changing. Syn. JL:;,..+ .jIJJ~- adj. incompetence, ineptness. + o.SJ L..S.. n.
disorganised, disorderly and confused (of an unemployment. + ~ _ adj. having no relative;
effort! undertaking). + ;4IJ~ adj. friendless (cf I. .::J4..-); having no helper/
disorganised, in disarray.+ o.S;4IJ;4-- n. assistant. + ..sJ...s_ adj. useless, worthless,
disorder, disarray, disorganisation.+ ~J"--­ unserviceable (syn. ~~ .~); g
See ~J~'+ ,:,L.L..J)'I-- adj. unimportant, nothing, incompetent (of s.o.) (syn. ~).+ .
insignificant, lacking weight! position! ,p..5 n. uselessness, incompetence.+ jL..s_
influence. + ~~J)'I- _ adj. vagabond,
adj. philistine, crass, gross. + ~...s_ adj.
unknown.+ ~D~ adj. right to the point,
cheerless. See ..5~. + ~ adj.
without a preface/ introduction.+ ~__ adj.
accomodating, not disposed to harbouring
lacking adeptness! elegant manner's. hate/ malice, kindly. + "':'LS.. adj. impossible,
CI D)~.+ ..s.:.D~"""-_ adj. dull,
insuperably difficult. + Zs,;5- adj. smooth, free
uninteresting, boring.+ r-e--- n. wireless
from impediment.+ D}i"'!- adj. meaningless,
(radio), transmitter-receiver. Syn. ~.+ _
inane, pointless, senseless. Syn.l;~.+ .:,L.}'_
J~ See..::.-...,.;;...+ JL."...:.- adj. limitless,
adv. doubtless, without doubt, no
countless, innumerable; infinite. Syn.,:,lt l;;t. doubt.>.:,L..}'. + DLi)'.. Syn. ih~.+ Zs,,$'- adj.
C/ o.l.i4..toj.+ o.SJL.".:... n. profusion.+ r~: adj. disobedient, perverse, contrary. Ant. ~I;,.,s.+
shameless, barefaced, bold. Cj J•• JI)w...JJJ ,:,1.L..(,t adj. in comb. with D meaning:
JJJDJb~. Syn. J¥L:;.+ ..,.~_ n. regardless, unrninful.+ ..,;,.,$'- n. disobedience,
shamelessness, impertinence. + ,:,~.J..,.~ v. perversity. + ,:,~~..;;~ v. refuse to listen (to
act impertinently, behave in a shameful S.o. 's advice or counsel), disobey.+ lfo adj.
manner. + "';D~_ adj. dishounorable,
unblemished, flawless. Syn.~.+ ':'''L adj.
shameful, ignominious.+ ";D~_ n.
homeless, without shelter/ place of re fuge. + .
shamefulness, ignominy, disgrace.+";D~
~"'J adj. neutral, impartial;
,:,~~ v. act! behave dishonourably (towards-
noncommittal. + ':'~.J4.!~ v. be impartial. + •
;:l4.S.u).+ D";":'_ adj. amorphous, shapeless.+_
,J.,,-!"'J n. neutrality, impartiality.+ ..5.u_ adj.
Jl&. adj. incorrigible, incapable/ unwilling to be
spotless, immaculate; unblemished,
corrected. See:.,.~. + ':'»-i J ~ v. be untarnished (reputation, name, etc.).+ lL... adj.
incorrigible.+ o.SJl&.- n. incorrigibility.+ ~... _ sour-faced, forbidding, surly. Syn.j}JJJ'+ \,;L...
adj. flawless. Syn. ..s.:.~.+ ':"D.r--i- adj. adj. meaningless. SeeD)~.+ 4....!L... adj.
cowardly (esp. in matters of honour or unprincipled, unconscionable, unscrupulous;
dignity); conniving cuckold.+ J...,j- adj. cheap, contemptible (cf 3. ..5»",,).+ ':'l.J ~~
useless, ineffectual, uncerviceable v. t. compromise, jeopardize, imperil, weaken. +
(syn. ~~ •..sJ~); graceless, good for j-t- adj. free of charge, gratis. Syn. ~~ 4.t
nothing (of a person).+ o.S~- n. uselessness. (under , ,...../).+ .:.....:...... without any show of
Syn. o.S~~.+ .,;e.J- adj. humble, modest, favour, expecting no recompense.+ .JY'- adj.
unpretentious.+ [.U_ adj. illogical, farfetched, hairless, bald (-headed). + ..J~ adj. immortal.
fallacious; senseless, foolish, stupid.+ ~lL n. See"...;.+ ..J,;4J'- n. immortality.+ Dj... _adj.
illogic; senselessness.+ j;J_ adj. sleeveless (of tasteless. See r~' + Jot.... - adj. disinclined,
a garment). > 2. j,;J. + J IS _ adj. unemployed, indifferent, reserved (esp. ofa girl towards the
 104

advances of an admirer).+ ..s:...:.;..- adj. uncouthness, lack of polish/ grace.+ ~.J_adj.

brainless, dumb, foolish, unintelligent. Cf unparalleled, unexampled, unprecedented.
j..;S.+ Li_ adj. ever-lasting, etemal.+ l.I"'»,"li- C1 ~Ol4t.+ l,jJ~- adj. unequaled, peerless,
adj. without honour, unchaste, indecent.+ -,li_ matchless, unrivaled. C.f ...&JJI...+ .,;..._ adj.
adj. unknown nameless, obscure. Ant. )b-,Li without reason! cause/ motive.+ ";.,;..._ adj.
(under -,lil).+ ;J'.":";'-'Jli- adj. unknown (said of unconscious, faint. Syn. l~. 2.
s. o. whose whereabouts are not known). + _ scatterbrained, absent-minded. C.f ~..s. +

~JLi n. obscurity, namelessness, anonyimity.+_ ~..I.H";';"";' v. be unconscious! faint. +..;.,;...,..;.

t~ adj. trivial, insignificant, mediocre; ~l.rS v. make unconscious.+ iJ..-;.,j..,;...- v.

valueless.+ l.vi- adj. unnoticeable, lacking make unconscious (esp. by means of

channl imposing appearance. > l""':.+ :;~ adj. anesthetic. drugs. etc.).+ -'JlJ,-~.~- n.
menstruating (and therefore ritually unclean anesthetic; opiate. C1 JJ-:,Il.+ ~~,j..,;..._ v.
for pray~). + ~J.JwI ~~ v. bel become ritually become unconscious/ faint.+ ~~_ n.
unclean due to menstruation. + ~..,.;~ n. unconsciousness (syn. ~l""""';';"); absent-
menstruation, state of being ritually unclean mindedness.+ Ol~_ adj. unavailing, fruitless,
for prayer. + .;..J!j"; _ adj. rude, uncouth, useless, futile. Cf ..s:.j~.+ ..::...-t.A.. 'adj.
discourteous. Syn.J.i~.+ ..5..;..;_ adj. faultless, callous, unfeeling, hardened.+ ...,:.-u.- n.
flawless, perfect. Syn. '":"t~.l~.+ 1".,..:;_ callousness, insesitivity.+ ~_ adj. weak,
adj. destitute and downhearted. C1 bJ lacking strength! physical vigour (c1.~.JJwtDj
.;I~.+ .,r-I""":;- n. feeling of dejection and oj"";"); ineffective.+ ~JY.~ v. become weak,
destitution. + j ~_ adj. able to dispense with! lose strength. + ~l.....s r.,.,;" v. weaken, reduce in
do without, contented, wanting nothing. + ;I J- intensity/ effectiveness.+ .,s~-
n. weakeness,
adj. poor, miserable, wretched. C1 ;I~.+_ quality/ state of being weak; ineffectiveness.+
~;I J n. misery, wretchedness. + ~-' _ adj. iII- I~. adj. hopeless, despairing.+ ..r-I~- n.
fated, star-crossed, unfortunate. C.f ":"'>"-/l"-/.+. hopelessness, despair .
..;..JJ n. misfortune, evil fate.+ ~'u:-'J- adv.
..ri bi n. bot. willow.<I.ft0~ q.v.+ jjS_n.
without a break! pause, ceaselessly.+ o)J-,_adj.
willow growing in the wild.+ ~_ willow
demoralized, thrown into panic and disorder.+
bearing a white fragrant flower.
oj.J.J- adj. feeble, ineffective, incapable.
~Lt~ biyaban (P) I. n. wilderness, wasteland,
C1 .r.-,,,;,,.+ G.tJ- adj. stupid, blockheaded,
oafish. Cf ,JIl"u.+ ~OJ n. stupidity, empty and desolate plain. C1 ..,slS~lS.

oafishness.+ ';";'0J- n. bad time, inauspicious 2.~. 2. adj. faint, unconscious. See 2. ..;:;....;.
time (e.g. a late hour at night). Syn. ":"'>oJli.+_ (under-:.r.\+ ~..I.H~~~ v. faint, become
~l:-oJ adv. continually, unceasingly, without unconscious.+..s- adj. foreigner, outsider.
stopping.+ uOJ- adj. ungrateful. Syn. •..L;- .w~ biyanu n. excuse, pretext, plea. Syn.
I.I"'L:--li.+ .,sDJ- adj. harmless, innocuous. .....;~4t. idiom: ......,P. ~Li.r ~.w~ This is the
Syn. ~L.~.+ ~ll;""'.J- adj. unscrupulous, flimsiest of excuses.+ ;r-{ll- v. leave (S.D.)
conscienceless. C1 '(.s,r"s.+ ~bjo.J- n. lack of without any excuse/ pretex; refute/ rebut the
scruples! principle.+ ~.J- adj. uncouth, excuse of (s.o.).+ oJ&..:...I,jjl/- v. find excuse/
lacking in polish and grace: uncultiyated in pretext.+ ~.JI- v. make an excuse, advance a
manner/ behaviour. > J.-;.J.+ ~.J- n. pretext (syn. ~.J -:.r. ~~4t. c1 ~l.? .rS>; used
 105

wilh prep. ~ meaning seek a cause/ pretext to ;I~ bidaT (P) adj. awake (syn. lSl: "-t under
quarrel or pick a fight with (s.o.).+ ,~~/_ v. ". . /); vigilant, watchful, alert. Cf ;~.,..+ -
make (esp. an uncovincing or in valid) excuse. 'y.j»l/ v. wake up, become awakened. Cf I .

u-i~ biyani n. foreigner. See ...;lS:.;.. Cf ,},.,.t. .JL.~.+ 'y.jJ,?/_ V.I. wake (s.o.) up.+ ~ n.
wakefulness, alertness. Cf ..s~.
~ bibin n. belt. Syn. IJ:- '; (under .;_!/).
~j"";' bedo! n. bowl used in milking animals.
J~ biber n. bot. pepper: ;.u-~ chillies, red
(hot) pepper. - J~.uJ'J.
ft"/I biT n. memory, power/ process of recalling
or remembering; mind (cf ~'j); thought, idea,
bibi n. doll. Syn. 2 . ..s»II q. V. + 4l... I. n. concept, notion (cf 2. ~,/).+ ';'»I.r-t v. recall,
small child. 2. = ~ q. v.
bring! call to one's mind. Cf';'»I.r-t ....1.+ .r-t
~ bibtlke n. partially spotted small bird. ';'J~ v. miss, feel the absence of (s.o.). Cf.r-t
';'J,roS.r-t....1 "~J,?+ '~JJd- See '~Jfl.r-t ....1.+_
;~ betar n. grave situation, big difficulty.
..s..-; adj. narrow-minded, insular, petty,
Cf ~jS ,,~.;.
opinionated.+ ~ n. narrow-mindedness,
~ bie See jjj I q. V. prejudice.+ ~_ adj. having a sharp memory,
~ biea = I. ~ q.v. retentive. + ,;,~ / _ See ,:.,~ .r-t ....1. + J":':""";' / _ v.
D

remind, cause to remember, help to recall.

IJ~ bieade n. kind of black beads used by Cf D~~ .J"!""/.+ .iI.~- n. & adj. intellectual,
women as a chinstrap. appealing tot engaging the intellect; rational
..... ~ bicame (E) n. pyjamas. C.f ~jJ'+ 'J';U-- n. reminder, that which
reminds; memorandum, informal diplomatic
f~" ~ biebieexanim n. puppet, doll; pretty communication. + jjJ _ adj. theoretical,
but empty-headed woman. abstract; speculative, hypothetical. + ';'J,? jjJ.r-t
~ bicge adj. separate, different, apart.+_ v. theorize, speculate.+ 'jjJ- n. theory;
...J/ prep. ~. besides, in addition to. E.g.~ supposition. + ;'jjJ _ n. theoretician, theorist;
jj....1 In addition to you. ,.,.u~ Furthermore, brain trust.+ ..sjjJ- n. theorization.+ *,:.,Lj_ adj.
In addition to that. 2. except! save for. memorable, unforgettable, vivid.+ L.._ n. logic
E.g. "';"-1"....1 ~ Except for these three. (science 0/).+ ,;,1.,1...... - adj. open-minded,
~ birm I. n. looks Cf 2. ,,.,.:;..;.. 2. adj. unprejudiced, broad-minded, liberal.+ u-i1i.)-
develish, of notable energy and recllessness. n. open-mindedness, lack of prejudice,
liberalism.+ ;LS _ n. & adj. intellectual.
~ biru n. I. baby, newborn, young (of
Cf ~j-l' ~~.+ ..s;lS" - n. intellectuality
animals and birds) (cf I. IJL..). When linked
(cf ..s},'J.....:.j..,.»; mathematics.+ '~l,?/_ v.
wilh a following noun the lzafe (,-e) is used.
think., contemplate, ponder, reflect (on. about-
E.g., ~..J;.s,~ Baby rabbit, leveret. 2. ;:,1).+ 'J'~- n. thinker.+ ,y....:.;~/_ v.
name of an 91d silver coin.+....1_ dim. of ~ remember, become mindful of at the proper
q.V. time.+ ~li_ n. memo, written reminder;

~ bix n. I. base, foundation:; ..... ~ scalp; notebook.+ ....... li_ n. memoir, narrative
root: ,;,b~ root ofa tooth. C.f <.;11.2. name composed of personal exprience. Syn. ..:..:,IJl.!.+
of a wild flower.+ r-- adj. final, definitive, -l'JL.o - n. outlook, point of view, attitude:
conclusive. Syn. ~ (under lJ,h ...;-:.s ..s-l'J"-iJ.r-t public opinion.+ ......sj_ n.
 106

notion, thought, idea. C.f 2. ';"'/+ ;'J- n. See J~.+ .;,Iyt..$.. See ;4SJJfti.+ JJ- n. desire,
thinker, pundit, philosopher.+ ~'J'- adj. craving (esp. of a woman for certain foods
bygone, erstwhile, forgotten. C.!. J L...:....$ during pregnancy)+ . .;,~rS JJft-I v. have a
craving! desire (jor-,~ certain foods).
J.'9~·+ ~'J'" =DJ'~r-tq.V.+..s;DJ ... n. I.
memory, recollection. E.g. ~ ..s..s;DJDr--t ~ As Syn. ~~J4.5'.+ flJJ- adj. craving (of a woman
(jar as) I rember. 2. remembrance, for certain foods during pregnancy).+ ~~/_
. comrr.emoration. + ..s - adj. conceptual. + ; It _n. v. be inclined toward, not to find repugnant or
& adj. thinker; marked by the ability to think, beneath one's dignity (often used in the
rational, logical. negative). E.g. LS:.tj.U'4.l.;,~4.-.i,;"",-!li..sft-.t He
2 finds it disdainful to talk to us.+ D.,....:.;~/_
r--t blr n. well, wellspring.+ )_1 n. stone lining
See ,~~.J ft-.t.+ .;,I J,- adj. craving, desirous.+_
of a gravel subterranean canal. + .;,b ~ / _ v. dig
a well. ;'J' adj. detestable, abominable, repugnant.

.k blr n. portable seat (usua/f.y a tree stump) on bha n. name of a fragrant herb used to
which sits the person holding animals to be flavour cheese.
milked.+ ...$_ n. milking-place! site for animals }~ bh,ar adj. weary and tired (of- 4.l). C.f
(place on the oUls/cirts of a vii/agel town I.I"';'J.+ ';'..u"'U'ft-.t v. become weary, get tired (of
where shepherds bring back livestock to be
s.th.).+ .;,~.}}~ v. make weary/ tired; annoy.+
milked by their owners).+ ~ n. the gathering
and returning of livestock to the milking site- I.? n. weariness; annoyance, vexation.
...$.k at noon! evening. JI~ biuaw adj. reprehensible, blameworthy,
j 1r--t blraz only in .;,~.} j1r-t v.I. clobber, beat;
2 condemnable.
fig. scold. JJ.)Dft:t bherQ n. kind of watercress. C.f .JDj.,uS.
~I.;..... birayl n. porch! veranda the front of ~1 blj 1. n. only as an element of certain
which is partially closed at each end.C.f
nouns meaning: sayer/ singer. E.g. ~I.J.?
.;,Iy-,u.
q. v.. I. pres. stem of the verb .;,Ifti q. v. + .;,11_
..5.k birk n. large shovel. C.f jli ..s'~. [rl] v. say, tell (to-~). Syn. ~JJ'+ ..5j_ adj.
r~ birm n. tarn, small deep-banked mountain talkative, garrulous. Syn. j~~.+ ... n. saying,
lake/ pool. utterance, remark, word. E.g. ~JJ It..s''fti 4.l
He said in his remark. ~ ~",-!,fti ~ In other
J..r.e.t biro n., med. eczema.
words. C.f 4,..jJJ.+ ..s)~'" n. contact, verbal
D.)'!:I bire (E) n. beer, lager. Syn. ~Jl;. communication.+ )S... n. speaker.
ft-.t bh n. 1. strong feeling of aversion or ~2 bij pres. stem ofthe verb, y.jlfti q. v. + 'J4.iI-
inclination (depending on the verb used). [rl] v. sift, pass through a sieve. C.f..5~ 4.l
C.!~. 2. colour, hue, shade. See 1. ..s.:.,~. +
.;,I~.- ,~Ifti 4.5',;..,.,; ~ ...s1.;..+ 'J'.)- adj. sifted,
.;,U~~l v. fall (from-~) one's favour; cease screened.+ ..s.....;_ n. medium-meshed sifter/
to be interesting! attractive/ likeable. E.g.JI~
sieve. C.f..sJ;.. 4. j4S. Syn. .;".)...... < ..s.:.fti 4.l
'JI.Jft.-t ~ I am really tired of it. C.f J ~ ;4014.l .;,I~.+ .$.;,- adj. screening, screener. +~fti
~j4S.+ JI;- adj. fallen from favour; tiresome,
.;,~.} v. screen.
causing satiety.+ D~~.}/_ v. have aversion!
repugnance (jor<). Syn. D~~.}~ ft.J.+ ...$_ )~)~ bijar bijar adj. be full of holes,
shredded.
 107

.;"I.~.? bljan n. kind offodder grass. J~ bikmar n. Ii:w-d. Syn. ~)...

JJrl btjIJ adj. bastard, illegitimate (see jJj); J~ begar n. forced labour, corvee; s.th. done
unscrupulously clever. unwillingly under strong moral obligation.
CjDYJ,-.+ .;,,~,;S:.r./- v. put (s.o.) under forced
..:.....-t bist n. twenty.+ ('0.. adj. twentieth.+ ~o..
labour; ask a favour/ service of (s. o. who is
adj. twentieth.
reluctant 10 comply). + ~_ n. person
~ bista adj. mindful, heedful, listening.- subjected to forced labour; one compelled to
~q.v. do s. th. against his will. + ..s- See J~'

.;,,~ blstan n. truck garden, patch (o/melonl A..i~ blgane 1. adj. foreign, alien (cj 1. .r-"-)
cucumber/ etc.).+ ~~ n. land used for truck 2. n. foreigner, stanger. Cj ";Il"-"+ JDJ~- adj.
gardening.+ .;"1,,,0.. n. truck gardner, person done strictly within one's own circle, leaving
tending a truck garden. outsiders out (cj ~ ~;.;.); used as an expr.
meaning: I spy a stranger, outsiders please
.;,,1~r~1 bistran pass. o/~ q. v.
withdraw.+ .:-~ n. & adj. fifth column; one
i~ bistraw adj. heard, learned about; who sympathizes with a foreign enemy or
audible. owes his loyalty to a foreigner.

';.s~ bistre pres. stem 0/the verb .;,I~ q. v. H. bll n. spade with a wooden footrest on the
handle.+ ,;-,-...i.. n. restr., only in ~.J ';"4-1:: v.
~ r~1 bistln V.t. hear, percieve/ apprehend
dig the earth around the base of a fruit tree. + _
by ear (syn'';'JH;:,J~; hear about, gain
~ n. small spade. + J IS:.. n. person who works
knowledge of by hearing.+ DJo.. v. hear, get
with a spade.+ IoSJIS:.. n. spade work.+ ~J- n.
wind of(esp. gossip about oneself).
wooden spade used for emptying flour.+ _
..s~ bistok n. telephone; receiver ~IJ~D See~...,;.L;..+.;,lS'o..n. garden trowel with
(radio).-~. a long handle. Cj ..sJJL.;j~.+ ~o.. n. kind of
~ bister n. hearer, listner. Syn. .J..;..}.-~ fodder grass.
~ bilbile n., anat. pupil (o/the eye) .
..;~ bisteni adj. auditory. .v-J.;. bela n. source of water that is revitalized

J.=......-t bysmil n. (act of) rinsing with clean every spring, nonpermanent spring.
water.+ .;,~,;S ~ v. rinse with clean water ~ billie n. dancing and singing performed
(esp. s.th. meant to be ritually clean); pour at the same time by a person.
clean water (on oneself) at the end ofa bath.
.. -J:: MOte n. school song.+ .;,IJ- n. one who
.J.;t b~ n. kind of taxi levy. C.! ~lt. leads in singing a school song.

~ b~ke n. cradle; bed or cot for a baby. ~ bim n. fear (esp. o/s.th. that might happen
Cj 1. ";'ij:>:. later) Cj V"~.+ D_ n. insurance. Syn.
.;~.+ ';'J""s ~ v. insure, take out! procure
• 4:: bl!e n. thicket. C.I .:"l:..JI~ (under jb l ).
insurance on (s.th.).+ JI""sD- adj. insured,
Syn. ~~.+ .;,'i. n. jungle, bush,
covered by insurance.
overgrowth. + ~'i. adj. overgrown, bush-
covered. J~ blmar adj. sick, ill. Syn. 1. ~~. Cj
...:.....;,2.+ ';'»1 Jl..:.t v. be sick, fall itl.+ oJ\;;...- n.
k bfvir n. felling ax. Syn. J~'
 108

hospital (syn. .;(>.. - .;. under ~2);

sanitarium.+ ..,. n. sickness, illness. See
~.;.w.;.

~I bin pres. stem of the verb ~ & I~

q. v. + 1_ n. preception, insight, direct intuitive
congnition.< I. ~L; q. v. + ,:,.))" ~ v. perceive,
attain awareness/ understanding (0/-";). + 1oI'!1-
I. n. sight, vision. C! ~L.j-: ,:,I)~~~ God.
2. adj. optical.+ )1;- adj. seen; observed at
firsthand.+ ;1_ n. eyewitness. C! 11.,..5.+ [tJ.!.tl
~. v. see, perceive with the eye. Syn. ~)~
~.JA5.+ 'A- v. see again; find (see ~""':"....ij.).

iJJ.I2 bIn n. steady movement! tum/ flow: )L:~

Ripples of water (usedfiguratively). E.g. ..s,)
..;..i;4-l...: )L;~ He is shivering (like the ripple
of water). + ,:,L:. 1,":;'.1- v. drink in steady
quaffs.+ ~}/_I v. pick up speed and move/
tum steadily, settle down to a smooth and
steady pace.
~J bin n. I. throat (esp. the area of the
windpipe in the neck). < ,:,1.r.:S tJ.!.t~. 2. respite,
pause Syn. J.M.+ ~}/} v. grab (s.o.) by the
throat. See tJ.!.t.;L; ":-1,). + Illl, _ n., anat. larynx.
C! ..sJ~~.

~ ben n. smell =.J}.I q.v. (all forms). 2. 2nd

and 3rd pers. pl. pres. subj. of I. ~~.

IoI'! \.:;t benayl n. variety of fig. C! ~ ....

I~~ benewbere n. process, job, task, chore.

E.g. ~1~1.}";I;4-I~~~ I am in the
process of moving; proceedings, act of
instituting litigation.
~~ bewie n. bearcub; young pig.

'H bewe restr. only as element ofcertain

nouns: )~_ n. widower.+ ,:,~_ n. widow.+_
..,...!jS:.;~
n. window's struggle in earning a
living and bringing up small children.
~ biye pres. stem of the verbs ii-::! and
I~q.v.
 109

..5..:..JJ adj. inauspicious, ominous (of s.o.).+_

~DJ adj. firmly established, deep-rooted. ~DJlt

':'J..,5 v. establish firmly, implant. C.j 1,).l.iIJj.... IJ

(under IJ\+ DJD~See ;:"..;DJ (under JDJ2).+ -S.il..DJ_

u••• adj. in the ninth month of pregnacy (of a women).

C.j .rf-.+
,:,~ n. end, the fmal limit in timet
space. range of possibility. See I.
.r-L.;jSl (under lJjSl).+ ~ n. capital (city). C.j
~IJJ. Cf

I. ~L.:..+ ~ adv. & n. at the lower part, at the

farther end. See JJ)"".
":" P the third letter of the Kurdish alphabet. 42 pa short form of ~ used with some verbs. e.g.
4 pa n. I. foot = I. ~I q.v. (also many of its ':'J}"lt·
compound forms).-l;;.. (under ~I). 2. rung, step 4lt papa n. J. pope 2. grandfather. See ~~ (under
(as in a ladder). See 2. ~ (under J./). 3. trigger l/j.
(of a firearm). See ~...J~.+ JL.:..,.,..:- n. wooden
~~ papo! n. steamer, steamship. C.j .~..J4.f
board a weaver places under his feet while
working.+ [.»-1- n. slippers. C.j J;.....+ .l.i4.f- adj. ~.+ .;,IJL n. captain of a steamship. C.j
resricted, confmed (in movement), immobilized; ,:,I~.
bound, under legaV moral obligation or contract
1A4 papi n. I. spy, secert agent. Syn. ,:,IJD"",;. 2.
.E.g. D.J"-!~l.;;~~"';uilSD.I.i4.f"",':'.I.i""'~,h,..~ All
are bound by the terms of this agreement.+ .I.i4.f~ inspector, supervisor. C.j ...!JJ~.

':'.J.J-I be bound! under obligation.+ I,)J.;S .I.i....,~ ':"4 pat n. restr. time, occasion. <..:..oL..JJJ q. v. (under
confine, restrict; bind, obligate.+ ~~_ n. 1. JJJ I).
ladder (See D~ .....j. 2. footholds, steps cut in the
jl;lt pata[ I. n. old rags.<jlJltJj~. 2. adj. inep~
walls of a well/ cliff, etc.+ ~~ See I.I"'ljJDJl.:.+-
bungling. Syn. DJ~ (under ~\
...;~ n. baby shoes with buckles.+ ~~ See
D~~.+ ~ n. sheep/ goat trotters. CP;.sw-"".+- ..s)"4 palri (E) n. battery, cell:.r- ~~.;lt storage b.
..5..!.J~..s)"lt dry cell. - 2. D)4.iJ}"..r. under ..r.
1
~ n. trotter seller. + ~ n. matron, •

bridesmaid. See ..5»,~ (under J4.f4) Cf ~.+_ ~lt pati/e n. small cooking pot. See .s.;J~~.
)J adj. walking, ambulatory. Cf 1. DJ~.+ t'i.,J-
,:,~~ pacvan n. translator, interpreter. Syn.
n. hoof(ofsheep, goats and deer). Cf ro- I .+ .;:,S-
,:,l...J"!"~.
n. kind of edible grass.+ D.pS_ I. n. larva ofa
locust. 2. adj. walking.+ D.,-S- n., med. pacve n. translation, act! process of
elephantiasis.+ ..1- n. threshold. Syn. 2 ..... l:-l.:.+_ translation.+ ':'J)" ~lt. v. translate, tum into one's
.r-S adj. afflicted (ofs.o.). See ).:;.i}.+;:JL..... adj. own or another language (Syn. 3. ,:,I;.$JDJ under
trodden, trampled under foot.+..JL..... n. wattle- JDJI); render, reword, construe.+ ,:,Ij_ = ,:,~~
harrow.+ D.;.....-I n. wooV hair on the legs and feet q. v. + JI}"- adj. translated; construed.
of livestock. ui- n. heel.- jJ~lt See .... jlt·+ .... IJ -
I

n. (child's) anklet (usually with small bells).+_ ~ .

Ll paf n. pick, pickaxe. Cf ~;ll.+ ~)S_ n. pick
work.+ ..sJJ- n. small pick.+ JjSL n. small hoe
j.lJ-'.J n. the part of a human leg below the knee. + _
used in weeding a garden or field.
 110

~~
2
par pres. stem of the verb ~~ q. v..;r- _ [~~ 1 cut into pieces.+ v!.v- n. draper; dealer in piece
only in ~~ I.) under I.) J and ~~ j.t.A under j.t.A. goods. *Ij _ n.. med. vaccine .

..
-' l...:>l" parnaw n. pseudonym, ficticous name, pen ...s::.;.,j.)~ paTVlnk n. shawl made of inexpensive
name. fabric used by village women to cover their
backs. Cj jL:. •~1)jS under j;S1.
I~~ paxuwa 1. n. large stack ofthershed crop that
has not been winnowed. 2. = I. ~ under ;.i. panfin n. piece of woolen cloth for
straining milk .
.J.j4>~ paxend n. hyacinth (stone); sapphire.
U"'.)~ pars n. (act of) begging for alms.+~.} U"'.)~ v.
J.;;.~ padl n. cart, horse-drawn wheeled vehicle
beg for alms. Cj :.J.)jSjl..,.....+ ..sa- I. adj. beggarly.
used for transporting freight.
2. n. beggar. See ~I..,.....
':"':'b~ padtql n. reward, s.th. given in return for
good or evil. Syn. Ir-;. Cj J;; ..::.."-'J';'.+o~I.)/_ v.
..s:..;.......)~ parseng n. counter weight, make weight.+
j~ ~_ v. attribute disparaging! abusive
reward, pay (s.o.) back in return for good or evil.
remarks or epithets (to s.o.).+ o~b/_ v. add a
L:..)~ pad!a = L:.~ q. v.
counter weight (to a balance. scale).+ o~}/_ v.
.)~I par n. I. last year, a year agol before. C.1).k weigh a receptacle to ditermine its weight prior to
2. See ~.)~.+ 4S'o_ adv. last year.+ ~ n. yearling weighing it with the commodity; add
makeweights.
bull-calf.+ ~ adj. last year's, pertaining to a year
•• l" n. last meal before dawn during
ago. ~.).

Ramadan; time of such a meal.+ :.J.).}- v. have last

*.)~2 par n. part.+ .)I.oj_ n. fraction; fragment.
meal before fasting .
.:ii-IJ~ [J..;~l paraslin v.t. protect, guard. shield,
.:@'.)~ pargtn n. drain cut around a tent.
save (jrom-4J). <;;,ii...1.)~'p.
jJ~ Pli!.o n. wooden shovel. Cj j\,;4S'~. .JS.. n.
~I.)~ parajfn n. paraffm. walker (device for children).
o~IJ~ [;:SJ~l pa!anewe v. implore, sue, beg (of .,.,.)~ pari n. I. roll of stuffed bread. Syn. 4J.;J~.
UJ). Cj o~"-'J'J. idiom: o.)~ ~.uJ ..:...~.... l; .,.,.) ~ Think before
.,I.)~ paraw adj. fresh and succulent (cj 2. r); talking (lit. first chew a morsel and then swallow
it). 2. morsel (esp. one eaten with the fingers).
well watered! irrigated.:.J»t .,1.) ~ v. i. water (of the Syn. I. ~.+ :.J.).}- v. stuff bread and make into a
mouth).+ :.J.)~- v.t. water well, inundate.+" n. roll.+ ~}/_ v. take a morsel with the fingers
succulence; profusion, abundance.
(jrom-4J).+ :.JJ",,"j$/- v. eat (esp. rice) by rolling
.)4.J~ parpar n.. bot. purslane. See ~~. into balls with the fingers. Cj~} ~.+ ,;;;.)S-
'::".)~ part n. band. group, gang (syn. 2. ':'-.);pol. adj. hearty (of one who eats with the fmgers).+.
party. :.JI.)UJ/ See~} .,.,.)~.

.s:.J~.)~ parrulke n. molecule.- ~.)~. ~.)~ parwink n. ditch dug around a tent or ~
for drainage. Cj .:@'.)~.
~.)~ parre n. 1. piece, fragment, bit. Cj jJ. I.
.::...]4S .~: .)l;.,-'c..~;\S~.)~ parts of speech. 2. piece O.)~I pare n. money, currency, cash (syn. I . .,1.).);
goods.+ _ _ adj. in bits! pieces.+ :.J»t~.)~~.)~ name of a small copper coin: jol.JlJ IoSO.)~ paper
v.i. be toml cut into pieces.+ :.J.).} ~.)~_ v.t. smash! money/ currency *0.).)-, 1oS0.) ~ small change, coin.
 III

idiom: ~~.; ;'~ u~:,.a.J~.... ~.~ .;4 with money S.J.J\.;j4 paznawuk n. wooden trowel. Cj iJlS~.
almost anything can be accomplished. ~Aj...s';4
-..ij4 pajne n. heel (ofthefoot. ofa shoe).+ ~_
-:..,;;~~...; ~ Debts should be paid back quickly.+_
also ~~_ n. shoehorn.
iJl'? v. bring! be worth momey; avail, be of use.
E.g. uLS\.;.;4 It has no value (worth, importance, .j4 paje n evidence, indication, sign. Syn. ~4t.
etc.).+ ..:-~_ adj. money grubbing.+ ~ adj. V"'~ pas (E) n. I. pass, permit! ticket allowing
miserly, stingy, penny-pinching. Cj 1. .l11 admission! passage/ access. 2. bus. 3. watch,
S ..ur.-.+ ;ll- adj. rich, wealthy. Syn . ..L:.... J.J.~.+. guard duty (esp. at night).+ iJ~.}- v. stand guard,
iJl,?;Oll v. issue money/ legal tender. C.! I. &- keep watch. idiom: lS.;I.Jl;.;!'1.I""4~L..;.,s-~4-
iJb~.+ / •.,.:...~_ v. change money; convert cash! He interferes in s.th. which does not concern
currency.+ j;..._ adj. rich but stingy.+ jJ/!- adj. him.+ LS.. n. outpost. guard post.+ &.. n. I. place
fragmentary; fractional. on the middle of a truck garden where the owner
stands watch at night. 2. outpost. + iJl.J"- n.
•) .../ pare n. piece. See 1. ~;4. + __ adj. in pieces
watchman, (night) guard. Cj ~ .~.+
(of s.lh. lorn! shredded). Syn. ~~~~.+ IS- adj.
~I.JL n. watch, keeping guard. - ..$4-.
fractional, fragmentary.
;L..4 pasar n. eaves. See ...;1.."....;...,$'.+ loS- also
1S-l4 pare pres. stem of the verb .~1-l4 q. v.
-..s...s.Jk house sparrow (normally nesting in the
}...;~ parh. I. n. & adj. diet, prescribed course.! eaves).
allowance of food; dietary. 2. pres. stem ofthe
JL..4 JHlSaw n apology, admission of error.+_
verb .:ii-1;4 q. v. 3. n. place of hiding, hideout. See
.~~ v. apologize, make an apology.
I. LS}...;4.+ iJ~- v. be in hiding (takes I~ ..... .J).+-
iJ~;-S v. bel go on a diet; abstain (from-.J), avoid.+ JHlSqal adj. funny, humorous, clownish. Cj
jli....4
iJlJ-[IS.JJ...;~l pass. of &Ji.,.....1;4 q.v.+ .JI;- adj. ~lS.+ loS- n. humor, wit. Cj ~lS.
safeguarded, preserved, protected. + iJ..L: \5..:.. I_v.
u.-4 pasux n I. answer, reply, Syn.. I"I;OJ 2.
break a diet, cease to diet. + ~ adj. guarded,
reaction, response.+ iJll/- v. refuse, tum down (a
cautious.+ LS'_ n.l. hiding place, hideaway,
request).+ .,...:.Il/_ v. answer, reply. Syn. I"I;'J
hideout. Syn. 3. }...;4. 2. governorate, province (as
•.J4-ib.+ .;oS- adj. reactive, tending to react!
an administrative unit). C.! IjoU .~\.;.+ ;l!./.
responde.
adj. careful and farsighted (ofs.o.). Cj ~.J.J~. 2.
.J.l.-4 pasin n. commemoration (of a deceased
n. governor, chief executive! administrative head
of a povince. + ..s;lS _ n. caution, farsightedness. + • person). Cj ..s;J'J..r-i q. v. under ftl.
J n. province, admin. district ruled by a ~~ PII! I. adv. after, afterward. < I.!. 4 .J. 2. perp.
governor.+ ;"- n. lawyer, attorney.+ ..s;"- n. after; behind (of physical location. often takes
lawyer's profession. 'J .. .J). E.g. •~.;ly-~ ~4.J Behind the wall. 3.
.....A;...; 4 pariv n. oven-baked meat. prep. ~yond, on (to) the farther side of, past. E.g.
4-!~~L..~4p It is just past our home. 4. used
*~...;4 parthmi n. kind of savoury herb. in comb. as the first element ofsome compound
forms. e.g. J..,i.:.4 q. v.+ .p>L n. leftover fodder in a
}j ~ pazar n. kind of beads used in making
trough! manger.+ .JL n. twice-distillid rose water;
rosaries.
tea poured over the pulp once again to give it
.~j4 pazde See .;4 (allforms). strenght; water left over after s.o. has drunk. +_
 112

0)'0/ See JJ~ ~~.+ ;';4.1- n. I. hobble used on the autopsy . .$fo"- adj. posthumous (of a child).+ ft"'-
hind legs of an animal. Cf ~'. ':;. 2. gram. n. courtier, noble,+ ;;,.,;_ n. aftemoon.+ jdO~- n.
suffix. Cj I . .I.:'. ':;.+ ~_ adj. back biting, aftemoon.+ ~,.J- I. adv. disorderly, in a
slanderous (of S.o. talking behind other people's confused manner. 2. adj. disordered, misplaced
backs).+ .:,~."..s~:. "4 v. beckbite.+ IS"'ri- n. (said of two or more units).+ ii->';';',.J- v. place
backbiting (act! occasion oj).+ ~_ adj. cautious, in a disorderly manner; misplace.+ ~~ ';';',.J- v.
circumspect. + ~ _ n. caution, circumspection. + • fall into disorder; be misplaced. + JJ _ n. hind legs
~.J~ n. trench dug around a tent to drain offrain of a single-hoofed animal. Cj .j'J.+ .r.)0J- n.
water.+ ':;..)4- n. mil. rear guard! positionsllines.+ undersecretary, assistant secretary. E.g. 1S..r',)0"":'~
..5~ See ";s:":'4.+ ....;~_ n. banquet given by a oJO;OJ undersecretary of state.>.J"'')oJ. + 0~ _ n. last
bridegroom or his family three days after the child born to a woman; last yield of a truck
wedding.+ ~/_ v. delay, defer, postpone; put garden.+ ~o... n. waste product.+ jjdo...n. future,
second (.syn. /. ~IJ~); retard, decelerate, time to come.+ ..5j;o... n. 1. part of the produce/
arrest.+ .:,1.,,;.... n. leftover food (usually from a harvest left or abandoned by a reaper. Cj ..5j.J~l>
table). Cj oJLo,;4-i under .~./.+ ;I~ n. mil. rear 2. fine leftovers (e.g. bread crumbs).+ ..5j~4
guard. Syn. ':;..)~4.+ j~_ n. thiefs accomplice .:,~~ v. glean, strip (a field) of the leavings ofa
posted to give warning of danger.+ J.,J.. n. reaper; gather (information) bit by bit.+ ...:.so... n.
maneuver of putting one's foot behind s.o. in an recession, withrawal.+ .:,~."..s -:.5.:.4 v. recede,
attempt to trip him up.+~} J"L v. try to trip up abate, subside.+ u"..s... n. econ. savings; nest
S.o. with J.,.i..!.4 (used with ~). j.S_ n. I. part egg.+ ,:,~~ u~~4 v. save, keep and store for
behind the cantle on a horse's back where a dark days.+ ...;"..so... adj. pertaining to saving,
second person may ride or where a saddlebag is
savable. + ;:10... = j.:.4 q. v. 4l.u... n. day taken as an
placed. E.g. r4S'~~4~ I let him ride
unofficial holiday after a feast or festival;
benind me on the horse. Cj ~. Syn. ..5,;d- 2.
aftereffect. secondary result. 2. kicking (with
supplement, addition. Cj oJLSJ.+ .:,I,,&.. I. n. one's back to the thing or person kicked). Cj
ejector. See ~L..:.4. 2. See j..t.!.4.+ ~~/_ I. v. be 4.J.u. + ....IJo_ n. back piece on a beehive; valve,
delayed, fall benind (.syn. ~~ IJ~); be in arrears. stop cock.+ .p4Jo- adv. backwards (normally with
2. n. backwardness, under deveopment. .",;"..s- the verb 0""';1.;.5 meaning: step back, walk
adj. backward, underdeveloped; in arrears. ~_ backwards). Syn. 2. ":"":",.JI.:..; (under ..:...; ').+-
only in ,:,1~~4 v. ignore. refuse to consider or ~oJo adj. retarding, arresting, decelerating.+~_

take notice of; neglect. + j&.. adj. repentant. adj. subsequent, succeeding, future. E.g. ~4lSjjd
penitent. Syn . .:,~.+ o~.JJo/j.$- v. repent, feel The last day, resurrection.+ .:,~_ n. subsequent
regret! contrition.+ 0~~.J j&.. v. cause to repent.+ events/ developments. Cj .:,1'_ ":;. + ~ _ n. fate in
;:I - n. I. back hem, train (of a dress, robe, etc.) Cj store (jor s. o. ).
J: ':;. 2. strap placed around the hindquarters of l,;,4 pfl!a n. king = L:.~4; pasha (title).+ ~L:.4- n.
pack animals _(often with small bells attached to name of a childem's game in which the two sides
it). Cj I . .vJ4.+ -""!'L.... n. ejector (ofarifle).+. represent authority (the king) and brigands
.:,L...Lo n. assistant midwife. Cj .:,L...Lo.+ oJL....n. respectively; name of an old spring festival.+_
rest, remainder (e.g. of an article/ story); leavings, ;:;b~ n. disarray resulting from constant change
leftovers (see oJLo,;4-i under .)4.t4. cj I. ult"-i).+ • of authority/ regime, anarchy, disorder.+ "';4.t.- n.
.u... See..J....:.4 .u.+ ':'~J"'- n. & adj. postmortem; an
 113

kingship (reign. office); monarchy, government by .:....S4 patel (E) n. packet; box, carton, case (made
a king.+ jJ!_ n. variety of yellow grapes. ofcarton paper) (c! ..s;.;1."J.5 •..t."J.,J).
4""jj4 paqlanfte n. grassy plant with small red ~&4 patemi n. tiredness. See ...;~."J.;l.•.
fruit eaten as a laxative.
iJ~ pal I. n. side (of a hill or mountain); lateral
I.,,')lj~ paqlawe n. oven-baked pastry made of • 2
portion- 1.".u44.i (under ~ ).2. prep. next (to-...J)
layers of thinly rolled paste stuffed with sugar and
Syn. 2. ~ ... 3. n. push., shove Syn. 3. Jj.t.+-
cracked nuts. + I.rt- adj. diamond-shaped. C!
~ n. back cushion, pillow to lean the back
~~.
on. C! ~ (under ~1).~jS. 2. gram.
4JJ4 pag.le n., bot. broad bean. subject.+ ."I~_ See ."IJ .J4.+ ~L; I~/_ v. push,
~ pat adj. 1. clean, pure (Syn . .:..JJl»; chaste shove, move (S.D., s.th) by pushing. give (s.th)
decent, honest. 2. all without exception, with the needed push! incentive. + .J"-il~ _ n. driving
none excluded (cf 1. .".,..u).+ ~l.;S ~ v. peel, force, impetus, incentive.+ ii->I- v. lay (s.th)/
skin, take off the rind. + -.;1- n. exculpatory plea, stretch (5.0.) down on the side.+ ~b_
n.
excuse.+ ~l.;S -.;lS~ v. exculpate (for- j.t oneself or hemline.+ ~ll/_ V. I. lean/ rest ones back or body
s.o else).+ or! L n. clean place/ area on the (on- "-/). 2. push! shove (s.th.) closer to s.th. else
ground.+ I~»I- v. J. become clean/ pure. 2. be (used in comb. with 1.,,1). E.g. 1.JLSlS'JIH.... I~J4
erased! cancelled (of a score). 3. be acquitted! Lean it against the door.+ O."..;ll/_ V. lean back.+_
exculpated. 4. die, cease (used contemptuously). ."IJl n. gram. predicate.+ r!l..ft. hem. See ~Il.+.
Cf ~l.,-A (under ..,.I).+IS-il..._n. cleaning/purging ~.,,41 V. lie down, stretch out, couch! prostrate
act! campaign. E.g. ~uOl......S\ Ethnic oneseH: Syn. ~L.:.S1J (under 1/).+ 1."..;ll:"/_ v·fig·
cleansing.+ o""':'l.Jl- v. 1. clean, rid of dirt or lean back and let (s.th) takes its course, rest at
impurities (by washing, wipping off, etc.). 2. ease. Cf ~.J.1-"" ~l.+ ~L:.I_ v. I. push, shove.
cancel, erace, neutralize. + _..J _ expr. meaning: ..
Syn. ~L:. I~ iJ~. 2. lean/prop (5. th) up (against-~)
are quits, .. are even.E.g., ~..J~W"4 We are See ~l)~iJu.+ ~ 1_ n. continued! persistent
quits.+ ..5»->,..,_ n. rest (act of) squandecing.+ jostling, pushing and elbowing (as of a crowd).
~l~ ..5»,~4 v. squander, waste (s.th of value). cf C! ~. + -';1." I ' _ n. buttress.
~Il jr-i4.t.+ ~,..,-
n., rest. (act of) separating the
t'1~ palax n. buffalo calf. Cf ..sl;..,s.-";;"l$
good from the bad.+ ~l.J~,..,..54 v. distinguish!
(under lS").
recognize good from evil (normally used in the
negative).+ .:..JJ~"'- adj. clean and pure, very ~~~ palan n. pack saddle. Syn. ~l;..uS.+ IS- n.
clean.+ ~~O."I_ =I""':'~~ q.v.+ j'_ adj. pure, pack animal old enogh to be saddled.
honest, true.+ IS-n. cleanliness. See ~Jl>.+ Ij!_ ":;;~4 palante n. material used in building artificial
1. adj. neat and clean (ofs. th.). cf ~y" \Jo'Jl>. 2. drainage pipes! channels - rt}.,,$ q.v.
n. given name for women.
~'14 palanfe n. I. anat. sacropinalis muscle, 2.
~L./ pakij n. privately owned! restricted grazing
ball of woo~ left unsheared on the back of a
grounds. sheep as a decoration.
jS~ pako restr. only in ~b/_ v. I. cut / mow grass ~." '14L,;141 pa/,awtin V. filter, strain, refme.
by hand. 2. eliminate, do away with. See ~.
~."~ 4 pa[awtge n. refinery:~...:. IS- s~gar
&4&4 pakepake n., bot. potato (es). Syn. .. l;~. refinery ~."..; IS- oil refinery. C! &,,;.J4·- ~.,,'14·
 114

<I..iJ l'4 pa[awte adj. filtered, strained, purified, DJ";~' 2. sit down in a relaxed, comfortable
manner. Cf ~IJ (under IJ ).+ - 4-1- adv.
1
refined. Cj jl}-~Jl'4.
bluntly, curtly, abruptJy.+ ~;;4- n. lesbianism.+.
~~ pallo (E) also J~4 n. overcoat. Cj w.;,
J\,j adj. flat- topped. + ..sJ\,j _ n. flat top (of a
~DJ";' Syn. ';jJ':.
mountain or hilf).+ ~L.; _ province, an extensive
..5~4 pa[le! n. name of a cattle disease. area of knowledge/ activity/ interest. Cj 'J.~..J.J
""'4 pa[me n. kind of herb. JL.& ')-0-1'+ Dy.jl'?l_ v. flatten! crush! trample so
as to make level with the ground (Syn. Dy.j"';L.:..:!;),
-....i1.,J4 palwane n. kind of black bird capable of
spread open, open flat. < D"-"";l,? .;, ~ rDJ (under
very rapid flight.
r.J I). + j4 _ n. discus (sport). + .J-S _ adj. pudgy,
J.,J4 palu n. I. strap ofa pack saddle passing under short and plump, slightly flat. + »--' _adj. big and
the animas tail. Cf 2. ;:)'!'4. 2. See -S..JAS. roomy (of a garment), of vast dimensions. Cj
..J4 pale n. labourer. Syn. JlS7.;..}< .,j41J'!"
.;,1.,1.";. + &-1 D- n. cross-section. + ...,s. -
n. flat-
shaped lock + .JjAD _ adj. plaited into a thick rope
.;,IJ"-' 4 pa[ewan 1. adj. heroic, brave, courageous. or pigtail. + J.;a. _ n. breath, latitude, comapss. + _
Syn. ..,;JJ. 2. n. champion (Cj .;,L..JU), fighter, .; n. width. breadth, broadness.
wrestler. person of great strength (Cj ~).+_
j;;';~ panto[ (E) n.l. trouser, pants (European
..s.i~ n. wrestling, fighting (as in a game, contest).
style). 2. spring inside of a watch or clock,
Syn. ..s.i~IJj.i (under Jj}).+ A_,iI- adv.
pendulum.
courageously, bravely Syn. -.;1...;.1,; like a
.;,1.Li~ pandan n. ink pen, fountain pen. Cf 2. l'1.:.
champion.+ ~_

courage, bravery, championship.

n. courage, bravery.+ ..s- n.
... ~.

";I J .J41 pa[ewane n., bot. variety of oak- gall. .ji~ panze also .'.i4 n. fifteen.+ ~_ also ~.... -
and ~ _ adj. fifteenth .
.s..;4.A.J4 pa[eheng n. chain, shackle used on
prisoner's legs. ...s::;4 panke 1. n. fan (electric): ~ .;- ceiling fan

.,;J~ pa[ew 1. pres. stem of ~Jl'~ q.v.2. n.

";;".;4-';- table fan. Cf ~.Jlot (under lot I).
strainer.+ JIJ - 1. adj. filtered, strained; refined.- .iJ~4 panibel7. n. slipper - like footwear with
~Jl'~. 2. n. candidate. See JD,,;.oli.+..5_ n. filter.+_ built- in heels worn by women. +JJJl- n. maker of
. ..
-S n. strainer, colander. Cj .,;J4~ ..,;J4J~. .ih4·
.JL.4 pamaw n. (act oj) smoothing out plaster work .;,IJ~ pawan n. grazing ground (esp. one reser ved
with a wet c1oth.+ •.,-....;IJ/_ v. smooth out plaster leased or let out on hire). Cj ~:,•.,..J.
work! pottery with a wet cloth.
';J»'"J4 pawmllri n. type of Kurdish song .
•.,;;..~ pameze n. secretion given offby bees which
.J4 pawe n. I. See .;,IJ4. 2. village in Hewraman.
is used as a guide for finding a bee cluster.
pan adj. wide, broad, having width, vast, ';'.J~ pawen n. pound (money), pound, lb. (unit of
spacious, roomy (Syn . .;,Ii";, )..;1.:), flat, even, level weight).
(Cj .;,~....;.).+ ~I_ n. broadest part, width. Syn. .;~ pay prep. (jor) the sake of, (in) honour of. Cj
.;~.+ D~»d- v. I. be flattened! trampled! I. j..-tl.+ ':-jl- n. 1. reconciliation. the cessation of
crushed so as to become level with a surface. Cj hostilities and establishment of peace. 2. halt!
 1I5

stoppage of work at the end of the day.+ ..:....j..l.!~ jig. submissive, humble, obedient. Cj ..:....t~},>-.+

<J.lJ-I v. I. be let off of work for the day (of a t""';»t..5JJ • v. decrease, become small (e.g. of
worker).+ <J~.,s" ':-j..l.!~ v. let(workers) off at the c1othes).+ JI.,s"JJ- adj., gram. dimunitive.+ ..5JJ -
end ofa working day. ty.:.~.} V. cut down in size, make smaller.+ ~JJ­
)t-'!4 payde, n. pedal (i.e. on a bicycle).+ <Jb:.,J/- n. smaIIIness, littleness (of size): youthfulness,
humbleness (of position, status. etc).
v. pedal.
~ pi,i! pres. stem ofthe verbs~..f':"'. and t"":"..f':"'.
~~ paylz n. autumn, fall. + t _ I. adj. fall, relating to
q. v. + ,:,Ir [~~] v.i. break off, snap (of thread.
fall, used! worn! maturing in the fall. 2. n. variety
of yellow grapes appearing late in autumn. + I.ont- wire, etc.), be overexhausted! overfatigued (Syn.
2. ,:,L-..j.+ ':'.l..ild - L;~J V.I. break off, snap. cut!
n. friend who is seldom seen. + :;-}t _ adj. affected
sever by pulling apart.+ t.J4.i.l.ild - L;~J V.t. break
by the cold ofautumn (offruit. produce. etc.).
again, cause to snap once more.+ t.J4.ilr [;S,h.l
~~ paye n. I. rank. position, degree/ level of status
pass. form of t.J4.i.l.ilrx q. V.+ Jl d - adj. broken off,
or office, level, standard: <JL~ 1oS- standard of
cut! snapped. Syn. Jl>.......J.r.. C.! J~'+ tJI.;-adj.
living. 2. high thin wall built from brick or stone.
disrupted, disjoined.+ __ adj. I. cut! snapped in
3. jirst element ofcertain adjectives: E.g. .4
"-! ~
many places. 2. incoherent, disjointed, frequently
q. v. 4. element, constituent part (s).+ __ adj. in
interrupted, intermittent.+ ..5jd- adj. which breaks!
degrees, step by step.+ 4- adj. of high rank, of snaps easily (e.g. thread, wire, elc.).+ "I,..:t- adj.
great influence! veneration.+ j,Ao- See 4 ~~.+­
broken off, severed. + Ir-- ~ v. J. jig. secure, cut
~ adj. of low rank! position! status. + )b _ adj.
out (as a share in s.th. for oneself- ~jt). 2.
I. enduring. lasting in influence! stabJs. etc; stable.
break. snap. See ,:,.l.ilrx . + t~J V.I. snatch,
Cj )I~~~l;. 2. sovereign.+ 1oS.J1~- n. I. endurance,
take away. Cj 1. ':'~.ft.
stability. C.! I. 1oS~. 2. sovereignty.+ Jl..- See
jl..~ (under ~I).+ ':"""'J- adj. status- seeker ~ pi,!e pres. stem of the verb ,:,Irx q. v.

~ pil n. I. small quantity. 2. period, full stop, ~..f':"'. pi,!en pres. stem of the verb <J.l.i1rx and
point. + 4.S _ n. little bit, small amount, modicum. .~.l.ilrxq·v.
speck.+ ~_ See ..5.;.,jjj.
~I pix intj. used to startle s.o.: boo.+ <J~.} (~) ~
-"'"' pili, I. adv. more. to a greater/ higher degree. v. Say boo to (s.o.) in order to startle.
2. adj. more, additional. Syn. ~)jj (under )jjl). f:::T.2 pix also._ n., restr. (act of) chopping off.+ ~
Cj I. t""';.+ <J~.,s" ~ v. increase, make greater, <J~.J v. chop off the head (nursery expr)
augment.+ 1oS- adj. restr. comparative: 1oS;:';1oS,,-!~
comparative degree.
,r,1 pi! adj. 1. full, replete, filled (ej ,,;J.;I,,;J). fed
up, tired. < <J»t.r.- ~ q. v. 2. closely/ tightly knit or
~ pile =,;.,.(allforms)q.v.
woven. Syn. I. .:..i....3. loaded (of a gun).+ ':'»'-t.
A pilew adj. solid, hard, tough. Cj I"!u. + 1oS-n. y. be filled, get full; be loaded; ~ fed up (with-
..,1).+ ,:,~.,s".r.- v. fill, fill up.< <J~.}.r.-..,I q.v.+ -t.,JI- =
toughness, hardness, solidity.
.r.-4..t.r. q. V.+ t.J4.i»t1- v. become filled up gradually,
~ pi, n. little. See I. r&'+ JJS-=...J~ q.v.+_ fig. become full (used in the negative to describe
...."ijS adj. very small, tiny. Cj ..5~. + ...J& _ a/so s. o. who is greedy or always hungry). + - "-i _ adj.
~= ...J~ q. v. + ..5.;S- adj. a little. See ~&. + I. full to the brim. 2. well-fitting, tightly fitting (of
..5JJ . adj. I. little, smail, not big. Ant. I. t)J&.2. a plug, stopper, etc).+ ~"-i- adj. most suitable,
 116
;;IliA

perfectly befitting. + IJ~ ~ 4.f.r. v. be best jj-o.-r. pirpol adj. filthy and offensive looking (of
suited! most befitting, be a match (jor -loS)· + j~4i­ persons). Cj ~~.
adj. wholeheartedly, most sincerely.+ V"0~4i- a4/".
4.lj.o.-r. pirpole n. kind of gruel! dumpling.
by the handfull. + r-0~4.f _ a4/". at the top of ones
voice.+ ~_ a4/". valuable, costly, precious. Syn. u.rl pirt n. piece. Syn.l. u;)4.+ jl_ n. piece

)~~-..,..+ J~- n. full gallop. Cj 3. J~, )Lt. J~.r.4i.+ goods.+ ~""".J- n. insignificant articles laying
IJI~ Jl..J. v. race (a horse) at a full gallop. Cj scattered around the house. + ~~.J _ n. loose/

IJI~)U. + ..sA.-J:- a4/". armed., well furnished! incoherent! inconsistent manner of talking.

equipped with weapons. Syn. ~Ju; (under pina pirta adv. steadily and noisily (of
..sU;2).+ IJ~,} ..s~.r. v. arm, supply with weapons.+ running) .
..;~ a4/": talkative, voluble. Syn. j~~, ~ )jj ~.r., pine n. flicker, sudden brief movement;
(under )jj ').+ ~»-_ adj. useful, beneficial. Syn: waveimg light; throb, pulse.+ u.r.,- n. 1. stammer.
~~.+ IoS)LL n. busyness.+ o~~.}I_v.t. fill up sputter, falter (sometimes due to anger). 2. regular
again, fill out (a form, etc.); fill up with earth (a throbbing! pulse flicker.+ 1J~.rS u.r.,-..J.,. v.I.
pit, pond etc.), recharge (a battery cell). + .;.;s- stammer, sputter. 2. flicker, throb/ pulsate
a4/". impulsive, impetuous.+ ~_ n. rytbmically.
impulsiveness, impetuosity.+ ~~,.,.:.;$.r. v. act j~.,. p/rteqaf. n. orange (fruit! tree).+IoS- n. and
impulsively, be impetuous! precipitate.+ '::"':";$_ a4j. orange (colour). orange coloured. (Syn.
a4/". unusually fat, obese, corpulent. Cj .,.,..,43, ~)li).

i}......:..;$.+ ..s. .:-_ adj. brainy, intelligent, G...rl pirr n. lock! tress of a woman's hair (esp. in the
intellectual. C.f ~ •..so.;'...i (under ;:./).lJlj)jj back): ..JliJ ~ l,; '-'J. rainbow (See ~...i ~~
.u~.
.OJ"l ~J. false/ artificial! hair *oJI.,..;.:;- u-="'J.
r.2 pi! n. 1. suddenness, sudden and unexpected braided! plaited hair. Cj ~Jj.+ IJ- . shaggy-
movement.< J"'~.,s '.r.4..l (under u.,s2).2. (act oj) haired.
snatching with one's hand.+ 1J~.,s~.r. v. snatch, 1J.Li ~.r., I ~.r.,] piTXllndin v. snore
seize/ grab suddenly.+ IJb/- v.t. dive for, spring
~.,. pirxJn a4j: snoring (ofs.o.).- .;..,..
upon, reach suddenly for (normally used with
0). E.g. 1oS4.S"~L..oH...tbloSr. He suddenly reached .}~.,>.,. pirxuhlJ! 1. n. loud persistent snoring. 2.
for his gun. Cf lJ~ftj.t":-~. adv. snoringly.

r.l pi! used only in comb. e.g.,JjJ~-¥ q.v.+_ ......r., piru n. snore, snoring. + IJJ,} .;..,. See 1J.Li ~.,.
jl..JL..J = j~4.JJ~ q. v.+ G..jJJ.J- a4j. nonsensical, q.v.+U-n. continued snoring.
absurd, contrary to good sense (of s.th. said),
~.rl pird n. bridge. - oJ~~ (under r/)'~·
trivial, insignificant.+ ~.J- a4/". cluttered,
~+ ASj_ n. small bridge.+ r-lk.:..- n. flyover.+.
crammed and disorderly. + ~ _ n. odds and
Jo n. raised platform where millstones are kept.
ends, miscellaneous articles.+ ,JjJ...I'!""'.J- n. old
women: 1J~...I'!""'.J.r.~1~ old wives tale ,""L..)o~ jJ.,. pirdi) n. break, pause. See IJ~JJ.
.1J~...r-'.J.r. old wives remedy. j~ pinol n. small piece/ part, fragment (esp. one
0u, pi[pi!e See 4~. separated from a larger body).+ __ a4j. in small
pieces, in fragments, broken into fragments. Cf
~l> JJ)JJ. + IJ~ jjjr. j.1i.r. v.
be in small pieces,
 117

break into fragments. + 0_ n. very small pieces, cross-examination.+ ;4-S"Jl-t- n. questioner, one
molecule. who asks! inquires. + IS - adj. interrogative. + 1;1.-
D~ pine also JJjr,. n. strength, vigour, breath. C.f Lr.r.] v. ask, inquire (from -..J). + 0A- [U'"f.] v.
..... l.i.... + ;;Ir-I- v. bel become short ofbreath.+_ See o~f.;:,-J q.v., also n. hearing, inquiry,
Jlr- adj. short of breath. Cj ~.;.s..:,.;. 2. fig. review.
deeply afflicted, hard hit (with a loss); J..r. pi~ adj. lr. q. v. adj: scattered, dispersed
unpriviliged. + ~...!d_ v.I. cause great loss/
(Syn. I. }~). split up. + ..$...j _ n. I. ray, beam of
affliction (10 -IS), incapacitate.
light, radiant e~ergy. C.f ~--t.. 2. given name
jr.1 piTj n. fringe (syn ~), delicate slender tips (of a for women.+ .1"'J..t.1- adj. widely scattered. Syn.
vine branch. melon bunch, etc.) Cj j~. )L....1)b (under ).i).+ 0,J4.i.J.Y. .1~.1- v. be scattered
all over.+ o,J4.il..?J~.1- v. scatter all over, disperse
1ri2 pIT] I. adj. scattered. Syn. J..;4/.. q. v. 2. n.
widely.+ 0_ n. spark.+ J.r.0- n. sustained
sprinkle, spray.+ 0.1- = I. ~Jj.1r. q. v.
..50_ n. meteor.
piTjan v.i. be scattered, become
dispersed. See D,J4.i.J.Y..1~.
.5.r. piTg n. I. skim! crust which fonns on top of
;;.l..il~ k";~J piTjandin v.I. I. shed, disperse, liquids. 2. larva of a wonn. 3. Canopus. See
scatter. 2. sprinkle, spray (on-~). J-to.n-.+ ,:,l...:;Aju/- v. fonn skim or crust (of
liquids).
~~ pull pres. stem ofthe verb ,:,Ilr. q. v.
oJ..Lil.o-J'L:,e..e.J') pJutumdin v.t. snort.
v-"..jr,. piTjlin I. pres. stem ofthe rerb oJ..Lil~ q. v. 2.
J~~r. pi!flUlhl1! n. sustained loud snorting.
n. sprinkler.
~.[f. pir.me n. snort. snorting. < ...r. .;b (under
U"'.r. piTS J. n. question, inquiry. Syn. )~f..+ U"'f.
;;b ).+ ;;l.} ....[f. v. let out a snort.+ ~r.- n. sustained
1
':'l.;S v. ask, inquire (from-..J). 2. pres. stem of the
snorting.
verb ~f. and D.1~f..+ 1_ adj. inquisitive,
curious. +~I_ n. present (generally food) taken to ~r. pi!men pres. stem of the verb ;;..LiLor. q.v.
a bereaved family.+ .11- n. question, problem, jj.ir. pi!nol n. rags.
proposition.+ ':'l"'-s;:':JL...f. v. consult, seek the
,:,.l..iIJf. Iv-"Jf.] pirwandin v.t. flick off, rub and
advice/ opinion of.+ fo- adj. scrutinizing, minute
strike lightly to remove (e.g. dried mud stain), rub
(of s.o.).+ IS~- n. scrutiny, searching study/ off (kernels ofcorn etc).
inquiry.+ IS)LS"- n. curiosity.+ ;;_ adj. curious,
o..LiLS~ pi!opagande (E) n., pol. propaganda. Syn.
inquisitive. + 0 _ n. condolences expressed to a
JlpJ~.
bereaved person, mourning period! occasion
during which the bereaved is visited and offered .. ~. piTotin
:""--J.[f. (E) n. protein.
-
condolences.+ )L..S"0_ n. one who offers
condolences! pays a visit of condolence. + .;I$;.to_ ,:,lS"j.J-{f.l~j.1r.J pi!uzkan =;;~.J-{f. (allforms) q.v.

n. insincere consultation! request for advice o~Jr. pi!oje (E) n. project, scheme, planned
merely to avoid blame or responsibility later.+_
undertaking. Cj I. ,:,~, 2. ~ .... l.i)4.t.
)~ n. question, inquiry, query.+ ;;l.} )~f. v. ask,
inquire (from .~). E.g. ~~ISJ~f. Ask him.+ ...s:.....1f. piTusk n. spine, backbone, Syn. ~ 1S0I'..f.. -
ISJLS;l-!- n. interrogation, fonnal/ questioning; ..5-Jf.~.
 118
- - .:.I.S:-..t,o( [~~~) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

.:,ts::....Jr. I~Jr.1 piruskan v.i. break off, snap,

come apart. See .:,I~.
.JJ~ piZOT n. bowels, guts, entrails
.:,..Lits::.....J..T. k~.J..T.1 pirllskandin v.t. cause to snap/
.J.J~I pkli n. hem that receives a drawsting (e.g. in
break off! come apart. See J. ':'..Lil~.
pijamas).
JIs:....-Jr. pirllskaw adj. broken off, cut off, snapped. .JJ:r.1. phfi n. pneumatic disease of animals.
Syn. JI~ q. v.
...s:.......:r. pizisk = ~ q. v.
:.?-Jr. pirllske pres. o/the verb .:,is.-J./- q. v.
~..:r. pizj~k n. physician, doctor. + ,s".J 0 - also I.S-
~Jr. pirllsken pres. o/the verb .:,..LiIS-.J./- q.v. n. medical profession .

»-eilr. piTOjisOT (E) n. professor (teaching) ..s:..:....:r. pizjnk n. loop of rope used to prevent the
lamb from sucking the dam. Cf ~~.
j.JJr. piruz n. jagged edge (o/paper), irregular
folded-in hem! fringe. ~I pij n. J. fringe, awn, beard (as on cereals).

.:,lj.J.J./- l~j.J.J..T.1 pirQzan See .:,lj.J.J./- jI,A. Syn.l. jJ1r..2. mane (as on a horse) Syn. jlt.+ jL
n. twig, a small branch or slender shoot. Cj J.l.
.:,..Lilj.J.J..T. 1u'...i.J.J..T.1 pirQzandin See .J..Lilj.J.J.t. jI,A.
:,.,.1 pi) as in .:,I_[~l v.i. I. bleed (o/the nose). C.f
oj.J.J./- pirQze n. smell of s.th. scorched. Syn. j.JJpSJ.!
u'1.. j ~~ (under ~~ I). 2. fall and scatter all
(under J.!2).
over (0/ grain).+ .:,..I..il_ [~~l v.t. 1. cause (the
~j.J.J..T. piruze pres. stem o/the verb .jlj.J.J.f. q. v. nose) to bleed. 2. scatter all over.
.:,;..~ pijbin n. belt, sash. See .:;:- •;.
u'...i.J.Jr. piruzen pres. stem 0/ the verb ':'..Lilj.J.J.f. q. v.

"':".J.Jr. piru~e n. start! beginning ofa light fall (0/ pijt n. stopper, cork.
snow).+ .:,~~ "':".J.J./- v. begin to fall lightly (0/ pijga[ n. task, duty, job, assignment. Cf 1.
snow) .
.:,lS"JJr. '~JJr.1 pirukan v.i. be exhausted! tuckered
r~ pijm pres. stem o/the verb~:r. q.v.+ ~~J-n.
out. Syn. .jl~.
loud sustained sneezing.+ 0_ n. sneeze.+ r:r.o- n.
pirukandin v.t. exhaust, tucker
.:,..LiLS".JJr. k,..:;S".JJr.' successive sneezes.+ ~_ n. snitT(powder). Syn.
out. Cj .j~,? .J.J..LiL.. ~~.r-.+.Jo!- v.i. sneeze.

JLS.JJr. pirukaw adj. exhausted, tuckered out, worn ~:r. pijince n. brush. Syn. ~2.
out.
.J~ pijQ n. mane. C.f J. jlt.
~.J.J./- pirQke pres. stem o/the verb .jlS".J.J..T.'
.~ pije n. slight drizzle (o/water, spray, etc.).
v;$.Jr. pirQken pres. stem o/the verb .:,..LilS".J.J..T..
~:r. pije pres. stem 0/ the verb .jl:r. q. v.
~~ piryaske n. small bundle (usually in a
knotted piece 0/ cloth). u'~ pijen pres. stem 0/the verb .j..LiI:r. q. v.
I
..s....:......f. pir4k n. spark (o/fire); spray (o/water). ~ pis adj. lisping. Syn. ~L. j. + • _ n. lisping
sound.+ ~._n. lisping.+ .j~,? ~~ v. lisp .
.:,I~~ pizdan n. womb (0/ an animal). Cf .:,I.JL:....
~2 pis n. son. See pS.+ rL._n. cousin. Syn.ljj.o\,;.
 119

..:..~ pisat n. centre, focus, hub. Cj ..L,;oJli •..:..l1:o:-. him on the back of the hand.< ""';'''''';'4-i (under
4 ../).+ ':"J.?""';'~ v. play such a game, cajole, try
.:,,~ [~J pisan v.i. I. break, snap (esp. ofrope).
to persuade by deliberate flattery/ soothing words
Cj I. .:"I~. 2. die from overexhaustionl extreme
(with -j..s.u).+ ~_ n. zool. cat. Syn . ..5.:.S.+ "-4-
physical strain; be utterly exhausted.+ ':"J_ v.t. I.
OJJ.J--- also -;;;~_n. childrens game
snap, break. 2. work! strain (a person or animal)
accumpanied by a jingle.+ ~_ n. cursory
to death; exhaust, cause to be exhausted. + OJO-
washing, haphazard and slapshod way of washing!
v. i. I. break and come loose (of a string of beads).
taking a bath, etc. Syn. OJA. + ':"J.} ~ ~ v.
2. come to an end (of a file or row passing by, e.g.
troops, a parade, etc). give (s.o., s.th.) a cursory washing! cleansing (like
a cats lick).+..;;;? "-4- n. wildcat.
J~ pisaNI adj. broken, snapped. c.r .11~. 2.
strained to death, exhausted. ~I p4t n. 1. back, rear part of the human! animal
body from the neck to the end of the spine, back,
.:,,~ pispan n. patch, piece used for patching
reverse side, rear, behind, convex side of the
clothes. Syn ~.+ ':"J.}':"~ v. patch (clothes). knucklebone: ~..; _ blunt edge of a cutting tool_
~ pispo! I. n. expert, one with particular skilV *.14-..; eyelid (Syn.~) *j....;_ back of the neck
know-howl authority. 2. adj. expert, proficient. (Syn. ~ ..;Y';j.t). 2. generation. c.r oJ"';. 3.
Cj Ijo;l!. Syn . .:"ljI.+ ..;_ n. expertise, know-how. backing. support. Syn. .:"I~. idiom: ~4.. ~
t"...s~~l;.u~;:r. With proper backing I will
~ pisk 1. n. cat. See~. 2. n. hair (See ~).
challenge anything.+ ~..JI- adv. 1. from
3. adj. lisping (See ~I).
generation to generation, from father to son. 2. in
.:"..L,;~ (~J piskandin v. restr. only in reverse, backwards. Syn. u!.~""':'~.+ ;~_ adj .
.:"..L,;~I~ q. v. under I~ I). confident, certain, characterized by assurance.+
.:".u. .!J~.:-; v. be confident, feel certain.+_
~ piske n. I. (act of) stalking prey (by a hunter
";;~ n. confidence, self-possession.+ I~_
or hunting animal). 2. flutter of young birds wings
expression meaning: God willing, with God's
when being fed by the mother. + ~o _ n.
help. + ~ -;.r./_ v. rely/ depend on, have
continuous fluttering of wings.
confidence in (also with ~ oneself) E.g . ..:-;
~ piskin pres. stem ofthe verb .:"..L,;~ q. v. ~ ..:..j>4...f Depend on yourself. Syn. ~..;\.:..
pisl n. aromatic herb used in cooking. ':"J.?+ ':"J.?~/_ v. tum (one's) back to,fig, give
(s.o.) a cold shoulder, ignore.+ )J- adj. well-
pisok adj. flimsy, frivolous, implausible.
supported, entrenched, solidly established (of
.u~ pisQ{e n. voucher, documentary record ofa s.th.), having backing! strong support (ofs.o.).+_
business transaction. Cj .;~. ..;;b n. solidarity, community of interest. + .:"I~ v.
yield! submit to mating (of afemale animal).+.
~ pisi pres. stem oftheverbiJ~q.v.
o""';IJ/ v.I. rest (one's) back, lean the back (on).
~ pisin pres. stem ofthe verb .:"..L,;~ q. v. Syn. o.,...;b j~. 2. stir/ stoke (a fire) in order to
rekindle it. + lJ L..._ ad/. unenthusiastic, lacking
~ p4 n. restr. cat.+ __ intj. used in calling a cat:
zeal/ fervour.+ 0""';JY. J;L.../_ v. lose interest (in-
kitty kitty.+ &.,.;._n. bot. cattai\'+ 0_1. vocative
..)/ enthusiasim (JON.....J).+ o""';J.} ;»--/_ v.
expressing endearment. 2. n. cat (nursery word).+
.? restr. only in..s-..s- n. children's game in massage the back with warm oil in front of a fire .
C.f o""';J.};.b- (underJJJ- ').+ .:,,15..;,/_ v·fig be
which one cajoles another and suddenly strikes
dealt a severe/ crippling blow.+ !"""!U_ adj.
 120

confident. Syn; )J.Jo- . ' - ' ~. + jjS _ n. bar of a gate/ ~.). + I.S - n. cushion, soft pillow/ pad to rest
door.+ r;S- adj. hunch-backed.+ .p.,$_adj. with against. Cj .:r..J"-'+ J!- n. 1. room used as a stable
an habitual stoop/ slouch.+ ~}/ _ V.t. stand by, in winter. Cj .....L.~. 2. attic/ store room behind
back up, support. Cj ~} ~'J.+ jj...>~.,s/- = ";...l.5 q. v. + <JI~ _ n. 1. supporter, backer (Syn.
r -
~.,s .:....:..: ...:.:...-> q. v. + ~ adj. energetic, vigorous, ).v-J~); endorser. Syn. .;..~. 2. barf stick used to
brisk.+ ..,..;&_ n. energy, vigour.+ <Jbz)/- v. prop a door.+ ~I~_ n. support, backing (Syn.
rollick, roll over each others backs in tum (in a ..,sjSl~);
endorsement.+ <J~~ ~I~ v. back up,
boys game).+ ."""';bz)/- v. rest at ease.+ z)/- support; endorse .
•~~.J v. rest at ease, rest assured.+ ...lL._ n.
~2 pq.t int). used to scare away a cat: shoo! Syn.
personal retainer of a tribal chief; neighbour living
~.
immediately behind one's home.+ ~_ n. nape,
back of the neck. +~ _ n. support (See 1. <JI~); ~ pqqil n. dung of sheep/ goat! deer. etc, Cj 1.
mil. reserves.+._ n. I. body, main part (of a IJ'"~ • .5Le:- •(::..;'
document, page, etc.). 2. topog. ridge. 3. first
element of some compound forms, e.g.)_ ~
..s:...; pqk n.1. lot, lottery. 2. part, share, portion.
Syn. 1. ~. 3.wooden stopper used to block a
q. v. + ;:r.. - n. kick. Cj ~. + ~).u- • _ n. name of
hole in a goat skin containing liquid.+ jj...>/_See
a lullaby. C.! ...~:~'J.+ J"-t- n. 1. golden! silver
.:i\...-:..J l. ~ q. v. + <J L:.;Sl / _ v. draw lots,
ornament decorating the back ofa woman's head.
2., anat. occiput, back of the head. 3. hood! head determine by drawing lots.+ ij...!ol./- v. cast lots.
of a bassinet.+..sA- n. I. wool left unsheared on an
~ pqkin pres. stem of the verb ~ q. v. .:.r.-
animal's back as a decoration. 2. prop, s.th. that
V.t. search, look into, ransack: j~J...lL.~­
props/ supports.+ .)~ A- n. fillet (of beef, lamb.
etc.).+ ~._ 1. n. compulsion, force/ agency that house-to-house search (Cj 1. <JlrJ under ,r5\
compels. 2. adj. compulsory, enforced, investigate, inquire into (See <J~".s / ~ C.!
compelling.< ~ ~4t (under 4./).+ ;:"J....- n. <J1~/l...0.+ J~_n. investigator.
compulsion. + .J.... _ n. backstroke swimming. Cj
~ pqko n. ember, live charcoal. Syn. ~.
...J.... + .).,._ n. one mans load, what one man
.J..;.....
carries on his back. C.! 2. JjSI.+ '.J'- n. used as a
function word in different combinations meaning: J~ pqkul = J,i..; q. v
back, rear, back position. E.g . .:J~ '.J~.J He
~ pqkli pres. stem of the verb ~~ q. v. + _
came from behind. 4!'.J~.u.:J~ your place ~ v. I. blossom (offlowers); flourish (in beauty,
(seat) is in the back. + ~'.J"" adj. leaning freshness, excellence. etc.). 2. pop (corn). 3. react
outwardly (of a waJl).+ ;};J.... adj.opposite(ofa and break up (of limestone in water). 4. begin to
direction, trend, attitude, etc.).+ <J~~~/- v. see (said of the eyes of newly born animals).+_
ignore/ neglect (s.o.) in anger or resentment. Cj ~ adj. I. blossomy; flourishing. 2. popped
<JJ?'..J'JJ). + <J1~u - also <JI~. - n. room behind a (corn.).
porch! veranda.+ ~_ n. belt (Syn. J..i..$.,;); sash,
<J~ pqkflan n. parlour guessing game.
waistband. Syn. u-:;..~.+ ~~_

tie a sash around the waist. + •~~.J z) ~ _ See

v. put on a belt,
~
. pqli n. breath, opportunity/ time to breathe
(C.! ~~); pause, breather, break for rest.+ _
•.,,-...;~.J Z)"::'-; q. v. + ...:.! - n. strap, band, cord for
binding objects together.+ ~_ n. background. <J1r./ pass. of .jJ~~ q.v+ <JI~/- v.i. breathe,
respire; pause to rest, take a breather (Cj
attendant circumstances/ events. Cj •~.~
 121

•..,.,..L--).+ <JJ.Y)>>-/- v.i. breathe labouriously. ~ pil n. speckle, spot (on the body).+ __ adj.
Syn. <J»ul»-,,~li.... + ~;/_Syn. <JI~~ q.v. .$_ speckled.
n. phase, stage. Syn. t lijJ Cj ~). J~ pilar n. I. insinuation, allusion, inuendo
(normally sarcastic or unfriendly). Syn. ~I,,;. 2.
~ p4ew adj. turbulent, chaotic, anarchic.+ I.S- n.
wooden missile.+ ~;~/_ v.t. make sarcastic
chaos, disorder, turbulence, tohubohu. Syn. '.Jljl.:.+
insinuations about, hint unpleasant remarks at. Cf
<J1...;s1.S- v. create chaos, cause turbulence.+ I.S-
.;.,-;;~~I,,;.+ ~J~/- v.t. hurl a stick (at),
,.,...li v. cause anarchy/ disorder.+ <J~L..r.$~I.S­
throw a wooden missile (at ).
See'J~li~.
L...i~ plasma (E) n. bio. plasma.
~ pif I. n. puff, blow. Syn. .vi. q. v. idiom: ~ ~
<J~ pilan (E). n. plan, design, scheme. Syn. ~.
lS"~ r-oJj.{ He is a wannonger (lit. to kindle a fire
he will even blow at cold ashes). 2. intj. Cj. rll ,jj..!.;':"d '~~";-d '<J~.
expressing disgust: pew (in reaction to a bad <J~ pilan n. bone. See <Jli :;
odour).+ <J')..,s ~ v. blow, puff(at-~).+ <JI~/- v.t.
pump/ blow air into. Syn. <J1~,.t,..i.+ JIJ~- adj. J~ pilaw n. dish of boiled drained rice with
pumped, blown up.+ j._ adj. soft and fluffy. Cj scorched oW butter pored over it. Cj J":kt:
. . J J.Y..,J.
j';;.,..:.i.+ <Jll~/- v.t. egg on, urge, incite. - I.SJ~~JI.+ .,,;J~- n. colander (usually a round
flat tray of basket work) for draining boiled rice
~ pife n. food (nursery expr.). and other similar boiled foOO.+ __ n. name ofa
~I pil n. chunck, piece .E.g. .:..:.jS...s:+. A chunck children's word game.+ <Jl},i-/- n.,jig. feeling of
of meat. Cj .:..~1.+ <J~..,s ~ v. cut! divide into undue joy/ unwarranted cheerfulness., E.g.~"';
chuncks. ~<Jl}""" .J~j.t I don't know why he is so
overjoyed. + I.S - See I.SJ~ ~JI.
~l pil n. finger. Syn.l. ~~.+ .5.;; _ n. rapt tap
with the finger. Syn. ~~~.+ <Jb~ .5.;;_ v. rapt ~ pifpile n. golden! silver coin-shaped pieces
tap on (s.th.) with the finger.+ <J.J:,lJ.;/- v. snap used in womens' jewelry.- ~.,J...L.
the fingers. Syn. <Jb ~ ~..J~, Cj <Jb ~ ~. + ,_
4 pille n. popping sound (as ofa cork being
n. I. degree, point (Syn. I. 'll,,): ~.s' _ freezing
pulled from a bOltle).+ <J~.J 4 v. make a popping
point .,-","",1.,.,. I.S t.. melting point; 2. stage, phase,
sound, pop.
period, step in a process. Cf .$J~ ,..5..:..-),
~ pilk n. maternaV paternal aunt. See J~.
t lijl. 3. rung, step (of a ladder, staircase) (Syn. 2.
~\ rank, class (Syn I. 4!4). 4. opportunity. See JL..~ pilmijyag adj. wilted, withered. Syn. t.)J""~
~1 ,_t.. adv. step by step, gradually, by q.v C.f~.

degrees.+ <Jb""...r./'- v.t. I. promote, advance in ~ piling n., zool. leopard. Cj ~.+ ~_ n.
station! rank, raise. 2. classify, categorize.+ JJl ,_ leapard skin.
adj. second class; mediocre, inferior.+ .5._ n.,
A pilinge pres. stem oftheverb<J~q.v
math. degree, angle.+ <JLSt.. n. stairs.+ ~~_ n.
stairs, steps. C.f ~. + ~ _ n. step, stair. <J~ [fl.] pi[ingyan v. become entangled (of
hair). C.f <JlS".»Jl:.
J../ pil n., restr. quiver, twitter, throbing sensation;
pulse.+ <Jll/- v.i. quiver, throb (of a part of the
body).
 122

;....~ piJupo n. whim, fancy; infatuation. Syn.l. ~u stain. Cj / . .w~. + ..5j_..5j_ adj. smudged,
~. Cj .j.s:.j4S.+ ~~-..,./_ v. acquire a fancy spotted.
for - J.i ; be infatuatuated with the idea (of) ~ pinti adj. slovenly, untidy in dress.
,:,~..i. pi!.oXlln See ,:,~..i.I~ (under I~I). ~ pine /. n.cement made of lime,cotton and yogurt
':'..Li~..i. piloXllndin See ':'..Li~..i.b (under I~I) . used in mending earthenware and crockery. 2. =
~ q.v (under .:,_/).+ ,:,~.".s~ v. /. mend
;:.,>..i. piloxe pres. stcm of the verb ,:,~~ . q. v (earthenware and crockery) with such cement. 2.
mend, ameliorate, improve.
v;;.~ piloxen pres. stcm of the verb ':'..Li~~. q.v.
~ pint;ik = 4. q. v.
U"'~ pilos pres. stem of the verb ~~ q.v

~~ 1U"'..i.1 plilosin See ~~ I~ (under I~ I).

.) .
..I,..;., pindir a/so ~ adj. refreshed, restored to
former freshness. + t"':'»I / _ v. i. be refreshed. be
~~ pilusk n. gutter, gargoyle (Syn . ..54.i..ur.); restored! freshened.
spout. • ..:,~ pinkav n. rosewater. See .J~~'
G.~ Pi!.~ adj. curved, awry; perverse, corrupt. .A pingir = M ( all forms) q. v
t.)~ piJwe n. beehive. Cj t.J"-tJ.J~ (under .J.J~I). ~ pine n. round flat wooden board on short legs
~~~ pi/wgird n. swallow (bird). See ~tl"" used for rolling out dough (when making bread!
pastry).- ,:,~.J,:,li (under ,:,li l ).
~ pile SeeJl
~ pinewu, n. temporary absence /
04j"'~ piJemete n. bit and brace. disappearance/ departure.+ ,:,~....s~ v. depart!
.J • ..Li~ piJender n. bully, blustering browbeating disappear temporarily .
fellow; extortionist. .H po n. I. woof, weft. Cj I. ,:,1.;.2. the x axis of
.- :'; piJe (£) n. plate/ sheet of metal. Syn . ..511"" abscissas in the Cartesian coordinate system. Cf
2. ,:,1.;.+ <J!.- adj. horizontal (of a line, plane, etc.).
4. pi!.iJe n. wick.< .-j;l!..+ J.;)- n. tool used Cj IJ=!b.)L;4S 4.i~.
for mounting a wick.
';-'j.,: pop n. I. crest (of a rooster) ="':".x q. V.<
J~ pilisirg n. swallow. See ~tl""
~I~~. 2. hair (of a woman). Cj ~. 3. twig,
t.J4.i..Li~ Ie: •-';I piJqandinewe V.t. trample, tread small shoot.< ';-'j.,:.,..iJ.+ fti _ n., geom. pyramid:.
heavily so as to crush. Syn. 1.J4.i~.J ,:,4. .J1.,-.;lil.S~ truncated pyramid.+ 4S _ = ~ q. v. + _
...; n. crest, comb (of a bird). + I _ I. n. top, peak,
t.J4.i~ pi!.qanewe pass. of t.J4.i..Li~ q. V.
summit (of a mountain! tree). Cf ?- ~o4j (under
t.J~ pilqawe adj. trampled, treaded, crushed.
~), .5..;.,.,J (under~..I.,.l). 2. =...:..~ q.V. + ":"tl-
~ pilqe pres. stem of the verb 1.J4.i~ q. V n. infection (often fatal) attacking a cockscomb.
~~ pop~min n. thin, medium-meshed muslin
e: .-'; piJqen pres. stem of the verb 1.J4.i..Li~ q.v
sheet used as a sleeping cover.
~ pin n./. dot. point. Cj 2. j~2. 2. tick. See ~.+_
~j.,: pot n. bend, crease, flexure. See c;;J. Cj /.
~ = I. ~ q. v. + ~_ n. jut, speck, tittle, small
Jt~.
quantity. + ..5_ = I. ~ q. v. + ..5_..5.. adj. dotted,
marked with dots.+ ..5j_ n. small spot, smudge,
 123

petelak n. headgear, headdress. < ..::....:.~ poz4t n. apology, admission of error!

discourtesy accompanied by an expr. of regret. + _
.yIoit:;. v. apologize, make an apology (to. j.{). Syn.
~~ potin n. halfboot. Cf. J~'
Jl..~.
.•
~ pox n. shortcoming, deficiency, defect.+_
,~
•• 2 poze n. small mound. Syn. 2. ~L;-,;S q.v.
";J..sJ'~/ v. become evident, come into view (of
shortcomings, defects. etc).+ j_ adj. dirty, shabby, puJmur adj. shrivelled, wrinkled. Cf.
deficient.+ ..:..I.,...J- n. faults, failings,
shortcomings.
U"'~• pos ad;.
:f
foul, rotten. See",;..S. + :;1- t,-;..J
..::...;."" puxJ adj. neat and ready, trim, spick-and- v.i. rot, go bad, become foul. + <.r..- t,-~] = :;l..~
span. Cj 1. •.r.S~. + :;~~..::...;."" v. do neatly (of a q.v.
job/ task); make ready for use (Syn. ~.J .~L.l:).+_
..:-~ post n. skin, hide (esp . one used as afloor
• n. gist, heart, essence, import; abstract. + t.f-.' _ n. rug). Cj ~~,~.+..Li.s_v.t. skin.Syn. ~
neatness, trimness. .~.J. Cj :;~~j~.+ •..Li&_adj. well thought
'J~.k podre (£) n. talcum, powder (cosmetics). C.! out, thoroughly looked into! deliberated over,
painstakingly planned.+ :;~.r-S •..Li~~ v. look
J~'
thoroughly into, weigh, ponder over. Syn. I. ~
- PO! I. n., zool. francolin. Cf. jl~~ 2. < ~
•• ~~
~ .~,;S.+ • .J4Z.J/ - See :;..,.;.,5 ..:-~.+ ~- n.
q.v.
superior of a dervish convent.
:;l..S..i.w. 1~.w.1 ponkan v.i. rot, decay,
.::.....~ poste (E) n. mail, post; postal! mail service.
degenerate. See ~.,j-l' C.! :;I.:.oJI~ (under I~I).
C.! 1. ~~. Syn. I.S~';. + .,r:- n. mailman,
J~.w. ponkaw adj. rotten, decayed. See "...,j,?> postman. Syn. J'J~~' + .,.;~_ n. post office
:;~»;.
41-"" pusle (A) n. compass. Syn. L..,.; ~.
~.w. ponki pres. stem of the verb :;~»;. q.v.
u..-"", pose pres. stem ofthe verb :;l..~ and V.!-~
."
.J->~ porxiz :f morose and unruly, churlish. +_
ad;. q.v.
I.S n. state! disposition of being morose or churlish. ..;.~ pO!, I. element of certain nouns and
..s~ pork n. articles used to balance a load on a adjectives. E.g . ..;.~~lt q. v. 2. n. black goat having
pack saddle. white ears. 3. pres. stem ofthe verb ~~ q. v. + -
...sl n. clothing, garment, attire. See 2 ...$J.t..t,~, "jlS'
..$~ porg n. I. anat. peritoneum. 2. calyx (on a
.+ ~_ adj. well- dressed.+ .yIoi~.J/.;- V.t. clothe,
bud! flower).
provide with clothes; dress, put clothes (on s. o.
j.kl poz n. affectation.+ :;b ;:.IL v. show off, naked); used with ;> meaning: put on ones
behave affectatiously.
clothes, dress up.+ tl~~~_adj. well. dressed
~2 poz n. muzzle (nose and mouth). Cj I . .,i;1.+- and groomed, dapper. + JIJ _ adj. covered,
• n. muzzle. + ..Li,,-/, _ n. muzzle (fastening! covering concealed, hushed, suppressed. C.! 2. i,":'~b
device). + ..s.v>'- n. variety of acorn. Cj JJJ"-I. +_ (under b ).+ ~;..J v.t.l. wear, put on (clothes) .
l

.,.;I J • n. nose band to which the bridle is attached. Syn. :;~.J~. 2. conceal, suppress, hush. ~~b.
(underb l )
 124

~y. PII!t adj. catamite. Syn .1.~. .;,1-lH (is-lHI puwan V.t. rot, decay, decompose and
crumble. Cf .:.rJ-!.
"~ po~e n bull calf. Cf .5D)..}.
-,1.2Y, puwaw adj. thoroughly rotten! decomposed.
~ poq pres. stem of the verb &J.lJ~ q. v. + ~ _ [Jj..j
only in ~.:;..-,DJ q. v. (under ~J I). u-lH pUt I. n. dry grass stacked for winter fodder.
2. See I. ~.2Y, (all forms). 3. n. unit of weight.
4...S~ poken. soft crying! weeping.+ ..5~_n.l.
continued soft weeping. 2. (act oj) cO'!lplaining ~-lH p~ adj. I. sapped,dried up,eaten away (e.g.
tol thinking out loud to oneself. Cf jj.! .Jj.!. of a walnut). 2. empty, foolish, de~oid of sensei
substance.- ~~~. Cf jJJ .~~.+ D-'~»t/­
~~ poker (E) n. poker (card game).+ ~J.J~:,... v.
V.t. amount to nothing; be dampened (of hopes).
play poker.
Cf .;,~ JDJ ~. + D~J.J / _ v. t. make nonsense of,
J.H1 pol n 1. class, body of students studying the belittle. 2. dampen (hopes).+ ..5D_ adj. empty,
same subject. 2. flock, flight (of birds). 3. mil. dried up: sapped (of grains, Seeds, etc.). + ;:) D_ See
regiment.+ ~.L.,;' t:,.;J~] V.t. classify, catagorize,
1. ~.2Y,.+ D~J.J;:)D- V.t. nullify, annul, abrogate.
grade.+ ~J.rS ~ V.t. classify, arrange.+ D_ n
classification, catagory. J-lH pUr n. patemaV maternal aunt. Syn. ~. Cf
..s::..U. 2. ~.+ 'j_ n. cousin, aunt's child. Cf
J.Hl pol n. ember. See~. + .;,1- n. last month of
I.iJ.-U.+ Ijlj_n. cousin once removed.+ L,I n. aunt
the Kurdish calendar. Syn. 2. ;",w-!.
(preceding the name of an aunt or an older
pola n steel (metal).+ ~_adj. brave.+ l,:.;- woman, e.g. ~u DJ.tH Aunt Fatim).+ is- n. aunty
adj. edged with steel. + ~ _ adj. made of steel. (used in addressing ones aunt or an older
woman).
polke n., bot. green pea. 2
DJ-lH pUre n. swarm of bees; community, party.+_
.v-I~ polu. n. ember. Syn. ~. .;,IJ/ V.t. swarm, fonn and depart from a hive in a

~~ polis n. police. Syn.1. ~4>. swarm (of bees); congregate, mass, throng
j-lH pw. n. calf (of the leg). Syn. 2. ..5..J"'-!.+ ~'-, D_
~j.i~ ponjin n. nodding (from drowziness). See
n. woolen knitted socks which come up to below
j-",,",D-,.
the knee. Cj ;:)~Dj. ~'j~.- IoS-,D.;;$.
pungal adj. middle, midpoint. Cf ..:....'.t-'li. piis only in IJ'"JYJ-'"J q. v.
pongaw = -'~~ q. v.
";'-lH p~ n. dry grass (weed): l.o~ 1oS- date -palm
&.:.y. punge n, bot. basil; wild mint. Cf l:.&.~. leaves used in basketry. Cf IS.+ ~,_ n. grazing fee
collected on livestock that graze on s.o. else's
1J.H puwar adj. thoroughly rotten, decayed to the land.+ ..5..:.S",-!_ n. dragonfly.+ ~_n. month of
degree of crumbling or disintegrating. < hy. 4.t.J.J.I
June; early summer.+..:....u ~'J/_ V.t. swindle (s.o.
(under ~2). Cf .,-..)-!.+.5.; _ n. the rotten! decaying
in a business, deal, partnership, etc.). Cf u»tli
inner part of a tree trunk.
~J.;S.+ ..s _ n. straw, blade of dried grass.+~.2Y,
jl-lH puwaz n. I. wedge used in splitting wood. 2. ~J.rS v. used always in the negative with the
filling (ofa tooth).+..5_ n., math. prism: ~~~_ meaning: not to be worth anything, be quite
trilateraV triangular prism *J ~ ..,s _ slanted! worthless.+ ..5..:.S~_n. dragonfly.+ ..;."'J.....J- n.
diagonal prism *-,l:.-o-,~_ erect prism.+ ~b ..,J/- rubbish, litter (esp. paper, dry i:,rass, leaves
V.I. drive a wedge into. around the house! garden).+ -'-'_ n. dry spongy
 125

growth on certain trees (oak and walnut) used as ~~ pepke n.l. harvest threshed but not winnowed.
flint for fire steel; tinder. + ~~D.. n. hay field. + ~ 2 2. anything that sags/ sinks when put down or
n. 1. name of a village. 2. hay field. + ~1 adj. poured; lump (a/dough. asphalt. etc.).+ ~/_ v.
made of straw.+ ~_ n. basket made of straw or i. become lumpy, take a round and paJ!ially
date palm leaves C.! ';~. + ..;..1 n. thin face veil flattened shape; coil (a/a snake). Cj ~ ~li.+
used by women. Cj 1. ~. ~"s4-i- n. kind of sesame bread.+ ~~},i-/_See
~ ~~.+ ~b/_ See ~~~.+ .;~~_ n,
~~2 piisin n. band of black silk tied around the
bot marshmallow. Syn. 1. 4S.uj'.
head to keep a woman's kerchief (jl.......~ q. v.) in
place.+ ~_ n. brooch for decorating and holding ..sy.~ pepuk n. owl. Synl. ~~.

a ~~ q. v. in place. 4S~~ pepoke See .u~~

..s~ pUk 1. n., anat. gum(s). 2. = I. G.~ q.v 4J~~ pepo/e n. leftover dough made into a small
•y.iLS~ l;:;~J pUkanewe v.i. shrivel up, dry up and
loaf of bread .
become sapped or emaciated. ~~ pepu n.l. owl. Syn. ~•.J.j"s q.v. 2. cuckoo
j ..,-,LS~ pUkawul See J.;..~. (in a clock).+ ~~_ also .;~_ n., zool.
hoopoe. + .~ n., zoo!. bird similar to a hoopoe but
4S~ pUke = 4S~ q.v
without the erectile crest. + o)...s _ n. owl.
;:;~ pUke pres. stem a/the verb .y.iLS~ q. v See ~•.J.j"s.+ ~.J.:.j""'~/- v., fig. be deserted
abandoned! foresaken. E.g. 'J~~ ~ ~~ ~
JJ.H piiJ n.l. stamp (postage. revenue. etc.). 2.
It looks completely abandoned.
coin money, usually of small denomination. Cf
.;l../ 3. piece, man (in playing domino. checkers. 4J~~ pepiiJe n. butterfly.+ ojt4- n. thistledown.
backgammon). 4. scapula, shoulder blade.+._ Syn. ..sJ;..Jlt.+ ~L.:.;aju/_v.i. sicken from the
~;.j also ..s~).j._ n. brass coin.+ ~._ adj. effects of heat and thirst (said a/livestock).
money-minded, penny-pinching. ~~ pepe n. bread (nursery expression).
jJ.H pUl n. money (Syn . •;4 1);coinmoney.+4S_=
~ pet 1. n. string, small cord, twine (Cj IJ"'~.
..s.u~ q. v. + ..s. _ n. 1. triangular patch used to
1. ~••./); hangman's rope. 2. < ~.u q. v. + ~
reinforce the sides of..;..Y5 q.v. 2.= 4S.u~ q.v.
~~~ V.t. leash, put (an animal) on leash;fig. drag,
;S~ puwe pres. stem a/the verb ~I~ q.v force into a situation! condition! course of
action.+ ~,J.:"..T:-f./- v., fig. break loose! free from
~~ also,j .:.; poy!.i n mosquito. See .u"",:,;,. any former restraint; end a moratorium (on s.th.);
poy/ane n. present sent to a newly-wed escape, break loose.+ ~~/_See ~.Lil~~.+_
woman or to a new mother. ~~ 1. n. jummping rope (game). 2.= c..i~~
q.v.+ ~~ ~~~ v. play at jumping rope.+ c..i~­
.J..,~ poyle n. woman's head ornament (usually
n. agonizing! tormenting situation Syn.
made a/beads).
;S~p.,+ ~~.J (~) c..i~~ v. put (s.o.) through
..s~~ pepirk n. mirage; phantom (See ~.;..L..). an agonizing situation, torment, cause anguish
(to); drag at the end of a rope.+ ..5_ n cord
~~~ pepkole n. small round loaf of bread made
(usually a short thick piece).
for children.- ~~.
lJ~ peta n I. influenza, flu. Cj I. (')~.- I. V'J 4.Sh
(under I~l). 2. hot pOUltice.
 126

4jl;~ peJale (E) n. potatoe(s). Syn. ~Ij4.i;- q.v. ~ Pel:! adj. scattered; disseminated, publicized.

~~~ petirme n. grafting. Syn.~Y' q.v.

Syn. 1. J~' 2. n.prose (literature). Cf ,i..,.;".
(under ~l).+ ';l.J';'>~ v. scatter; make public by
- -4J
JJ' 9
petro n. scab (on a wound). Syn. ~LC,}. disseminating or printing. + .;1_ 1. adj. flowing
..sj~~ petrok n. small piece (of bread, etc.). CI freely (esp. ofa woman's hair). 2. n. given name
for women. 3. n. prose. + ,,1,..,5- adj. published,
~~. E.g . .;l;~..v~ A small piece of bread.
printed. Cf JI~4.+ ~l;_ n. publication,
jj~ pelo n. breath, chancel time to breathe.+ ';lJi/- published work. CI ..;~~~.+ .;lLn. publisher,
v.i. survive (a disease) always used in the one who publishes.+ A...I n. statement, declaration.
negative. E.g. u~l; jj~ He will not surrive.
Syn. ..sjJ~.
petii. n. woolen quilt. Cf..;l;4i ,j~ ,..;,;.l.
pel:!e n. fly. Syn. I . .;:;,.. q. v. + ,.;""s _ n.
~~ pete n. receipt, acknowledgement of receipt in mosquito. Syn . .uJ"":';" q. v
writing. Cf .u~. E.g. -;,s.;1~"';4!4j~ Give him a
.;~ per n. species of black-faced sheep. Cf -l~'
receipt.
~1 pe! n. feather; plumage. + I.S..i ~ _ n. flapping of
IS~~ pete!! adj. crack-brained, eccentric, nutty.<
wings and ruffling of feathers.+ ~4.l_ See lS~jS
IS~~ .. -:'
~.u~.+ I~_n. bird. Syn. I~~.
'.;~~ petyare Syn. IS~~ q. v.
~1 pe! n. side, extremity, end.< )~.;, ';4J"";'. ~
~~ peti adj. pure, unmixed. E.g. ~~("I!.l~pure ';J.J-I v.be cast asidel shelved! isolated.+ ';l.J~ v.
Kurdish; plain (Syn. 2. uJJ-l)' E.g. ,,;~";l; plain cast aside, leave (s.o.) out (of s.th.).+ .;S- adj.
bread; bare, E.g. ~~:r. barefoot; chem. absolute extreme.+ ISJ- n. extremism; fanaticism.
G.~ pe~ = G.~ (all forms) q. v ~J pe! pres. stem ofthe verb ~~ q. v. + Vt-~]
*~ pe~e n. translation.+ iJJ.J ~ v. translate.+ v.i. 1. be thrown off(asfrom a moving object); be
chipped offl hewed off. 2. feel numb, be frost
.;IJ- n. translator.
bitten. Cf .;»>.JS.u. 3. mate, mount (esp. ofa
~ pet;n pres. stem of the verb ~ q. v. + single-hoofed male animal).+ I~_ v.i. cross, gol
~_ (~l V.t. tolerate, put up silently (with much pass over. + I~d'I_ adj. separated, astray (of an
grief, sorrow, harrassment). animal that has trayed away).+ .;~I-L;~] v.t.1.
~ pet;e n.l. woman's veil. Syn. ";jJ,JJ-l' 2. sheep leave out, skip, omit. Syn. I . .;~;I»i' 2. chip, cut,
pen. break otT, hew. 3. cover, mount (single-hoofed
male animal on a female).+ I"...;~I_ V.t. I. help
4j~ pet;ete n. napkin. Syn. 1. ..s;,;J.
cross! pass, carry over (a bridge, street, etc.);
c~ pel! inlj. used to express surprise! acclaim! rescue; deliver, salvage. Cf ';l.J.;l,'sj-l'<j..;>
astonishment: Gosh! Gee!. E.g . ..:....,.-..:.l;..s C~ I""';~I~. 2. put across, convey (an idea).+ JI- n.
Gosh, how ugly he is! booklet (Cf ..s~;4-I.); pamphlet (See~l;);
notebook (Syn. ~I~ ).
~ pel!a = C~ q. v.
)-,1;4-1. perawe:. n. I. seam (e.g. on clothes): IS-
t~ pex adj. dull, lacking sharpness of edge or
.;l-L: line of the horizon (CI 1. 4S,;-L:). 2.
point. Syn. J.,S"+';»I t~ v. be I become dull.
margin, part of a page outside the main pagel
body. Cf ....;~.+ ;I~adj. having a seam/hem;
 127

having a margin; marginal (Cf .J~~' 2. ~l;).+ on stage). 3. pitch, level ofa musical tone/song,
D_ n. marginal notes/ conunents.+ I.S- adj. octave. 4. marriage bed.<*D~.J4t -.i.v=e- under .~/).+_
marginal; peripheraL J~ n. spiced rice dish with fried meat balls baked
in a cone-shaped pot with the top sealed with
u.w~ pe!pUt adj. shabby, worn, dilapidated;
doogh.+ )~ n. (obs.) person given the job of
rickety (of a person).
raisIng and drawing curtains; doorkeeper,
u~ pert adj. scattered, going in various doonnan.+ iJl-.J~/- v.i. be uncovered! disclosed!
directions (esp. of one's thoughts).+iJ~.,su.J4t v. revealed. Cf iJ»'! I,..s:..:.l:.+ ~-l~/- V.t. disclose/
scatter, disperse; disseminate, broadcast. divulge/ betray a secret; disregard a code of
proper conduct! courtesy, be shameless.+ ..5- n.
..5~.J4.t pertUk n. book (Syn. 2. -...li); textbook
enigma, riddle, puzzle; cryptogram. + ~ adj.
(Cf JI~ .~li).+..;~ n. bookshop (C!-...li
who has died! fallen sick during the honeymoon
..;L;.); bookstore.+ iJlil~/- v. write a book.+ ,j-j)_
(of a groom).+ iJ»'!~ D~.J.t.,: v. die/ fall ill during
n. bookseller.+~.u-i/_ SeeiJlil~..5~.J4t.
one's honeymoon.+ ill"sJ- n. mosquito net.
J4J~ pertew n. ray. See~.
~~~ perdej n. opportunity, chance, oppening. Syn .
D..iIJ<IJ~ pertewaze = D..;IJD-.J.t.,: q. v .:....i.JD~. C! u..,.s.;-l'~'

~~ perco n. miracle. ~~~ perdew pres. stem of the verb V"Jb~ q. v.

G.~ per~ n. I. clench (a nail, rivet). 2. trimmed tree j~ perj n. time, occasion, moment. Syn. ~ .uL...
top/ branch.+ D~I~/_ V.t. 1. clench, tum back (the Cj uLS .~.+ iJl-[~.u4J V.i. have time, be free.
end ofa nail). 2. argue against, rebut, refute. E.g. ~ r-'~ li I have no time/ am not free to go.
r~~ per~m n. bang(s) (hair); forelock.< Syn. ~~ .:-0.).

rA.::.J4'.J"- q. v. I.S.LiDJD~ perjewendi = I.S.LiDJD~ q. V

I?~ per~ adj. sordid, squalid. < I?~~p. ~~ perje pres. stem of the verb iJl~ q.v.
t.J.t.,: perx = t:'.t.,: q. v V'~ perjin n. fence, hedge, railing (C! D.J~);

tl~~ perdax J. n. glass, goblet, tumbler. Cf • dividing wall (Cf),Y-..).+iJ1;.$I-v.t. fencein,set

iJl.,.....;J •...J~. 2. adj. polished, smoothed and up a fence/ railing.

burnished. + iJ~~ tl~~ v. plane and polish; give ..::-~ perisl I. pres. stem of the verb iJi-.J4t q. v 2.
(a beard) smooth shave by shaving against the element of certain compound fonns, e.g. ..::.-~ D)~
grain.+ iJb/- Syn. iJ~.,s tb.J.t.,: q. v. (under D).~I) •.:-~~-.:..+ .JlS_n. worshiper.+_
V"JI~~ [,t~~1 perdawlin only in v"Jb~ j.A q. V. LS n. place ofworship.+ iJ- ["::'-.J4'J V.t. worship,
honour as divine (God); idiolize, regard with
JJ~~ perdu n. roofmg material (twigs, leaves etc.) extravagant devotion.+ .J~- n. worshiper.
- JJ~.J4'.J.Jb (under )~I).
~fo. pers;v n. reply, answer. Syn. r~DJ'
u~ perde n.1. curtain, drapery; screen, partition;
~.J.t.,: persiw n.common cold. Syn u-...~~.
coat, layer (as of onions): J4- I.S- eyelid (Syn.
~ *..5.- I.S- anat. amulet *r.J4!.l.S- sense of
shamel decency *~ I.S _ eardrum, tympanum
,j-~ peri! also':":"~ n. oats.+ ~ n.oatmeal.
*u".,J I.S- spetum between the nostrils.+ ~_
mucous membrane, mucosa. 2. scene (of a play
 128

..5~ perk- adj. barren (of a tree). Cj. ~ (under ;IJ..M perwer n. nurturer, cultivator; element in
_ 3)
IJ/. certain compound forms. e.g ~J~~ q. v. +.
;l.s~ n. providence, God.+ u_ I. adj. nurtured,
j;J.,s"..M perku[o[ adj. having a black face and a
fostered. 2. n. upbringing, nurture; education;
white nose (of a sheep).
care: ~ ~ physical education *j~ ~child care
J..M perg n. cotten thread used for uppers (the top *_~Ij pedagogy.+ ~~)'I~;IJ;4!. v. nurture, bring
- - q. v.).
part of";'j.S q. v.). + Lu.. n. welt (of ";'j.S up, give (s.o.. s.th.) ones parental carel full
attention. Cj ~~)'~.+ .s.1~_adj. educational.+
; IS'~ pe!6ar n., math drawing compass.
;~~ .. n. educator; tutor (Syn. ~~); tutoress (cf
...;.s;4!. pergene n. sub-district, subdivision of ~Jli ~,-:!I~ under Il).- I~)IJ~'+ 1,$_ n. pedagogy,
q.v. under JL.2.+ )~ .. n. administrative head of didactics, teaching; nurture.
~.s~q.v.
~J)~ Perwin n.1. astr. Pleiades. Syn. 1. ;$2. JJ.k.
~l..4JJ~ per[e""'n (E) n, govt. parliament.+ ;l;_ n. 2. given name for women.
parliamentarian. Cf .Jl..~~~I.I.i";. I~ pere n. spread, diffusion., proliferation;
increase. + ~b",.r../_ v. t. spread, extend the range/
.",..~ pennu pres. stem ofthe verb ~.",..J4!. q. v. +
~ 1. see ~.",..~ It 2. n. trust, confidence; faith incidence of, further; increase, augment, add to. + •
C.! IJ.,... ~.Li4-/ v.i. spread, expand, diffuse (Syn. IJ4~);

flourish, develop. Cj ~1~1.,.i .~~)'..:...s.+ J).I.i~­

..:.oli~L.t~ permengenat (E) n. chem.
adj. developed. + .;,;-.. adj. capable of spreading
permanganate.
easily, diffusive, widespread; aggrandizing,
j~ pe!o n. rag, waste piece of cloth: I,$~""':';'I,$_ augmenting. + .;,,;J / - See ~.I.i~I;4!..
sanitary napkin! towel. < ~.ri.l,$j~~ ~~)' q. v. +_
I~ pe!e n. I. leaf, page, sheet (ofpaper); petal (of
..u.s n. old rag;fig. old rickety person.+ jl;4.J- I.
a flower); paddle (of a waterwhee!), rotor: }~ ~
n. valueless articles.! items. 2. adj. trivial.
~~.v- graph paper *j~ 1,$_ pericardium. 2. fin (of
insignificant, commonplace Cf ~..lH J.r. (under
a fISh). 3. See ..51~.+ ~.;S I~ v. card (wool.
.,i).
etc.).< .;&I~.+ __ adj. in the the form of loose
IJ;~ perwa n. fear, apprehension, phobia. Syn J. leaves/ sheets; tom to pieces (of paper).+
IJ"~. < IJ~ (under ~ \ ~~)'o~o~ v. tear into pieces; tear into loose
sheets (a notebook, etc.); turn the pages (of a
)J~ perwar Syn.~bq.v. under I~I.
book).+ ..5o.t-J-- n. paddle on a spining wheel. I. _
jlJ..M perwaz (p) n. flight, flying. Syn. I. ~..) q.v. ..5 n. plate, sheet (of meta!). See ,- :1;; leaf(of
under /.+ ~~)'jIJ;4!. v. fly. - wood); slab (of stone). + 4_ n.1. fm (ofafish). 2.
blade (of a propeller).+ ~_ n. carder (ofwool.
...;1J;4!. perwanen. I. propeller, fan. 2. piece of
cotton. etc.).
women's jewelry. 3. moth (insect).
~~ pe!esllke n., zool. swallow.
";j~ pero~ n. enthusiasm, ardour, fervour. < ~
..;~ under 41
2
~I~ pereni!k n. kind of herb.

pe!ok adj. infectious, contagious- ~~. ojIJ.~ pe!ewaze adj. uprooted, forced out of one's
place/ home.+.J~ IjIJ.~ v. be uprooted.+ I.ho~
JJ~ pedJ n. give-away clothes.
~~)' v. force out! away from home.
 129
.~

~~ perlliz. = ;...)~ (all forms) q. v. ~ pesa n. unceasing! continuous work. + ~IJ~/_

v. investigate, observe! study by close
IS~ peri n. 1. fairy, virgin of paradise 2. given
examination and systematic inquiry. Syn. ~
name for woman.+ I"I~_ adj. fairy-like in figure
I~jy.+ JU.. n. investigator; inquirer.+ ~IJ.. n.
and beauty. +.r-- adj. born without a fore skin-. +. investigation, systematic inquiry! examination .
.JW.Jd adj. having the good looks ofa fairy.+_ Cf 1""':"..1;'. ~J~":"
.J.Jd See J W .Jr~~' + Ij _ also IJlj .. n. daughter of
IiJJ~~) pesardin only in ~-'.J~ j~ q. v.
fairy.+ L._ adj. fairy like.
U.J~ pesarde adj. set aside/ apart, put on one
;...)~ periz. n.l. place where the harvest is collected
side, reserved.+ ~.;$IJJ~ V.I. annul, declare
prior to removal to the threshing ground. 2.
shelter, hideout. + ~.J..J-I;~ v. be off! remote/ void! invalid.

divergent (from-.J).+ IS- n., med. immunity. .JjS'+ +. +; pespesekole n. species of spider. Cf
.sjJ4J~.
~L:.;~ peri!an adj. desparate, suffering extreme
need! anxiety! discomfort, despondent, 1..I.i~ pespende adj. obscure, doubtful,
anxious.Cj j~ (under :./) I~.+ ~.JY.~L.:.;~ ambigiuous. Cj .Jl:.o."s'.
v. bel feel desparate.+ ~J....s ~L...:.;~ v. cause
~I pest 1. adj. dispirited, sad, dejected,
despair! anxiety (Io-IS).+ IS- n. despair,
depressed (cf..s~ under ~\ gloomy, morose
hopelessness, anxiety.
(see .;,;.0); irritated, annoyed, irked (cf 11"";); low
.
IY~
I
pe!en
•
pres. stem of the verb ~..I.il~
. and . (class). 2. n. tight! narrow depression or hollow.
1.J~..I.iI~q.v. ~.J..J-I ~ v. be depressed; get annoyed! irritated

~~l pe!en adj. eliminator, eradicator, remover, (at -~).+ ~J.;$ ~ V. irk, annoy, irritate.+ ~~_
purger. adj. lower-class, baseborn. + IS- n. irritation,
annoyance; depression, gloom.
.
J
~
• pez. n. female sheep. Syn. r-' + w:;s 1_ n.
mouflon, wild sheep. Syn .W:;S Il'-" q. v. ~l pest pres. slem ofthe verb ~~ .I~
and ~ q. v. + L adj. continuous, unceasing< .J
~Ij~ pez.an n. cookery; cooking (esp. ceremonial).
~.+ ,;,L n. pressure. Syn. 2. I"j""';.+ ~I_n.
1..I.i"-"j~ peunende n. saving, economy. Cj barometer.+ 1.J"-i1-[~] V.t. compress by
.:...,.s~~. pounding! pressing! crushing.+ u-'.JI-[~] V.t.

compress, squeeze together.- IJ'.J~ ;:;.+ 1.J1J-

..s:.;ljI..i~ peziZllnk n. gizzard. Syn.l,;jj ~ q. v.
adj. compressed, squeezed in by pounding!
.s..:.....i~ pez4k =.s..:.....:,; q. v. (all forms). pressing.> I""';~.+ .;,_[~] See 1.J+.i~.+ J-
n. pressure: ~..,,> IS- blood pressure .';'~Ij IS-
,;I~ pejare n. grief, sorrow, distress. Syn. 'J~
atmospheric pressure. Cf I. I"jyt.j.< ~.J~.+_
':"";4>.+ .Jl,.- adj. grieved, sorrowful.
.JI~ adj. compressed, pressed together.
I"~ pejm n. wool. Syn. IS'»> q. V.
~ peslew pres .stem of the verb IJ'.J~ q. V.
IJ."..~ pejmirde adj. wilted, withered (Syn. 1.
..s~ peslek n. sleeveless felt waistcoat. Cf
~; cheerless, bleak, dispiriting.
jl,.J"s (under j"sl).
~I."..~ pejiwan see ~~.
1..I.i~~ pesmende ad}: piled up, accumulated .
.:..~~ pesapon (E) n. passport.
 130

.L:.-",; pesind = Jj~ (allforms) q.v. ;;~ pe!;man adj. regretful, repentant, sorry,
remorseful. Syn. j~4.+ ;;~;;~ v. regret,
__ " pew! n. ingredient, constituent elements
feel sorry/ re·pentant. E.g. ~~..r-~.? .uf~ I
pesend also ~ adj. acceptable, regret having done this.+ t~~/_ v. back out!
satisfactory, admissible, agreeable.+ ;;~.? Jj~ v. down, withdraw, change ones mind.+ tyj~.?/_ v.t.
accept, approve of, find s~tisfactory/ ~dmissible. cause (s.o.) to back out! change his mind.+..;_ n.
C.f ;;~....sJ.o~. Syn. ;;JjL...;.J~ (under ~~).+ ;;I~/-
regret, remorse, idiom: ~IJ~.u ..;~r--:­
v. praise, commend.+ i,s- adj. accepted,
Quarreling brings regret.
generally approved! used, prevalent.+ .:,.;~_ adj.
~ pe!ew adj. confused, muddled. confounded.-
admirable, commendable, praiseworthy.
~Jr, (under r,\+ ;;I-[~~] v.i. be
~ pesir pres. stem oflhe verb ;;~.,L..~ q. v.
muddled.+ JL Syn. ~ q.v.+..;_n.confusion,
~ pesiw n. salient angle, nook, comer. Syn. I. muddle, state of being confounded.
l,;~. ~ pt!!ewi pres. stem of the verb ;;I~ q.v.
~ pesise n. overcooked food. ..5~ I'd n. strength. capacity for exertion!
jL..~ Pt!!temal n. towel; kerchief: rL..~", endurance (Cj ;$); ability, competence. power
kerchief wrapped around the waist when in a (cj .jJJ .1.JL..j. C.f l,;1.,. ••:/~......~ ,~.+ ~/_ v.
public bath. Cf ..,JJl>. disable, weaken physically; impede; C.f t;&~
;;I~~; hamper, hold up, impede. C.f ~ ,;-,]$
~ p~k n. drop (ofwaler, liquid etc.) Syn.
;;bZ;;t.,J~ ~d.+ J-">- n. impediment, obstacle;
,,;-,jJ~ ,..5:,:.;.
retarding factor/ element.+ ~.,.s/- v. be disabled,
~ Pt!!m n. I. wool. Syn. ..;;.,> q. v. 2. cheap talk, be put out of action (esp.due 10 age, illness or
nonsense. + LT- _ adj. woolen. < ~~. injury); be hampered! handicapped! grounded.+_
~yU adj. handicapped, stopped.+.,;.,..s'_ adj.
..5.....:.~ pe!mek n. cotton candy, candy -floss
disabled (esp. from old age); incomptent (see q
..5~ pe!ok adj. disturbed, troubled, uneasy. See ~lA).
JlS~.+ ;;I-t,s~] v. be disturbed! uneasy.+
.v5S~ pekkfJ inl}. used to express pleasure and
;;.LjI_[.;,;s~J v.1. disturb, cause uneasiness (10),
surprise: gee!, gosh! Syn. C~.
discompose. Cj;;JjI..,.;...:.j.,,-- ,;;Jjl~.+ JLadj.
disturbed, troubled, uneasy, discomposed E.g. Jjj ~ pel I. adj. plain, shallow (of a container, dish)
j""":!~ JlS~ I saw him very uneasy. C.f JI~.+..;­ (Syn. jl.,....t~ under rt~\ 2. n. branch (ofa tree)
n. state of being disturbed! discomoped! uneasy. (c.f I. ~); limb, arm (of a person or animal);
-;.;~ pe!oke pres .slem of the verb ;;lS~ q. v. spur (of a mountain). 3. n., mil. platoon (<Ja....;4-.
Cf 2. ~, 3. -.-:.....t~).+ ;;~~ ~ v. trim, prune.-
. -t:• • "
~.,.- . pe!okin pres .stem of the verb ;;JjlS~
;;~~ j.J..,J~; cut short, amputate. + __ adj. branchy. +
q.v.
..5_ n. I. tress, lock (of a woman's hair) (Syn .
..;~ pe!u! adj: soft and mushy. C.f J;. 'r"';'. ti~). 2. secondary branch (of a tree) Syn. I. ~.

~ p~e n. mosquito. Syn....J~ q.v.+ Jj~_See C.f I. J-l).+ JI.......L n. compass (drawing
..u.,s'J t~J~. instrument).+ ;;I;.,s'/- v. grope, feel ones way with
the hands; fig. strive aimlessly (C.f Z;; ,;;1.) jJ~
 131

.;,L.:.jS). + ..s _ n. plaited! braided hair, pigtail. + _ ~~ pefp n. pretext, excuse (Cj J";l:.t); objection,
"":"";J.s also~• .rS - n. rainbow. + ~ _ n. counter argument. Cj J..c...; .rs .+ ';'»1 ( ... ) ~~
forceps, pair of tongs.+ ~JI- v. take (s.o., e.g. v. have an objection (to- 4.1). E.g u..., ~~~
child) by the arm. Cj ~J .;...u.+ j.J.J- n. I. what is your objection to this.+ 1;'--1- 1- V.t. deprive
foliage, mass of leaves, twigs ofa plant. Syn. .,.Ll of a pretext! excuse; overcome (s.o. 's) objection.+
.....;...;. 2. limbs.+ .;,.))".;....,.J~ v. poll (a tree).< "...$ _ adj. insistent, demanding (of a child);
~.,..s.x,J~4J.+ t_ n. hurry, haste (Syn. 2. .)..,0:-0.); objecting.+ ~JI- v. I. find a pretext, look for an
urgency.< A.J~4.t (under .../).+ .;,.))"A.J~ v. hurry, excuse; object (to-u). 2. be insistent in
make haste. (Syn. .;,.))" j4J); used with ~ meaning: demanding! wanting (of a child).

rush, cause (s.o.) to hurry).+ ~~ t_ n. hustle t_ 4~ pelPfne n., bot. purslane.+ ";~4.t- n. dish
~j.J.J.t. n. hustle, strenuous efforts! sbuggle made with purslane.-~.
(esp.to reach a place or escape s.th.).+ tj.J.J.t.'- ..s.j~ pe{lek = ..s.j~ q. v.
also isj.J.Jr. t _ n. hustle. + ~ '- n. toast (of
bread).+ ~t_n. hurry- scurry, confused rush.< ~~ pelrim n. dry leaves stored for fodder.
~ 4J~4.t. + .;,.))" ~4J~ v. be in a hurry-scurry; rush t:J~ p$ n. I. calf of a water buffalo. - ~ IS 2.
(s. o.~). + ~ t _ n. I. snap! flick with the finger young of a pig (also used figuratively in
(Syn . ..s.;.:;.LJ (under j....J.
2. trigger (of afirearm) describing a chubby baby or child). Cj ~ 4.t
(Syn. 3. I.,/).+..s.;._ n. long piece! strip (of rope, jl;4.t.
string, etc.). + A.Jy..,""", _ n., med. appendix. Syn. .)~ pepc.nJ adj. crushed, coarsely ground (of
t~..,s A.Jy..,..). + ~ 0 _
n. disease which attacks cereal).+,j,))".)~ v. grind! crush coarsely.
grape vines.+~) 0_ also~) 0_ See ojlJ ""~.+_
tjll t n. desparate sbuggle, strenuous efforts (esp ~ pelk n.l. species of poplar. 2. eyelid. see
when s.o. is cornered and attaclced).+ ~ ojU t_ ~.

~.,..s v. i. put up a desparate effort! sbuggle. + _ .JW~ pelmaw adj. swollen. See .JL.J \;.
".Ji.,5t n. groping (in the dark). C.f .;,\;.,5 ..:-t.).
t;J~ pelox See J-i-.k
~ pel n. stone (as a missile). Cj I. .).J4.t . ..s-..,s. 2. "';'jJ~ pelo~e n. kind of thistle. Cj t.i!~..JJY.~'
;~.
..u-I~ pelQ n. kind of porridge fed to young lambs
..,.'J~ pelas I. n. thin rug used to sit on (Cj .JU and kids.
~ .t~) 2. only in r'')'';- furry coating formed
• 1 A.J.uJ~ pe[Ule n. porridge! gruel prepared with oil.
on the tongue. < \J"')'~ 4.t';'»1 rO.) q. v. (under rt') ). +
..,...l... n. turtle. C.f Ut/.~. Cj IJt.);Li .~L- 'rL.~. idiom: rt')";.J.J~
. ~~ Harm can be inflicted even by the most
,;.)'~ peltq n. dry and fallen grass blades! leaves.< insignificant. lit. even porridge can burn the
mouth).

... ~~ pelamar n. attack, assault. Syn. rjJ.J~' I. A.J~ pele n. I. spot, stain, s~udge (on clothes, on
.;.~ .~.... < ;L.),~ 4-i (under 2
4.t ).+ .;,b/_ V.t. skin). Cj ....s""": J-U-''';- med. exanthem, skin
attack, assail, assault. Cj ';'.)J"I";~.+ ;'')_ adj. eruption, rash. 2. first autumn rain sufficient to
permit ploughing. 3. patch (of a cloud! farm land
offensive, assault, attacking (weapon, stand, etc.).
(Cj ~;~).+ ..;}i~_ adj. stained, tainted with
smudges! spots.+ __ adj. I. spotted. 2. in patches!
 132

small fonnations (e.g. of clouds).+ ~I~/_ v. fall the heliacal setting of a slar).+ ..o--J}- adj.
sufficiently to allow ploughing (of aulumn rain.). secluded, isolated, remote, lonely.+ ~~_ adj.
..:....:.4.1~ pele!1 also ~...J~ adj. rougish, having the hidden; unseen, not directly evident.+ ~~ adj.
attitude/ behaviour of a rascal or scoundrel, mysterious, uncanny, veiled.+ "";"""',J- n. hidden
vannint. comer.+ ~~/_ V. come to take refuge/ seek
~j~ 4.1~ pelepeze n. small iris. asylum (used with J"-t0). Cj ~lJl ~.+ .J4- n.
asylum-seeker. Cj ~li~.
~4.1~ peleke n. swann or visible mass; cloudlet.
E.g. ~liJD~ ~o~...J J~ 1J.s...J~ ... ~..;-o~ He may penabat n., obs. coin of small
try anything (iii. reaching for the clouds) but he denomination. See O~J.J.J'
will not escape me.
~"-' penca n. and adj. fifty.+ rU- also ~u_
~4.1~ pelemur n. ashes. See ~...J.;.-o.. adj. fiftieth. + .s. _ n. fifty fils coin (Iraq).
JJ~~ pele",ur n. bird (Syn. o.L:.Ilt. j....); game
~~ pence n. I. finger (Syn . .:-.,.."" .Jl): ~IJ­
bird.
toe *fl;.l,$- honeysuckle *~U"-tL! 1,$- the index
~.r...L.~ pemlepi!.e n. muzzle-loader. fmger (iii. the finger with which the Islamic
profession of faith is made) *r .....~..s _ bot.
~~ pemlJ n., bOI. cotton plant; cotton (in the pod
cyclamen. 2. morsel, small piece (of bread). Cj
or with Ihe seed). Cj ~.:;J.+ ~I_ also ... b_ n. J.JJL;.+ ~l.,; ~/_ V. press/ push with the fmger (a
cottonseed. + )j _ n. cotton field. - ...Ijji. button. doorbell. etc.); sign/ approve with one's
fingerprint.+ a,j~ _ n. little finger. Cj ...~I.Ji'+-
"'jJ"'~ pemelome = ... I~~ q.v.
~ n. kind of o...;.J."s' q. V. with imprints offmgers
~... ~ pemeyi adj. pink (colour). made across it. + oJyS _ n. thumb.
~~ peme pres. slem of Ihe verb ~ ~~ q. V. o~~ pencere n. window; opening.
~~~ r~~1 pemyan v.i. swell. See ~L.Jl:. 4~ penfik n. morsel, small piece.Cj ..sj';~.
li,,-, pena I. n. hidden comer/ nook; salient angle J~~ penfer (E) adj. punctured, flat (of a tyre.
(Syn. ;;-~. cj ~l,l): .$...;o-y. 1,$ _ name of a ,ube. elc.). ~.J..H~ V. be punctured! flat (a
guessing game. 2. n. asylum, refuge, shelter;
tyre). + 1,$ - n. puncture, flat (of a tyre).
source of refuge/ protection (said of s.o.) (Syn.
o~I~); protection. E.g. ~ I~I"";'IJ~...J May you be .J.j,,-, pend n. J. sincere advice, friendly admonition
in! go with God's protection. 3. adv. behind, in! (Cf 2. IJJl!~l:); lesson, warning, example (Cf
to/ toward the back of. E.g. ~A o..o--J.,.i ~ li~
~ ....): ~I'_ ':"; 1,$- proverb. 2. act! happening
Look behind that box. Cj I. .:... :./< li~4.I.+ ~~JI/­ characterized by vulgarity, vileness or infamy.+_
V. seek refuge (nonnally used with ~o). E.g. 1Jl;~
~b;,r./ V. play a dirty trick on. Cj .J.j~ 4i ~~.J. + •
~:;. J4-i o~~ He sought refuge with! protection
~I.r--s / V. make a scene, create a vulgar/
of a relative of his. Cj ~ ... ~ o~b.+ I~/_ inlj.
embarrassing situation.+ ~}Jo.J/- V. take/ learn a
God help us! We shall leave it in Gods hands.+_
lesson, see/ consider as a warning. Cf ~»! ~ ....
J4-i n. refugee. Cj ~~."s'l>.+ ~I~/_ V. give/ afford
IJ"'~ • .J.j~ pendemlJs n. sleep (used
(s.o.) refuge or shelter. Syn. ~b o..JI~.+ LL n.
shelter, place of refuge; asylum. Cf o..t..lb .loSl>.+ conlemptuouly): ..s~ 1,$- everlasting steep. E.g.

~}/_ v. I. be on the wane (oflhe moon), set (of 1J~..s~..,-Jr D.J.j~ May you go into
 133
r~

everlasting sleep.+ <J~~ rJ"J"" o.l.i~ v. sleep, go to .;...,.2 pey n. bottom, depth.+ <Jbl/- v. be fordable (of
sleep. water, a stream, etc.) E.g. .:.o1~li.;~~AS~r"; This
~~ pensnn (E) n. penicillin. stream is not fordable. Syn. <JI~ )>>1.

rJ"~~ penk;ryas (E) n. med. pancreas (gland}. .;...,.3 pey n. 1. trace, track, direction, way (Syn. 1.
..tJ.iL.:). 2. perception, realization, discernment.+_
s..:.~1 peng = ~ (allforms) q.v.
/ n. person on foot, pedestrian. Cj 1. O~~.+ 3.
l
s..:.~... also ~ peng n. state of being banked up/ ....s~·l. n. name of a bird known for its
risen in the form of backwater. + JI- n. banked up nimbleness. 2. adj. nimble, agile. C! ..s~
water; puddle.+ o~~)~/_ v. bank up, form a (under ~ \ 2. <J,).r-tl _ v. perceive, discern,
puddle/ backwater; pile up (of suppressed anger, notice.+ ~_ adj. enterprising, aggressive.+ .;~_
griet etc.). n. enterprise, systematic/ purposeful activity.+_
.J.:....,. peng;r n. ember, live coal. See ;S:..;. + ~­ JOd alsoJo~ n. system ofrulesl statutes regulating
n. tongs. See u:.lJ..... s.th. Cj ~~ ,,,-liji..); order, prevaling model
arrangement of things.+ <J,)~ J0-l-4. v. regulate,
<J~ ~J penman v.i. swell. See <JL..J \.,;.
controV direct in agreement with a rule.+ )5"_ n.
<J.I.i~ [u;.c';J penmand;n caw. of <J~ q. v. follower, disciple, adherent. Cj ~J~. + ';Jod
~ penme pres. stem of the verb <J~ and ~~ n. act of following! adhering to.+ <JJ.J ';J0-l-~ v.
q.v. adhere to, comply with, observe, follow. C! J~d
iJ.)~.+ iJOj- adj. having the tendency of hitting
u;.c~ penmen pres. stem ofthe verb ~~ q. v.
ones feet against each other when walking.+ ";oj_
~~ r~~J penmln See <J~. n. act! habit of a<Jo:r..~q.v.+~}/-v. follow the
~ penmtw adj. swollen. See JL..J \.,;. tracks/ trace (0/-';).+ )J- adj. conceptual. + .;h-
n. conception, image, notion. Cj ~,).IJJ.
penhan (P) adj. hidden, concealed (Syn.
OJ1.lL.;.); secret, unknown (Cj .I~,)li ,~).+ .;_n. .;...,.
4
pey n., restr. (act of) cutting off.+ <J,).J.;~ v.
concealment; secrecy.< ..;t,;~~ (under ~2). cut off; trim. Cj ~-.t- .

.;.;~ pener n. cheese .;...,.5 pey n. deposit, earnest money <Jb 2 / _ v. pay a
deposit, give earnest money .
.r-i...,. pentr n. cheese: ~ .; _ cheese put to
l.!...,. peya also 1.I.t~ adj. 1. visible, seeable, visual,
mellow in a sheep or goat skin (generally burried
by nomads in snow to await autumn migration). showing. Cj 1. ).-!~. 1;:":"\.,;.+ 2. real, actual, not
"'.;~I~.; cheese flavoured with the aromatic herb imaginary, genuine. E.g. 1.I.t~~'; Real fear.+
~I~q.v. ",..sJ_ .;_ cheese shaped into balls or <JJ.J-Il.!~ v. appear, become visible; show up; used
heads (some variety of which is kept in brine) with ;:,J meaning: appear suddenly to, pop up. +
"'~;S.;- canned! packaged cheese.+ 4S'j_ name of <J,)~ l.!4. v. come up with; earn (money, a living).
an edible herb.+ 0_ the soft cheese-like sap of E.g. ! ~.J ~~ 0.1 ~ .:.o.l.i~. How much money did you
cereal grain before it fully ripens.+ <J»I o.r-i~ v. be make? .;..;....sL.: l.!...,.~.;.;..;..";L.: He cannot earn his
almost ripe and hardened (of cereal grains). own living; real, actual.
1
~ pey n., anat. nerve.+ ... l>_ n., med. nerve cell, rl.!...,. peyam n. message, report; communique,
neuron. bulletin. +~ _ n. messenger. C! ~~, 1. ...>:...t~.
 134

+ ;;..; _ J. n. dispatcher, sender of a message; news ;;".J!~ peywend also .:-o.J!~ I. n. graft (tree!
writer, correspondent. 2. adj. corresponding, plant). 2. adj. connected (with), related! pertaining
through! by means of correspondence or message. (to-""",,).+ ~»-i ;;,,~~ v. be related (to), have
l:.!~ l:.!~ petapeta adj. continuously, incessantly. connection (with)! bearing (upon).+ 1oS..t..,;'J- n.
Cj ..51..t loS 1JJ 4.l..5I..t. connection, attachment, link, association,
bearing. + ~~ 1oS..t..,;0J _ v. be linked! connected!
,~~ peyje n. ladder. Syn. 1. ~~~ (under ~I). related (to-4.t).+ )~;;"J- adj. pertinent, gennane,

~~ peyv n. word, remark, utterance. C.I 4-l. relevant.+ 1oS)~;;"J- n. relevance, pertinence.
~JJ'+ ~-
~.
adj. articulate, expressive, coherent.+
n. articulation, enunciation, expression.+_
..... 4."
...-- . peyfn n. manure, horse manure, animal
fertilizer.+ ~,;5 L.r!~ v. apply fertilizer (to).+ .?-
)J n. spokesman, representative.+ loS)b- n. also J..:$ - n. person who hauls manure which is
representation, exposition, argument.+ 1oS)~~ used as fuel in the furnace of a public bath. + .s_
~J,;5 v. argue, expose. expostulate, debate, discuss. n. flour sprinkled over a lump of dough before it
Cj .~IJJJ~ .~J,;5..rLt.+ ..J-!-[~~] v. talk, say; is rolled out.
remark. Cj ~JJ. :.r.,1 pe n.I., anal. foot. C.j.;;~ .~U: ~L: loS_lever
~~ peyk n.l. courier, runner. C.j. .J'4.-~~. 2. for lifting the lower millstone. idiom: 1oS'~ JoW..t~
satellite, celestial body orbiting another. 3. ~/.:,;,,> Dont overstep your limit or Dont go
manservant.+ )oJI- n. espionage agent who beyond your means. 2. foot (unit o/measurement)
transfers secret infonnation. (Syn.2 . ..::...v-i); degree.- 2. ~"""'" 3. trigger (o/a
jirearm). - I.~. (Syn. 2. ~ 4.l~). 4. used
)~~ peykar n. battle, struggle, controversy. C.!
in comb. as part 0/ certain compound/orms and
'JljL:. 1. ~.
idiomatic expressions, e.g., ~}~ .4.l~ q. v. + •
~ ~~ peykan n. arrowhead, spearhead. jLt n. I. stepping-stone (also jig.). 2. name ofa
region near the Sirwan River (southern
j~~ peykul n., bot. shepherd's purse.
Kurdislan).+ 'jLt _ n. name ofa plant.+ j(j"-l_ adj.
A~ peyker n. statue, sculptured image.+ ~(j _ n. too big! large (of footwear).+ ~_ adj. finn,
sculptor. resolute; fixed, stationary.+ ~JJJ4.t- n. square
foot. + ~_ n. shackle, fetter; hobble for an
~4~ peyman n. 1. pledge, vow; promise (See I.
~I..t. Cj 1. .:....is'). 2. treaty; alliance, pact (Syn. animal.+ ~_ n. cubic foot.+ &..:5"-1_ n.kind of

1oS~~'J '1oS~u....)· Cj 1. ~IJJj.<~~..Jla.+­

wild foul resembling a duck. Cj loSi.....+ ~~_ adj.
~ n. contracting party.+ ~/_ v. enter into/ flat- footed.+ 4-i~_ n. stairs.+ ...;~_ adj.
conclude a pact! treaty or alliance.+ ~b/_ v. barefoot. Syn. I.1"JJ~ (under;:,./).+ ~~_ n.
promise, pledge, vow, commit oneself.+ ),J_ n. rhyme (in poetry): ~~ 1oS- rhymed prose;
promisor, one who undertakes.+ ~;;,l5..:../_ v. alliteration.+ ~L; L'!!,J- v. step on, press down on
breake a promise; breach! violate the tenns of a with the foot. Cj 2. ~li~ ~ (under ~I).+ ~_ n.
treaty. + ~_ adj. untrue, deceitful, puttee.+ ~_ n.steps, stairs; staircase. Syn.
foresworn. + ~_ n. deception, dishonesty, A,j~ (underj../).+ ~L;,.k/- v. dash off, speed
perfidy.+ LL also ..s_ n. institute, organization away. Syn. ~li4J;:;. + J(j _ n. cloth wrapper used
established to promote a cause/ conduct a course on one's foot when wearing J\S q. v. + 4J4J_ n.l.
of study, etc. Cj 4J~ 'JI)jyIJ. foot boards on a loom. 2. foot stool.+ j4-n.
weavers! blacksmiths pit.+ 4- n. I. trotter/ foot
 135

(esp. of sheep or goat prepared as food), leg happy, be exalted.+ 4oi...J_ n. stamping, kicking
below the knee of an animal. 2. leg, foot (of a with the bottom of the foot.+ .Jb~ .u...J_ v.l.
chair. table. etc.); wheel (See 1. t~): ~
stamp/ strike/ beat forcibly with the sole of the
4J!!DjI.L,;"'; n., math. geometrical series ~ foot.+ ~-t-~/- v. stop visiting, quit seeing
.4J!!D~j n., math. arithmatical series.+ ...s...Jk- n. (s.o.).+ ~I);/_ v. watch one's step, watch out so
name of a plant.+ 4.1'"-,-,1;... adj. barefoot, unshod. as not to step on (s.th.).+ i,jI....;.~/_ v. 1. overlook,
Syn. U"~.+ i,jI....;./- v. drop in one's tracks, come pass over, excuse. C.f .J~)~~ '.J.L,;~.v:;~J~. 2.
to a complete halt (said of s.o. exhaustedfrom rub (s.th.) with ones foot. C.f i,jI....;.~...J.+ ~/_
walking). C.f V\...->~""'.+ .:"L.;I~).,>/_ v. make a
~}b v. insist upon, press for categorically.+_
false step, put the wrong foot forward; get out of
.J,).}~,,),)~/
See .Jl.!;S1... ~ ~.+ .Jl.!;S1)~/- v. fig:
line, get into trouble.+ ':-.,>_ adj. heavily walked!
be! feel relaxed and confident (about s.th) (Syn.
traversed! crossed over (of a track, lawn, road.
o.,....,).}~~ under~J); stretch one's legs. +_
etc.).+ ~.P- n., abuse, improper! corrupt
D.,....I.}~/ v. visit often, frequent. + ..:,,).?~/_
practice or custom.+ i? ~.P- adj. abused, used
..;~ v. press, entreat, try hard to persuade. C.f}!
wrongly! improperly Cf -,I~.+ ""'.P- See
..5-,Dft,. q.v.+ ~_n. bridesmaid. Syn . ..5.J,JJ~
.J~ )jj (under )j/).+ .Jli~/- v. 1. admit; accept,

(under ) .../).+ )~_ adj. -footed, having feet.+_

recognize (a fact, situation,etc.).+IJ'-t-j..A~/- v.
go too far, go beyond the limits of propriety!
;.,.sj~ n. (act oj) lagging behind intentionally.+
modesty! proper behaviour. Cf j.uo ~ j~
.J~;S;.,.sj~ v. lag behind purposely; seek an
.J L.:.;S. + .).).} j..A ~ / - v. take oneself off, decamp,
opportunity to escape.+ oj,)_ = ;:;j~ q. v. + ~••:.O,)_
break campi company with.+ jL.. _ = jLol; q. v.
n. edge ofa plain; foot ofa hiIl.+':-r n. index.+
(under L;J).+ &....:..~ n., bot. variety of grass
..5-'0)_ adj. toddling (of a child).- ,jJ}~.+ -;;r n.
• J . plant.+ j-o_ n. fee for professional attendance.+_
footpath. Cf -;;) ~ (under ~ ).+ ..5»--_ adj.
• 3 D)>>-" n. anklet normally made of beads and worn
tireless, untiring. C.f 2. ...s.J.i:..!~ (under IS~ ).+_
by women.+ D~_ n. spade with pointed end. C.f
~»- n. tirelessness.+ J;:.- n. place trampled and
~ .jli..5l>.+ ....,.... _ n.(act oj) treading water.+_
trodden down by much traffic.+ .J~~ J: .:; v.
~~n. step, stride.Syn. -'~.+ jl.J-= j~q.v.+
trample, tread, step on; abuse. ill treat, oppress.+_
J...~- n. looks/ appearance ofthe feet.+ ~..,:..-,_ n.
-".~ adj. trampled, stamped on, crush~d. + _
footprints, foot impressions (see ;:r.;..,..!.); track,
..5.;;J n. 1. name of quick-step dance.- ;:;.f~ ... 2. trace.+ ~).J-,-n. name ofa fodder plant.+ .L,;o-,_n.
frolic, jumping up and down.+ D~_ n. I. larve of
leg shackles (Syn. .u1ri); chains,bonds (jig.);
a locust. C.f ~.,s. 2. mil. infantry. Syn. D~~ q.v. +
hobble (on an animals leg) . .J~.?.L,;Dk v. put into
.JL.:.;S / - v. lead to, result in, tend toward (a result.
chainsl shackles.+ ,jJL..;./_ v.i. grow, mature
consequence or repercussion).+ ,jJ}/_ v. learn to
physically. Syn. ,jJL.. b.;.>~ (under ~2).+ j~/_
walk (of a baby).+.r.-5 _ adj. given to
.J~ v. have ones foot slip.+ ,jJ}j-u/_ v. pick
procrastination! putting off doing (s.th.).+ 1Sr-S _n.
up speed, walk faster.
procrastination, delaying tactics, dragging one's
feet. + ..s_ n. foothold- a firm! secure position ~2 pe prep. 1. serving as the absolute form of
providing a base for further advancement. C.f 2.3.4, and 5 of ~2 q. v. 2. used in comb. as an
;:r.;."..-:.. + -'~ - n. footwear, shoes .• C.f element of certain compound forms, E.g. '.J-'.P. ~
A~C" '4.I'".J~
D)D .......•~_f. '4.1'"~ A.C". - • • . _._+
.~y' .--;-:-.
'.~n .
JJ)""J .,..;~ etc. q. v. + .J.Jj-I (-u) ~ v. I. be fasting. E.g .
shoemaker.+ ,jJ.,..,s':'IS-,Dj4.J/- v. be extremely ~.~~..<.r
-' •.~ ~ Are you fasting todoy? Syn.
 136

4J.JY.JJjj~ (under ""../).+ 4J:J.J;.,. v. 1. make/ force appreciative, grateful, beholden, obliged.+ ~Ij/_l
(s.o.) to do (s.th.).2. treat (often harshly/ badly), v. I. get to know, perceive; get wind of, 2. be
play havoc with. + 4J1.f.1- v. obtain! have/ receive as grateful to; recognize/ remember/ aknowledge (a
a share or part (Syn. 3. ~~ .J""-t); get! feel favour, assistance, etc.).+ li.!---ilj} n.
(satisfaction, benefit! delight) out of (an event, aknowledgment, gratitude, appreciation.+ ~_

situation, etc.). Eg. ~~;.,.~ What satisfaction adj. authorizing, having the power to sanction!
do you get out of it? C.f 4J1/'J~ (unden../).+. commission! authorize.> 4J:J)l:- q. v. + JI)ft.:.-- I.

4J:J;I~1 v. charge/ make (s.o.)

pay (as adj. authorized, commissioned, invested with
power/ authority. 2. n. authorized agent; legal
compensation for loss or damage).> 4J:J;I~ 2 q. v. + .
guardian.+ 4J..I.ilU.../- V.t. convince, overcome by
"..~ n. living, means of subsistance, livelihood. + •
argument and bring to assent! belief. C.f 4Jb V""i
~I v. give (s.th.) free of charge, bestow on.+
.4J..I.ilU...j.t (under j./). + 4J.JY. :Jl:../_ v. obtain one'
4J~ I. v. i. take/ need! require time. Eg. ;.,.""..Li~
hearts desire; take delight! enjoyment in.+ 4J15..:..1-
~~ How long did it take him?+ ~_n. s.th. v. be capable of doing! tackling, be a match for (a
eaten with bread (E.g.. cheeee, yogurt. etc.).+. task). E.g., ~li",,~.;;.,..a He isn't a match for
.:r~1 v. rely on and boast of (s.o. else's support, it.+ 4J~/- v. be free to marry (said ofboys or
backing. etc.)> E.g. ~':';~;:;4t who's support is girls who are not prevented by blood or by having
he boasting of?+ 4JJJ-t.;.;.;.I- v. I. be pleased! been breast-fed by the same woman).+ JL:,.:.- adj.
delighted! glad. ~L.. JJ-t';';';' ~ I was glad you deserving, commendable, meritorious. + ,;;.; _ adj.
came. 2. find delight! satisfaction (normally in s.o. in the habit of, given! attuned to. + 4J.JY.';;'; _ v. be
else's misfortune). ~';'j...>4J~~j,,:J The used tot in the habit of inviting oneself to,
enemy will find delight in our misfortune. + _ exploiting or sponging on.+ 4J1.J1- I. pass. of;.,.
j~~ adj. rest. (state of) being pleased about.+ 4J:J,? q. v. 2. have/ find time (for), be free (to). E.g.
4JJJ-tjl-.:.~ v.be glad! pleased about, be happy .:.;JL..; ~~....: I dont have the time today; be
for. + "";.;. _ n. I. batch (esp. of mud prepared for capable of doing (See 4J1,?j.t under ;/).+~­
construction). Syn. 1. ~.
2. harvest which is [~ v. laugh (at-~). E.g. ;:;.,.,s.;~~ He is
laughing at you.- ~~e:J (under l"e:J ).+ .
1
threshed but not winnowed.+ ~_ n. bedding
including mattress, pillow, cover. etc. Syn. ~..,,;.+. ""J~ adj. laughable, comic; ridiculous,
~~ = ~~ q. v. + 4Jb/- v. give to; pay for. E.g. ludicrous.+ ~~/_ I. v. agree with one's health!
~e"I:J~'::"..Li~ How much have you paid for it?+. condition. (e.g. of a type of food or medicine)
4J:J}J-!I/ v. have fun at the expense of (s. o. else), Eg.~"....sli ~ ~L.. Fish (meat) does not agree

pass the time making fun of/laughing at; manage with me. 2. used in comb., e.g. ~,,4;:r..J~ q.v. +.
with,kill time by busing oneself with. E.g. jj,j-l 4JJJ-t 4J1~ I v. be offended! peeved by, dislike. E.g.
~':"'''';~I-/~~ How do you spend your time JJ-t 4J1~ ~.;.;.; .;.s-..J He was offended by what
during the day?+ 4J1.r--SI-/1- v. be capable of you said; find (s. th.) hard! distastedful (to do,
restraining, have the ability to curb/ suppress! hold perform, accept, etc. )Syn. 4JJJ-t';'~ L.; ~ (under
dack (often used with j.J.-self) ':';~lil-/~I"~ I ~2).+ ~L..J~/- See 4J»-I4JI~;.,..+ ~,}I- =;:r.
can't restrain myself.+ I"e-/_ adj., restr. deserving, ~.J.J q. v. + 4J..Lilt.$1_ v. 1. nurture, raise, grow (e.g.
worthy, meritorious.+ 4JJJ-t I"e-/~ v. deserve,be crops, children, cf 4J:J,? e:J)e.J~); make ready,
worthy of (s.th.).+ ~I"e-/I_ v. consider (s.o.) fmish cooking! fixing! (food). 2. carry/ convey/
worthy of (s.th.). E.g. ~li IJe-/ ;"'",,~e;l:J 1"'; I dont transmit! communicate (s.th.) to (s.o.). Cj
~.$J~ (under 1/).+ ~.$I_ v. J.grow to
find him worthy of this position.+ 4Jlj- adj.
maturity (of s. 0.); reach (one's goal); encounter,
 137

meet. Syn. Ift.s~.+ ~.s_adj. ripe; full grown; pressure of circumstane; duty, obligation (C.f
mature. + <J'~..!- n. maturity. + Ift.s I_v. I. ripen r-..j""; ·..5fo)·+;;.J.Y. (~) ....;..-.~ v. be in need (01),
(of fruit); get done/ cooked. 2. meet, encounter, have need (for-~). E.g. ~~.)~4.t~~ 1 am in
run across. Syn.l. ;;J.J-t J.~. + .1'!..$ _ adj. ripe; need of money.+ ,jJ,}~/_ v. I., med. administer
done, cooked; mature.+ .Jl.o_ n. harrow used to (e.g. a suppository) rectally to. 2. make/ cause/
cover seed with earth.+ ;;~/_ v. I. have left (in oblige to carry.

one's possession, as ones share). E.g. ~ .:......~ ~ piya also I~andb~prep. across, through, by,
~ '.J~ How much (money) do you have left with up over, down into (normally in compound
you? C.f ;;I,r. ~.+ ;;.J.Y. J.:,;.L:I _v. be displeased! forms). + ;;l.J_S"L~ v. I. put! thrust into, insert,
interpolate. 2. pour/ throw over, throw (e.g. water)
annoyed! disgruntled! depressed by. Syn. ;;I,} ~
at. + ;;lJ"d_ v. pass! take/ run through; insert. + •
.:w. . o/.+ ~..jL:./_ v. capitalize and boost! brag of
;;1:,.;:1 v. be burned! singed! scorched by. C.I
(s.o. 's support or protection).+ ,.,...jL.i_ adj.
;;\;..u-.+ ;;.... I:r:I_caus. of ;;I:r:~q.v.+ ;;~/_v.
boastful, bragging; egotistica\.+ ;;.... L-L:/_ v.
go/pass through; penetrate, pierce.+ '~~/_ v.
introduce to, bring (s.o.) to know (another)
socially; advance, promote, foster.+ .Jlor-L:- n., go over again, review; reopen (e.g. a case).+.

gram. adjective. See .JW'.JL:.+ A....-,.L:_ I. adj. ;;.... lJ~1 v. stick into, put through, imbed in.+.
identifying, recognizing (see )~L:). 2. n. i.ft.J~1 pass. of;; .... lJ~~q.v.+;; .... ~/_v. rubin!
characteristic, distinguishing trait! qua Iity/ through. C.f ;;.... L.:.>~.+ ;;ll/_ v. I. hit! strike
property (c.f uL:.-L:).+ ~L:/_ v. introduce to, (s.o., s.th) with (s.th else). 2. filch,
cause to be acquainted with.+ .JL:- n., restr. sake, misappropriate, pinch (C.f ~..jl). 3. spread over,
cover (s.o.! s.th.) with (e.g. a cloth, blanket.
end, purpose.< .J~"-'.+ ;;J':"~/_ v. be taught a
etc.).+ ;;.J.J)~/- v. sew on, attach to be sewing.+.
lesson, be punished (through reverse! disaster!
mishap by God or saintfor breaking an oath).+_ ,jJ."..s1./ v. come/ reach! arrive in time (of help or
oJ"~ n. pen, implement for writing. Syn. 2. ~L: Cj relief).+ ;;.... ~.sJ..,/_ v. answer (s.o'.s) caW need by
getting (aid. supplies) to in time; barely
i"-''':; .~L;. .;;I .... ~.+ ..s-~- n. dictation.+ i.J'!:-~/­
accommodate. C.I if...-> lJ.+ ;;J.J--/- v. spread on
v. dictate to, make write; write with (e.g. a pen,
chalk. etc.). + ;;Ij"'; _ adj. ungrateful, thankless. (e.g. butter), apply to.+ ;;1..:.;$1- v. I. make away

Syn. d:-. + ~lj~/- v. I. be ungrateful, show no with, filch, embezzle. 2. hit! strike at. Syn. ~Lo~
gratitute, make a poor return. 2. be unaware of, q. v. + ~,} I_v. overlay, spread and fasten, sew
have no knowledge about.+ ;;I~ ;;L:..e;1 _ v. show/ over; hang across. See ;;1;.$ ~.+ ;;.... ~.sl_ See ~
teach a lesson, make know the disagreeable ;;.... ~..J'I..,.+ ~.sl_ v. reach! arrive in time; help/
consequences of.+ ~.JI- v.I. say to, tell, relate/ aid! assist by being available when needed. Syn.
convey to. 2. call, speak of using a specific name. ,jJ.J4.S"lJ. + ;;lftSI_v. hang over/ across, draw in
E.g. ..5...;..;.. -;;';.Jy..; loS ~ It is called carnation. + . front of; cast over (C.f ;;1;.$~.J~).+~l.o/-v.
;;I~.....JI v. dare to tangle with! contend against! hit! strike at or with, deal a blow to. Syn. 2.
stand up to/ venture upon.> .JI~.....JI.+ )s:..:;.............J} ;;L:.;S'~.+ ;;L:./_ v. press on, place upon! against

warranted, justified. + ;;»-1 )~...,; v. warrant, with force. E.g. ~ ~ 1oS~~ press on it with your
1
justify, deserve.+ "::-"".....J_ adj. in need! want, finger.+ ~....,I~/_ v. look (s.o.! s.th.) over.+.
requiring; necessary, requisite, essential (Syn. ;;'-~I v. I. bite, sting (of a mosquito. etc.); bite
I . ..5,y.$).+ ;;..tH~ v. find necessary. be (into). Seel. iJ.-.$. 2. stick,become glued to. See
incumbent! essentiaV requisite. E.g. ~ ~~ It I. ;;'-~.+ ;;.... I-~/_ v. cause to stick! glue/ hold
is necessary that I go.+ "";"-'.....J- n. need, necessity, on to. C.f ;;.... lS:J.+ ,jJlA/_ v. I. come/ pass through,
 138

traverse. 2. expatiate /elaborate on, particularize, ~~ piyase n. stroll, leisurely walk.+ ,;,~.? A....~ v.
state in detail.+ .~u./_ v. come through again; promenade, take a walk! stroll.
review. C.f '.J"-i-'P. ~.+ ,;,I~~/_ v. spatter on,
.s~ piyag n. man. see J~'
get splashed on.+ ,;,..L,jl~ju/_ v. spatter/ splash
(S.Ih.) on. + ,jI...r-; ju / - v.l. pounce upon, jump/ 4J~ piya[e n. tea glass (Syn. ,;,~); drinking
make a sudden physical attack on. Cj ';'J.Y. ~.uJ\j. cup, glass (Cj I. tby...J- .u~~~.
2. catch, develop on one's skin (e.g. a rash, skin
,;,~ piyan restr., only in ';'~"-I.•~~"-I (under ../).
eruplion).+ ,;,~)~ju/_ V.t. lean up /prop up
against.+ ~~ju/_ See ,jI--:I~~~'+ ';'J.,:t:~/­ ,;.;~ piyano n. piano (musical instrument).
v. climb up, crawl up (e.g. a wall).+ ~~~/_ v.
J~ piyaw I. n man, adult human male; one, any
be implanted, become imbeded.+ ,;,..t.,;,j..,.;. v. ~/_
individual of a vaguely designated group. E.g.
speak disapprovingly of, disparage, dispraise, -:.r. & # ~ UtL; J~ One shouldn't only think
derogate.+ .:"I~~/_ v. beloud, sing the praises of,
of himself. 2. adj. manly, possessing manliness,
extol. Syn ':';JJju ~.+ ~IJNju/- v. look manlike. 3. n page, man servant (Syn.l . .;4S';';). 4.
(s.o./s.th.) over. +~.iju/- Syn. ,;,lrJju~ first part ofcertain compound constructions. E.g.
q.v.+ ,;,l:>.L.:.ju/_ also~l.!.~_v. scold., chide, »S'J~ q.v. idiom: "-I..:-.~~,;,I~.."sI.SJl.!.';';;'':'IJ~
reproach, shout angrily at. C.f ,;,~).w~.+ • ~'J'J~ When in Rome do as the Romans do
. . . (lit. when visiting the kingdom of the blind, one
,;,'JlSju/ also ~lS'~_See ,;,l:>.l.!.~ ~.+ ~/_
.:"lrJ v. creep/ crawl over (as of s.th over ones must cover one's eyes). ~;r...JI)~I.SL..~~J~

body); climb up (see,;,-'P. ~ ~).+ ,;,I.r--o ~/_ v. 'J' -::"':;A....J: .:: One should always depend on his
own effort (lit. if one were to expect his dinner to
urinate on (s.th.) while standing.+ ,;,;.r--o~/_See
come from his neighbour, he may have to go to
,;,Ij.:-A ju ~.+ ~IJ ~/ _ v.
bed without it). ~':"~}";'J~I.S~(J!'J"..J"-I J~
hang up on, suspend
against! from.+ ':';JJju/- v. extol, praise, laud. .::..l,.a....:~.vJ,j.t":-O~ He behaves like a nouveau
Syn. ,;,I~ ju ~.+ ,;,~/ _ v. rub (s.th) onl against,
riche. ;"":;--:lJ~ L; ......:; ~--:lj~"': ;A.... J ~ A man may lose
wipe against; anoint; apply/ put to.
his head but never his word. LS ..s'JJ~
C~ piya!! = C~ q. v. UtL..; tS:- :;.up Everyone has his ups and
downs.+ ...;L adv. in a manly manner. E.g.,..;IJ~
.~~ piyade I. adj. on foot, walking.+ ,;,~.? .~~ V.t.
..:-.~ ~u. He rose to the occasion in a manly
employ, make use of; implement, apply, execute.
2. n. foot soldier, infantryman; pedestrian. Cj fashion.+ .;,;} 'J'~/- v. catch (a woman) in the
)lt~ (under 1.S~3). 3. adj. ignorant, doltish. 4. n. act of adultery.+ ...!4- n. pious! harmless man;
pawn (chess piece). + ~r n footpath, narrow path philanthropist.+ ~4- n piousness;
fit only for pedesrians. philanthropy.+ ,;-,I~_ n mean! worthless fellow,
.i~ piyaz n, bot. onion: .s..JA....I.S- whole onion scoundrel, bad character.+ .:,,~.....s,;-,I';'J~ v.
*~ 1$- pearl onion (Cj .i~.~); bulb (ofa disparage, decry, speak slightingly tot treat in an
plant). + JL n. onion soup (normally with meat). + accusing manner in order to discredit; drag (s.o.)
into (s.th. having dire consequences). E.g., ~"..,.....:
,;,~~ ~/ _ v.I. fig. flatter, adulate. Cj
I.S~ ,;-,1,;.J ~ .".-.;;> 4.i';"';'" You seem bent upon
';'~.?<.f'!~~J'" 2. peel an onion. + ..5j _ n. plant
having me discredited along with yourself. + _
resembling an onion which grows in the
~I,;. n. meanness, villainous act! behaviour.+_
mountains. + ";!SJ".>'- n. wild onion; squill.+..r
adj. having the colour of onion. ~ adj. man-eating (of an animal); cannibalistic.+
~J...-i- n. cajoler, coaxer (used only of women). + -
 139

j".S I. n. murderer, killer. 2. adj. murderous.+_ taken to tie a turban. 2. part ofcertain compound
v...:.."s / v. murder! kill a human being, commit forms, e.g. ~Id q. v. (under Ij I). 3. pres. stem of
murder.+ jJJl~- n. notable, elder; headman.+_ the verbs.;,~ and ."..;~ q.v. + I. adj. opposite,
~. n. manliness, courage and seemliness; contrary.+ .;,L~] V.t. I. wrap, cover by winding!
manhood, condition of being an adult male. folding. 2. press.< .;,~~~.+ ."..;1_ [~l V.t.
I. fold up, roll up. C,f ';'J,} J.vJ. 2. coneal, hide
~ pip n. barrel (Syn. J=..oylot); keg, cask (C,f
~t.)2).
(esp. s.th. said about s.o.).+ ~.JI- adj.
complicated, intricate, involved; having many
~1 pit letter (of script, of the alphabet); gram., bends and curves (ofa road).+ .;,b~/_ v. I. sneak
particle: *j";';'~_ defining suffix *~jt.) IS- away, get away furtively. 2. twist, wring. Syn.
indefinite suffix *~-'.ioi IS- vowel. .;,IJLt (under Lt\+ V'lA~/- v. have colic pains
(said ofthe stomach). + __ I. adj. twisted, in turns!
~2 pit n. plenty, abundance (.syn . .;..:../);
coils. 2. n. twists and turns, bends (in a road).+_
fertility. < ~ "'-i under ..../, .- _.:: under ;./. + _
.....s~ I. n. anything having! containing many
.~b/ v.i. tum out to be auspicious! conducive to
bends or twists. 2. adj. spiral.+ ';'J},>/_ V.I. coil,
abundance or prosperity.+ '-1-- n. worm-like pest
twist! tum upon itself. C! ':'J},> '-1 (under '-13).+_
that attacks wheat and barley.
.;,IJ/ v. roll, fold.< .;,IJ~ ~ ,,:,IJ~~.+ ,:,Ij _

~J pit n. I. the little fmger. Syn. ,;.w. 2. small [;;~] pass. of ,:,~ q.v.+ Jlj_adj. entwined,
quantity. C,f jjj ,(,AS. coiled, twisted; wrapped; bandaged.+ 'JI;_1. adj.
~ pit n. blaze (of afire). Syn . ......;L. folded up, rolled up; wrapped up and put away. 2.
n. scroll, roll of written parchment, papyrus, etc.+
,:,~~ ru :- -;l pitandin V.t. polinate (as a process ..Jj'r n., bot. white bryony.+ '~J,}_ v. tum,
offertilization).- 2. :fJ~. change! reverse one's direction or course, turn
around (when driving or riding).+ .;,IJ~/_ V.t.
pitale n. donation; contribution: j~JI,; \.S-
trick, deceive, cheat.C! ':'J...s~ j...;i.+ ~.vL.J- n.
chattels.+ ':'J"...s ~ v. collect a donation! bends and curvatures (in a road, passage way.
contribution ifor-j.t); take up a collection.+ ,:,IJ/_ etc.).+ I,;.......J- n. windings, turns, comers and
v. give donation, make a contribution. convolutions; evasion.+ '»--J- n. screw and nut.+
~ pitlle n. genitals. ..s._ n. wrapper; jacket.+..u-'"s.- n. skein of
cotton; snow falling in large flakes.- )~.+ ~L:J.­
~ pitlee See ~ -.J~.
adj. clumsy, disagreeable, awkward (ofs.th. said
~1 pile n. name ofa thick soup! stew. Cj Jl:.:.,;$. or done). C! ;~I,;.+,:,._ n., gen. (act of) rolling
up! reeling.+ ';'J,} ,:,~~ v. roll up (a black tent for
~2 pite n. I. chaff. C.! ";,m. 2. axis; geog. pole;
loading on a pack anina/); wind up on a reel (of
chern. pole: J;L..IS- negative pole, cathode *(,;.$ IS- yarn).+ ......;I J .- I. adj. contrary, antithetic,
anode.
diametric, contradictory (to-4..t) (C,f jJ). E.g.
phele
n. articles other than those in the 4!'.,.;.$4..".l \.S..;I ~~ It is contrary to what you
trousseau accompanying the bride to her new said; turned! placed the wrong way (Cj '~"':'4
home.
JJjoJ\.:).2. n. antonym.
~ pir I. n. bend, curvature, twist; bend, detour
~ pirie n. kind of grass plant.
(in a road) (Syn. 'J4); tum, coil (of a turban):
; •.,;.;...... \.S- few moments, trifling delay, lit. time &. pil! = c..~ q. v.
 140
l.&i.e

I~ peda =~. (allforms) q.v. .JI~ piran n. I. unconsciousness. 2. worry, anxiety

3. village in Easterm (Iranian) Kurdistan.+ .J1r-;
JJll~ peda!u n. cement made of cotton, fat and
.J~..,.s v. I. become unconscious, faint. See ..;;..rJ
lime used in repairing earthenware drain pipes.
,j.J.Jo:e" jJ-. 2. worry, bel feel anxious.+ o""'~JlI- v. be
..:-.....JI~ pedawist also ..:-.....JI~~ adj. essential/
overcome by worry/ anxiety.
crucial, requisite, vital.+ .J~ ":-"-"JI~ v. be
.J.,LjI~ ptrandin v. snort. Syn. .J.l.iL..r.'
essential/ crucial, considered vitaV fundamenaV
indispensible. + I.S - n. rudiment, fundamental ~~ ~ pirxeni/e n. thick soup made with j'.1L..
priciple/ element! part, prerquisite, sin qua non. q.v.
J'H per = ~.k q. v. + .) - n. year before last, two j~ piroz adj. blessed; glorious, august.+ j~
.s
years ago. C! )~ '.).k~.+ t_ = ~ q. v. +;;_ .JJ.J-i v. bel feel blessed; be glorious.+ .J~.J jjr-; v.
n. the day before yesterday, two days ago. Cj sanctify, consecrate.+ ..,;1_ n. gift! treat given in
~..jJ (under;;J~) .~~ ';;.k~.+ ~_n. the
return for congratulations (e.g. when one is
night before last, two nights ago. Cf 'J" ·:·u~ promoted. graduated, etc.).+ ~~_ n.
congratulation.+ .J~.J4,I'!L.ojr-; v. congratulate,
~ pir I. adj. old, elderly, aged. idiom: ~.rJ ~ extend good wishes! congratulations (to-;:,J).+ _
~4!~»S ~ ~ ~ It is not by old age but by ~ standard expression of good wishes/
experience. 2. spiritual guide of the dervish order; congratulations: happy ... , congratulations!.+ ._ n.
shrine of such a spiritual guide; old! elderly man: turquoise (gem).+..;~ t_ n. all that one holds
u~~ I.S- very old person. 3. used in comb. e.g.,
scared. + Ift'- J. adj. of torquoise colour 2. n.
.J.J.Jo:e" t.1t~4-! q. v. + .J.1"", ~ v. bel become old. + r-; torquoise blue. + I.S _ n. blessedness; glory,
.J~.,s v. cause to become old (esp. at an early age). augustness, victory; sanctity, inviolability.
Cj .J~..,.s J'H;:,J.+ ~- n. child who acts old for
.1~ Pe!u n. Pleiades. Syn. ~J~'
his years.+ .ij.-_ n. type of lamp with a shade
made of transparent waxed cloth. + t_ I. expr. of .~ pi!e n. snort. Syn ......r..+ p._ n. continued
familiarity and affection: old, good old. 2. po/t of snorting. Syn. r.r......r..
compound nouns and adjectives, e.g. ..5j-1.J'H
.1'~ pe!eMI = .1'..r-~ (allforms) q.v. under 1.S~3.
q.v.+ y~._ see ~~.+ Ij ._adj. born to old
parents (of a child). + .Jj t _ = .J~~ q. v. + ..5 ._ adj. ~-F- pi!en pres stem of the verb .J.l.ilp. q. v.
old and shriveled up (of s.th.). C! ;,uSt. + ~._ n. ~ ph. n. gluten(jordough).<J.:,.~unde,../.+ .)~_
spinster, old maid. C! ~ tj.1.$. + ..5~ t _ adj. old adj. glutenous. + ._ n. substance, essence, element.
and rotting (of a tree, wood); badly wrinkled (esp.
due to much exposore to water); gone to seed.+_ .sjj.!( pIlOte n. small pimple, pustule. Cj 4..i.
~....;... t n. I. old man. Cj ~~. 2. pen-name/ nom ~ pis adj. I. dirty, filthy, unclean (ofs.th., Cj
de plume of the Kurdish poet Haji Tawfiq.+~_
A ) ; mean, despicable. CI J.>~. 2. spoiled,
n. status of a shaikh as spiritual guide. + ~ _ n. old rotten (of eggs). 3. malignant, serious (of a
woman: ~\;..,- ~j!_ wily old woman often tumour, disease).< .J~.,s~;:,J.+ ,j.JJ-i~ v.
employed as go-between.+ ~L:..,- 4.ij!_ n. kind become dirty, be unclean; be spoiled.+ .J~.J ~ v.
of grub (possibly the crane fly). + I.S _ n. old age, I. allow (an egg) to go bad (ofa hen). 2. make
declining years; oldness. dirty, cause to become unclean.+ .) _ n.
menstruation blood.+ .11- n. dirty water.+ ~I_ n.
 141

feces, excrement. Syn. I. J~'+ ..5_ adj. cheap, i...>-adj. preceding, preliminary.+ ~/_ V.I. I.
beggardly, abject, Cf 1. ..5J .v:.+ J.L adj. petty give priority/ precedence; put! place in front. 2.
and contemptible.+ J,>;..,..,- adj. dirty and untidy.+ advance, develop, promote, further.+ )l_ n.
"s- J. n. filth, dirt; uncleanliness. 2. n. meanness, advance guard. Cl J''''''':':;;'+ ..:-.l_ adj. initial,
despicableness. 3. see jJ!.~. first; primary.+ ~l_ n. initiative; (the act of)
preceding! beating (s.o.) in doing (s.th.) Syn.
~ pest n. skin, epidermis (Cl J. jy.S'rP.): "s)45. ':.- 'l.+ ~l.,..s~, .:; v. take the
E.g. .J"-~ scalp; peel, rind (see~..,.; under initiative.+ J'r n., mil. vanguard (Cl )~);
;;.,.;1)- ~~ (under -1- 1). idiom: t4-H..l~ avant-garde, pioneer; begining, front part (see 2.
~li He is very intransigent.+ •.,..:.;.JI- V.t. skin, jJ!.1~).+ Jl.S"J'r n. steward, manager ofa house/

flay. Syn. ~JuS '~l...,sj.,..s. + ._ n. hide syn. I. estate.+ "s)-SJ'r n. stewardship.+ ~'j_ n.

j.,..s. + ..--'4;' - n. cheese put into a skin to mellow; groundwork, preliminary work. Cl ~; basis,
skinful of cheese (used as unit ofquanlity).+._ chief component! fundamental ingredient. + ;S _ n.
~l.}";';;' V.t. tan.+ ~j>._ n. tanner. saddlebow (CI j~":;); place in front ofa rider
where another person rides (Cl 2. jS:.:.lt)· + ..;..s -
..s~
- - pestirk n.window. See .~",;.
n. present, gi ft (Syn. J. "s) l...!l under ) l...!l I. Cl
pesir n. inside breast pocket Syn. ~u.r-S o:J~~); award.+ ~»-I~ v. be presented
offered; to (in the polite form ofaddressing an
envelope to s.o.).+ iJl...s~ v. present, offer
~ pI! 1. prep before, in front of .~..J. Cj
free; award; dedicate (a book).+ ~.,..sl- V. I.
~ • 2. adj. and adv. prior, earlier in time! order,
4
progress, rise, develop; advance in work, be
preceding; before, early, at a previous time. 3. n.
promoted. Cl ~ ~ 2. outdistance, leave
front, fore, front part. 4. part ofcertain compound
forms meaning: ahead, fore, advance, etc., e.g. behind, lead in a race, surpass.+ "':"J.j- n.
~yA-S~ q.v.+ ~I_ n. I. forehead. Syn. I. groundwork, perliminary work; basis. Cl ,)It.l
~1~Jli. 2. mil. front.+ JL n. w.c., latrine, lavatory. ~'-""":"'J.j.+ ~y.-S2_ adj. I. advanced,
Syn. .:.-tlJt;. ~l$.t; (under yL.;\+ )It- n. first progressed, developed. 2. leading, being ahead! in
shipment of articles arriving at a camp site.+_ the lead.+ }~.,..s- adj. progressive, forward-
~.f.n. competition, rivalry, contest. CI ,~li~j>
looking. modem, liberaJ.+ ILn. presence (used in
;:"';'j..\...+..:-.,.- = .':_I-U4.f q.v. under J./+ Jj4.f- I. a situation of respect). E.g. Il)L.;S.;4- "s~.J
gram. prefix. Cl 2. ~lt. 2. hobble on an In the presence of the president.+ ~.JI- v.
animal's forelegs.+ JH- adj. anticipating, prevent, stand in the way of, block (s.o.s way-;:,J);
expectant.+ "sJH- n. forethought, anticipation; deter, discourage.+ "s.;S _ n. prevention, warding
prior deliberation! consideration/ planning. + _ off. E.g. "s},.;...;~"s"s.J....:.;,. prevention of cruelty;
~Il"s.r--t v. give (s. th.) forethought! prior planning deterrence. + j _ n. front hem! train (of dress, etc.).
or consideration. + ~ _ adj. foreseeing: farsighted; Cl I. J...:.lt.+ iJL..L._ n. woman assisting the
cautious.+ ~_ n. foresight; farsightedness; midwife while delivering a baby. Cl ~L.L..+_

vision.+ ~~_ n. type of bandolier fastened to JJU n. commanndo, guerrilla shock troop;
Kurdish freedom fighter, Pesbmarga.+ ~...,;_ n.
and suspended from a saddle. Cl Jj4$ ~.+_
leader in congregational prayer. Syn. ~...,; J4.i
J4 n. view, scene, vista, outlook, prospect. Cl
,j<4l.+ .,..j~ _ n. waiting! reception room.+ o:Ju:;'_ (under .~_/).+ LSj..j"";_ n. (act of) leading

n. head servant, head waiter. Cl ).5;;. )~u:;'.+ congregational prayer.+ iJl...,s ~.•J .:; v. lead! act
 142

as leader in congregational prayer.+ J4i- n. :'..}I- "I

. L.. ~ ~
4J pis_an v.i. I. roast! bake in hot ashes
proposal, proposition, overture, suggestion. + in a receptacle (e.g., onions). Cf .;,I~. 2. feel
';'l)")_' A:.
v. put forward a proposaV suggestion.+ chocked from heat! stuffy atmosphere.+ _ [~: "_)
.h- also loS.h- n. (act of) going and meeting! ';'lCaus. of the verb . .;, ~ q. v.
welcoming (s.o.).+ ';'l.? IoSjl~ v. go and meet,
iJ~l p4an n., restr. (=iJL:.e;+ ~).+ iJll/- v. show,
welcome. Syn. .;,~ '.1'~'-I (under .../). Cj
indicate, point out; express, depict, delineate;
~lA~ (under ../).+ .1.1- adj. former, previous,
display, exhibit.+ LL n. exhibition, display;
preceding. Syn. .1.1J4.f (under J4.f4). + ,_ n./. nozzle
showroom.- .;,Il iJ~';>.
of bellows. 2. pit, stone (of fruit). Cf 2. ..5.1.1\.;
(under.1li 2).+ ~ ,_ n. forelock; forepart of the .1~ pqaw adj. I. roasted in hot ashes, baked
head. + ...,s.-
I. adv. in advance, beforehand 2. (e.g. potatoes). 2. feeling oppressed by heat.-
. L.:.... 1
-.J _.-.
adj. advance (e.g. payment); preliminary,
introductory (Syn./. ....:.>.,;). 3. n. down payment. ~ pi!ke only in ~..J.s..:..'l q.v.
Cf 1oS~ •+ r' - adj. very important! significant.
4

..5~ pi!olt n. name of an adventitious edible bulb

Cf .5.:.}.+;:,.._ priority, precedence in position!
resembling a small white onion.
importance, etc.+ .;,Il ;:,...._ v. give priority!
precedence (10-'-1).+.5.:..- n. I. leading animal in ..J~ pl!.lik n. gnat. Cf ..J"UO:';"'.
a caravan (usually well - bred and beautiful); ~ p1!e n. I. habit, practice. Syn..v->. 2.
leader. 2. precedent, previous case(s);
occupation, vocation, trade, profession. Cf I.
antecedents, traits of one's earlier life.+ ..... L:S:..;._
Jut: l.J.;-'l 1oS- practical profession.+ jl-_ n.
n.!. will, testament (of a person disposing of his
industrialist, manufacturer.+ 1oS;l-- n. industry,
property). 2. directive, instruction, commandment
Cf IoSJL.$jj..l:·+ 1.1'- n.l. person of great manufacturing: ..5»- loS; l- _ light industry IoSj l..._
knowledge/ high repute whom others imitate and IJ"'...,..J heavy industry.+ l}l:.._ n. apprentice. Cf 2.
follow; leader, standard bearer (C.! u)"y.-). 2. l}L.:..+ )\S_n. artisan, craftsman.+ lLn. place of
person who leads congregational prayer (See work! business, workshop. Cf ...;l~,;lS".+ (under
~..,.;~ under J"/)'+ ~I.1'- n. leadership. C.! )l..S"I).+ ;J_n. craftsman, artisan. Cf j~.+_
.s.IJ.y...$.+ '.1'- n. front, position! place in the )'.1 = ;.s~ q. v.
front. + ~_ !. adv. at one time before, sometime in
~ pqe pres. stem ofthe verb .;,~ q. v.
the past, previously. adj. advance, made/ given in
advance.+ .;,~_ n. forebearers, forefathers. Cf ~: "_~ pqen pres .stem of the verb iJ"';~ q. v.
~~.1.1~ (under l./): .;,1'_ ":;IoS~ proverbs, old
~~ p~embeT also ~~ n. prophet,
sayings.+ ~_ n.l. advance (loan, cash. etc.) 2.
prelude, an introductory performance/ event messenger of God.- r~~'
action.
~ ptjk See .v:.~.
~ pi! n. spite, ill will, malice; a glum look, an
p;vaz also jI~ n. onion. Syn.jle;
attitude of suppressed peevishness! anger.+ ~
,:,l"s
v. look peeved. and glum.+ ''''''':'l;l~/_ v. ..J~ peqe/e n., bot. buck's hom plantain.
suppress one's ill willi bitter feelings
~I pelt n. drink, shot, glassful (esp . ofalcoholic
temporarily.+ '.1.~- adj. bitter, rancorous,
beverages).
resentful. + .;, _ adj. having the tendency of
suppressing bitter feelings. ~2 pelt adv. comb. of..54.t, + 4.f meaning: together,
well-arranged (esp. as used in certain compoond
 143

forms).+ ,:U~ 1- v. become interlocked; have a ~ pike n. I. stalk (of cereal plants); reed (cj
verbal encouter with each other.+ .:"IJ/L v.t. bang I. S-~). 2. whistle/ reed mouthpiece ofa wind·
together, hit against each other.+ .:"lSJ/I_ v. stick pipe instrument. Cj ~~.+ '.r--
n. name ofa
together, be welded together.+ .:,,~lSJ/I_ caus. of pest which attacks cereals. Syn . •~ .
.:"LS:.J ~ q.v.+ .;;L../L v. mill around, move
~ pekel only in ~)~ q. v.
about in a disorderly manner (of a crowd!
group). + ..s~~- n. association, connection, ~ pel n. time, interval, interm. C.! .:..lS.
correlation. C.! ..s~'.Y-"".+ '~~JL:..I_
See JL!.
~ pel n. small hump on the shoulder of bovines .
•J~~ ..54t 4i (under 4i2). + ~.s I_v. meet, come
across each other (of two people); be in ~ pO n. dry cell battery.
conjunction (of heavenly bodies).+ ~.sl_= ~
.:,,~ pOan
n. I. plan, policy, design. Cj .... l;;4i
~.s q.v.+ .~~_expr. roughly equivalent to:
(unedr ;4/) ~ "jJr.. Syn. I. .;;..,.:..~.; •.r-.$.; 2.
the same to you (in answering a holiday greeting.
plot, plan, conspiracy, intrigue; ruse, artifice,
lit. for both of us).+ ~\jl_ v. introduce (two
stratagem (cj H).+ ..iLt- adj. foxy, tricky,
parties) to each other. +..uJ!.~- gram. imperfeet
cunning, crafty. Syn. ..il..,J.;i.+ ..s..ilt- n. trickery,
(tense). Cj 2. ..uJ~.+ .:..L.._ n. composition,
stratagem, deception.+ .:"Lib/_ v. lay/ draw up/
making. .;;L../_I v.i. I. happen, come about (of.:"IJ
work out a plan, design a policy.+ ;lS_ n. gov.t.,
JJ;); agree, come together (Cj 2. .;;~ .$.;..;). 2.
pol. policymaker.+ ..s;L.S- n. policy-making,
be accomplished! realized! carried out! fulfilled. +
formation of policy. E.g. ..s;ls:..~,-"""..j; the policy
.;;u.2 n. formation, establishment, process of
- making process. + .:" L..:.;S1- n. draw up a
forming! structuring (s.th.).+ ..uJ!'- adj. 1. agreed
blueprint, sketch out! outline a diagram or layout.
upon, concluded; fulfilled, performed, carried out.
2. gram. perfect (~ense). Cj ..uJ~. 3.
Cj .:"LiIJ.J~.+ r-s-
n. plotter, conspirator.+.
;;1.;.$1 v. hatch a plot, plan a conspiracy.
institutional, established. + wI. _ n. structure,
make up, gestalt; synthesis.+ ~!./- = .:"l.:;A~ ~ n. fmger. Syn. 1. ~~.+ ,_ n. aim,
pilk
q.v. + .:,,~/_ v. bring togerther, hold, convoke; accuracy of aiming (as in a game ofmarbles).
E.g. .:-1;;j..i..s4, He has a very accurate aim.
fulfill, carry out, realize; form, institute,
structure.+ ~_ adj. productive, creative, ~ pe{fJ n., anat. eyelid.
dynamic.+~_ n. framer, conceiver, formulator,
;I ~ pilewa, n. fuel log.
planner.+ 'J'- aliv. together, jointly. Syn.•~4t4i
(under •../).+ .:"Li 'J'- v. put together, assemble, ~ pine n. and adj. five: jJ ..s4Jle- the five
amass; concoct, devise, fabricate. senses. idiom: &:;.jJ; JJJ~ L:,;J Life is fleeting.
~3 pek pres.stemoftheverb.:,,~q.v.+ + ~ n. magazine rifle! pistol which takes five
.:,,1- [~l v.t. I. score by hitting, hit (the mark, cartridges.+ ~~ 1. n. pentameter (poetry). 2 .
target, etc.) (Syn. ';;J~";). 2. find! comprehend adj. pentagonal.+ ..s;'J- n. room having five
the hidden or implied meaning (e.g. in a poem).+. French windows.+ ~JJ-'_See ....:.~.+ .u..._n.
JI; adj. scored on, hit.+ ..s-n. good order/ model five hundred.+ ~....:._ also ........:._ n. Thursday.+_
arrangement ofthings.- ~~..;. l5' n. melody having five levels oftones.+....:.jS'_
n., geom. pentagon.+ jJ!...:..jS' _ adj. pentagonal.+_
~ pit n. sledgehammer. Cj .;.,s~.
"":';"J adv. fivt: times a day, the five daily
I~ petra aliv. all together = I. I~ q.v. occasions (esp. of ritual prayer).+ ,_ I. n.
 144

pentagon. 2. only in Jt I.SIoo. intercalary days of the get (5.0.) mixed up in (s.th.). 2. attach to, decorate
old Iranian year. + ('I _ also ~I and ('U _ adj. fifth. with; insert into (e.g. thread through the eye ofa
needle).+ ;;~/_ v. I. fit into, be ofa size to go
+ 4.!.~_ n. the five senses.> 2. ..;.~. + ..54t- n. one
into/ pass through. 2. answer the call (oj), go to.+
fifth.
~b/. v.t. I. bite (of a snake); sting (of a wasp). c.j
pinok also ..5~_ n. doze, (act oj) dozing.
~ .~.I.i'-j...~ 17.".2. shut, close (0 door book.
See j"";lJ.
etc.). syn. ~I.) (under IJ I ) , I. ~J.J u~. 3.
~ pine n. patch, piece of cloth! leather used as a apply, slap (rolled - out dough to the wall ofa hot
patch.+ ~J.? ~ v. patch, mend (clothes, shoes); oven when baking).+ ~IJJ/_pass. of the verb ok
fig. patch up, make amends! recompense (jor- ~I.) q.v.+ J1JJ/_adj. closed, shut. syn. 2. i;";~.+
I.S).+ ~ also jjJ_ and jL...._ n. cobbler. shoe ~j/_ v. increase, keep up (said ofs.th. torn or

mender. + ~ _ n. shoe-mending profession. + _ ripped open which will become worse unless
j.t-'..J n. extensive patching and mending.+ repaired, e.g. clothes).+ ;)5..J/_ v. stick! cling!
~J.? j;....~ v. patch all over;fig. attempt! try to cleave to. Syn. ~ '-...,.,; ok. + ~.I.i I>J / _ caus. ofthe
recompense (normally not very successful). verb ~~I~ q.v. +~li/_v. I. apply to; put! give
to. E.g. ('\;.~~~ He gave me a push.< •.i::t.j~
~ piw n. suet, tallow, fat. Cj. I.SJ~ '~lJ'+ ~.,­
~l.i. 2. shoot at (with a fU"earm) (Syn. ~}~). 3.
n. cement made of tallow and lime used in
mending crockery. Cj. JJ,}I~.+Vt_adj: tallowy. set at, urge on (a dog at 5.0.). 4. exaggerate,
overstate, enlarge beyond bounds. Cj. I.SJ LS4.!..."..
Cj. JJ~.
+ ~'-...,.,;/_ v. cling to, hold on, stick to; be
~ pew pres. stems of the verb ~Ik q. v. + attached to, get used tot fond of (normally used in
:.1 1 r 1
.... -u--=".J I.
0_ ••
v..t measure, asce rta·m th e the negative). E.g. ;r......,.,;\; o~ He doesn't get
measurements (oj); weight, ascertain the used to me.+ ~.l.iL.......,.,;/_ caus. of the verb o~
heaviness/ weight (oj) (Syn. ~l.!.;S). + ~12_ n. area, ~L...."""; q.v. +~/_v. I. land on gather/swarm
acreage. See .J4-tJJ,}. + .....;1_ adj. measured, around (e.g. offlies onfood). 2. join! take part in_
measuring. E.g. ";Ik""~ Measuring cup.+ ~I. + ~~/ v. I. rally to (s.o.'s call, plea, etc). Cj. 2.
also ~I. n. measure, yardstick, gauge, scale.+. ~~.i::t.. 2. find lucky, consider auspicius (e.g. a
.,IJ / adj. measured, having its measurements number, day of the week. etc.); tum out lucky (of
calculated.+ JIJ/- n. one who gualifies! sanctions! s. th.), be auspicious to (s.o.).
certifies! capacitates; surveyor (of land); standard,
measure.

}~ plwa, adj. hidden, out of sight. Cj. J\.tJ\;

J~ Piw", n. Pleiades. See 2. Y0('1.

I~ plwe prep. combining IJI + 4.i meaning: with,
into, onto, according to (normally used in
compound verbs). e.g. ~I>J 'k q. v. + ~-'-"I'k v. I.
be stuck together; be mating (esp. ofdogs). 2. get
mixed up/ involved in (s.th. unintentionally) (syn.
~'j$ I"';;); be hit, get struck (by) (syn. 2. ~y.S ~
under A 4). 3. be about to, be on the verge/ point
of, intend (C.j ~.J.l-lj~).+ ~J.JI.i::t. v. I. involve,
 145

..sy.S.;J-l;",:,§,;; Work hard so that you may

succeed. 3. can}. while, during the time that.
E.g. ..s~},.>~I.,.l; He ate as much as he could.
Syn. I. l;"...+ uS_also uS0J- See 2. Il.
••
u . Ll;
'"'.

~l;
taban I. adlj·. luminous, shining, bright,
glittering. Syn. I . .JL.:.HJ~' 2. n. given name for
women.
tabge n. dock! basin! waterway for the
reception of ships. C! JO.J,j~.

.:,,1 t n.fourth letter of the Kurdish alphabet. ;.ltl; tabiD (E) picture, representation. scene .

.:,,1 t pronominal ending of the 2nd pers. sing. v.J..totl; tabiit (A) n. bier. See r~o)~ .
and 3rdpers. sing. E.g...:...~ You went. ~~ J.J..totl; tabuT n. mil. brigade of artillery; battalion
He is going. (syn. 2. oJo;).
l;1 ta n. I. half/ one of a pair (normally of an
~o~l; tabeTegUgU n. disk-shaped top
animal load. one side ofthe scales. etc.). Cj
children play with by rolling.
I. )./ ~~..s- one bale oftabacco *l!Jo~..s­
wing/leaf of a double door. Syn. J~' 2. one ;.: l;1 tapo n. form, shape, outline, contour. Cj
scale (ofa balance-I . .J.Jjl~ q.v.). 3. member ..5.:..; 'Lf'! l..J l;.
(of an equation); tenn (of a fraction! . II tapo (T) n. tapu, from oftenurel official
~
proportion). 4. fold.- <J~.J l;JJ~' 5. See 3. jl;.+
certificate of real property registration and
J~ - n. one side of a double load (as carried on ownership. + <J~.J;.: l; v. register real property at
a pack animal). Syn. rU:' + .r. _ n. shotgun a Tapu office (in the name of yi-JJ).
(single or double-barrelled). Syn. JIJ~u;,+
.:"l;1 tat I. adj. suffering from vaginismus. 2. n.
..s~. n. large pannier for transporting
long and thin slab of stone. C! ~~.;. 3.
perishable fruits. Cj ~.J"-I'~"';'+ ~J- only
rugged! rocky mountain. Cj ~.+~.J"-I 0_ n.
in <J~.;S ~J l; v. balance the two sides of a
long thin slab of stone (often used to perform
scale. Syn. <J~.;S ..5»-~; fig. take care of,
prayer on).+ ~_ n. wooden! stone board
settle, arrange, resolve.
used for washing a corpse before burial.
II ta n. med. fever: oits..s- relapsing fever.- .:"ll tat n. Arab.+..s- adj. Arabic. ~l; ~l..j
l;4,jI)' ,l;J.i;ot...J.+ ~..r-/- v. assuage a fever, have
Arabic language. Syn. ,",-op.
one's fever lessened.+ ".,siJ- n. fever which is a
by-product of another malady. (e.g. a wound). l;l; tata also.;l; uncle. Syn. rl...

1I ta I. prep. as far as, up to, until, to. idiom.: ~l; tatik n. elder sister Cj ..s..:...,...
~ o~.,s r..J ~l,.r"':' l; As long as this siuation
~l; tatki only in :";";l;o.)"- q. v.
persists. or As long as this is the case. r;~ l;
. - _ ':i~'; 0J~~'; Find the right time for the jJl; talo n. father. Syn . ..5JJ l,. .
right thing to say. .r. ..s..:;.';0.J,j~ ~~ .5.:;~ l; ~l; tali I. n. felt-carpet. C! ..sJ~' 2. vowel
o~l; Often one must fall so that another will points used in Arabic.
prosper. 2. can}. so that, in order that. E.g.
 146
.j~

(l.; lac I. n. crown-shaped insignia designating 4.o,)l; la,me n. veranda (ofa house). C.! .J1x.u.
a military rank between that of captain and
~..)l; la,ix (A) n. history (see .51T-~ '.1~); date
major. 2. = ~l; 3. only in j,S ~ bot., corolla.+
(see )J?..l) .
..r.1.1.»->- n. I. variety of red grapes. 2. bot.
cockscomb. See "'-'!.u J.,$'. ...A...)l.; tanf (A) only in .J~.J ....i...)l; v. describe.
Syn. .J~.J V"lt; praise, mention favourably.
~ l; laf also ~l; n. small grain bag-jl JU: q. v..
..s:......)l.; ta,tk adj. dark, dim, lightless (cf ,)l?);
t l.; lax n. quarter/ part! section (esp. ofa lawn!
dark, bleak, dim (of colour) (see I. c,;.;).+
city). Syn. .5t.rS.
.J»I ..s:......) l; v. become/ get dark; be dim! bleak. +
.5;.;.>l; laxo,k n. sleigh. .J~.? ..s:......)\..j v. turn! get dark (of evening. late in
~l; taxe n. sheaf, fagot (esp. of tobacco leaves) the day). + ,,-1_ n. dark place/ spot; darkness.
(cf o.S:..-t~ ,JI»-); ream (of paper). Syn. 3. Syn. J.....)l.;.+ ~L. b/_ v. grow dark, fall (of
~. night).+ .JJJp- also j.;JJ- n. twilight.+ -
.5~~.1 adj. pitch-dark, extremely dark. Syn.
,)l.;1 la, n. I. name ofa musical instrument
.1 4..-:.......,.....;· + t - n. dark place! spot. Syn.
resembling the violin. 2. thread (cf 3. jl;, 2.
uo!LS:....)l;.+ ~_ n. dark of the night (cf
Jl;); wire; string.+ .J6~- n. player of ,)l;l q. v.
..s:..;'jt~); darkl moonless night.+ ..;_ n.
,)Li la, adj. dark (of cloud. night, etc.). Cf darkness, the dark (also fig.).
j\..j . ..s:......)\..j.+ ')~.1- adj. widely scattered.+ tj\..j laze I. adj. new, novel, (syn. ~); fresh (cf
.J-uuL...1,)l; v. be widely scattered. ~); modem, up-to-date. + 3. exclamation of
I,)l.; la,a n. I. red bridal veil. 2. given name for disappointment. E.g. ~..; tjl; (you mean) you
women. are going now?+ Co4...tlt- n. novelty,
innovation.+ J~- adj. modem, latest, fresh,
(I,)l.; la,ac. n. plunder, piIIage.+ .J~.J (I,)l; v.
current, in vogue.+ .JJ.Ji- n. fig. unhealed
plunder.- .J ~l;.
wound (said ofa recent loss or dealh). + .5»1-
uo'l,)l.; Ta,ant I. n. Iranian silver coin. 2. adj. n. newlywed bride. Cf IJljtjl;.+ '.1";»11- v. I.
coming form/living in Teheran. be renewed (e.g. of a membership); be
JI,)l.; la,aw adj: habitually abscent, continually renovated! remodeled! modernized; be
revived! broUght back (of memory,
away (s. 0.). + .$ _ n. exile; abroad, outside. Cf
reminiscence). + _ 4i _ adj. I. while (slill) fresh.
tJt,)t~ ,,,-t).1I.:.
E.g. A..!.~.jl;4..t.jl.;~»,..,J Rice dishisgood
.JLS,)l; la,gan n. variety of wheat of rather when eaten fresh. 2. quite fresh.+ ..,.,;y&S~_

inferior quality.- t.$. adj. parvenu, upstart (esp. from a stale of

proverty).+ ~u I~/_ v. be newly invented!
r')l.; la,m n. harvest threshed and heaped for
fashioned; be newly palced on the market. + _
winnowing.- .JL..,)~ 'Jt,)~.
..,.,;l.b adj. newly invented! fashioned; recently
u=!L...,)l; ta,mayt n. I. blurred! indistinct shape; on the market. + .I.i......,JJU _ adj. mouveau
apparition, phantom. 2. shadow. reflected riche.+ IJlj- n. newlywed groom.+ ~.u_ adj.
image (syn. I. ~); ghost, specter (see 2. novice, freshman, beginner.+ .,.,...;~.JI- v.
;;». renew, grant! obtain an extension (on. oj);
renovate; revive, rekindle.+ t,)..u$- adj. bizarre,
 147

unusual, atypical. Cf I. J!...... + ~ _ adj. ,,-~l tase n. longing, desire, yearning,

recent, current, latest, up to the minute. + _ appetite.+ ,;,,~.} _~ I v. long, yearn (jor-IS).+.
~J U"";J adj. brand-new, spick-and-pan; the ;1"... also ~_ and ..Li4...0 _ adj. ardently
very latest.+ ~ n. newness; freshness. desirous; keenly longing (jor).+ ,;,,~}~/_ v.
<~tj~4i. long ardently/ yearn intensly (jor).+ JJjt;\;J-
n. ardent desire/ yearning.
ISj~ tad adj. completely naked. Syn. uJij.,JJJ.t
_If tase n. bump (in a road).+ ';"J.} _I? v. run
~l...j~ ta~lane n. whip. Syn. ~u.
into/ hit a bump (of a vehicle)'+';"»1 (.u) 1_ v.
.u...j ~ tadle n. leftover fragments of ground be bumpy (of a road) .
;tJL.. q. v. Syn. ~-.J.tI. ;:"..~ wi pres. stem ofthe verb ,;"L..~ q.v.
,;"Iju tajan 1. n. small shoot! secondary ';';"'lJ tash pres. stem ofthe verb ,;"..LiL..~ q. v.
branch (of a tree). Cf .;J. 2. adj. derived,
~u ttq pres. stem of the verb ib-~ q. v. + JI;-
deduced.
adj. 1. shaven (of beard), cut (of hair). 2.
w~ tajl See ~~. worked, carved (of wood, stone. etc.). + [~~l
~_ v. I. shave (e.g. a beard) (cf ,;,,~.J ~I.J"o');
V"u 1 las n. daze, shock, stupefaction. V"~
cut (hair) (cf ~~ ~). 2. work, carve (wood.
~~~.}.+ ,;,,1- [u-~l v.i. be half-chocked,
experience difficutty in breathing. + [.;,;...~ 1 etc). ~~I~.

,j.I.i1. V.t. chocke, cause deficulty in breathing *~lJ tIq!I n. lunch, midday meal. Cf ~I).
(by suffocation or applying weight).+ .,1- adj.
~lJ ttqk adj. punctual, exact, prompt.
half-chocked, nearly suffocated.+ t~~JI/- v.i.
be dazed, feel stupefied! shocked. C.! }J.,JI J J~ 4..!.lJ ttqeberd n. stone slab. Cf ~~.;. 1.
,;"L-o.+ ~ub~ ....... I_ V. be dazed! ;..J~'
dumbfounded.+ ift.- [;:""~l v. See ,;"L..~.
,;,,~~ ta9in (A) n. plague.
V"1f tas adj. smooth, shiny, sleek.+ V".u-'J- adj.
~u tacjn n. sweet made of sesame flour and
spruce and lavish-looking, neat and shaven. + _ sugar, halva.
,;,,1~V".v-IJ v. sprouce up and dress lavishly,
Ju n. I. prime, peak: ~.s IS _ prime of
tal
look neat and shaven. Cf ,;,,~.} V".u-'.,....~.P.
youth. Syn. ut~. 2. t~. 2. rush (of water);
V"Li tas n. metal bowl. Cf 1. r~ ._lS. idiom: burst, surge (of activity. emotion).+ JI- n.
-...,s..:.;jt ..5..; ~ V" l; Better to die than to fall torrent, rush, violent stream ofwater.+ "';~t_
into disrepute (lit. better f~r the bowl to break n. sound of rushing water. Cf jlAtjlA.
than to merely crack).+ .,"j.$_ n. helmet. Cf
J"j.$. + 1oF(,4 - n. dish made of meat, onion and .:;,; ~ tafte n. taffeta.
spices; hot pot.+ ..s..JJ- n. small metal bowl; ..,j~ tav n. moon. Syn. I . .s.;~.
cup (syn. ,,:,,~.
~~ tavge n. waterfall. Syn. ) ..:..,\;. I. S"i.v-.
-...~ tasme n. strap; dog collar. C.! ...;.,.;.
t.J-~ tasux also J.,....~ adj. rare, sought after, in jSw tavil adv. immediately, at once. Syn.
demand (as good quality food).+ ';"»11_ V.
;?~l.
be sought after, be longed for.
 148

JLJI laq n. 1. arched recess! niche in a wall used ~l.; laq; n. test, trial, critical examination!
as a shelf. 2. arch. E.g. ~jj~ ~LJ Triumphal evaluation. Cf ~""'jI; •..s~~ ... (under
arch.+ ~_ n. 1. small shelf. 2. small arch. 3. .s..-). Syn. .;,,,,..j":'. + •JI.;S _ adj. tested,
tried, proven. Cf .J4-!.J.j •Ju...-.+ 'J4..i~.JI- v.
JLf laq 1. n. and adj. single. See ..5l; (all
test, examine critically; try out.
forms). 2. n. half-day (used as a measure for
half-day's work or travelling distance. E.g. ..5l.; lak 1. adj. single, not of a pair; odd, not
~ L; J ~JJ;:"'" Three days and a half. 2. n. one even (e.g. ofnumbers); mono-, being one (cf
twenty-fourth part of a water source/ supply 2. .:,,~); individual. (syn. 1. A. 2. n. used
belonging to more than one person and used with ~/..5..:t denoting: one of a pair (e.g. of
for irrigation. + ....1_ adj. sole, only (esp. the
shoes). Cf 2. ..s:..:J.+ ....1_ adv. individually,
only child in a family).+ Jj.JJ- 1. adv.
one at a time, singly. Cf ~.+ '''';»11_ v. be
sporadically, singly, in scattered instances. 2.
singled out, become separated (from a
adj. occasional. Cf ..s~.,sLJ.
group).+ _ ~_ adj. single. E.g. ..5l; ..... ..5l; ~r=-
JLt laq n. skin (of a goat! sheep). Cf .jytS Single combat. + __ also A.. G _ adv. one at a
~. time; sporadically (syn. 2. I~.,sl;).+ ~/_

V.t. isolate, set apart.+ jiS'J- adj. monogenic.+

.~l;JU laqlaqtere n. species of owl. Cf
'J4..i~.J/- v. single out by separating from a
»I~.,s.
group.+ ~,J45I- v.i. be isolated, feel apart!
rlLJ laqim (T) n. 1. set. E.g. .;,IJ ~LJ set of false alone.+ .:,,~""'_ n. odd or even (a guessing
teeth. (cf ..::......~); group, team, outfit. 2. mil, game).+ ..s~.J- adj. one here and one there,
platoon. sporadic.+ I~J- 1. adj. few among many. 2.
4JLJ laqe n. stout silk fabric having bold designs adv. singly, in a sporadic manner.+ ~J- adj.
made with golden and silver threads and all alone, solitary, C.! 1. ~J.j.+ .,;JJ- adj. worn
normally used for men's lytS q. v. on the wrong foot (of any footwear). Syn. 2.
..5l;,J45LJ.+ G_ 1. n. member (of an equation);
':"4.lLJ laqet (A) n. ability to bear/ tolerate/
term (of a fraction or proportion): JI;lj~ ~I_
endure (see .;-...;1,,;); mood, state of feeling.
math. absolute term *~ ~I _ algebraic terml
E.g. 4.! ~ ~ "".ul; I am in no mood for
anything.+ .;,»-1< .... ) 1_ v. be in the right mood! ..
degree • ..5-;..,) ~ A.. math. member of a series!
succession .~ ~I _ math. common term. 2.
state of feeling.+ .;,~.;SI- v. 1. accommodate,
house, provide with lodging and other Persian coin equivalent of one .;,I,i q. v. 3. used
necessities. 2. put (s.th.) back in its place in in comb. meaning single. E.g. r~1j4Sl; A single
the same way it was before.+ .;,~/_ v. become person.+ I_A.. adv. one at a time;
bored, be out of sorts, get tired (of...J)· + ~.J1_ sporadicaIly.+ ..5l.;J'- adj. 1. not matching (of
v. control oneself, not to be restless or shoes, socks. etc.). 2. worn on the wrong
impatient. Cf ~.J rl); .~.J I~;.;. oIot.;,b. foo1.+ ~,J45 ..5l.;J'- v. have one ofa pair (e.g.

U"'.wL;iLJ taq;yanus adj. restr. remote (of time). shoe) mixed with another pair.+ ....:J-.J- adj.
unprecedented, exceptional, singular,
E.g. U"'.wL;;LJ ~L.... A remote future date, A
unexampled. Cf L;Jl,..;t.+ I? n. individuality,
never never time (lit. the year the Emperor
Decius walled up the seven sleepers of personality, character, distinctiveness. Cf
Ephesus). ~.
 149

.ijS1.; tako" n. chock for steadying or holding taste like, have the taste/ flavour (of loS)· E.g.
s.th. motionless. ul~",:";-~L; It tastes like apples.+ ) __ adj.

jl.;l tal J. adj. bitter, acrid; fig. distressing, unpleasant! disagreeable in taste.+ j</J- n. taste
wearisome (e.g. of life); rough, severe, grim and fragrance. Cj .... I.).....,;~ (under ~2).+ 3.ilD-
(e.g. of weather); grim, foreboding (ofs.o. 's adj. having a hankering! longing (for food). +
loole, expression, etc). 2. n. tannin: 1oS.)L.:.~ .;,~ 3.J.i .... 1,; v. hanker, long (for-IoS).+ ~~ intj.
aloe. 3. adj. having a dark complexion. Syn. exclamation meaning: wow what a taste,
..J~r ..jl;...:..".+ ,:)J~jl.,j v. be grim! wouldn't you love to have some? + .;,b ~ ~ v.
foreboding E.g. ~ jl.,j .).1j IoSlj." He really taunt (s.o.) with the expr.~..;-
looked grim. + .,1_ also 1oS.,1- n. bitterness,
~ I,; tamisk n. wet blister often breaking out
grief, distress; poison (see }j).+ iJl~/- v.t. treat
onl around the lips.
goat! sheep skin with gall extract to make it
suitable for churning; tan.+ 1oS.)l!.- n. aloes.+_ iJl,;l tan n. 1. warp (offabric on a loom). Syn. 1.
..5 n. bot. colocynth. + .,J _ n. plant with big ~I" (under 1/).
Cf I. ~. 2. the Y axis of
hairy leaves possibly centaurea. + 4S. _ See ordinates (cf 2. .;..j; pole, shaft (cf 1. .;,.v=-).
.)3..,....+ •.)4S.J .- rest. only in the expr. 1oS•.;4S•.,D.. 3. partition screen (used to divide a room).+ •
,.)~,,,,,:,y. person who alternately causes joy ~.;.,4S.).~1 v.i. become threadbare, have the nap
and distress to s.o.+ ~ n. bitteness (also worn off.+ ';"..J- n. 1. warp and woof (offabric
fig.).+ ~_n. nameofaplantsimilartothe on a loom). 2. line of ancestry! lineage. C.f
~. <1i'u.1~.;..";l; "-I 3. the two axes of a
dandelion.
cartesian coordinate.+ ~"')Jl;.;....J- adj. having
jli tal n. single piece! thread. E.g. ~ ~I,; A
both paternal and maternal high descent!
single hair. ~~..jl,; A piece of string. lineage.
jlf tal (A) n. spleen. See J..:-. iJli tan pronominal ending for the 2nd pers.
pl.: You. E.g. .;,I,;y. Yourselves . .;,L:;SJ~P Both
iJ'1l.; talan n. loot, looting, pillage.+ iJ~~/- v.
of you.
loot, pillage. Cf (1.)1,;. Syn. u~lS. + JI~ _ adj.
~l.,j lane n. crown, royal! imperial headdress or
looted, pillaged.+ .1/0- n. unrestrained chaos!
looting! pillage.+ ~ n. loot, spoils, booty.+_ diadem: ~L:;S~ ~ or ~-J.)Dl ~ cap worn by
Bektashi and other dervishes; tuft (cf
1oS)...,...x n. suffering, hardship, misery.
J~); comb (of a cock) (syn. ~.;..j; capital
t:-'I.; talx n. and adj. edge, fringe; borderline, (of a pillar) (cf .tS4.ljS).+ ~3- n. little girl's
intermediate, marginal (cf )~ji-JI.)~ •.).uo=-) hair plaited and tied at the top of the head. + _
4S..uJ1,; tallJke n. I. jeopardy, perilous situation, ..5..t n. flower wreath (for the head).

danger. <4..S..uJI,;~ (under "-1\ 2. urgency, ~I,; taneint (E) n. geom. tangent.
hUrry. C.f ..J~.
land n. gazelle hound, saluki: ~
-
oJ I.; tale adj. dark grey, ash-coloured. .;,I~~ species of long grasshopper.+ ,;,1.,.-
,.L; tam n. 1. taste, flavour. Syn. 2. Dj..... ~~. n. person in charge of a kennel of ..r:--' 1,;.

C.f u.j..J. 2. oil! grease used in cooking. Cf ..5j.i1,; tanok low hedge/ fence. Cf .:r~ ..;,4.;·
I. ';'3;.+ .;,~~/_ v.I. taste, Cf I. ~. 2. add
oill butter/ grease (to- ~ a dish).+ .;,I~/_ v.
 150

':".u-il.; tantit n. taunt, scoff, gibe, sneer. Cj blame/ crime.+ JI.}).ot- v. convicted, found!
~I..,J .~,~ .":':,$.;4- ''':-'':';'j;<l- .....;J.+ ;;b:.sJ/- proven guilty.+ ..s;Lt- n. perpetration of a
v.t. taunt, gibe, sneer/ scoff at. Cj :.; ~I~ crime; guilt, criminality.+ L....l;..s).-ot- n.
~}. common criminal.+ ~_ n. criminal
investingation (e.g. bureau! dept. of).+ ;;1.)/- v.
..... l; tane n. med. corneal opacity.+ ~t.. b/_ v.
pay/ compensate (for damage). See \J.);I~l+.
have/ suffer from corneal opacity (said o/the
eyes).- J~ • ..s}~. ;'.) n. one who pays compensation. C.f I.
""';j.tl.+ ""Ij_n. chrimonology.+ ;lS"_n. and adj.
Jl.;l taw n. moment, instant, spell E.g. ..s:.;Jli
criminal.
J;l.o/ An instant heavy shower (o/rain). 'JlJ
,.,..;;;,IJl; [~Jli ) lawandinewe See ,.,..;;;,1..,;.
~I.) ..5.;Jl.; Come and sit for a moment.+ __
adv. intermittently; at intervals, between now ~Jl; lawle n. backgammon (game).+ ;;.).} JJli
and then. v. play backgammon.
JLi taw n. piece, twist (o/thread, yarn, etc.). ~LJJl; lawleme See,~}l; q. v.
Cj jLi.+ ;;b/_ v. twist, plait (hair, string.
IJ'".J.Jl; /IIwtis n. peacock.
etc). + .;.;$_ adj. having the yarn worn off! cut
in different spots (0/ a/abric). "'!.J.Jl; tIIwtik n. bot. lotus fruit.
Jlot taw n. gallop, onset (cj Jli./. under ./.1); j.J.Jl; tawQl n. black tent (syn. jl...:.,~. cj ;I.".).
fast! nimble walk.+ ;;1.)/_1 v.t. race, spur (a
}Jl,j lawer n. I. boulder. Cj .)~li. 2. amount
horse) to a gallop (cj ;;b ).~); accelerate,
of a certain food prepared for use over a
speed up.+ ;;I.)} n. acceleration. Cj 1.,,;..>-
period of time (e.g. roasted coffee, balced
;;.)~.+ ;'.)_ n. accelerator; stimulus, bread. etc.), 3. lump (0/ dough) kneaded in
inducement. one operation. Syn. 2. J;:..
Jl.;4 law n. heat, intensity, pressure; brunt, ~Jl; tIIwen pres. stem o/the verb ,.,..;;;,I.Jli q.v.
strain.< JL.;..J; effect, influence.+;;-w- Jli v.
laybel I. adj. special, distinctive,
have effect! influence (on- ~).+ ;;.).} Jli v.
different, particular; rare, uncommon. Cj
induce, lead on, move by persuation (cj IJ" ~
.u....;1.). (under ..h 2. only in ~~li ..s.,l; proper
;;1.); seduce, lure.+ ;;L...._ also ;;l:....J- n.
noun (gram.).+ ;,.-;._ n. characteristic(s),
summer. See .....JLA.+ ;;;;'4-/- v. get very hot,
distingishing trait! quality/ property.+ ;lS"_n.
heat up. Cj ;;-w-ry.$.+ ~}/_See~Jli.+­ I. specialist, authourity, professional. 2.
..s~ n. (state oj) irritation! agitation! characteristic, trait, attribute. + IS; LS _ n.
excitement.+ ;;I""';J- n. power, strength, might. specialty, special occupation! skilV pursuit.+_
C.f .:..~-,.) .~.+ "";jjJ- n. stormy weather.+_ ;;'4.,ot adj. special, particular, specific (to-4.t). +_
":"":"J n. capability, ability, aptitude, capacity.+ n. individuality, personality,
,_ n. frying pan; flat stone used as griddle. + _ distinctiveness. + ..;- = ~ li. <~~ li4.t.
4 n. small,J li q. v.
~ l; tayle n. name ofa tree.
;;IJl,j lawan n. guilt, offense, crime, gross
4-!l; taye n. I. (E) tire. 2. stack., pile,
violation of the low; sin, wrong. Syn. 1. ,l;)'.+
assemblage. Cj I. ":'r-J.
;~_ I. adj. guilty, culpable. 2. n. culprit.+
;;.)~ ;~IJli v. acuse, charge with offense/ ~l; tayefe (A) n. clan, family. C.f~.
 151

~4.t l; Itqeft n. species of long, dark purple to matter/ count! be taken seriously, feel
grapes.- -;.s..;. reduced to nothing.

J1..; liraT n. drinking bowl.

.J"-! l; layen adj. sanctimonious, canting, self-
righteous. ,:,Ijl~ [-;.sjl~) liTazan v. come apart, get

y~ lixlib n. border, boundary (local, state, unhinged; come unhooked! undone. JlS...J JlS
< ,:,I}~ (under JlS
1
provincial). Cf J.JY- .j.J4.t .~l;. ) .,:,ljl..;..sol.!...J; come loose,
slip (from! out). E.g. Ijl..,.; fL..j -...J It slipped
lir I. adj. other, second, E.g. ..; loS''''; That
from my tongue. 0ljl..; IoSP ~ ...J It has come
other. 2. used in comb. meaning: more. E.g.
undone/ slipped out of place.
~..; 1oS.I.i~ How many/ much more?
,:,.L.iljl..; [';';-.il..;] lTal.andin v. caus. of the verb
..2
J'" tiT suffIX forming the comparative degree -
,:,ljI..; q. v.
er, more ... E.g. ...;..;loP. prettier. ~ More
proper. Jljl~ lirazaw adj. unhinged, disjointed,
unhooked.
~ Ii!. 1. pres. stem ofthe verb ~...; q. v. 2. n. fart,
noisy wind. C! 1. ~.+ ,:,.l.il_ [vi...;) v. molest -;.sjl..; liTaze pres. stem ofthe verb ,:,Ijl..; q. v.
and subdue, win over. <,:,.l.ilj -..;.+ ,:,I..f./-pass. vi-.il..; liral.in pres. stem of the verb ,:,.l.il}; q. v.
of ~~ j q. v. + ~-.r- /- v.t. bring low, tone down
~I..; liraske adj. deviant, differing from a
(s.o.).+ .~I~ ~-d- See ,:,.1.i4S .?+ ':'~4J _ adj.
fonn! norm, divergent, differing.+ ,:,'I:-.J/- v.
lazy good-for-nothing.+ ~_ also";'_ int}.
deviate! differ from a specified course/ stand!
used to scoffat! belittle s.o. 's bungling act or
norm.
speech: nonsense!+ Jj- adj. haughty,
disdainfully proud. Syn. ~oI.t.+ ~_ adj. put jl..; liTal adj. lazy. Syn. ~4J.
out of countenance, humiliated, mortified.+ l".; liTaw adj. watery, of soggy texture. Syn. 1.
,:,~..,s ~j v. mortify, humiliate.+ ,)IS-adj.
':'JJ1·
flatulent (of a person); fig. measly,
insignificant, cowardly.+ ,:,.l.ia...S/_ v. break y"; liTb n. mauoleum.
wind, fart. + ~-...J _ adj. silly little, small and _I
';"J'" tirp intj. denoting the soft sound of s.th.
insignificant (jokingly refering to a child).+_
dropped. + 1~.J - n. loud, continous ~ q. v. +
,:,b:.)/ v.I. break wind. Syn. ,:,.I.i~j. 2. boast,
• _ n. sound of s.th. soft and heavy (e.g. a
brank. See,:,~ j.... p. + ,:, _ adj. bungling and
footsep).+ ,;,,"";0_ n. sustained! continued ~
insignificat (of s.o.).+ P.J- n. false/ out-of-
q.v.; patter.
place pride.+ ~.J- n. conceit.+ ..;._ n. (act of)
';"/ tirp n. raddish. Syn. J.w.+ ~j_ n. turnip.
arrogantly reminding (s. o.) of indebtedness or
making (s.o.) feel beholden.+ ,:,~.J ..;•..; v. cause Syn. p.
to feel beholden, fmd fault (with- b .. ~).+_ o~o"; li!!i!e n. I. disease attacking grassy plants
~~~. n. futile effort, ineffectual and • ~d greens. 2. harmful weed growing in cotton
haphazardly conceived activity (idea, plan, fields.
etc.), jumble.+ jr--'- n. short-ranged rifle/ Jl-..; li{Simaq adj. towering, very tall (ofs.o.).
pistol.+ ~_ intj. used to scoff at or belittle
C! jJ..)~.
s.o. 's bungling act! speech: nonsense!.+ _ [..;)
IJ-! v. J. break wind. Syn. ,:,.I.i~ j. 2. fig. cease .;...; tirxe n. unpleasant sour taste in the mouth.
 152

~.;i tirxine n. mixture of seasoned and fennentation. + .;,.L.il} n. fennentation. + JI- I.

fennented chopped turnip with cracked wheat, adj. sour, turned, rancid. 2. n. sulphuric acid,
ealen fresh or dried up in balls (~.....) to be H 2S04• 3. See ....sj.J.i-l.+ j~,.J- n. salad of
cooked later: ~ I.S- the fresh (wet) mixture I.S- tomatoes, parsley and onion flavoured with
*~JJ the dried balls of ~.;i. *_~ dish sumac.+ ;:)L"J- adj. sullen and bitter, glum-

made from dried ~.;i. Cj jL..t~. looking.+ ";''i';J- n. dish prepared from beets
and acid flavouring. Syn. ";'.;i4.J..)t.J.Jt~.+ _
~.;i tirs I. n. fear, fright (cj ~); apprehension,
IjJ~J adj. subacid (of taste) (lit. sour-sweet).
phobia, dread, awe (see IJ~); timidity,
Syn. ";'~.+ ..5j_ 1. adj. slightly sour. 2. also
cowardice, pusillanimity (cj t"L-).< 1.
.s:,.;.~. n. bot. dock; sorre\.+ ~t_ n. chern.
~~4A.+ .:,..tJ--/( ........ )/- v. have fear, be
acid salt.+ SjJt_ adj. sour, turned, curdled (of
apprehensive (about- ...l).+ .:,~.}/_ v. be afraid
food). C.! I. JL.:..;.+ ";4At _ n. citrus (jruits).+
(of- ...J). 2. pres. stem oftheverb.:,l-~q.v.+
.:.o~_ n. sour pickles.+ I.S- I. n. sourness;
.:,1_ [..,........; 1 v. i. be afraicll frightened; feel
acidity. 2. dish of rice, meat, onion, raisins and
timid. + .:,..LiI- [~~ 1V.t. frighten, scare, cause broth with sour seasoning. + ~ _ n. enzyme.
fearl dread. Cj I. ~LJjJ .';'~.rt":'lj (under Cj~-p .
.:.olj I). + JI- adj. frightened, panicked, scared. +
~.;i tirq,te n. bricklayers hammer. C.! ..;..,s~ .
.;,1$...:.,:)/- v. fear (s.o.. s.th.) no longer, lose
one's fear (0/).+ ~:)/_ v.i. grow fearful! ;,;.~ tiT!i pres. stem of the verb .;,\..:..~ q.v.
apprehensive; feel frightenecll awe-stricken. + _
v;:..~ tiT!in pres. stem of the verb ,:,.J.J\..:..~ q. v.
..5L; adj. fearful, frightening, awe-inspiring (of
a placet thing). Cj ..5\.:..L...+ ;4-1":'\:'/- V.t. jl.i~ lirfa[ See~.

arouse to a sense of fearl alann.+ ..5;;_adj. Al.;i tirqe n. species of plum. Cj tj~-".
timid, cowardly, spineless, pusillanimous. Syn.
.:.olft...i (under ;:.,../).+ j~J- n. (act oj) fearing tjS.;i tirkile n. danger, hazard, peri\, Cj .;,t:;.$.
and trembling. + ~~t _ only in ~~.....~4.{ q. v. .rs.;i tirk#!! n. side. See I. ~.
(under 4.{ 2). + .:;. _I also ~ _ adj. fear-inspiring,
~~ tirinc n. I. bot. large coarse species of
frightful, dreadful; fonnidable, all-powerful;
grave, extremely serious, threatening. Cj citrus fruit. Cj ~~L;. 2. type of design made
~ ...... on rugs.+ ..5j_ n. kind of grass with wide
blades. + ~t _ n. kind of citrus drink.
~; tirsin pres. stem of the verb ,:,.J.Jl-~ q.v.
.;,~~ [~.;i] tirincan See .:,~~;:; .
..;.~ liT! I. n. sumac: ~.J.J-..;- variety of red
sumac. 2. adj. sour, acid (of taste). 3. adj. ,:,.J.J~.;i [~~] lirincandin See ,:,.J.J~~ ;:;.
sour, sullen, cross. Syn. 3. ~.;. Cj j}JJJ. 4.
~J' tirincu adj. cutting, sharp. Syn. t.J.J-t-
chern. acid.+ .:,1_ v.i. 1. got tum sour (offood);
(under / ) I.~.
look sour (in reference to s.o. asleep with a
disagreeable expression); feel! taste sour (of ~~ tirince n. steps (of a ladder. staircase).
the mouth), feel acid (of the str7lach). 2. used
with the phrase lS.....J"--4.{ meaning: be C.f~.

crammed together/ piled up on top of each ~~ tirince pres. stem of the verb .:.. ~~ q. v.
other (of people. a crowd. etc.).+ _
.:,.J....il l [~~l V.t. fennent, cause to undergo
 153

~~ tirincen pres. stem of the verb .J.I.i~~ ~J~ tiru!.ke pres. stem of the verb <J ~.J.}
q.v. q.v.
..5.;~ tiring adj. watery. See JI~. J.;...o..v tirumbll also~.J.} v. automobile, car.

;~.,$.;~ tiringuhu! n. loud and continuing ~J~ tirumpa n. pump: ~~4..;- phys.
&.;~q.v. forcing pump *•.,....,;~I»S..;- fire pump/
extinguisher *..sJ~ ..;-phys. suction pump.
4.;~ tiringe n. sound resembling that coming
from a stringed musical instrument.+ .s.:.~_ n. ....:;.. J~ tirumte n. sparrow hawk. Cj j It I •.;:i~
continued and successive &.;~ q. v. ..s.)~ .
Jli-";; ti!nusqaw n. film offat formed when .J~LSJ.J.} [.:,.;sJ.J.}J tirukandin v.t. I. blink (of
meat is boiled.- ";.)~. the eyes). 2. snap (trigger of an unloaded
weapon). 3. break (an egg) at the time of
.;-.;.; ti[.nisq n. wild dove. Cj &.w...)~~jS. hatching (of a hen). 4. eat (roasted seeds) by
snapping the shell open with one's teeth.
l? tiro adj. I. high-strung and easily angered
..sJJ~ tirfJke n. blink.
(cj ';.v-J); arrogant, haughty. 2. derogated,
bemeaned, discredited.+ <J~.,s J.? v. discredit, .:,.;sJJ~ tirfJken pres. stem of the verb <J~lSJ.J.}
bemean, derogate.+ ..,-!_ n. discredit, q.v.
derogation.
rJ.J.} tirfJm n. origin, ancestry. Syn. ~ljI.j.
Jli;.Jj ti!utijaq n. supplies, stores. See Jli;J~.
.~ tire = -;,s.; q. v.
..;jJ...,j tiroz! n. species of long cucumber. Cj
~.~ tiredr n. fast, incoherent speaking! speech.
JJ.)l: .~~.
<Jl:>o~ tirexlan n. full gallop. See ..Jli}p'.
.5-.J.}' tirusk I. adj. energetic, active and
efficient. Syn. ..N4. Cj (;.,S. 2. only in ..s.~ tird n. crack, fissure. Syn. j.)~.+ _ [~o.;J

..5-.J.}~q.v. <JI v. i. l. crack, break without parting. Syn. j.)~

<J~ft. 2. See.:@o';.+<J~I_[.;,;so.;l v.t. cause to

.5-~ tirusk n. glimmer.+<JI_[~.,.;J v.
crack! split without parting.+ oA- v. I. cease
gleam, flash.+ 'J4..L v. gleam! flash! twinkle
to frequent! visit; withdraw/ disassociate
from a distance (e.g. of light from a lamp, fire,
oneself gradually ifrom- ~). Cf .~L.:S. 2.
etc.).+ ~I_ n. smalV faint gleam, glimpse/
flyaway, disappear into the hem (of a
glimmer of light.+ <Jb ~I _ v. give out a faint
drawstring). Syn. I. '~-.J';.
gleam! glimmer of light; see faintly (of the
eyes). E.g. ':"I~"":~~",; 1"4:.-l: ~";J~ He can ~.~ tireke pres. stem ofthe verb <JlS.~ q. v.
hardly see.+ • _ n. glimmer, feeble/ intermittent .:,.;s.~ tirekln pres. stem of the verb .:@.~ and
light.+ ..5-.J.}'- n. sustained glimmer.
.~o~q.v.

~.J.} tiruske pres. stem ofthe verb <J~J~ iJ::.S.~ [:.,.s.~ 1 tirekin v. i. whelp, bring forth
and'~~J';. young (of a bitch); farrow, bring forth young
(of a sow). Cj <Jlj (under I}).
<Jl>:...!..J.}[~J~J tiru!.kan onlyin<J~.J.}~
q.v. ..sJo~ tirewke n. charlock. Syn. ..J4Jp.
 154

~~ tire n. grape(s). Syn. .J~':'. Cf ~.J4oI.- one's tune, revert to a more restrained tone.+_
o.S:;..J~ .~? • .s..:....;.~ .J.v-i.J4- .~I.r."L.. .;,4.S adj. 1. flatulant. 2. insignificant, measly.+ •
.;,.J.j4S/ v.i. break wind! fart noiselessly.+.;,_ /.
U'l.....; tiryak = ~ (allforms).
adj. indolent, lazy, 2. See ~.+ Ii'!- [..,.;]
.;,4.; t;ryan also..;4.; n. basket. Syn. ~~. See .;,.J.j.$_.

.- ALi tir~te See ~ q. v. ..;lS'..,)'L tisqlegurgane n. name ofa fungus .

~..; ti!en pres. stem of the verb .;,.J.jl; q. v. .:....:.; t4.t n. thing = ..:...:. q. v.

.:........; tirh n. dish of sopped pieces of bread ~ tiyir n. yearling she-kid. Cf .JlS2 .
broken into a stew/ broth! yogurt, etc.
.:ro~ t4.rin n. restr. roD.J.J~..s- November ..s-
.;~~...; tiriskuhlJr n. intense and continuous
*j.$4t October.
glitter/ gleam.- .5..........;.
....i,; tif n. saliva, spit. Cf i".....:i4.t.r-4.~
.s...........; tiriske n. gleam! glitter (of a shining
idiom. : D.,.,z..}..,,; ,::".p o.S.J.J; ~D~ ~...A; To speak
surface).+ ~...; _ n. sustained gleam /
evil of one's kin is to disparage oneself.+_
glitter.+ ~~/_ v. gleam, glitter.
~.,s/ v. spit (at-u,J), eject saliva from the
4i...!....; ti,qqe n. lightning (jIash, stroke oj). mouth. + .5",-! i"u "";.J.jl_ v. be in complete
< ~"';D.J.J4A. agreement, reflect exactly each other's ideal
thinking.+ Dyt...i.J.jI_ SeeD.J";~.J...A;.+ D.J";~.J/_v.
tirife n. J. sheen, subdued glitter
spit out.+ JJ- inti shame! (upon-u,J).+ ~
approaching but short of optical reflection: ..s-
pres. stem of the verb DJ~ q.v.+ ';';"_pres.
~L. moonlight. 2. animal disease due to
stem ofthe verb D"";.J.jliJ q.v.+ DA- [~] See
insufficient water intake.
•.,..;~.J ...A;.
•~LiV [;:,..L...;] tiriqanewe v.i. chuckle loudly,
laugh in ripples. JUi tifaq n. 1. provisions, accouterment,
equipment. Cf "'J.Jjl:.- JliJ.J!"-". 2. gram .
.;.J.J-A~"'; tiriquhu! n. loud and continued
article: iJ.!-~o.S- defmite article ~~o.S­
bursts! ripples of laughter.
*.J~~\,; indefinte article. 3. stipulations,
4...L"'; tiriqe n. sound of a ripple/ burst of provisions, conditions. Syn. .JV~oI.t. Cj
laughter.+ ,;.....;_ n. successive loud bursts of .r.).J4-l. + ~ / - v.t. lay in provisions, stock up
laughter.+ ~~D.H/- v. sound and look on supplies.+ .;,I~/_ v.t. supply, provide/
gleefuV jubilant. furnish with provisions; set down as
;;;.....; tir1qe pres. stem ofthe verb D"";li....; q.v. stipulation! condition.
..:...i; tift adj. tart, agreeably sharp/ acid-tasting;
v--"'; tlrin suffa forming the superlative degree.
unripe. + o.S _ n. tratness.
E.g. .:ro~I'p' The most beautiful, .:ro~~ The
best. C.! r.2. Dp. ..$..A; tift n. tripod used to hold a cooking pot.

~ ti}t adj. much (see .JJj I); full (see .t. 1). ';' • .JI~ tife!ewen See ~L:..
~ tis 1. n. noiseless wind! fart. 2. pres. stem of .$.:...;; tifeng n. rifle, small gun. Syn. 2. t w.~:
verb ~ q. v. + D.,..;I~ .J4.d- See .;,.J.j4.S ..,.;.+_ ~ ":; o.S - magazine rifle taking five cartridges
D.,..;I~/ v.i. fail (in s.th) and quit. 2. fig. change *.t.L; o.S- shotgun *4.JD~ o.S- percusion rifle..s-
 155
___________________________________________ .~~l~) ___

uJ.,).;- tripp Ie - barreled shotgun *~.uJ-,-,.) IS- j.J tiln. roll, turn, quirk, rolling movement!
double-barreled shotgun *~-,I~ IS- hunting motion.+ •.,...;.t..il_ [~) v.I. roll, cause to move
shotgun *~L-IS- rifle using pellets *~ IS- by rolling.+ •.,...;1_ [;)J) v.i. 1. roll, move along
magazine rifle taking three cartridges IS- a surface by rotation. 2. used in comb. wilh 'J'
*~ long muzzle-loader gun. idiom.: ~ meaning: suffer (physical pain); live in
~...: .~...J \j 4.i He talks at random. + ~--,I_ n. (anxiely, menial anguish). + J;-,1_ adv. rolling,
range of a rifle. + IftJI.,j _ See ~--'~ q. v. + _ in a rolling manner. E.g. J;-,'j,j "-I o-,I;I~ 4.jlA It
.;,;}~/ v. fire a rifle at, shoot at with a rifle. came rolling down.+ 1.,...:»tI- v.i. roll, roll
down. Cj 1.J4.iJ.pt~.+ ,jl.) ~/_ v.I. set rolling.+
Cj 1. ,j.t..ilM...; .iJi,....!.,--'lA.+ U"":- n. rifleman;
marksman.+ .;,;} 1.)/_ v.I. load a gun! rifle.+_ ,j.);1.,.;./_ v.i. get rolled over and: over.+ ,jl.)/_
•~}b/ v.I. reload a gun! rifle.+ jL-_ n.
v. i. roll over, toss and tum (as in bed). Syn. 2.
,j.).;S.J'!.)""':-'.J'!~...:.+ o.J"o-i.).}/- v.I. roll down.
gunsmith.
Syn. o""';.).} .J.jl;.+ .Jj- n. restr. rolling down.+_
..s...~ tijfrik See ...;!.t.;.,; q. v. o.J"o-iJ.pt.Jj v. i. roll down, get rolled along. + )j_
~ tile n. drop (see ";-'j-b); small quantity of I""':'.} v. t. force forward! down by rotating,
liquid, drop. E.g. ;:'.J'~ !"-,L::.,s:.; Give me a drop roll along! down.+ ).._ reslr. = .J.jl; (all forms)
of water.+ ,jl_ [~) v.i. 1. drip. 2. fig. lose. q.v.
E.g. •-,LS:.; ~-'.J.t-L; He has lost (his sense oj) j.; til n. 1. blade (as ofgrass). Syn. 2. ;k.2.
shame.+ ,j.t..il_ [~) v. pour in drips, cause to runny excrement of small animals. 3. puppy
flow in droblets.+ •.J"o-i.t..il- v.I. drain off by dog. See ~.uJ.
letting drip off. See o.,...;.t..il~(under ~I).+_
~ ti!P also ~ n. pulp (offruits or
o.J"o-il v.i. drip continuously/ steadily.+ __ adj.
vegetables); dregs (see ~); residue, refuse:_
in drips, drop by drop.+ o_n. drip (cj ~.));
~~ body residue.
sound of dripping! falling drops.+ ,j.).} &..; v.
~)J tiJuxuwe adj. very salty, over-salted. Cj
drip. C.f ,j.).,$ '-').).+ ..5....;._ n. continued
dripping.
LS:.; tika n. request, asking, solicitation; plea, J.jli tiloq n blister. See ~ (all forms).
petition.+ ,j~ ( ...... ) ~ v. have a request.+ ~
*J.;1J tilol n. soft slushy mud. Syn. 4·
,j.).;S v. request (from- ~); plea, supplicate.+_
)LS also ~_ n. supplicant.+ 1;-,_ n. pleas and *U'"jJjl; tilolok n. candy/ confection made of
rice flour, sugar and oil.
supplications. E.g. I.,.;.~~ 1.,j~!"I;.JLS:.; May
God hear my pleas and supplications (esp. said ~ tilyak n. opium. Cj 1. ~.+ ~_ n.
by a woman pleading revenge, seeking opium addict; fig. giddy, dizzy (see 1. ftS).+-
de/ivarance, etc.).
~ n. opium smoker.+ IS- See ~~.
P tigi, n. hail. See .j~.
,jl..J.j tilyalf n. pannier made from shoots or thin
J$:; tigil n. ram, male sheep. Syn. 1. ,j1;4-t.- c;;JI. branches. Cj 4..ul.4.j4t4-.
45.:; tige n. 1. See ~4.j. 2. desire, mating urge ~ tillpn n. bot. fern.
(said of a billy goat).+ ~}/_ v. mate (of a
0""';J.il.-J.; [~) tiJIsalfdillewe v. cause of
goat).
0.J4.i l......J.j q. v.
 156
__ ."";I...J;[~J

.~L-J; [~1 tiltsanewe v.i. I. macerate, No one alone can undertake this. C.! I:.lil.,;.u
soften and wear away as a result of being ':".JJ-I.+ 4J"!1- n. ability, competence; fitness.+
wetted! steeped. Cf '.J4i1..~. pass. of iJ.!-i1.,; g. v. + .:-_ n.
.:"I.J-[~I.,; 1

I.J L-J; tiltsawe adj. macerated, soggy. Cf competence, ability, scope; ability to bear/
tolerate! endure/ accomplish (cf IjJJ); mood,
IJl..~.
state of feeling (cf &.)4.t). + ~[.:"I.,; 1 v. be
.;...J; till! n. rip, rent, tear; crack. narrow break able to dol carry out, be capable of making.
or opening (syn. ~).+
- .:,,1_ [~1
- pass of E.g. "::';;I.,;li He cannot.
·.l.ici
oJ _ q.v.+ oJ·.l.iL [. - • i~l only in oJ·.l.ici-L~
~ _..;-
~I.,; tuwane n. indirect slander, insinuating
q. v. + ':":'J//- V. i. have/ develop a crack.
remark (cf ..:..."".;lJ); allusion, insinuation (see
~ tililili n. sustained shrill or trilling cries I. .)~).< IJ~I.,;4.t (under ";).+ ~~_ n.
(normally of joy by women). Syn. .uW4A.+ • double entendre, allusion.+ ,;,;}-;.;/_ V.t. make
.:,,:..J/ also .:,,~/- v.i. utter cries of joy. an insinuating remark against. C.! ..,J":"""";lJ
.:,,1:..
tim adv. always. Syn. ~4A.

.~.Li'''' [~...,;) tuwandlnewe V.t. I. cause to

.:".LiU [v-:;il timandln v. lower, drop, move
melt! dissolve 2. assimilate, integrate,
down (see .:".l.iI.J4i); degrade.
incorporate.
timen n. ten thousand; Tuman (persian ~;I". tuwanre pres. stem of the verb .:,,1;1.,;.
currency).
1".,...;1.,; [iSJ-il tuwanewe V.i. melt; dissolve,
,;,; tin n. buttocks, backside. Syn . ..s.:.s. disintegrate.
~ tinge[e also ~ adj. stuffed (as of Ii,..; tuwawe adj. and n. melted, thawed;
one's tomach); filled to capacity (said of a dissolved.- 1.J4i1.,;; chern. solution (cf I.JI.,,$).
goat skin), gorged.+ .:,,:.~ ~ V.t. gorge, fill
~
to capacity. E.g. :..;5 ~ ~ He stuffed tobe (A) n. repentance, penitence,
himself. contrition. idiom.: .s~ .$.uS loSaG The wicked
never reform (/it. the wolf repents only after
..5:,.;.; tinok n. drop (of a liqUid). Syn. ';-'j..l:..+.
death).+ .:,,~ ...,jj v. only in: ~ ...,jj I swear/
.:,,1:./ v. drip, flow/ come out in drips. promise never to do it again. Never again. +
.;.; to pron. you, thou (2nd pers. Sign). E.g. ~ jJ
.:,,:..;5 4.I,jj v. repent, be penitent; turn from (sin),
~~ Who are you? Cf ":"j.> • I"';;. renounce.+ .:,,1:. 1:./_ V.t. instruct a penitent (ofa
sheikh).+ .:".l.iIS...:../_ v.i. relapse into sin.+ .;lS"-
i,. tuwaz. n. budget (see ~:'.J'I'); com. balance. I. n. instructed follower of a sheikh. 2. adj.
repentent, penitent.
.:"1,,..; tuwan I.pres. stem of the verb ~I.,; g. v. 2.
See L..;I.,;.+ 1_ n. and adj. ability, physical/ ,;-,,;..;1 top n. ball (used in games): ~~~
mental power to perform (syn. fol:' cf I . .s~ basketball • ....J~ ~ ball used for playing
• I.)!.!. 2 . ..:..'i_I:'); able, competent, capable/ in a voleyball .~IoS- soccer ball.loS.)ploS- tennis
position to dol undertake (cf.ljJ~ .~"'-I ball; round body/ mass. 2. restr. ball: v!L:~

..:....JlJ4.t).-lil.,;~.+ .:,,\5....:..-;.,./_ V.t. be strong paddle wheel for a mill .~~ ~ pull-through
enough to do, have the capacity to tacklel device for releiving stoppage in drain pipes,
undertake. E.g. .:.;s:....:.li ..... 4.t IoSlil.,; ~....4.t..,...s plumber's friend (esp. one in the form ofa
long Slick with a ball made ofrags. canvas,
 157

etc.). 3. total, the whole lot, all Cf .~a bed. Cf (.)J..il.,;.+ v-t.- v.i. I. die, perish (used
.:....:s. 4. globe, sphere. See :,S. + u:;...jj- n. game esp. for certain animals); infamous way of
of! act of playing with a ball.+ j-_ n. stick referring to s.o.'s seath. Cf I. (')lJ"'" (under
with one end covered with tar and nails used to .J""'" 1). 2. sleep, fall asleep (pejorative). Cf
hit or fight with.+ ~Ll. See ;S;ll.......JaJ (under .:i\-";.+ .)o!- adj. dead (of an animal). Cf .J.Jl.....
j4..J2). + ~ _ n. occupation of cleaning! (under ..... 1).
uncloging drain pipes.+ (.)l.?~.jj v. clean
t~.jj toplax n. small rise, slight upward slope.
drain pipes, be engaged in the above
Cf I. ~L;-;$.
occupation. + jt _ n. ball, round mass; large
....
lump, hunk. E.g. ~J .jj A ball ofmud.+ ~jj tolke = &.;;~ (allforms) q.v.
(.)l.".S'j-....jj v. make into a balll round mass. Cf
tolytl n. 1. chem. antimony. 2. Kuhl (eye
(.)l.".S' .J;..)'.+ jo..jo.. adj. in the shape ofballsl
cosmetic). See jS'.
lumps.+ (.)l:....o.J jo..jo.. v.i. fonn into lumps (esp.
foo<l).+ Jo.. = j...,.jj (used in compoundforms). t.;.J tox adj. I. dark, deep (of colour). Syn. 2.
. . ;.; •..s:.....)l;. Cf I. ~~. 2. intimate, close. E.g.
E.g. )"'-1 ~~ snowball. + ;S~..J~ n. snow
fight. Syn. j-....jj t~. + 4.i1.Jo _ n. large stopper a..>jj.Jjj(.)Le;4...tI.J'l. They are very close friends;
(for casks. large jars, etc.).+ ':;;'_See u:;..";:".jj extreme, ultra.
(under I;-'jj1). ..,.>jj toxis adj. restive, contrary (oJ ~.u.). Cf

1;-';'; top n. 1. cannon, artillery piece, big gun: •

.J:.iL.."..,...,1S sunset gun announcing the end of r>"; n. 1. seed. Syn. 1. .19.2. descendant,
tIIXm
fasting for that day in Ramadan *..,;.!.J~IS­ scion. Cf ~ •..sJ~t~ .llj4.i. 3. chern, phys.
warning gun for the last meal before dawn in element, component. + IS- adj. intrinsic,
Ramadan *~l; IS- antitank gun *(.)~ IS- elemental, congenital.
gun annuncing the end of Ramadan and the
~.,; also ~ n. restr. .;;~/_ v. get nearl
tu.xn
beginning ofa 3-day feast *.J~"- ':~IS- salute
close (to); approach (esp. with the intention of
gun fired in the forenoon on the Ramadan
fooling. tampering with). E.g. !.;..J6S4.i"';;-";
Feast *~V IS- antiaircraft gun *;S)''' IS-
Don't you get near it! Cf 1. t~»I..s:....;.
six-inch piece of artillery *.:"t.JLA IS- mortar
gun.+ (.)Il )'1,;,/_ 1. V.t. ftre a cannon! artillery. I~.,; IUXIIwtl intj. I. for God's sake! I beg you.
2. fig. go bankrupt. Syn. (.)»1':">>11,;.+ aJt~_ n. E.g. tJO.J I~.,; I beg you to come. 2. really!, you
small percussion ftrework.+ ~_ I. n. mil. don't say!. E.g. »II.J I~.,; Was it really so!.+_
artilleryman. 2. adj. stupid, ignorant. + 4.i L;. _ n. 1S4S intj. expressing sympathy, sorrow, regret.
artillery barracks. + .;;)' b / _ V.t. load a connon! E.g. ~ ,""I~""; 1S....sl~.,; Regretably he
artillery gun. couldn't come.
I;-'y top n. roll (as of cloth rolled into a .J9 tor 1. n. restr. (act of) running away. 2. pres.
cylinder and often regarded as a unit of stem of the verbs (.)1.»-' and "..J.jj.+ (.)l.?';';; v.
measure). run away (from one's family, husband); break
1;-'j...j4 top pres. stem of the verb u:;...jj.+ [u:;...jj1 away (from a tribe). Cf (.)1.;.;;. + (.)1_ [;;.J91 V.i.
(.)J..il_ V.t. 1. kill, take the life of (pejorative). withdraw and sulk. bel feel offended (by-..J,
Cf {;.:...,$. 2. fig. put (a grumpy/ cross child) to because of! on account of-~ .~); refuse,
abstain (from-..J) eating (of a child).+ _ [~..J.jj1
 158

.:".t..il v.t. cause to withdraw and sulk, offend; become/ make dusty.+ jLJ_ adj. very small
cause to refuse food. + JI- adj. offended, sulky; quantity, little bit. E.g. s.;jLJ,W~..,; Just a
refusing to take food.+ ~_ f;;.;jJ 1= .:,,1.;jJ q. v. + little bit.+ ... li.l_ See jll,W.+ .:"I.....;~;:"J/- v.i.
..s~_ adj. easily offended, touchy. be stingy/ tightfisted; be useless!
unprofitable. + ~ ~ adv. litte by little,
gradually, slowly. Syn. ~.. ;~Seejli,W.+­
~I to! n. I. net (fIShing); net, mantle (of a
~ adj. a little, a small amount! quantity/
lantern! etc): J41oS- retina. 2. network
distance, etc.
(tv./electricity. etc).+ .:"I J .- n. fishennan using
a net. W toj pres. stem of the verb 'J":"jp.+ .)1_ n.
analyst, one whho analyzes. + ..,.-le-IoS.)'-
~ to! adj. jittery, restive, unbroken (of a
palitical analyst.+ .~_ n. analysis,
horse). Cj ";~~.
separation of a whole into its components for
pi to! n. baby partidge.- I. ,YS. study and interpretation. E.g. b."..:..,.j,j 1J~ .J In
the fmal analysis. Cj .~,;>:.;.J . .:,,~.Jw.
tl.JJ." to,axn. thick yougurt mixed with the
green, fresh oleoresin product ofterebinth and ~jJ loB' n. anal. gland. Cj .uJ.
eaten at breakfast. Cj .:-l.o.+ .:"I~_ n. bowl
J...:.jJ tOl,U n. bark (of a tree). Cj ;)S:,;..". (under
used for serving tl.;jJ.
;;.i)·
u~ tun adj. 1. brittle, fragile. 2. slightly tart
jL...:."J tUl,mal n. superintendent; headman ofa
(esp. as a result of not being ripe). Cj ..:..i;. 3.
clan.
tough. hard. + •y..;»I / _ v. i. harden, become
tough (ofs.th.). ...:.,;; to~e ="".:.;..". q. v.

;j.j.;jJ IOno, n. species ofsmall black grapes. ~j.i to! n. stonny/ inclement weather. Syn.
Cj ;;,;. IJblt.+.:"L adj. blustery and cold

",;,.w to,xe n. overeating, indigestion. Syn. Ji.F tofll n. bark (of a tree). C.! ;)S:,;.."..
-:i .. -'_:.+ .:,,~.J';'.;jJ v. overeat, have indigestion.
.:,,;; tov n. type, kind, sort. Syn. ~.
4..A~ tu,.",e n. I. restr.: ~~ u-IL.:. cashmere Jj.il toq n. exhaustion, fatigue. + .:,,~.J J.;; v. bel
fabric/ shawl. idiom.: .:.;.. ~jS •.I.i~p ~~ feel exhausted (esp. a childfrom crying).
J~ .... I.S,jLi A genuine article may age but it
~ toq pres. stem of the verb w.,;; q. v. +
doesn't lose its real value. (lit. cashmere may
get old but it will not be worn on the feet). .:".L..il_ f~,;; 1 V.t. I. terrify, fill with horror,
terrorize. C.! .:".l.iL..,;.2. burst! break (a blister
";'J~ tu'u~ n. daring, boldness; pluck.+ ";J;.,J
or vesication. <w.,;; j~. + .)~ _ adj. terryfying,
.:,,~.J v. dare.
terrible, terrific. C.! ..5l:..oL...+ ~_ fJ.;;l V.i. be
Ul.I~ tu!ehat n. nonsense, rubbish. terrified! pertrified.+ ~_ adj. terrified, filled
.ij..j toz. I. n. dust (.ryn. 2. ~.).s. Cj jp); powder, with terror.

• ':".l.iL.!.,; loS- baking powder, ~"J5..;,.f loS- ..ll,;; toqle n. blister. Syn. ~.+ .:,,~.J 413,;; v.
bleaching powder.+ .:,,~.;$..ij..i v. raise/ cause blister, become affected with a blister. Syn.
dust. 2. restr. little, not much, bit. Cj •.:..:;.... w.,;;~.

r..5·+ IoSJI- adj. dusty.+ .:,,~.J IoSJI,W v. cause to U;:;,;; toqi" pres. stem ofthe verb .:".l.ill,;;.
 159

Wjj tokme 1. adj. solid, sturdy; tough. Syn. b~~,.,.. He hit it hard. Syn. !"!u. Cf 2. Ji'j4i.
!,,!LJ. 2. n. ingot, cast (ofmetal).+ ~_ n. cast 4. adj. temperemental, Cf 'd""';' 5. adj. strong,
maker. not mild (in taste). E.g. •.J.i~?""'; This is
Jjj tol I. n. hand-woven fabric used in clothing. strong tobacco. 6. adv. swiftly, fast. E.g. .J.i,.,..
2. adj. short-haired (of a dog). ~..I.1"":'ld
b r~~ He swiftly passed by me. Cf
1...;..>.+ ;;J.J-I J..:,~ v.I. become tight. 2. be
j;J tol See j;J..,.J.i,.,...
temperamental; be firm (with-j....S.J). E.g.
~;; tola n. paste made of manna OJ.!) and ~.J.i~J~.J~..,;. You should be firm with
cheese. him. 3. be strong tasting.+ ;;~';s"Lj,.,.. I. V.t.
j~~ tolaz adj. lacking in discrimination, tighten, make tight; hook on! tie (/o-.J) E.g. .J
uncritical, easily pleased. ~"Lj~ 1.Sa.S'.Jb Tie it to the tree. 2. V.i. tum
~jj tole n. vengeance, reprisal; retribution, darkl overcast (of the slcy).+ ''''''';»11_ v.i.
recompence. (cf ~b4).+ ;;.jj..... I_ v. take thicken, become concentrated in mass.+ },.>_
revenge (on) or reprisal (agaiml-~). adj. importunate, obtrusive, officious.+ 1.S.i'.,.>-
n. obtrusiveness, officious standi behaviour. + _
....s".Jjj toleke I. n. bOI. mallow. Syn.
.v-> adj. irascible, cranky, testy.+ .JLS- adj.
...;~.... ~~. 2. adj. fig. dirt-cheap, cut-rate.
violent, rough, brutal.+ I.S.JLS- n. brutality,
E.g. ~\$l;IoS&Jjj Nothing can beat it in price.
barbarity, cruelty.+ o? n. violence. Cf .Jjj.+.
rjj tom = Jjj q. V. + ..,1_ n. semen. Syn. 2. ..,l:. ...,..;~.JI V.t. 1. tighten up, draw tight, pull taut.
.JL...jj tomar n. record(s), registers; scroll; 2. thicken, condense.+ ~}I_ V.t. take
seriously, assume in earnest consider
registration, documentation; minutes.+ .JL...;;
solemmly/ sedately.+ j;J..,_ 1. adj. tidy, orderly
;;~.,s record, register, document.+ i;S- adj.
(of s.o.) 2. adv. meticulusly. E.g. ;:);;..,.J.i,.,..
recorded, registered; decumented.+ V"~- n.
.~~ He wrapped it meticulously.+ ~..,_
recorder, person who documents; minutes
adj. hot, pungent; touchy.+ ._ n. rice/ wheat
taker.+ .J~- n. registrar, official keeper of
(dish- ,- .:~ as distinguisged from
records.+ o? adj. documentary. relating tot
employing documentation. accompanying meat and vegetable dishes). Cf
2. ...L.:..+ o? n. 1. tightness, tautness. 2.
,-"l...;; toman; n. species of pear. Cf ~p. thickness, concentration. 3. violence, force,
v"-';; tomet (A) n. accusation, charge;
vehemence. (cf .JJj). 4. strength! sharpness of
taste.
suspicion.+ )-1- adj. suspect; accused. Cf
.J~I..,(j.+ ;;~.J .Jl,;.....;; V.t. charge, accuse. ..$..:.,.,.. tung =.J.i,.,.. (all forms) q.v.

j~"'" tumez adv. apparently, it seems, it looks, .$.:,,.,.. lunge n. I. canvas receptacle (for water).
as if, as it turned out.+ o? adj. ostensible, Cf .J.i •..,~. 2. skein used in setting up the warp
professed, purported. (in weaving).

~,.,.. tunc n. bronze. »-' tow n. seed (syn. 1. ~A- ;;.J.i~; pip, small
fruit seed (cf 2. ..s..,..,Li under ..,L.2. syn.
"Lj,.,.. lund I. adj. thick, not watery (ant. I. ~);
~).+ ;;~_ n. seeds! pips ofcantaloup
condensed (syn. .::-".;.). 2. adj. tight, taut, not
and watermelon.- ~~.+ ;;\5..:;1_ V. become
slack or loose. 3. adv. hard, with force. E.g.
sterile (used only in the formula ~~I.SJjj
 160

which is used to persuade parents to give in to -/~ tfir n. restr. (act oj) throwing! casting. +.
a child clamouring for s.th.).+ .JLS:;- adj. iJ1:J/ v.t. throw, toss away. Syn. J. .:"b~;.+.
impotent (sexually). Cj ~.,.s ~D.J~ 4l. + .:,,~_ iJl:J~/ v./. toss up, throw into the air.
n. bag in which a seeder keeps seed.+ ~_ n.
.J.I.-il-/~ [~,..~] tUrandin v.i. suffer from
seeder, sower ofseeds.+ .:"b_ n. bot. stigma. +
diarrhea. Syn . .:"J:.1.r--i .
.:,,\;..5. n. bot. flaxseed, linseed. < 2. .:,,\;..5.
~.)~ IlJrben n. bag knitted from goatshair
~ Iii 1. n. bot. mUlberry. 2. pron. you. See jj.
used by a shepherd to carry his effects in. It is
3. only in .v-'.JL; q.v. (under L;I).+ ..5.?_ n.
normally worn hanging from the shoulder or
blackberry.+ ...:...-/ D_ n. large black mUlberry. tied around the waist.
See .v-'l.!..+ D).J.J-D- n. raspberry.
&-/~ lurke n. land! ground marked by cracks
Dr..v-' tfibre See ..5D).v-'. and crevices .
.-/~ lure adj. angry, furious, irate, choleric.
.:..~1 tJJl n. something smal\.+..5_ n. puppy,
whelp; cub. Cf 1. ~.+ .s...s_n. puppy, Cj 4. J.j.,; I. ~ I, J. 4&.:..... +.:,,»1 D-/.v-'
young dog.+._ n. 1. little finger (cf ~Ir. v.i. bel become angry (at-4l). Cj ':".JY.~\j.+
iJ:J~ .)~
4,j.v-').2. doggie (nursery ezpression).+ .1_ n. . v.t. anger, enrage, make mad.+ J;.J-
.
puppy. Syn. .$..;.v-'. adj. temperamental and high strung or tense.
Syn. ;:;~.P-"~.+ <J!.D- n. anger, wrath, ire, rage .
.:..~ IIJI n. membrane (see oJ); film, pellicle.
.)~ lure n. literature. Syn. D~..i under ~J .
• .; IlJoak
..5\;~ I, n. dove. See.
1 ~jJ.
.....lS.)~ lureia"e n. fee in kind paid to an
':"\;.v-'[~~] IlJla" onlyin':"\;.v-'~q.v. agent of the Agha.

s....lu~ tIIliTWak n. wagtail (bird). &.)~ tIIreke n. bag, poke, sack (syn. ..5.;p.);
pouch (made from c/o/h): ~\j~_nosebag •
.s.;~ lfilke n. kind of worm.
*)\;-... ~ peddlar's pack; medley "':-~..s­
~~ tfilin n. tobacco. Syn. jS"~...: ~;:"-/..s- cloth ~ag used for draining curds or yoghurt.
low-grade tobacco *~..s- pipe tobacco ..s- Cf a.Jj.:.t (under v./).+ j,j,..- n. artificial hill!
*4.J~';'; water-pipe tobacco.+ ..... L n. fee in mound. Cj :J}.
money/ kind collected by the landlord from ~...)~
tenant tobacco growers.+ ...;:_ n. tobacconist. . tfirl" pres. stem ofthe verb .:"J:.I).v-'. .
C.! "';:D~.+ D~J:.\s""':"/_ v.t. harvest j~ tUz adj. grafted (tree). Cj ...~.
tobacco.+ ~)LS_ n. adm. tobacco monopoly ~.v-' tUj =ftj (allforms) q.v.
(administration 0/).+ .:"I.JD_ n. tobacco
grower.+ ,-,"",I.JD_ n. cultivating and raising ~~ 114 J. adj. naughty and mischievous. C.!
tobacco (the profession o/). ':".v-'4.J:. 2. adj. inclement, nasty (weather);
rough, rugged (see J. ~). 3. restr.
~~ Ifill pres. stem of the verb ':"\;.v-'.
encounter, meeting.+ .:,,~~~ v. encounter,
~~ IlJd n. parrot (bird). come upon, meet, face (cj ~~~ under
)~ tfir n. radish. ·~rl>; catch, get, contract (e.g. a disease); be
confronted! faced (with a problem, dilemma,
etc.), get involved (in) (syn. ':"~)~.J.J:J).+
 161

iJ~.,s ~~ V.t. involve, confront; cause to iJ~ dJn adj. sharp, piquant. C.! iJ~.
contract! catch (a disease).+ »1_ adj. stricken,
Li..uJ" tUna adj. banished, expelled. Cj .)t~4t.Jt~
aflicted; confronted, involved. C.! I. t~J.,.:$. +.
(under .JIl2). < li..uJ",,)4.,.j.+ iJ~ Li..uJ" v. be
~u/ V.t. meet, come across (esp. on the
banished.+ iJl,;5l;..uJ" v. banish, expel\.+ iJWJ-
way).+ .)~_ Syn. """':'..uJ".+ 1.7- I. adj. accidental,
n. wandering from place to place.+ iJ..uJ"Jli W
casual, fortuitous. 2. See ..;....uJ"J~.
iJl.} v. wander from palce to place .
..5..,;1 dJk n. hair(cj ~.? .~); fur; down:
';,s.v-J tuwe inti word conrtantly repeated to
~..s- pubic hair *~ ..s- hair (of the head) 1.7-
calm! encourage cows while being mikled or
*.vJ swan's down *~1.7- wool (cj .;."p).+ to call fowls.
iJ~.} ..5..uJ" v. i. grow down (of a young bird). Cj
~l twl n. I. stratum, layer; fold, pleat. Cj 1.
iJl.,$.J'~ JJ-"'.+ iJ- adj. hairy.+ .;_ n. young bird
;.i. 2. slice. See ~LJ.+ iJl.,$ ~ v. cut! slice
that has just grown down. Cj ;,j.JiJ4j.lj.+ t_ 1
(esp. meat) into thin layers.+ __ adj. layered,
n. 1. drizzle (rain).+ iJl.} iS w v. drizzle, come stratified.+ iJ~.}~';,s~ v. make/ cut into slices
down in a drizzle (of rain). Cj V'.Jlt. 2. restr.
without completely separating.+ t _ n. thin
only in ~~~.;..s..uJ" v.i. look jubilant!
layer (of skin, etc). + iJ~ t- v. loose a thin
delighted, feel ecstatic/ elated.
layer (of skin), be skinned.+ j_ 1. n. thin layer,
..5~ dJk See ..5 w.,sIJ. film, skin (on liquid). <~..,,;~. 2. pres. stem of

J..,; dJl n. tulle. Cj ..5~./. t~I~..,,; and t~ji"";. Cj ...,;.lU.3.+ jlj_ n.

cream.+ t".;lj_ [~..,,;] = tfoji"";·+ tfo,j- [~..,,;]
j.v-J dJl n. shoot, small pliable branch! twig;
v. research, investigate. Syn. iJl.} cl. Cj ..:..
osier twig: j~..s- plant bearing a fruit which
~.,$.+ ~.Jj- v. form a thin layer/ skin (of
resembles the hawthorn fruit.+ ~_ n. layer.+
liquid).+ ..5_= ~..,,;.+ ~_ n. rind (offruit);
~.,$~..uJ" V.t. layer, propagate (a plant) by shell (of eggs! nuts); bar!' (of trees) (see
means of layers.+ t;tjt_ n. bot. nightshade.+_ ..s.J~lJ),skin; CTUSt.+ .;Ilill- n. bark (of a
~ n. osier basket. Cj ;,j~. Syn. .;~. tree).

~..,; tlJlb;! n. eavesdropper. <)w 4t iJ~.} p. -;,s; tuwe pres. stem of the verb t".;l~ q.v.

~..uJ" dJle n. puppy; species of small dog. + _ ..s;.; toy n. festivity (esp. a wedding). Cj I,$!L:..+
jl~ n. piglet. Cj J. jl.J4t.+ ~_ n. jackal .;1- only in .;~ .;~ q. v.
cub.+ ';,sr n. narrow footpath.+ .,$~_ n.
..5.:;;..,,; towhke See~.J &.;;..,,;.+ iJ~}~/- v.i. sit
puppy.+ .)l.o_n. young small snake. Cj .)l.o.+.
still. E.g ..::..I'pl; &.;;..,,; ~ He can't sit still for
rl.o.; n. bot. sucker.
a minute. Cj ~.J rl.)l:.+ ~.J/- v.i. be calm, sit
..5~..,; dJlek adj. having lost its hair (of an still. Syn. ~Jt~ .
animal).+ iJ~.} ..5..J..uJ" v. lose body hair.
~..,,; tuwlj pres. stem ofverb t".;I~J'.+. [~..,,;]
iJ.v-Jl dJn n. underground chamber: Jl.o~..s- t".;1 = tfoji""; q. v. + .)t _ n. analyst.
stoke-hole of a bath.+..;:_ n. person working
~..,,; ,"wesu n. species of thistIe. Cj ..5;l.
in a furnace room (esp.ofapublicbath).+_
.;~ n. furnace room. .u-:;..,,; ,"w4.1J n. food for the road (when
travelling), food for a picnic.+ iJ~.}""':';""; v. I.
 162

prepare food for the road. 2. have breakfast. ....,,..;1 tep I. intj. denoting the sound of a blow/
See .;.,.)..,s (J!~.;i-I (under ~. ./).+ o~_ n. bag in slap/ s.th. collapsing. 2. n. slap, downward
which food for the road is kept; picnic- blow (e.g. with thefoot 0' palm of the hand).+
basket.+ .;.,b_See o~~..,;. .;.,~I_ [~a..il 1. v.I. cause to cave in/ collapse.

~..,; tuwen pres. stem of the verb o.J4.iJjI..,;.+ .)0-

C.! ~~.J.Jt 2. ';"Jj4a..i~ q.v.+ ');.JI_l. adj.
rolling (ofpersons while lying down). 2. n. fig.
n. solvent.
vicissitude, accident offortune.+.;.,~ ~/_ v.
~ te pron. you = jj. slap, stamp on. + .;.,4~ = ....,~~~ q. v. + ~~ _ n.

l.,L.J taba adj. agreeing. accordant; congenial; in motorcycle; any two-wheeled automotive
vehicle.+ t- n. (state oj) being flattened.+ ~~
harmony/ unison.+';"»1 ~ v. be in agreement!
.;.,»-/ v. be flatened (after having collapsed or
accord (with-jJ..J). Cf ..sj...SI.+ ~_ n.
caved in).+ ';"J.} ~~ v. flatten, level.+ .)~.J- n.
agreement, accord; keeping; peace: _.....-J'~I.)
noisy ,;"a..i~~ q. v. + 0 _I n. sound re~embling
Justice of the peace. Cf ~\.j.+ ....... l.:.t- n.
that of human! animal footsteps; thud, dull
agreement, accord, covenant, compact;
sound, thump. + o~o _ adj. unsteady (said ofa
convention.
baby just learning 10 walk).+ ~L. n.
~~ tebtlXfe n. tray (usually a small coffee
sustained thumping, patter (offeet).+ ';-'~~~
tray). Cf ,.r.:-.
,j,)....s \I. make thumping sounds.+ Lr.- [....,~l v.i.
0.)1.,..&.; teba,e I. n. cliff! fence/ mark used as a 1. collapse, fall down, cave/ fall in. 2. become
demarkation line. 2. adj. standing, not soft and disfigured (of fruit e.g. melon). 3.
harvested (0/ crops). look broken in and emaciated (esp.from age).
Cf .;.,~ b.Jli ~ (under ~2) .
.,,;~ tebane Syn. ~.).J..;~ q.v.
....,J- tep n. smal mound! heap/ pile.+ .;.,b/_ v.I.
~l tebeq n. disease attacking the hoofs of
heap, lay (s.th.) in a pile. Cf .;.,.).}j...jS (under
cattle.
j...S1).+ ..s _n. 1. kind of hunting trap. Cf 1. .J'.).
~ tebeq (A) n. platter; tray (esp. wooden) 2. hillock. Syn. ..5.Jj.)} (under .)}I).+ J- 1 n.
on which a candy vendor carries his goods. restr. top.+..J_ n. low hard brimless felt hat.+
Cf 3. ..s~..J idiom.: .JL..~\.jr.~~
..,....J . . n. top, summit, highest point, peak. Syn.
Prosperity induces peace. 2. sheet (a/paper)
I. ~.+ .vl~.L n. name of tree resembling sour
(see 1. 0r-'j; pane (of glass).+ 0_ n. layer;
cherry. Cf ..s;fJ~.+ ..s.J_ n. 1. end table;
class, caste: .;.,L-\.j..s4J~':"-"","> the seven
heavens.+ ...;1';0_ n. punishment (usually s.th.
small tray: ofo. IS- ash tray; disk of a tentpole.
10 be paid) imposed for breaking wind in 2. crown (of a cap! hat).+ ..sJ_ n. 1. disk., thin
public. circular object. 2. record. See I. .;.,lyiJ.+ jj.).,j_

~~ tebeliye n. belt-like device used for n. undulating ground.+ &j_ also 4.S"j_ n.

climbing palm trees. mound! rise on the ground. Cf .sJj.)} (under

2
.)}I).+ L. n. mound .
....;~ tebene n. hook used in weaving uppers of
";'J.S q. v. ....,J tep used only in comb. e.g. t y.~ q. \I. + -
jj...j.J n. much flying dust, cloud of dust. + _
.:..~ tebyat (A) n. appetite. E.g. ~li u-'~ He
j.I...S.JJ')J n. billowing smoke. Syn. j..sJ.J.)o.?.+-
has no appetite; disposition, temperament. E.g.
oJj"'; u-'lei~ He has an ugly disposition. :;.S.J n. stumbling! clumsy/ unsteady wa·lk or
movement. E.g. ~~J..s~ jSy.4.j ~ He
 163

managed to stumble along and reach it. + JSJ- ~.; tete n. I. toy figures children make from
n. trial of strength. + ~~.J JS.x'; v. have a trial dough or mud. 2. implement with which a
of strength (with- j&4.l).+ ~J- adv. mistily, in potter smoothes his work.
a mist-like fall (of rain). + f J _ adv. in a low ~4j teter n. I. messenger, dispatch bearer;
mist! drizzle (of rain). postman. mailman. (syn. ~L.:.). 2. Tatar. 3. kind
~4 tep pres. stem of the verb ~.; q. v. of firework. + ~~_ n. post office. Syn. ~.x

~~.+ loS- adj. pertaining to postal! mail

...J~.; tepale n. dry cow dung (generally made
service. Syn. ~.x.
into cakes and used for fuel). Cj ..s~.
~4j tdele n. restr. only in 0Jl.J ~.; v. t. I.
~r.'; tepr~ adj. tricky. Syn. j~. toss grain on a platter to separate impurities. 2.
~~ tepU n. fmgerprint.- ~~.+ ~.J/- v. take commit an error in speaking. E.g. ISJ';4j c.i'L.j
(s.o. 's) fmgerprints. ~~ It was a slip of the tongue. 3. miss (said 0/
a shot! projectile). Cj 0Jl.J.JA-.
~.&..j tepi/. n. kettledrum (cj ;J;,.u): jLtIoS-
mounted huntsman's drum *~ loS- eardrum.+ ~ tecener n. billy goat. Syn. ~...r.L...
~I~;:,J ;...11- v.t. jig. expose/ reveal (S.D. 's
c~ te!! intj. expressing dismayed surprise: oh
actions, secrets, etc).+ ~.j_ n. drummer. Cj
dear!+ 1- = c.4j.
~.j.ljAu.
~ Ie!!t adj. rocky (o/mountains). Cj ,J-h4.i
teplos n. and adj. inept! incompetent
(under ~J4.t).
person; lazy (see j.t....4j).
~ te!!r See C~.
~..;:.eI;4j teplYtopin n. game of bouncing ball.+
~~~ (~) ~~~ v. jig. beat up, manhandle, ~ te!!1 = jl;1 q. v.
rough up. ~ texl I. adj. level, even, plain, flat, smooth .
.x4.,j tepo n. species of big mosquito. Cj Syn. I . ..5...:.-J: ~1oS- flat of the back loS-
4.l~. ~ JJ-l flat of the cheek *;l,S'1oS- bot. pedicel.
*~IJ4-'e"JlilS forehead. 2. throne; wooden bed!
".i tepe n. warp beam (0/ a loom).
bunk. 3. n. math. plane.+ iJ~~ v. bel
.Jj~4j tepedor n. cork, stopper. become level! fait! even; used in comb. with Ji
..s~~4j tepelok See J~.;. meaning: have all to (one) self, have free
reign.+ ~~~ ~ v. level, flatten (syn. I.JL..
~.; tepen pres. stem o/the verb ~.I.i~.;. ~~~; bulldoze.+ ~I_ n. level! flat ground;
..s.~.; tetrek n. hale. Syn. oj~. plain.+ ~I_ n. levelness, evenness.+ 0_ n. I .
plank, board, panel of wood: ~1oS- shoulder
n. glove.Syn. I.~~(under
blade, scapula (cj j\$3) *~-l1oS- blackboard. 2.
sheet! length of woven or knitted material. 3.
.:;I.~41J4j tetlemlran n. caterpillar. wood. E.g. •JI~ ':'-J.J~ ~ -...J It is made of
wood. + ~.J"-IO _ n. slab of stone; flagstone. + _
:,;;.; tetin n. mud. Syn. .pl.
........... n. big high wooden sructure assembled
...;.;1 tete intj. pretty! (nursery expression). Cj and used as a bed (normally outdoors in the
.}~.
summer).+ ";~o_ adj. paved with slabs of
 164
.... .J.i,.4; I......

stone.+ Co..tH0- n. woodworm.+ ';'0;0- n. provisions; odds and ends: jL...Jliulu';.J-

blackboard. + li,o; 0_ n. litter/ palanquin household items.+ "":"~.J- n. damp rainy
carried on an animal's back.+ -r-- n. weather.+ ~.J.J- n. (act oj) flipping a flat
blackboard eraser.+ ~_ n. sheet! slab of round piece of rock that has been wetted on
ice.+ 1J"';JLS'0- n. termite; woodworm.+ .J..;.S0- one side (instead of flipping a coin). Cj
~~.+ OJ~~~.J.J~ v. employ such a
n. card of darning! mending yarn or thread.- 2.
.J..;.S. Cj 0.?4t. device (for- .,;...) settling s.th.+ 0_ J. n. fresh
fruits and vegetables.- ';'j)o~. Cj 2. &"':".J.J.
.... o~ lexdeme See Co.,s~ (under )4t").
2. used in certain compoundforms. e.g. ~o~

# leXT See..s~l. q.v.+ )~_n. load of truck farm produce.+ 4 -

n. kind offodder grass.+ )lA4io_ n. damp/ rainy
~..; lexltl n. kind, sort, type. Syn. .JP..
spring season. + j~ _ n. med a kind of
..5.;;..; lanik See 3. ..s~a.J (under ~a.J). eczema.+ ,i~o _ n. green! spring onion.- ,i~.+
~ ler = o~ q.v. ~a.J,;ro. adj. cheap (due to oversupply).+ ~o_
n. fresh mulberry.+ o)~_ also o~o_n. bot.
~ Ie! adj. I. wet, moist, damp. Cj;l..;:.
peppergrass; garden cress.+ l,i~ adj. having
(under ~,..:,I). 2. fresh. green, (i.e. vegetables).
recently given birth (of an anima/).- .:.nl,i.+-
E.g. ~ ..s~,,-li Green beans. 3. diluted,
~,io I. n. highland and somewhat aromatic
watery. See I. OJ.J.J; 2. ~o.Jli.+ OJ,Vi~ v. bel
grass valued as fodder. 2. See l,io~.+ OJ~- n.
get wet; be fresh; be diluted.+ OJ~~ ~ v. I.
wholesome/ fress young woman, beautiful
wet, make wet; used with ,;.;. -selfmeaning: healthful woman.+ ,iL....o- n. diluted! soggy
wet oneself. 2. sprinkle water on (e.g. crisp mixture of~.; q.v.+ jL.._n. wet year, rainy
bread) in order to soften.+ .J1- n. whitewash.
year.+ 4..i1..;.l....o- n. kind of herb. + c,;.:..- (A) n.
Syn. .J~'+ o.,,-.;b .J1- n. whitewash, apply
dampness.+ ..s)LSo_ n. truck garden! farm
whitewash (to a wall, elc.).+ ~I_ n. wet spot,
produce.+ jLS'o _ adj. grown by irrigation (esp.
damp area.+ o"'-';,Vil- v. remarry (said ofa
of wheat). Cj ~~.+ .:-1..0_ cream ofmilkl
middle-aged man). Cj OJ~OJ~'+ ..rI- wild
yogurt preserved and eaten in winter.+ ';'1..0_
morello bush. Cj ..s,,;fJ4t.+ ';'»adj. dandy,
n. bot. green Indian pulse, soft! fresh gram. 2.
foppishly dressed (of an older person). + ~_ fig. nothing, things of slight! no value .• E.g.
adj. old but sprightly (of s.o.). Cj ~~.+_ ;:,..ob OJ~L.o~ They gave me nothing.+ a.JL.o_
.:-o~ adj. dexterous, artful. Cj ;I~.+_ n. (act! process oj) smoothing out freshly laid
...,::-o~ n. dexterity, artfulness.+ rU- adj. lively plaster, concrete, etc.+ j!.t..io_ See ';';.~.+_
conversationalist. Cj OJI,i~.+ OJL..,i- See ,io.Jo n. planting! sowing of seeds following a
rO~~.+ ru_adj. adroit, adept. Syn. ;I~_.+ rainfall.+ ..s- n. dampness, wetness; humidity.
';'j~. = ';'j)o~ q.v.+ ..5- n. sucker, thick See I. ;:,:..+ 4..ilt- n. osier basket. Syn. ~~.+
~_ n. tree resembling the pomegrante G~)
shoot.+ o"'-';~.?I_
V.t. put out (a horse) in the
spring to graze on fresh grass. + a.J _ n. name of which bears a fruit used for medicinal
purposes.
an herb.+ OJ~/- v.i. fig. not be affected. feel
no remorse.+ -1"0- adj. opulent with juice/ IJ"-i lera adj. stray, random, accidental. Cj
water, fresh and juicy.+ 0,ilJ'.J- adj. blooming, ..,:..~ .o~j$. < 1~.,slJ'
(under ..5lJ).+ OJ,Vi I~ v.
be at random, be accidental.
thriving.+ ~l.....i;.J- n. supplies, stores,
 165

U;;I~ teratin n. I. moving back and forth in a c~ terh (A) n. I. way, method., manner. See
hurry or haste. 2. jousting. See ujl,..;·+ U;;lytoj I. 1";':'.2. like, facsimile, equal (in comb. with
..,~.;S v. hasten back and forth, come and go in a ~).See~ .
hurry; in comb. with ~ meaning: cause to
..,~~ ter.mn adj. allocated; reserved (see
hustle, work (s.o.) hard.
t»J).+ iJJ.,,5 ..,t.~. v. accommodate; allocate/
4...ot.,>Iytoj teraxume (E) n. med. trachoma. Cf appropriate (/or- jot); reserve (see ..,~.J tJ.jl).+_
"':';..J~ (under J~). JI.J adj. allocated, appropriated, alloted.
iJ"'-i teraz I. n. level (instrument). 2. adj. level, ~ytoj tel'Xllft also "'.J.Pytoj n. bot. tarragon.
even, being at the same height! position as
another. Cf ..5..;..;.+ JJ- n. I. balance, scales jytojl ten n. bot. tendril. Cf I. 1r..
(weighing); balance (ofpayments, etc.): uJJ- j~ ten (A) n. model, make (cj ~L..) ; sort.
~lS.;jlt balance of trade *~;.;..; uJJ-Phys. kind (syn. ~ cj ~ .,";':').
beam balance *J~ uJJ _ balance of power -
Ij~ tene n. hail. Syn. p.+ ~_ See
*~~.JJJuJJ phys. sensitive balance uJJ-
*~ sensitive balance. 2. astr. Libra. 3.
.:...,$lj.J"'-i.+ .:...,.s..
adj. fig. in the manner of a
heavy barrage/ shower (of a verbal altac/c,
level (instrument). 4. orion (constellation).+
reproof, etc.).+ ",\;.,$1- v.i. be hit! damaged by
..,~ .JJjl~ v.I. be balanced (e.g. two sides of
hail.+ ~}I~u,.s- v.L rebuke! reproach
a scale). 2. be vertically straight! level. + jluJ-
adj. having the tendency to cheat in weighing severly.+ .s.uJ- n. sleet. C.f ~.
(of a seller, grocer, etc.). + ..I.i4..t.J.J _ adj. honest! IJ"P Ins I. n. dung, droppings (of horses,
straight in weighting.
mUles). Cf ~ •a...; •.s~ ..vS. 2. adj·fig.
~I~ terti! n. shave (of the beard only).+ ~Iytoj maladroit, inept.
..,~ v. be shaved.+ iJJ.J ~Iytoj v. shave one's ..5~ terk (A) n. restr. "'.»1..5ytoj v. be excluded!
beard., have a shave.- ~\;. left out. + ",~.J..5ytoj v. leave, abandon. Syn. jI J
"';I~ te!.a/ n. anat. diaphram. ",t:;.~.+ ",I~/- v. give up, desist from.

.J.Li1~ [~~J terandin v.t. drive away, chase ~ytoj terti (T) n. cantle. See ~~ .
away, route. Cf ..,L; JI;. r~ term n. human corpse. E.g. ..:...!.L;",~.s~~
";Iytoj terane n. tune, melody, song. Cf jL.. 1 They burried the corpse. Cf ..5"J.s .":''''i.
.~I.»S.+ jl..._ n. composer {of music).
;:JL.~ lermJIl n. lower inner part of the
~"'..JI~ terawfh (A) n. additional prayer and buttocks. Syn. ~.s. C.f j.$JL;.
'-
recitation performed in Ramadan after the
IJ"~~ termos (E) also IJ"»-"ytoj n. thermus,
day's last prayer.- ..,\.;;,.;.~..,..
vaccum bottle.
~.yt.j terbentfn (£) n. turpentine. '" "'i~ le!.ian I. adj. elegant, handsome (of a
~ terbiye (A) n. upbringing. See 2. D~.JIJ~. person). Syn. J:.;..:..,>.;.!. 2. n. male falcon Syn.
.,1
.J"t •
,jL...J"!'ytoj tercuman n. interpreter. Syn. ..,~~.
"'~ Ie!!, n. I. fix, perdicament, undetected ploy/
:J...! ter!! adj. unripe (of a watermelon). Cf
trick intended to embarrass or degrade. 2. loss/
:J.s .y-..$.;. waste (incurred through unavoidable
 166

situations or circumstances beyond one's n. embarrassment, abashment. E.g. l;V~..J

control).< ~,j-!~~ ~.+ ~~~ <;:,r.) ~~ See ;;.JD~ D..IP.' He left because of embarrassment.
~I~~~~.+ ~I~~/_ v.t. put into a
~~ te"qet (A) n. path, system of mystical
predicament, subject to a degrading!
embarrassing ploy or situation. doctrine.

~~r- te!ne-ebablle (A) n. zool. swift, ..s...~ terik adj. withdrawn, retiring, diffident.
house martin. Cj )'-.$. Syn. .J..:.jS (under ..:.jSl); isolated.+
~.JJ-I..s......).,; v. be withdrawn! diffident.+..s...~
.'-'~ te,a n. curse, blasphemy. Syn. ~.+ JJ~
~~.? V. curse. blaspheme, revile.
~~;-S v. isolate; segregate.+ i.,.s- adj.
segregated. + ..s- n. diffidence, seclusion. Syn.
D,J,jDJ~ tet'Hlende adj. rare. C.f .,.,l.!l;. 1oSr-S.J l;..5; isolation.
D~ te,e adj. stray, lost; unavailable; truant. C.f ~~ te,en pres. stem ofthe verb ~I~ q. v.
D,J,j~D-!.+ ~»ID~ v. stray, wander.+ ~~.? D~ v.
j4j tez pres. stem of the verb ~...i4J.+. [~...i4JJ
used only with~. E.g. ..5.... D~ .:..~ Don't go
away. Don't play truant. .J.I..i1 V.t. 1. chill, make cool (food, etc.). Cj
~~~ ~.J l-. 2. benumb (by hurting). + 1ft - [j4J J
V"D~ te,es n. pimp; also used as an up'. of
v.i. I. feel numb from cold, freeze. 2. feel a
general abuse meaning: low, base. tingling sensation, feel pins and needles.+ .Y--
";'D~ te,ef (A) n. side (see )'); side, point of adj. I. chilled, feeling frozen. 2. tingling,
view, position (see ~L.; .~)').+ )~_ adj. feeling pins and needles.
partial, biased, predisposed.+ 1oS)~- n. ~.,; tewe!! also C7..i4J (A) n. rosary (of99
partiality, predisposition, bias. + ~~.....s 1oS.J1l _ v. round beads ..s..:.D~ divided by two flattened
be partiaV predisposed (to), incline toward (a beads _ ~ into 3 parts of 33 each with one
particular view/ standi etc.).
elongated head jJJl!. in place ofthe crucifIX)
4.l.~ te,eqe n. I. percussion cap; cap, paper used in counting prayers; string of large-sized
tape containing charges used in toy guns. 2. beads (carried by men for passing the time
snap (buttons). Syn. ;:,.",;;..; (under ,r-..;I). 3. away), worry beads.+ .:..1_ n. (act of) counting
going out, winning a hand (in a card game). prayers with C7..i4J q. v. + ~~.? ':"~..i4J v. count

"':'"'~ te,lb n. and adj. coarse type of sewing! prayers with ~4J.

stiching, often ornamental. Cj '"=""~ Dl.JJJ; JJn4J teua n. pheasant (the bird).
parallel.+ ~b/_ v. employ '"=""~ in sewing.+..s-
JJ~ tezu n. I. chill, sensation of cold (also
adj. parallel. E.g. '"=""~ J:e. parallel lines. fig.); shiver; phys. current.+ ~~ ~/_ v.i.
r~ te,i, n. warning, alarm. shiver, shudder, feel a chill.+ ~,J,jl.!.s....,./- v.
give the shivers to. 2. current (i.e. electricity).
te,ize n. anat. buttocks. <D~)' (under
~...i4,j' tezen I. pres. stem ofthe verb ~.l.ilj4J. 2.
suffIX forming pa~t of certain compound
te,iq adj. embarrassed, abashed, adjectNes. e.g. ~...i.;J~ q. v.
disconcerted. Cj })....~.+ D~.»d- v. feel
*~,J,jIj4..j [~J.,; J tejandin v. t. squeeze; shake
embarrassed., be disconcerted! abashed. + •
(hands). Syn. ~"s (under ..;"s2).
D~~.?/ V.t. embarrass, abash, disconcert.+..s-
 167
.j<"

tj4J teje I. n. beam ofa roof! ceiling. 2. adj. big

and tall (of a person). Cf I. i'it;.
~~ tt!!nn =.:.r"":'; q. v.
vijlj tejen pres. stem of the verb .;,.Lil~.
~ t~q n. intensity, severity (of cold! chilly
.,Sf4...j tejf adj. full, containing as much as weather). E.g. tJ~ I..~~ The chilV
possible. Syn. I . ..t.' •.,;J.i,;J . cold weather has abated. Cf I. i~y.;.+ .;,15..:../_
v. i. abate, ebb, decline.
~ tes inti cry used to drivel urge on sheep,
goats, etc. ho! 4.l~ tt!!qeie I. n. false claim; pretext, excuse,
pretense. See .;~ •.u-i~. Cj ;.$2. 2. mishap.
~ tesk adj. narrow, of slender width (cf
adversity. Cf ~"-I. 3. obstacle, hindrance. See
~.JLt); tight, snug. (cf I . ..$.;1Ij). E.g. __ I.} ~
~~.J"-I (under .J"-I4).+.;,~,.S~J~v. make
S.-; .)]; This dress is too tight.+ ..5-J..h- adj.
a false claim against, wrangle with over a false
very narrow; too tight.
claim. Cj jj...;.]) ~ r-:- .
~.J ~. + )101 - adj.
~ teskinf (A) n. calming effect, solace.+. inclined to raise a fuss! wrangle over a flase
.;,I~/ v. have a calming effect (on-"-I), soothe.+. claim or pretext. Cf .;..s;.s
(under ;.$2) .
~~/ feel a calming! soothing effect.
~ te!h n. side. See 1. ~1Ij.

~ teslfm (A) n. (act of) surrender/ giving

t~~ ~ .; tt!!kebe,e n. long, narrow carpet- tr.;
oneself up.+ ';'.JJ-i~ v. surrender. Syn. p lengthy written message; scroll.
t.,..::-o~ .... .;,I~.+ .;,~.} ~ V.t. hand over, give/
~ tes..la See Ju.,... C.j .;,I~}'l:.
pass on to.
--..J tese n. the baker's kneading pan. ~ tt!!wl n. adze (esp. as a carpenter's tool).
Cj .).,-;.
~ tesel adj. satisfied, content, contented;
sated. full. Syn. I. ~. <J.o.-;~; ample, ~ t~e' n. innuendo, unfriendly allusion.
abundant (cf .)];). Syn. ~I"".

'i.....,.; tesela (A) n. contentment, satisfaction. ..;~ t~ene n. restr . .;,~,.S..;~ v. spread (of
Syn. •.:.A.!!,;J.+ ~~/_ v.i. be satisfied, feel at infection. trouble. etc). Cj J~ .t~

easel content. Cf ';'J.Joi ~ lJ. ty...;J.Joi.+ .)LL also p_ adj. communicable,

easily transmitted .
.,SJ t..:..; tt!!awf See ";~1p"iS·
~ t~ n. wooden hand spindle. C.j ..st?+.
~ tesJlf n. plain wooden dish! utensil. + _ iJ-/ v. I. spin (wool. cotton. etc.) with a hand
..;1.; See •.:.I.;u~ (under~).+ vi..;_adj. spindle. 2. fig. adulate (with-Joi), flatter.+ ..,..J.J-
gluttonous. Syn. ~.)]; (under .)];') n. woman who spins with a hand spindle. + _
.~»-,~t~.+ 4S.;J- n. small plain, wooden dish! ~.J n. profession! occupation of spinning
utensil. with a hand spindle.+ ..J_ n. I. reel. 2. spun
.~ t~be,e n. marble (rock). Syn. .t-".t-". wooV cotton after having been taken off the
spinning wheel; bobbin.+ ~... _ n. wooden
.:....:...; tt!!t n. large shallow copper/ aluminium spindle used as a bobbin.
basin (often used for washing laundry).+ _
.;,~ te~/an n. marbles (game o/). See
..s:J] n. small basin- ~ q. v.
~W....
 168

.JLt4,j I~r n. I. tughar, dry measure of grain is..r<< l.;j.,.j levnap'ri n. cobweb.
equal to two tons. 2. winning score required in
~ teq 1. n. restr. burst, sudden outbreak;
a game. E.g. o~~ AJ )t~ What is the winning
explosion, eruption. 2. intj. denoting an
score?+ iJl.J.J~ v. make! reach the required
exploding! bursting sound: boom! crack! 3.
winning score. pres. stem of the verb ~ q. v. + iJl.J I-v. 1.
..,1.J\.t.4.; tqaraw n. basin in which a cobbler blow up, explode; be exasperated; be
soaks leather.- ~. exhausted from crying (of a baby). 2. crack,
make a sharp sound (of s. tho that breaks
~~ Ie/ n. the winning side of a I. ~ q. v. without coming apart). 3. hit, strike (nursery
word).+ iJ~l- [~) v.t. 1. fire (of afirearm)
u.Ju.. te/ar' n. a good variety offig. Cf ~.... (syn. 1. iJll}L.2); explode (a bomb/ balloon,
.Jl;.i~ teftan See iJl:..M; It etc.). 2. pop (bones), crack (the knuckJes);
massage (the back).+ oyt...i~I_[~4,j) v.t. I.
S..;.j~ teftik also..5..;:.J~ n. mohair. screen! sieve grain to separate the fme from
the coarse. 2. work (s.o.) hard and long, cause
li..uJui4,j te/rutIJna adj. banished, put to flight.
to toiV labour. + ~..,_ n. distant! sporadic
Syn. o,;!..,l,;. Cf .J'~u.+ iJ.b-Ili..uJ~ v. be
cracking or shooting. + ""J'" _
n. frantic/
banished, send off.+ iJl.J/- v.I. rout, disperse,
frenzied efforts in ~caping or abandoning.
break up and scatter, reduce to obscurity. E.g. ..,o~ ayS They began a frantic effort to
0)-""; te/re n. deception, chicanery. Syn. escape.+ J"""""'-
n. sustained noisy clatter.+ 0-
U"'_V.~_l.+ iJl).,;.I- v. be deceived! deluded, n. sharp sound, clatter; shot, report (of a
be the dupe of. Syn. iJ,JJd~Ol.+ iJb/- v.t. firearm); knock (on a door), click (as ofheels
on a hard surface, etc). <~..,..s 4l~ 41.+ 4l~
deceive, delude, dupe, fool. E.g. 0.i.t ~o)~ ...,-4t
iJl? v. shoot, fire;fig. direct smearing remarks
Stop deceiving me.+ ..,1.Jl- adj. duped,
or innuendo (at- ~).+ ~ 0_ n. sustained
deceived, deluded.
clicking! clatter/ knocking. + ~ yS ~ L.. v. i. I.
~~ te/s;r (A) n. commentary (esp. on the
begin to thin! become less in number by
Koran). Cf o.J4jS~. gradual leaving (of a crowd, audience, etc).
E.g. u..,..s~ 1.S43~ JljLt The market gradually
• .:u.; tev n. group, band. Syn. 2. j...jS (under
became empty. 2. be frightened away, begin to
;,SI).+ iJb/- v.I. move collectively, cause to
disperse (of a mob, demonstrators, etc.). Cf
move together. 2. stir, arouse, animate.+ I.S)S- iJl.?~ o..,~.+ ~y...S Il D_ v.i. be heard in more
n. cooperation. Syn. u)S..,l..+ ~_adj. andn. than one direction (of shots, explosions, etc.).
unsettled, restive; movement, activities of a 2. become heated by an exchange of remarks.
group of people to achieve a specific goal insinuations (olan argument, ·conversation).+
(syn. 0~..,.1.it).+ ~_ adj. helter-skelter, ..;~ooo n. explosives; firing material,
haphazard.+ iJl.? ~~ v. put haphazardly amunitions. Cf 4,j~.+ 43oJ..,o- n. pother,
together. noisy disturbance, fuss.+ ,r.- [~) v.i. 1.
.U4,j leva n. power/ ability to act or produce an explode, be fired! shot; bust! crack with a
effect. Syn. oj..,..,. noise (of glass, knuckJes, balloons, etc.);
spring, go off (a trap). 2.fig. bel feel on the
• .)~ levr n. axe. Syn. .J~. verge of bursting (from being too full) or
blowing up (from anger). 3. flow, become
• .J"jJ~ tev/ar n. dull, not sharp. Syn. J,S. active again (of a seasonal spring). + - [Ji.J )
o~ v.i. 1. expand upon hiting an object (e.g.
 169

the dumdum bullet). 2. toil, work hard and movement; push forward (for- ~) (cf j./p
long. Syn. 0.,.,..L..~. 3. brust! explode again. 4. ~.}); give a thrust! jolt (to-~) (cf .;4i ... I~
spread rapidly (o/rumours, news, etc.). .;,lSl.J under .;,b ).+ p ... I~.;,I_ v. brace oneself to
l

lk..; teqa also .,JI.J interj. what if, what would perform! do (s.th.).+ .;,...,;1_ (~4j] V.t. shake
occur if, suppose that. (in order to clean or dust offe.g. a rug); shake
off (/ruitfrom a tree). <.;,..LilS... ~.+ .Jo..Lil- adj.
.:..ulJw teqa",'t (A) adj. and n. retired;
propelling. E.g. .J0..LilS4j u..5V Jet aircraft.+
pensioned.+ ';'.J..P-I..:...-,U~ v. be retired.+ ~,}/_
0.,......;1_ (US'4j] = o~... q.v.+ ..Li"-l_ n. belt.
v. retire, withdraw from a job/ office (normally
with pension). + o? n. pension; position! status See u:- .; (under .:.......;t).+.;,I~/_v.i.jolt!push
of being retired. oneself forward; move over (to make room for
s.o.else). E.g. OJ"iJ"ol 0~.5... Move over to that
~ teqteq n. snags (o/rock in a stream bed).
side.+ ~.,.s/- v. accompany, go with, attend.+
~I.J teqteqtle n. wooden shoe, clog. ~.,...s - adj. accompanying, going with. + - J-
~.,...s v. be separated form pair; part company
oUJl.Jl teqle n. cap. Syn. J"JS.
with.+ .:;.JJ- adj. maladjusted, untidy (esp.
~~ teqle n. fIrst early yield of figs that fall of c1othing).+ l.:-J~J- See l.:-J~ ull.;.+ ~o_ n.
before ripening.
saddlecloth made offelt.- .:r...i. + 4i.0_ n. small
~I.J teqle n. somersault. Cf ~"ijJ.,...fo-'.+ j~_ felt rug that seats one.+ i.;-!- (US'~] = .;,lS... 1
n. tumbler. <jLt...1ll.J u ;i.,!.+ JO~- n. frolic, q.v.+ o~_ [US'~] V.i. disassociate (oneself)/
lark. + .;,1 ~ ;:,J / _ v. turn! do a somersault. avoid (by gradually withdrawingfrom-;:,J).

jJl.J tequ See UI.J. ..,.$I.J tekme n. short quilted overcoat made of

j...J4i teqel n. /. stitch. 2. hyphen. + .;,b ~;,;; /_ felt. C.f ;:Jl; ''';:wop.

also .;,b;:,J / - v. stitch, mend, join with stitches. ~I.J'?I.J teknokrat (E) n. technocrat.
"iLJI.J teqela (A) n. endeavour, serious effort! <i!";J.?1.J teknology (E) n. technology.
attempt. Syn. 2.~. Cf ';"i1.J ,jp.+ .;,I~/_
v. endeavour seriously, make a determined!
..s..;.sw telm;k (E) n. technique, adderss,

serious effort or attempt. Syn. .;,L..:.,;S;';;. C.f delivery. Cf u.J~o~ ,~", ,~ •.;--~;
technique, procedure, modus operandi (syn.
.;,~,} ';"iI.J.
jI..,.;.;. '.:r...iL:. cf jI.;..).+ .;,Ij_ n. techincian.+ u-
~J.,i~1.J teqyanfJs = ~»,l,;il; q. v. adj. technical.

~I.J teqtle n. linen skullcap. Cf ,~~ ,t~..u ..51.J teke also .5....$... n. oscilation, movement
J"JS.+ -~_ n. name of parlour game. of s.th. loose and hanging down. Cf J.i-!4J~.+
.;,~,} .5....$... v. oscillate, sway; vibrate .
.54j tek I. n. side. <.5I.J4J q.v. 2. adj. alone,
single. See 1. l.:-J .... 3. adj. deep. See I. j..,.,:;. 4. US'4j1 teke pres. stem o/the verb .;,lS... and iJ::S...
=/ . ...s\j q.v. 5. n.jolt,move.<';'I~.5.... +.;,I_t q.v.
See .;,lS4jl~ (under b t) ,.;,lS4jju.+ .;,I} n. US'J teki n. I. small built-in bench! platform.
thrust, jolt, sudden forceful movement; kick Cf ,;S--.. 2. also yl.J (A) dervish convent.
(cf J~ \ + ,;,~).,.> .;,1- v. i. be moved/ shaken Cf U... l> (under .;,~2).
with a thrust or jolt.+ .;,b .;,1_ v. thrust, move
~I.J tekin pres. stem o/the verb .;,..LilS... q.v.
(oneself) with a jolt! sudden forceful
 170

.r-$4j legbir (A) n. design, scheme, plan. Syn. spouse). Cj iJl.) ;'~4.,j;:"'-';;- (under z.,...'). +-
I. iJ~. C.! ,:,J"":'';~'~ 'r b .+ (iJ.).J.r-$~ v. .JIJ .) adj. divorced.+ ~y..S/_
v.i. be dissolved
plan, arrange, decide; plot (against-z.).+ ~_ (of a marringe contract) due to a divorce
n. schemer; the brains behind a plan! decision! pronouncement; become a divorcee.
plot.+ l.p_See dt.JltJ.r-!' iJ ~4.,j lelan n. I. terrace; flat break in a
mountain! hilV etc. 2. name of a Kurdish
..5..?~ legrik See tj~.
village.+ _ _ adj. terraced, made into/
~~ lege n. stud billy goat. C.! ,:,J...r.L.... supplied with terraces.+ t~_ n. name of a
t,;45~ legere n. snag, obstacle, impediment, grassy plant.

hitch. + ~~/_ V.t. obstruct, render ~4j tef:x adj. I. dark, sordid (of colour). Cj I.
difficult, hinder, impede. Cj ,t"':;;';~tJ ~ ~. 2. wretched, miserable (of one's living,
iJb~.+ ~~~/_ v.i. be obstructed! situation, etc.). E.g. ..,;.j~ ~IJ'j)' It is a
blocked! hindered! rendered difficult. + .. miserable living. 3. gloomy, sour-faced. Syn. •
Zsd ~/ make (s.th.) difficult (jor s.o.).+ .. j).J.Jd 3. ..;.;.
iJl.) z.) / V.t. obstruct, block, hold up.
~ leixe also u!~ adj. orderly, neat,
j4.; lei n. I. wire (syn. .)4tIJ); line (telephone, regular. <~~~4.t.
etc.). 2. telegraph, cable.+ ~L.j//_ v. receive a
,;",;S'-J~ leliscop (E) n. telescope.
telegraph! cable.+ -W..t- n. wire fence, Cj
.r.JoI,j le!fiz n. scoff, jibe, scorn. Cj ~l$.
1Jo'.j~ 'iJ 4.;...J ,tJ~' + iJ.).,s ;.;""=-'~ v. fence with
wire, enclose with a wire fence.+ JI.J;.;~- adj. ~4j lelqin (A) n. instructions adderssed to the
fenced.+ ,.re- n. telegraphist.+ .... ~_ n. deceased at his grave indicating what to tell
telegraph office.+ :,..._See ~ (under ·,.i).+- the two angels of death.+ iJb b/_ v. adderss
JI.,i- (E) n. telegraph.+ iJl.) z.) JI~_ v. send a instructions to the deceased.
telegraph! cable. ~4j lef!n11 n. horse specially saddled for the
~ lel =jli. chiefs/ headman's wife.
},J4j lelwar n. watchtower, observation tower/
~~ lela See ';J.
post.
J ~4j lelar n. I. balcony. 2. upper wing! section
..5~oI,j leluk n. bot. species ofziziphus.
ofa house. See ..,;lH,jlt.
"jol,j leLe n. trap: ~ oS- mouse trap .
..;~~ lew n. flurry, frantic/ last minute effort.+
ej a.Ju'Jb.~oI,j (under ~).+~_adj.
iJ.)~ ";~4j v. hustle, move hurriedly/ urgently.
tricky, mischievous.+ ..s.. n. double-dealing,
C.! iJl.)j~,i,).).J~.
swindle. Syn. ;J..;i.Jj (under ~2).+ jlt...L n.
";~4j lelll! n. shavings (esp. of wood). Cj double-dealer, swindler.+ ~_ n. mouse
~.J~' tarp.+ '.J4.,j\j/- V.t. set a trap.- I. U.!JoI,j.+ ..s.;~.J­
n. name of a parlour game.
;'~4j lelaq (A) n. divorce.+ iJ.))';'/- v. swear by
one's divorce (normally by saying: (IS) ;,~~ y.JoI,j leleb (A) n. demand. See ,.::-I'p •..5.~
z.,.;.JJ followed by expressing what one l.Jb. + J IS_adj. desirous, solicitous.
intends to do or not to do).+ iJl.)/- V.t. divorce,
pronounce revocable divorce against (a
 171

~~~ teleberd n. long slab of stone. Cj 2. jl..~ tema[ n. restr. (act of) spotting! locating
• ..::.o\j .~~\j. (esp. a prey during the hunt).+ <J~.Jjl..~ v.
spot! locate).
rj~~ teleun n. sliver, chip, splinter.+ rl\j t_ n.
splinter group . ;~~ tembiir n. string musical instrument.

.J;i~~ tele/on (E) n. telephone.+ <J~.J .J;iLl~ v. r~~ . temJem n. hard ground with rock veins.
make a phone call, talk by/ on the telephone C j <J'i t~;4.f •<J4.Jtd·
(to-J.l. with-'j.$Ll).
__ .;...~ temteme n. nail-like point on a wooden
....J~ teleme also ....J~ n. wishbone.+ 4-:-- top (child's tOY).-CI~.
n. wishbone game/ contest.
;~ lemr (A) only in 1S-41S;~ tamarind. Cj
~~ tells n. wipping! cleaning (esp. tiledfloor
l..;.,>.
with a wei broom! cloth).
y~~ tel1skob (E) n. telescope. 4iu~ teltl¥ n. stamp, seal. Syn. »--.
c..;..~ temox n. shale (rock).
tel1sm n. talisman, charm, word
combination producing magical/ miraculous »1'''''; temll n. paddle weel of mill. Syn. ~l;U"'.;;
effects.+ <J~.;S ~~ v. make a talisman (on- (under ,;-,.i).
~).
O;»I'~1 temlJre n. guitar-like instrument. Syn.
~~ telise n. light load made into a )~~.+ <Joj- n. player of t;»I'~.
packsaddle for s.o. to ride on. Cj ~;lt (under
;l/). O;»I'J temIJre n. restr. only in <Jl;oj t;»I'~ n.
(act oj) circling in the air; orbit. E.g. ~~
r~ tem n. fog; mist (see ~.i): J ~ IS- glaucoma. + <Jlitjo;»I'~ He began circling in the air. It went
~J - n. dense fog! mist; fig. muddled! into orbit. Cj ~..3d<Jlitjo;»I'~ 4.f.
confusing (o/the mind).
j»l'~ temIJz n. (month of) July.
l..~ tema n. intention, intent; expectation,
anticipation. <l..~4.f (under .1_'/).+ <JJY. l..~ v. j....~ temel adj. lazy, not energetic/ vigorous.
intend, have in mind. + <J~.;S -..,; l.....,; v. covet, C.! ..,..~~.+ public house for
......;L;._ n.
desire inordinately/ culpably.+ ;LL adj. receiving and lodging vagabonds! the idle,
covetous, greedy, avaricious, grasping. + IS; lS _ workhouse.+ IS- n. laziness, indolence.
n. covetousness, avarice, greed. ~.... ~ temele n. foundation ofa wall. Cj 4l.l.:.t
~l..~ temate (E) n. tomato. Syn. ;»-"~~lt.­ (under.:,.h
~l..~ ISJL:.3~.
~.... ~ temf.lt n. saddlebag.- ~...i.
tem~a n. 1. (the act of) looking! ~~ temen n. age, length of life. E.g. ~~
viewing. Cj 2. J!"'--.+ <J~.J L:.l..~ v. look and tJ,;~ How old is he?
perceive; look (at), view. E.g. .s L:.l..~ Look!
li.... ~1 lemena (A) n. request, wish, desire. Syn.
Cj iJ.!-iIJJd '<J~.J J!~. 2. stage performance. +-
.:-I~ • ~.,;. Cj lS:; .
......;L;. n. stage, theatre. Cj ~~ (under
<J~-:b·
jS"l..~ temako n. tobacco.
 172

l.i.t....~ lemena (A) n. salute.+ iJl~ li....,.; v. particularly. E.g. .J.JoI~~~j>":"";l.i.,.; In fact,
salute, greet. + iJ L:.;S / _ v. salute (esp. a soldier he himself was there. Cj ";4.:-!l;4.t (under 4.t2).
to an officer).
~ tentene See jei.
~~ leme n. lesson, example; monition,
J.1';';'; tendli, = J.v:..,.; q. v.
warning. Cj I. ~.+ iJ.J.JoI~"'; v.i. be taught a
lesson, learn wisdom. Cj ~}.JIJ J.i~.+~.,.; .5..;1,.j tenik adj. thin (ant. I. )~); shallow;
iJJ~ V.t. teach (s.o.) a lesson, admonish.+ #_ fine, delicate.+ iJ~.5..;1.,j v. be thin; become
adj. admonished.+ iJl},i-/- v. learn! be taught less (see o""';.J.JoIr...s.+ iJ:''?.5..;1.,j v. thin out;
a lesson (esp. from punishment, biller decrease/ drop in depth (water) or quantity).+
experience, etc.). JLS. n. shallow water/ stream.+ ~I_ n. shallow
~I,.j lemi, adj. clean and neat. Cj I . •~..J~ palce/ spot in a stream. Cj ).J.JoI.+ :JI~J-adj.
...$\.+~} I~/_ v. keep clean and neat! tidy. very thin.+ 0_ I. n. thin spot; shallow place. 2.
See iJ Ur-S !.S.5..:,.,.;~. + iJ:'.}.5..:,.,.; v. thin out
.;,.wI len n. body: ~..J"-t..s- phys. non-
(a seed bed). + .;I.J.JoI 0 - n. shallow ford. + !.SJOjo -
transparent body *iJ.1~..s- translucent body;
n. isthmus.
human body. Syn.~. Cj ..:.:~.+ ~I_adj. 1.
corporal, bodily, physical. 2. lay, not ~ /eng I. adj. narrow; tight (see ...s:...,.,.;). E.g.
ecclesiasticall clerical. + _ 4.t _ adv. man-to-man, ..5.;,.,.; oJ~r":' These shoes are tight. 2. adj.
in single combat.+ JOJ.M- adj. sybaritic, depressed, heavy (esp. in compound forms,
epicurean.+ !.SJOJ~ n. physical education, e.g. .5..;~l q.v.). 3. iJ.J.JoI'~ 4.t q.v.+ 4i1_n.
physical fitness.+ 1..,.>_ See )oJJ4:'''';'+ '::-JJJ- time of crisis! difficulty/ hardship: "';L!.S~j~
adj. healthy, well, sound, Syn. tL....:...J.+ - rainy day, period of want! need· 4iL..;\S do.
~.1)l n. sanitarium, health retreat. Cj E.g. 0""';1;5..;.,.; ~:,;~ He has come upon
4i~ (under ~2).+ "':-J):'- n. health, difficult times. + .11- I. adj. hard pressed,
hygiene; well-being (syn. ~L-:..U).+_ incumbered, worried. 2. n. banked up water;
pool in a stream.+ ..,-!I_ n. limited space,
~)):.li n. ill health, sickliness; lack 0
narrow space/ spot.+ ~j~~/_ V.t.
being.+ ...sj_ n. bio. corpuscle.+ ~"'j_ adj.
constrain, put pressure on, bedevil, drive
corpulent, heavily built. Cj .,..,j.u.+ 0_ n.
frantic, Cj iJ~..H)jj (under )j/).+ '::-'l_
trunk, stem (of a tree); physique, figure. (cj
adj. short on support, low in financial means;
iJ~).+..s- adj. tangible, concrete, real.
poor (see )~).+ ~.:._ n. state of being
~ len pres. stem ofthe verb ~ q. v. + JIJ - n. short of financial means.+ o~_ n. I. narrow
woven fabric (cj I. i~); textile. See ~Lo~.+ passage/ gorge. 2. tight spot, difficult position!
~- [.J4J) v. weave. c./. ~ .iJJJ):'. situation, predicament. Cj ."';"';j •.;.j}~
iJ~.< iJ!:' .~.,.; 4.t.+ ...J~J: n. crisis, critical
.Jl.i...; lena! n. rope, cord, band: *~..s­
situation. E.g. ~J.J.JoIL.:!.S~..J~ J- Economic
clothesline. iJ~~..s- gossamer.+ j~_ n.
crisis; strait, serious difficulty.+ ... n. I. strait,
ropewalker, ropedancer.+ !.Sjl....t- n. waterway. 2. leather bellyband, girth. Cj
ropewalking, ropedancing. JJj4.S. 3. waist, waistline (often used in a
":"4ili.,.; lenanel also 4il.i.,.; adv. even (used as an mocking or derogatory manner). + )4.t' _ adj.
intensive to stress or emphasize) E.g. ..:....;li.,.; narrow, tight(of a place). + )l;._ adj. hemmed
o~Jjj O).;..l It is even more than that; in fact, in, pressed. c./. JI;5..;....... + (iJ.J.JoI.1l;..s:..;.,.; V.i. bel
 173

feel pressed or hemmed in syn. u"L.. ~.+ ~~ tenya 1. adj. alone, exclusive of anyone!
<JJ.rS .Jl;~ v.I. press, jostle, hem in. cj.r.$ 4i anything. E.g. '.J4.!L. ~~ He remained! was
,:,~ under ;,...l).+ ~D_ adj. 1. easily left alone. <~~ ~ (under 4i2).2. adv. only,
irritated. cranky. Cj D;~. 2. sluggish, merely (syn. 2. ~); alone, exclusively. E.g.
indolent (esp. due 10falne5s).+ ,:,b/._ v.I. put ~~ f'''.J~ ~ I have only ~o. ~~.;".; ~
on! tighten girth.+,:,l..:.:;.S/t_See,:,b~.+._ He alone knows him. 3. prep. except for (used
~}/ v.I. upset, vex, peeve (used with negative pres. subj. of':'.»t). E.g. ".; ~
sardonically).+ ,:,I~/._ v.i. be peeved! upset ~ Except for him. Cj yS~.+ jl.,_adj.l.
(by unpleasant remark! comment).+ ,:,~._See without help! assistance, unaided. E.g. jl.,~

I . ..5.;.;.+ ..r-~.- n. limited space! area.+_ ~.;S IS~'" He did it aU without help. 2. sole.
~.,.;. See ~._n. leather
4-\,;... ..5.;.;.+ Cj 4-.JUl; (under JLi).+ I,I"!_ n. loneliness;
band used to tighten a girth.+ _\,;.... _adj. solitude: ~~. ; ISjl; soliloquy;
asthmatic, having asthma. + (':'»I-l,;.,. ~ v. incommunicado. E.g. ~~~ ~~

have! be affected with asthma. cj ,:,I-/- •..vJ. + - Incommunicado detention.

~,,--L;....n. med. asthma.+ ..s- n. I. ~ tenqt I. n. side (syn. ~); lateral

narrowness; tightness. 2. difficulty, rigour, part! portion (syn . ..;....s,;). E.g. ..s~.:.-:..;..;
hardship. ~I~ Sit side by side. 2. prep. next (/O-~).
~ tengiz n. species of thorn. Cj ..s;~. Syn. 2. j~. E.g. ...:;; ~L. ~ Next to our
house.
~ tengistin (E) n. tungsten.
.~ [~J tentnewe v.i. spread (offire,
~ tengtz n. hawthorn. See j..JS. disease, disordor, etc.). Syn. .J.I.i.t- .~. Cj •
IS.J~ tenwawi adj. filthy, dirty looking. Syn. <JJ.J ~ I. u",,;,s I~ (under I~l).
A· ~ tew n. brown sheep.
J~4.,j tenur n. oven (esp. pit-like oven of baked
JI~ tewaf (A) n. circumambulation (esp.
clay built into lhe ground). Cj
ritually around the Ka'ba). (,:,.).;SJI~ v.
,:",J.- J~~uJL-. J~l.jyS. idiom.: 4iJ~
circurnabulate. )
.~ L; IS~JL... 4/ .~.,.; I fyS strike while
the iron is hot.+ ~ ,~/_ I. V.I. fuel heat an JI~ tewar n. female falcon.- jl.,'.
oven. 2. v.i. get together and gossip (about-
;...).+ ~.,,;.:._ See ~.J".JjS'.+ 0_ n. I. woman's
""I ~ tewll!. n. grease, oil, Syn. ':'3;.

skirt. 2. whirl wind. See .s~0J$. L;I~ tewana = \,;1..... (under ,:,1,,;) q.v.

l,.i~ tenha = ~ q. v. + lSyS _ n. monotheism. "I~ tewaw I. adj. complete, finished. 2. adj.
correct, right. Syn. I . .:-'/.+ (':'»1 ,,1 ~ v.i. be
J"j4.i~ tenezul (A) See ftt (allforms). finished! completed; come to an end; be
4S~ teneke n. I. tin (metal) (syn. "L.:.JO,,) 2. tin correct. E.g. »-t .J1~...s~ The film has
can having a capacity of four British gallons; ended. 0.J1~ ,:,L..s4/L..- Our calculations are
any tin container. E.g. iJ.;.> 1.S...s~ Rubbish correct. Cj u"L..u-t'~.+ ,:,~.J .JI~ V.t. finish,
bin.+ c.i:- n. tinsmith.+ jl.._ n. tinsmith. complete; end. Syn. ,:,\.:;A~~I,,~. Cj .JA-"';~JI'
3. end. close, fInish. Syn. 2. u-t'.J~ .~\,jjS'1
~ tene = ~~q.v.
(under \,jjS'').+ ~ _ n. complement, s.th. that
 174

completes! makes up a whole; gram. object: _ ..;.~ lews adj. divergent, conflicting; diverse.
~\.t4.i";~ indirect object. *~";fo direct Cj ~l;.-";'.,.,.; "-I.
object *i).)o-w..,) Lt..;.P- indirect object. + ..s- n.
~~ leHlxen n. game played with sheep's
completeness; perfection; correctness. ~
knuckles.
<..s.,I.,.,.; (under 4.i2).
J~I lewq (A) n. metal collar; pliable metal
~ lewx n. underground stable for flocks. strip (used on packing crates. boxes. etc.).

.J~ lewr n. ax (tool). C.! ~. idiom.: ).,.,.; J~ lewq n top: ?- IS- crown of the head. E.g.
o.,"";;-.r-l;..;;.> ~ One is hardly expected to go .:;""..sl.)?-~~ 4.i He fell on his head.+ ~_

against those close to one (/it. an ax does not n. summit, highest point.
hack its own handle). + \J"'I- also \J"'b _ n.
13.,.,.;1 lewqe n. hair pin.
curved tool resembling a forester's ax.+ v-J-
n. hatchet; battle-ax. 4J~ lewqe n. handshake.+ (,j.).} 13""'; v. shake
hands (with- j.S.u).
ul;~ lew!al (A) n. the Old Testament; long,
written message/ letter, etc.). ,j~ lewn ~I.J
n. wrap (of afabric). Syn. I.
1 • •
";:;...)~ lewrhi n I. species of grape. Cj i.s';. (under I; ).+ ~ _ n. weaver. Cj )'.p..
2. unit of weight equal to 3 kilograms. ..sftl.~~ lewneptrk n. spider. Syn. .sjJ~~.
'j""'; lewze n. frolic, fun. Cj ~~.
o~ lewe n. I. origin, source, root. Syn. oJ~?-'
r-'.j~ lewzjm adj. obligatory, imperative; 2. root, nerve (of a tooth).
compulsory, exigent. + (,j.J..H r-'J.,~ v. be o.Jo~ leHlere n. I. pivot, center: ~ IS- centre
obligatory/ imperative). Cj •..;},...>..jj."i of gravity Syn. 3. ~. 2. c1amp.+ ...r-- adj.
.:-....,;; •..L~ .~~o.).+ .JLt- adj. obliged, pivotal, focal, central.
bound. + 0_ n. sine qua non, essential
Joja~ leHlezel adj. lazy, good-for-nothing. C.!
element.+..s- adj. obligatory, binding.
~4J; unemployable. Cj 0.J~'
(,j.,4.J tewujm n. I. surge, wave, intensity (of
J.~ lewel adj. vagrant, irresponsible. Syn.
heat. emotion. fever. etc.). E.g. L.y& ~j""';
..;?-?-.
0.,lS:..!. The (intesity of the) heat has abated.
jJ~ lewel also jJ...,. n. forehead. Syn. ,jlp'.,l;.
Syn. .;..:...;. Cj I. ~ .2. ~.,JI. 2. pressure,
thrust, force: ~..,> IS- blood pressure; current LJ..~ tewile n. stable. Cj j.t..Ll;.~ (under
flow, stream (of air. wind, etc.). Cj ~.< "-I ~I), I. ;.,.,.s.
('j~ (under •./).3. current, flow. Syn. 2.~:_
*~ lehl = I. j\; q.v.
oJI))L....!...; undercurrent.+ 0_ n. violence,
vehemence. Cj ('»-5 .~I • ..;..jj."i.+ ,jl:.;A/- v. ..;~I tey adj. consummate, accomplished,
surge, come in waves, rush.- (,j.JAJ"-I. practiced. Cj ~ .oJlj.Jl.S.+ .;I _ adj. ready,
perpared, primed. Syn. 0,) L...l;. + oj.).} .J \.t4J v. I.
\J"'~ tews n. sardonic/ backhanded remark,
prepare, make ready; instigate, incite. 2.
insinuation. <.~.,.,.; 4.i (under "-12).
search, probe, explore; scrutinize. + .,0 _ adj.
~.,.,.; lewske n. wild fig. Cj ~ .... seasoned, well-versed. Syn. 2. jul.
 175

!.SJ ley n. search, hunt.+ ..,~.J!.Sa; v. search, ..,I:'r~~'+ ~~/- v. elapse, pass; go beyond
leave no stone untumed. E.g. :..J...sa; r.tS.JL. I ('-').+ Y....j'-;_ adj. past, bygone.+ ";.J~/- v.
searched the house over. stuff, press into. C.f ~ \; -...;. + .., ~ 1- = •.,;;
.;!.ta; leyare (A) See .tSj}. ..,I~ q.v.+ ..,J-A;I- v.i. stuff oneself, eat
voraciously (used scornfully). + ..,~.;I_ v.i. I .
..,!.tw- leyan n. woman servant. maid (.ryn.
be firmly fixed in, be securely in place/ locked
;.tS.;lS); servant. in. 2. be squeezed into (ofpeople).+ ..,J,j~.;I_
Ji.4j leyr (A) n. bird. See j4.. C.f .~~. idiom.: V.t. 1. ftx! lock securely into place. 2. squeeze/
cram (people) into (aplace).+..,I5..;I_v.i. drip
.....;.."....:J•.i...s;l~~~I.J,...S'...sJi......; Birds of a
into.+ ..,J,jI.$.;I_ caus form ofthe verb..,15..; ~
feather flock together.
q. v. + ..,J,jY."",; I_v. cram! stuff into; gorge
oJ'lu..;
_ leyman n. wattle screen. Cj ~~.+._
oneself.+ ..,J,jIJa;/_ v. dash off, depart speedily,
j.tS.J.J~ n. smoke screen.
speed away. Cj ..,L.; •.,..;.~ (under ~I).+ •
~I Ien. name ofthe fourth letter of the Kurdish ..,J,j41 also ..,J,j~/_ v. I. disparage (by
alphabet. conniving against or degrading in the eyes of
others). < ..,J,j~ -...; jot. 2. sprinkle/ mix gradually
-...,; Ie prep. I. into, in; to; at. 2. used as part of
into.+ J~/- v. flock! throng into (a place).+.
compound verbs. e.g. ..,JP.' ~ q. v. + (..,~.J -...; v.
..,.J..jI-t: 1 caus of ..,I~~ q.v.+ ~_ n. cost,
I. pour out! forth; put into, add to. E.g. .§..s";'
expenditure, expense(s). Cj b-i.+ "'JP.'/- I.
~~ Add salt to it. 2. put to (young lambs
v.i. cost, require/ demand as a price. E.g.
and goats to their mothers for sucking). 3.
....u-':~!.S~ How much has it cost? 2. V.t.
used in certain compound verbs. e.g. -...; ~
enter, go into, pass through.+ ~~/_ V.t.
..,:,~ q.v.+ ~l:,I_ V.t. insert! plug into. E.g.
insert firmly, place into so as to fit tightly.+ •
.,;;.l:.t-...; ...sj~ Stuffrags into it. >~\;.+ ..,'j\;I-
~1 v. i. fit tightly into, be firmly inserted
v. I. be h~sed! pestered by 2. be entwined
with. + ..,J,j'j L.:, I_v. warp around; cause to into.+ ..,J,jIJ~/_ V.t. stick, implant, thrust
entwine with.+ "':'r,I- v. insert into.+ ~--tlI- v. firmly into. Cj ..,J,jlJ~ b (under 1:,1).+ ~~/_
I. thrust into, insert with force. 2. fix on, direct V. i. be interpolated! implanted into. + ..,J,j~ 1- =
steadily at (e.g. one's glance)'+"'»t ;~/_ v. set ~4~ q.v.+ ~_ adj. conniving,
upon! tackle forcefully.+ ..,b~/_ v. I. set denigrating.+ ..,1:,.>1_ v.i. snuggle, lief draw
upon, cause to tackle/ attack 2. set (a male close to (for comfort or affection); cram! jam
animal) upon (afemale). 3. release to suck the into (a smalll tight palce).+ ..,J.:,1:;.I_ V.t. I.
mother (a baby animal).+ ~_ adj. observant, cram! jam (people) into.+ ~/_ V.t. put!
keen; ponderous.+ ~_ n. observance, place in; interpolate, insert. E.g. ~ ~ ...s~4t
observation; notabene comment, expression of Don't put your fmger in it. 2. strike out, retire
personal opinion.+..,I:,~_v. comment, make (in a game). Cj ..;.,.,...s~.+ ~..p#-I_ V.t.
a remark! comment.+ iJ!.-.:..~d- v. ponder, challenge, halt (as a sentry, guard); address
observe/ note/ see/ sense through careful (s.o.) in a peremptory manner (often
attention.+ ~_ I. adj. restr.+ ("'»t~ v.I. accompanied by nudging).+ ..,~.,;.I_ v. be
pass/ go (by), move (past). E.g. r»t ~lt 'j 4i I possible to fit! insert into.+ .~..J.;j.Ji--n. andv,
passed by him cj "':'.JY.I; under I;. 2. come to consideration. attention, study; take into
pass). 2. gram. transitiv~ (verb).-- ..,~)2.+ • account. consider, look into. Cj 4i .1i.!-i1.J~-"';
..,J,jI~1 v. carry through, accomplish. C.f '.J.;,~.J;4-.+ ..,1:./_ I. V.t. add, join on to (as to
 176

increase size, length, etc.). 2. v.i. be infested accessories).+ ~~JI- V.t. shout angrily/
with. E.g. •..,1.);:'; ~ It is infested with snap at.+ ~.,$I_I. V.t. break (pieces o/bread,
Iice.+ ."..;b/_ v.i. revert, go back to (a habit, cracker, etc.) into (a stew, soup, etc.). 2. v.fig.
addiction, etc.).+ ,:,1.) 1./_ V.t. pour/ run (water) emblelish, heighten the attractiveness of (one's
throught. Cj ,:,1.))•..,;:,;.+ ,:,L..I/_ v. ponder speech by adding ornamental details); spread
oneself, undertake much.+ ,:,l....;o:.:..,$l- = ;:,;
over, puzzle over.+ ,:,1'j;/_ v.i. flow/ empty
':'~.P q.v.+ 405_ n. notion. conception,
into.+ i,j...;./_ V.t. empty into.+ i./!i.:.lJ)I-' V.t.
impression. Cj ':'.o->.J.I.1J,J-i • ~IJ...;r.+ •
look at carefully/ closely. C.f ,:,.),? L.!.L.Io.i.+_
,:,.J:.'-!&I V.t. explain to, ca~e to und~rstand!
~I..,-! 2 n. opinion, view, judgement, appraisal. +
comprehend! grasp. Cj ~",s;:,;'.+
,:,.)~ j-!I_ V.t. run through; lower into.+ ,:,Ij/_
~",s I' v. understand, comprehend, grasp (the
V. i. be filled with (0/ a blister! sore filled with
blood, puss, etc.); water (0/ the mouth).+ _ meaning! import oj). + ~",s _ n. mental

.s..;lj n. anat. womb.+ ,:,.J:.'jl_ V.t. poke, prod, ability, aptitude, ability to understand!
comprehend, inteIlingence (cj ~'J'J);
thrust at (esp. with the hand or a goad).+.
understanding, perception. (cf ... L...) idiom.:
~.jl = ,:,,,Lj.j;:';.+ ~I"".r-I- V.t. direct a
';;"':',P ..s:...:..•.t~ ..J ~~ True merit is in
sudden hit or swift blow at.+ ':'.v-I- V.t. rub in,
the ability to understand. + ~",s _ adj.
apply to (as ointment); spread on.+ ,:,IS.:../_ v.i.
intellingent, understanding, discerning. Cj.
be defeated, be thwarted, suffer loss!
damage.+ ,:,.J:.IS.:..I_ V.t. break into (e.g. o/eggs ..soJ"'J I. J"'~'+ ~4051- = ~",sZ,,; q. v. + J'!",s/-
into a pan).+ ,:,I.)~.,J/- V.t. throw/ plunge = ~~ q.v.+ ,:,I,r-SI- v. I. be stuck in; be
into.+ IJ'~/- See ~ Z,,;.+ ,:,.J:.1jJ1_ V.t. pour/ bogged down (with); be presssed! pushed. Cj
~L.. j.t )jj (under )j/) 2. have an unfriedly
cast! empty (liqUids) into. Cj ':'.),?Z,,;.+ ,:,~/_
exchange (o/words with s.o.). Cj ':'.v.')U",o')
v.i. shrivel, look emaciated (from age, illness);
be dented! smashed in. + J~ _ adj. emaciated; (under rU').+ o,r-S- n. problem, unresolved
dented in.+ ,:,1;.,$1- V.t. poke! thrust at. Cj j-.. issue/ question; difficulty.+ ,:,L../_ v. be at a
,:,L;.,$~ •.J"- .... I;.,$.+ ,:,L:.:'sI- v.i. endeavour, loss, be stuck (with-j&.J).+ ,:,1..;/- V.t. insert
strive, labour, work hard. Cj ,:,1.) j"..... Syn. (into), put! place in. Syn. I. ~~.+ IJ'.)~/­
,:,b ~-...JIo.i.+ ~:,S- I. adJ. striving, hard- = ~I..,-!I_ q. v. + ~.; _ adj. gram., intransi;ive.-
working. 2. n. striver, fighter.+ ~:,S_n. hard ,:,L.) .;i.),....s.+ ~",s.;_ adj. ignorant,
work, earnest endeavour, strife.+ ~:,SI- = Z,,; unintellingent; shallow, superficial.+ IJ',..,.:.I- v.
,:,L.:.:,S.+ ~..,.sl- I. V.i. be struck out (in a bend over and get hold of, grab (in an attempt
to lift! uproot s.th.).+ ~/_ V.t. tackle and
game) Cj 2. ~;:,;; incur loss (Cj ,:,LJ
become deeply immersed! engrossed in (cj I .
.J..I.-.il-!j.) .,:,.)".5). 2. v. dip, swim (esp. /01'
~ ;:,J); settle at, become established at. + •
ritualistic or ablution purposes). Cj ;0.) ;)-..,..,
,:,\..S..,..,)..,I v. throng! swarm around, crowd upon
,:,.)~ 4.J.... ,:,.),? 3. V. work, try, pitch in (/01'-].1).
(s.o., s.th.). <,:,ISJJ)..,.+ ~..,..,I_ = ~.,s~ q. v. +
E.g. ~"...sz.,;rJ-t He tried for mel on my
,:,b)o..,l_ V.t. shake (a garment, esp. over the
behalf.+ ,:,1-:.;$1- v.i. go away, pass! withdrow fire) to get rid oflice.+ ~1A/_ v.i. flow/ pour
unnoticed.+ ~JI- V.t. I. throw, hurl at; shoot
into. Cj ,:,.)~;:,;.+ ~L../_ = ,:,~~q.v.+.
(a firearm) at. See I. ,:,\; .~. 2. apply to (0/ a
,:, 1~ ~ 1 v. t. press, urge, spur incessantly. + _
poultice, henna, permanent, etc.). 3. dress,
cover, provide (with a frame! cover!
~.u adj, rash, hasty; thoughtless.+ j4.Ja/_
 177

,:,~ v. be rash, act hastily/ precipitately.+. vowel. + ~ •.). _ n. gram. consonant. + .Ja.. n.
•~J.P.~/ v. give (s.th.) another tty, make body, group (of horsemen); posse .
another attempt at; start all over.+ ~~j.../_ ~ tit n. youngster. Cf .uj)j .j~.+ ~ n.
v. be pricked into; be plunged into/ penetrated dimunitive form of ~ q. v. + ~.J ~ n. I.
with. + ,:,1.) ~ / _ v.t. 1. thrash away at, beat up
babes, tiny tots. 2. name ofa children's story.
by kicking (cf I . .;,b~); kick. 2. fig. ignore,
j~ dtal n. joke, kindding. See .,.;;jl$.+ j~_ adj.
reject as inferior/ unsatisfactory/ unpleasing.+
funny. See ~l$.
,:,»-~/. v. spread! rub on, apply to (e.g.
ointment) (cf I. ,:,IH";';); rub against.< ~ j.i- ~I dIik n. side-tress, kiss curl. C.! ~~.
,:,»-~.+ ,:,lJ~j.../_ v. intrude! intervene in
..s..;.; tltik n. paternal aunt. Cf J.m.+ Ij_ n.
(a conversation or s.o. else's affair).+ ~/_
cousin, paternal anunt's child. Cf IjJJX.
,:,.).,$ = ,:,L.;~ ~;.,..; q. v. + ~_ adj.
threaded into, running through;fig. ephemeral, 4 tile n. woman's jewelry. C.! 2. ..5~2 .~.
temporary.+ ,:,L.:.;S~/- v. cover (as a pillow
~ tir n. I. arrow; stake: Ilfo.loS- supporting
with a cover); put! run through (as a
stake for a screen.-~. idiom.: ,:,I.,..s" .J ~ r-i
drawstring); dip into.+ ,:,I..:.;J./- v. bring to a
.~..J ~ He insinuates and then claims
successful conclusion.
innocence. ,:,~ ..5,,--! "'-' ~ .J ~ They are
-..l tl n. fever. = li q.v.
archenemies. •~-tSl; ~.J'.) ,:,I.,..s .u r-i Once
1./ ti intj. used repeatedly as a goatsherd's cry. set, a course cannot be easily reversed. 2.
straight, narrow trenches dug in rice paddies
~ tI suffIX to certain nouns. E.g. '"'"'.J~ for inigation.- .j.~. 3. cartridge, bullet.-
Manliness. ui,,-!Ijl; Bravery. ~JI Hunger. ~. + ~-,I_ n. range of an arrow (as a unit of
~ tlya prep. combinedform oflH~ meaning: distance).+ jI-Li...:_ n. archer, bowman.+ _
in (the act! process o/); at (the state! condition IoSjl-Li...: n. archery, act! paractice of shooting
o/). + ':'J.P. / - v. i. be expended, suffer/ be ruined arrows.+ ,:,I).-t- n. barrage/ hail of arrows
in the process.+ ~ 1/_ v. expect! anticipate (,:,.);S ,:,IJ~ v. execute by shooting.+ ,:,b_ n.
from, fmd capable/ qualified.+ ,:,L-I/_ v. quiver (jor carrying arrows).+ ,:,.J,j\s..,;./_ (,,-/)
ponder/ puzzle over. + ,:,I.f-S / _ v. fish, move _.J.J .) ..s..;!.r.'.
• ..~ •••. L...!...i
only in ~.., - 4J He hits two
(one's hand or an implement) about (in search targets with one arrow. He kills two bird with
ofs.th.).+ ,:,L./_ = ,:,L.~ q.v. one stone.+ ~_ See ,:,I.)~.+ ..5j_ n. thin,
long rolling pin.+ ,:,I~.J- n. bow and arrow
u~ tiyaITo n. woman entertainer (at a night
(weapon).- ,:,I.,...sl.+ ~-'~_ = ~-,I~ q.v.+ •
club).+ ~l;... n. night club, cabaret.
~-,t./ v.t. shoot an arrow.+.} n. restr.:_
..,. L.;- tiyan n. large cooking pot, caldron. Cf 1. .JL:IoS' rill, runnel.+ ,:,L..:.o_n. beehive laterally
~ ..... + ..5..:.:- also ~_ n. small caldron! consructed. 2. topog, spur. C.! 41.. under J...+
boiler. ...s.. _ also J. _ n. spine: .::-; 1oS..s.. spinal
~ ttp n. I. letter of the alphabet. E.g. .JI.J~ column.+ JL-.- n. viper (snake).+ loS- only in
The letter 0.2. team (ofplayers, etc.); group, 1oSr-i ..;l; q. v. under ,:,l;l.
cluster, flock (cf 2. ~jS" under jS"); band (of
music). 3. mil. regiment.< 2. ~yI-. (cf.
...;;1 tir adj. full, sated, satisfied; content (cf
~). idiom. 4.J....) I.T"'".r. oW loS L$l; .;...; The
.f..-:...J 3. :;... syn. 1oS~L:).+ ~-'~._ n. gram.
 178

conented are not aware of the needy.+ ~»!r.; comical person; comedian. Cj 2. ~lS.+_
v. be full, be satified.+ ~~.;S ~ v. feed to ..sj}jo n. clown (esp. one grotesquely
satisfaction! until full. + J\;- also JI- adj. well- dressed). + ~~ _ [.;;..:r.; 1 See ~~I~ ~.
irrigated, well-watered.+ ~},i-/_ v.i. eat one's
~ liz n. nipple (on a fireann).+ (~~..s ftj v.t.
full.+ -r'..J- adj. more than one's fill (offood);
prime (a muzzle-loading firearm); fix, prepare
to one's heart's desire. E.g. ~~ ~ .t..Jr.; we for use (e.g. a hookah).+ ...S"_See ~.+ 0_ n.
danced to our hearts' desire. Cj ~..,.,;;.+_ point, tip (ofs.th. sharp). See 1. ..s~.
~J adj. more than adequate! sufficient (of
yl~ thob n. nitric acid, aquafortis: ylftj ..s;.j
s.th.); more than content! satisfied (ofs.o.).+_
bright gold.
o;j.i-o n. amount of food! size of serving that
will satisfy one person.+ ~ n. 1. fullness (of 0';""; or-; the the n. rests. (act oj) rushing!
stomach); content, satisfaction. 2. darkness (of proding (s.o.).+ ~b/ __ v.t. rush! press (s.o.) to
colour) . hUrry. Syn. ~~..s ~..J~.

.;.; ler adj. dark (of colour). Syn. I. tjj. E.g. ~ tij I. adj. sharp (of a point! edge)(syn. 2.
r.;..r.;. dark blue. '::"":".r. under / •r-t). 2. sharp, piquant, hot (syn.
r--' te! n. pair of large saddlebags of sacking ~.vi"): - ..s~.,Jo~ hot peppers. 3. adv. fast,
with side openings. Cj ;:ll~.+ 4_ n. big quickly, speedily. E.g. L..~ oI..t..s~;:"';~ He
saddlebag. C! (..ui-. quickly passsed by me. (syn. 2. 1;'».4. adj.
determined, resolute (see 2. j.JJ-I). 5. acute
tirawe n. med. gangrene; vicious!
(angle! etc.).+ (~»! r-; v. be! become sharp; be
malignant abscess.
hot; be determined.+ ~~..sr-; v.t. sharpen; make
o?-?- te!!e!e n. chameleon. Cj ji~ •...S"j..i....,J. hot in taste,- ~~..s r-; ~ ~I~).+ JI- n. alkali used
j.l.r--' tiroj n. sunlight in from a skyline in the in making soap.+ ;:lLt- adj. fast-flying (of
roof.- ~jjp":M. birds).+ ~Jo;- adj. speedy, fast-walking. Cj
I. 1;;...>.+ oy..:.~..s/- v.t. resharpen.+ 0_ n.
J.Jj1d tiroja n. oblong gusset (in a dress/ shirt)
serration, toothed adge (of a saw, etc.). + ..s _ n.
situated above the flank. Cj 2. ~~.
I. sharpness (of an edge! point). 2. hotness,
J.,.;.,.;I tera n. wild beast; ferocious animal. Syn. piquancy. 3. speed, velocity (syn. I. pSI).

j;J lej = ~ q.v.

• ..l
J.JftI tera n. bot. chaste tree, angus castus. ..sj;J lejk n. young ofa wild beast.- J.Jf.;.
o~l tire n. clan (often a number of tribal ..$..;oj;J lejeng n. a swift turbulent flow! stream.
factions belinging to one J.;; q. v.). Cj ;.;.. + _
Cj JI~..;'~.
..sy$ n. factionalism.
~ lisk n. hair (usually the long hair of
Oft""..l tire n. 1. geom. diameter. 2. long thin animals). Cj ~. I . ..s~.+ ~_ adj. hairy,
sttjpes of hide used to reinforce the sole of having much long hair, shaggy.
J.":M q.v.
&..-;i leske n. fuse (for a muzzle-loader); also
~ tiz n. tease, teasing. Cj ~lS.+ (~~..s~~ in ..$..;4.J; ~ E.g. ~jo~..s~..$..;4A;..s~..so J
v.t. tease, tantalizealso~~..so";'~).+ ;~o_n. He darted out like a bullet.
 179

~ tisu n. blue thistle. (e.g. a liquid) so as to mix. E.g. b~ 0.J.i~

j,.S ~J Stir it until it comes to a boil.+ JOJ- n.
cause of ruin! destruction! disruption (s. o. or
~ 14k n. ray, beam; spoke; light: ~jd..s- s.th.); spoiler, spoilsport.+ Ir I. adj. all,
sunlinght. (c.f ..,b~) .~..s- X-Ray.+ .:;~­ entire, whole. E.g. ;;,J";;"'iJ~ I~ They all
adj. radiant, radiating! reflecting rays or went there. 2. n. ~he (entire) lot. E.g. 4i I~
beams.+ iJll/- v.i. radiate, send out rays! ~;;,~ How much would you charge for the
beams. + 0yl-ib _ n. radiation. + JOJ _ also ..s- entire lot? (c.f ~~). 3. n. average, mean, a
adj. radioactive. typical leveV degree/ kind. C.f ,;;'o..,Li
~ t4.1J =..,.,.:.;..,; (allforms) q.v. i,--- adj. heavily built (ofs.o.).
1,I!4.ilt.....+
Syn. I. \"='.+ iJ\S..:../- V.i. be crushed! broken in.+
~ tfx n. cutting! edgy tool; blade, edge.+ 0_ n.
iJ;;'~/- V.t. cursh/ smash together.+ J\S..:..-
/. narrow wall (esp. of bricks layed sideways).
2. topog. knife-edge, small ridge. + }'p:!JO _ n. adj. crushed, smashed together, broken in.+.
partition, interior dividing wall. + iJL.:.o _ n. iJL.,..uJ/ v.i. waste away and look gaunt.+ •
ridge, crest line (of a mountain range). JL.,..uJ adj. gaunt, thin and angular.+ ..s;,;,,J- n.
restr. utter destruction, total break up/
~ tif adj. restr. smooth. + ~ _ n. spruceness
disruption.+ iJIJ~J- V.t. tear down
of the face (esp. after shaving).+ iJb ~ _ v.
completely, utterly destroy, totally disrupt.+_
spruce up, make spruce. C.f iJJ..? V"'.u-!.;.>.
jo /. adj. mixed, blended., combined (syn. I .
..s....;;
tik prep. (U'''-!+;:;) used only in compound ~ 1:.); heterogeneous. 2. adj. fraternizing,
forms oftem meaning: intol through! at each acquainted.+ (iJ~ ~ v. bel become mixed;
other.+ iJ'JU/_ v. be entangled! entwined with mingle (with).+ iJJ.....s~ v. mix, blend,
each other. + ~'JI:./_ cause. of iJ'JI:. ~ q. v. + • combine. c.f 4. o~J<iJJ..?jiS..:;;':-OJ.+ ..,'Jo_
iJJ~/ V.t. run (two things) through/ across each adj. mixed, complex, composite. + (iJ»-I J 'J.s.;;
other.+ iJ.lJ-u4.t/- v. attack! tackle each other. v. become mixed; mix! associate socially
Syn. iJ~ ~ U'~ ..J. + iJb ~ / _ V.t. incite/ cause with.+ iJJ.? J'J~ V.t. mix, combine).+ ..sJ'Jo-
(two or more) to entangle or attack each n. intermixture; complexity; bond,
other.+ iJ;;'Ir./- V.t. interlace, interpose, cause relationship, association.+ j.I....S:..;.)o_ adj. a
to cross one another.+ ""'~/_ pass of ..5,;; jumble, haphazardly mingled! mixed.+ .)0_ n.
.J;;,ll~q.v. + iJ.J.r:/- V.i. 1. be discontinued! close association! friendship. C.f ..;~l;!.I:..+_
broken up, have the continuity (of s.th.) ~Jo adj. chaotic, confused (of a situation.
disrupted. E.g. .J.r:..s:...;; iJL..-.5"olt. Our game effort. etc.).+ iJ.»J:~/- v. I. come to blows;
broke up. 2. be discomposed! perturbed; be
bicker at each other. Cf .J.J.r:Ij.! 4.t 2. be
mentally disturbed. 3. break relations! get on
entwined, twine around each other. C.f iJ')tI:..+
unfriendly terms with each other.+ ""'~/_
pass. of iJ..--;...5,;; q. v. + .,1,.,> _ adj. assembled, iJb ~/.See 2. iJb..5,;;.+ i.J~~/- V.t. knead
together.
put together.+ iJ..--;./- V.t. put together;
assemble, congregate. Cf O~J..?jS.+ iJb/- v. ~ tik n. seam (of needlework).
/. tear down, demolish, wreck, destroy (syn. I.
~ like n. /. morsel, bite, mouthful (c.f j44l);
,:,,;;,L>,J.J,?' cf iJ;;'L.:.o,J~); disrupt, break up,
roll (c.f I. JJJ4). 2. section, piece (c.f U'o.f.'
ruin. E.g. IJ..5....;; ..s&o,J~,J.J"jS He disrupted the
I. ~J~)'+ - - adj. in pieces.+ (iJJ"? ~ ~
meeting. 2. stir, pass an implement through
 180

V. teart cut into pieces). + iJ'.J/ _v. eat in big ~w timanc n. piece of cloth used in
morsels (esp. with the hand) Cl ;"J.;j$ .J.J;~'+ lengthening a grament. Cl .J.J~~'
;,,;..'j$/. See iJ'.J~.
~ tin n. intensity, degree of strength! force/
~1 til n. shooting, aiming (in the game of energy, heat (el .r..j); effect (syn. 2. .JlS").+
marbles); ';~I~~ game of marbles with (':'»1 (~)~ v. have effect! force).
two palyers sitting opposite each other. Cl
~ ting n. tonsils. See ..uJl.;.
~W~.+ (;,,~.......sH v. shoot! aim (with a

marble).+ ~_See ';~I;4I~. ~ tinu adj. thirsty. + (':'»1 ~ v. bel become

thirsty).+ ~_ n. thirst.+ ;"l$'..:.~_ v. be
W til adj. wall-eyed. Cl ~. + (;"»1 ~ v. be
quenched! satisfied (of one's thirst). + ~_
waIl·eyed).+ iftl- n. restr.: .J~~1.i out of the
,:,...LilS'..:. v. assuage thirst.
comer of the eyes.+ ;,,~_ n. insinuation,
allusion, hint. .~ thle prep. used only in certain compound
~ tlla n. pole, staff; big stick.+ .;..;_n. restr. forms meaning: at, in, on. + ;" ~ :;/_ v. wrap
(act of) beating with a stick. + ~~ IJij / _ v. around (ell. ,:,1 ~); bandage.+ ':'.»J:/- v.
thrash! beat (s.o.) with a big stick. Cl \S.JlS'.;I~ stick to, get smeared on (of s.th. liquid or
sticky); get soiled with (of one's hand, etc.).+.
;,,~.? under .;I~ '.
,:,I~/ V.t. 1. dip in, base with (oil,flour, etc.).
~ filak adj. having receding hair, bald in (cl ,:,»-ju;:,;); add to, apply more to. 2.
front. involve, cause to get mixed up in (syn .•;;;
4 tilke See 'j,!~. ':'J.J"'")$). 3. n. (act of) adding to (in a game
played with walnuts).+ .J1;~_adj. 1. added. 2.
~~ filmask n. long piecel stripe (ell.
involved, implicated.+ ,:,J..j.~/_
V.t. nudge,
~;~; small bunch (of grapes) (el 1. ~).
touch! prod gently; seek attention! wake up by
~ tilme n. small thin stripe. nudging.+ ;,,":JS/_ v. be involved, get mixed up/
embroiled (in). Syn. 2. ':'»I'k.+ ,:,;.."j$/_ V.t.
JI..I.;J t~/ege n. backpack, pack! bundle
get (s.o.) involved! mixed up (in s.th.);
arranged for carrying on the back. Cl 2. j;S".
implicate. + .J'j.$ _ adj. embroiled., in trouble,
*~ tim n. side, attitude (of a person! group mixed up.
with respect to another). Syn. 2. ~~ • Cl
~~ (under ju).+ iJ'.J/- v. take/ choose
sides (with-..s).

;L....:.; ttma, n. 1. dressing (as applied to a

wound); treatment. (el 1. .J~')'+ (;,,~.?;~ v.
dress! apply medicament (to a wound).+ .;l>_
n. clinic; hospital (see .;\j...- .. ;, under
~2).+ ~_ also;4S_ n. dresser (of a
wound).
~~1 tinumc n. tanned and dyed soft hide of
calf! sheep/ goat.
 lSI

.J.J~~ cllda n. magic, sorcery, witchcraft (syn .

.;,.u---i4.i); bewitchment, enchantment, charm.
E.g. ~j.i ~.J.J~ ~ ~l I am a prisoner of your
charm.+ j~_ n. & adj. sorcerer; crafty, subtle.+
~j Lt - n. witchcraft. + Jj4.t _ n. small metallic
case for keeping an amulet! fetish. + .;&_ n.
magician, sorcerer; charmer. C! ~.J.P..+ ~)~
n. magic; sorcery, witchcraft.+ ~I~ adj.
demon-born .
•~~ cllde n. street. Syn. ~li":'. Cj .;,~jS .-:.s-l.
~ C fifth leiter ofthe Kurdish alphabet.
)4 cllr n. J. time, recurring instance/ occasion:
~ CII J. con}. an introductory particle often ~..s- previous time * .;,1) 4 ~ the good old
used to belittle a point under discussion: so days; former times * I.$"'!I.J~ ~ last time. 2.
what? E.g. '::"~4.i Lt ~ So what, let him not
annuity, instalment (of credit, payment, etc.).
come. 2. adv. then, so. E.g. ~ ~~..r: ~ Then E.g. IJ.--eU~;:"- ~ Pay it in three
what should I do? 3. adv. then, so, instalments . ..r- L....\,; ~4.i~L...~) ~ Regular annual
subsequently. Syn. ~. 4. only in: 1.,4.i~~..r:
instalments.+ .;,'- adv. formerly, in times past;
let alone, not to mention.
previously. (see .;4.t .J4-oA.l). E.g. »'"~ .;,IJ~
..:-\,; ~ cll-IlSle adj. left behind, lagging. Syn. 4t ..u-IoJ1jP..s.;;....:. Formerly everything used to
.J~. be cheap.+ __ adv. at times, every now and
V"~~ CllplJJs adj. coaxy, sweet-talking. C! then. E.g., 1~4.i~..I"-J~)~ He drops by every
.V".ulil.oj. + ~ n. adulation, sweet talk. now and then.+ -4.t- adv. on every time/
occasion. E.g., .:..;......;~I.? J~""-t)~ It gets
I';~ cilire n., bot. thyme.+.u.....,;s.. n. wild
worse every time.+ 'J~ =)~J~q.v.+ )~.J­
thyme; marjoram.
adv. sometimes, occasionaly, once in a while.
?~ cllc;r n. sweet! confection made of honey Syn. LSlS (under lS\+ -:.sJ~l;~ adv. every now
and crushed walnuts. and then; every other time.+ ~~ only in 'J~

~~ Cllcit n. gum, resin. C!·- ':':.+ A.llJ~ n. )~~L.. often, frequently.+ -;,s.. adv. I. yet, so
bitter gum. See ....JlJ~.+ ":'j3-LSee·- .:.: far, up to now (normally used with the
negative). E.g. j~ -:.sJ~ Don't go yet. (syn. J.
~). 2. also..s:;..J~ once, one time;
~~ CIICm. n. woolen, multi-coloured, alternately. E.g., ~.J~ •..,;.J.::..L....s:;..J~ He
diaphanous fabric used as a bedspread or came once I was not here. 3. used in comb.
sleeping cover. Cj ~.J""" .~~. with Lt meaning: first, E.g. ~-:.syUfl~~-:.s;l~
t ~I CIlX n. oilcloth bag for packing tobacco. + Let me frrst see if he is there.+ .;,~_ See 3.
->J.J- n. small oilcloth bag. -:.sJ~.+ .;,~- adv. once, one time.+ .;,IJ~ A.l-;,s..
adv. once upon a time.
CIlX n. wooden wall/ partition. Cj . .;,~
-l~1 CII! n. proclamation (made by a lown
crier); proclamation, announcement;
advertisment.+ .J"4 n. announcement,
 182

communique, declaration. + ..r:- n. town crier. + ..sjJ~~ calcaloke n. spider. Cf ~jS"~.

iJl~/- v. proclaim (esp. through a town crier);
..J~ cate n. crossing point (over a stream) of
announce; advertise; fig. be unnecessarily
wooden board or tree trunk.
loud. E.g. 1~....;..,4~ He sounds as ifhe is
making a proclamation. + JU- n. proclaimer, r4 1 cam n. metallic drinking bowl. Syn. 2. .s.lt.
announcer; advocate, one who defends! Cf 1. ..,...~.+ ->Jj_ n. small drinking bowl.
maintains a cause or proposal. + iJ ":"..,1- See
r42 cam n. sheet! pane of glass (cf I. 4.!.J.,u.!.);
iJb .., 4. + iJb""..sJ I-v. denounce, inform against
mirror (see ...:.J...Jl;).+ ....;L;..,. n. shop window,
(s. 0.) pUblicly.
show window. Cf ~.,u.!.. + ~-r adj.
..,42 ca! n. empty field (esp. after harvest); also decorated with a mosaic mirror.+ iJLSA.. See
used as part of certain compound nouns. e.g. "-'~~.+ ..,.....u-lA.. adj. smooth-tongued, glib.
"'~Jiq.v.
Syn. ..,.....,).i Loj .
..,.....,4 ca!is adj. annoyed, exasperated. C.f
..;Lo~ camane n. checkered cotton cloth used in
}~ •..,.....,tJ. (iJ.w...,.....,~ v. be exasperated . ..,.....,~
men's headgear or women's dress. Syn.
iJ~'? v. annoy, exasperate). ..u'ltltl;.
jLoJ~ carmaz See jLo;4tl (under .]4/). 'L...o~1 camhaz n. trader operating on a short-
J . .

JJ.., 4 ca!Q n. waterproof plaster made of burnt term basis.+ loS- n. short-term trading. (lSjl,.A~

lime and dung ashes.+ ....;~_ adj. lined with iJ~'? v. trade on a short-term basis).
JJ.., 4 (iJ~.?"";"-I JJ.., 4 v. Iine with JJ.., ~ (of a j~~2 cambaz n. I. acrobat, circus rider. 2.
pool, cistern, etc.)+ ISJLS- n. work done with swindler; wily/ sly person. C.f ISjl.,l;.i.+ ..;L;..,.
JJ"'~ plaster. n. circus.+ A.. n., restr. only in iJ~'? tjl,.A~ v.

tJ~ care n. violin. Cf ~Lo..s. rear up, prance (of a horse). + loS- n. acrobatics
(iJ~'? ISj l,.A ~ v. perform acrobatics) .
......)~ carye (A) n. maid-servant, concubine. See
..5t~..s (under iJ..s2). .....~ came only in combinations, e.g. -..~p
q.v.
..,...»-~ casQs (A) n. I. spy. Syn. iJ1JtJ"":" 2.
foresight (of a firearm).+ loS- n. espionage.
..s~-.. ~ camemerg n. shroud (Jor a dead
person). Syn. ~.
(iJ~.;-S I.r"".u- ~ v. do spy work, work in
espionage). iJ4 can n. soul; life. Syn. I. iJl,$·+ jlt- = jl,.A~
~4 Cll! (A) n. I. donkey foal (cf ;:J.;S;.tS under q. v. + *~I,;... adj. atrocious, extremely wicked;

I. ;4S). 2. man who is given a thrice-divorced appalling, terrible.+ *Jtj- adj. unhealthy,
woman in marriage provided the original sickly; unwholesome, injurious.+ JtJA.. n.
husband lawfully remarries the woman after vicious! harm creatures. Cf I. • ~t~
the second husband has in tum divorced her. 3.
t....;..,~.<;t~~¥.
hireling, mercenary.+..5-. = I. ~~ q. v. +;.tSLo-
n. female foal of a donkey. Cf;.tSLo (under "';l;~ canane I. n. and adj. clever; cunning!
L.. 2).+ ->JJ- See I. ~~.+ ;.tSA.. n. male foal of sweet-tongued person. 2. n. dear heart,
a donkey. beloved. C.f ~l,$ ~l,$.

IS)~ cafr' n., bot. coriander. L;;,,;~ canta n. briefcase, purse; satchel, small
suitcase (cf jJlt)
 183
'.x?

~l.i.i~ can/as (E) n. canvas, sackcloth. (as a gesture at- J-i). + .:" L!;S / - also .:,,1 ~ -...,J / -
See.:,,~.::...t:.
~~~ canku~ n. sexton.

..;.:,~ cangi n. temple, either side of one's

';.r: cine n. overcoat. Syn. .;;..14.
forehead. Cj .s.;~~. {;..r: circ n., zool. rat. Cj ..>-:....+ o;..,s... See

..,...;~ caner n. kind of herb bearing small white

o;..,s&....:... .
flowers. ..;L$.;~.t: ci!cungani adj. tempermental and
J~ caw n. I. home-spun material resembling high strung. Syn. JjJD.;.w. Cj ..;1.,....:..
calico. 2. cobweb.+ o~\:'/_ v.I. set up the weft .5.r: cirk n., ointment, slave, unguent.
on a loom for weaving J~. 2. fig. be as busy as
j~.,...r: cirmucQ[ See ;:Jj:!o~.
a bee.
....J~ cawid adj. eternal, everlasting (.syn. tJ
[ .• ~,]
..J.jL$.;'?~.r: ciringandin v. tinkle, make/
o.s!~ ... ); perpetual. emit a tinkling sound.
~'? ciringe n. tinkle, sound resembling that of
.. ~ cah (P) n. dignity. Syn. .::..~.,..:..
a coin dropped.+.$.;,?'- n. sustained tinkling.
j.;.~ cahi[ (A) adj. and n. young, youthful (see
,;;:;r.:,.r: ciringin pres. stem o/the verb .:".J.j~.r:
cti.s); youth.
q.v.
~ cWe (A) n. cloak, long outer gannent open
.JD..,.....~Jf!' cl[.ucanewer n. useless! harmful
in front.
creatures (animals and insects). Cj • ~o~
cibexane n. arsenal, ammunition .JD~~.
storehouse/ train.
ISj~J.f: ci!uciyaz} n. belongings, chattles. C.I
JO~ cidew adj. & n. galled; gall. (':"»1 JO~ v. be
~.J.t. (under i): jL.J\:'~ household items!
galled (a horse), develop a saddle sore).
chattles.
r: ci! I. inti expressing sarcasm! contemp:
,j.J.jLS'J.J.?[v.;,SJ.J.?] cirQkandin v. chirp out,
bah! phoey! 2. only in ~l.a.t: q. v. + ojj.t _ inti
twitter.
expressing contempt for (s.o.) as one would
for a wild bore/ pig.+ ~l.a/_ v. feel hemmed ~J)JI: cirfike n. chirpping.+ .5J .J.i':'- n. sustained
in. See ':"»1 J~. chirpping.

~J.J.? cirQken pres. stem o/the verb ~lS'JJ.r:

,,:,.r.- cirp n. nervous! clusmy movement or act. +
q.v.
.J- adj. fidgety, nervously active; clumsy.+_
":'.P--J See '::")";.r:. ';""'-.r: cirit n. javelin.+ ~jlt- n. javelin practice/
excercise (as afield event).+ .;;.,. See ISj~-.r:.
'::".r.- cm n. nervous jumpy movement, fidget.+
.::..;oiJ - n. fidgety/ nervous way of doing things. ~-.r: cirike =~JJ.r: q. v.

(':"»-1 .::..;oi";.r: v. go about (s.th.) in a fidgety ,jJ....iI-",-.r:L:,..;.."..-.r:] ciriwandin v.t. I. twinkle,

way).+ oft-a ... See :.}~Oft-a. glimmer, shine with intermitent gleams. 2.
twitter, chirup .
.::..r: cir.t n. raspberry (0/ the rude sound made
through the mouth). + .:".J.j~ / _ do the raspberry 0r'-.r: ciriwe n. I. twinkleing (as o/stars. etc.) 2.
twittering (0/ birds).+ J-'~ n. sustained
 184

twinkling; continued chirping! twittering.+ _ ~ eivpers. stem ofthe verb,j~ q. v. +_

,;;ul v.I. twinkle, glimmer, scintillate. 2. ul n. assembly; society (.ryn. 1. ~jS under
twitter, chirp. .,;51)+ ,j.L.iL~] v.t. heap up, lay in a heap;
';';..J"..? eiriwln pres. stem ofthe verb ,j,.\jly..? assemble, convoke (.ryn. 1. °~~';.,;5 under
q.v. .,;51).+ ~I_ n. lecture, discourse (given before
an audience. closs. etc.).+ ,jl.!-[~] v.i. meet,
,jl~~ ei1.dan n. wallet, billfold, money bag!
get together. Syn. o"';.w,jS (under jSl).+.:r-- n.
purse. Cf \;;.;~.
meeting, gathering. Syn. o"';.J,JJ...? Cf ...?
,.\j...
~~ ciun (A) n. one of the thirty equal parts into
~ clvin pres. stem of the verb ~~ q. v.
which the Quran is divided; book, major
division of a treatise/ literary work (cf 2.
~ I ciqe n. name of a small bird.
u~ .... li .jJoJ •.sJo~).
~2 eiqe n. plume/ tuft on a headdress .
....~ ciune n. boots. Syn. ~'l. C.! ....s~
~~.-J~. ~ cig n. concave side of a knucklebone- ~
q. v. + ;:';1_ See ~. + ..:...:....J... n. knucklebones
oW...tJ.J..? eizllbmd n. bookbinding. (,j~'; ~J.J..?
game.
v.I. bind (a book).+ fon. bookbinder.
~ eige conj. except, excepting. (,j~'; ~ v.
O~ eize n. 1. meat (nursery word). 2. sizzling! except, take out, take exception (to). Cf
frizzling sound. Cf 1. o?.+ :;:_ n. continued ~.+ i~ adj. left out, excluded.+ JOJ- n. '"
sizzling sound.+ ,;;~/_ v.i. sizzle, burn! fry exception, special case.
with a hissing or sizzling sound. ~ eiger n. 1., anat.liver=..$p'. 2. fig. flesh
~ eisn adj. I. of pure origin! sound character. and blood (referring to one's child).+ ~:;._
2. authentic, genuine, original. Cf ~IJ (T) n., bot. rock lichen. + ~ n. ~fo.~
(under ..::-I/) . ..sL.~. 2. ~l. 3. n. origin. (under I.,.j).+ »-
adj. sincere, true (cf
Cf ~I~.+ ul_ n. origin. ~~); devoted, loyal.+ ,j\;»-I_ See ..$.;4J':
,j\;.v-.
~ ei¢tni n. name of a good breed of
horses. O~ eigere n. cigarette.+ ~_ n., obs.
..sJ~ ei¢dok aromatic herb put between cigarette seller (esp. of one who also made the
clothes for fragrance and protection trom cigarettes by hand). Cf ~.w.+,j~}~See
moths- 4i1.Jj.t. ,jL.:.;S oA.+ ~ See ~ ofo..+ ~j)- n.
cigarette vendor.+ ~ n. smoker (of
~ eig n. 1. circular base used in the game of
cigarettes).+ ,jL.:.;S.. v.i. smoke cigarettes.+ _
~~ q. v. 2. circle. Cf 2. 4ijlt.+ ,:,;. n. kind of
;:"...:;s n., restr. used only in the standard expr.:
ballgame.
~ ofo...so,.\jo"'; In no time (Iii. as long as it
~ eift = 1. u~q.v. woold take to smoke a cigarette), In ajiffy.
~ eifte n. tweezers (e.g. a watchmalcer's ~ eil also ~ n. clothes, clothing, apparel,
tool). Cf ~~ (under ~). attire (.ryn. 2. ..$.;4i, 2.~lS . ..51.!..;...>; saddle cloth!
cover (jar certain animals). (,j~.".s ~ v. have
eifteqiuntr n. thin-woven, high-
1
quality kind of ~k q. v. clothes made/ tailored.).+ .J-'...r.I- v. cut out
clothes, be measured for a suit! dress. E.g.,
 185

.;...~ .:.....S4Jli!.SaS When are you going to have chain or rein; control, direct, influence. + }_
your suit cut! tailored?+ 0-'-./ _ n. occasion adj. preventive, deterrent. + ~} / _ V.I. prevent,
attended by woman alone when a tailor visits a head off, stop, thwart.+ ".$_See ~~.+ _
bride's home for measuring and selecting her !.S".$ n. prevention, restraint, discouragement. +
trousseau- !.S; ~ q. v. + .Li4.i _ n. suitease. Cf
\).LilS-...;~/ _ V.t. warn, caution, exhort,
jJLt.+ },.>_l. adj. ill-dressed. 2. n. traditional
admonish.+ \)l.:.;Sj-../ - See \).LilS4J j-..~.
educated elite.+ ..s;,..;b_ n. wardrobe,
trunk/closet for keeping clothes. Cf ~. + _ ~ cim n. movement, move, motion (cf
JJ.)~ See JJ.)J5~. + \)JJ.)~ / - v. make clothes, ",j~).+ \)I-(~] v.i. move, stir, budge (syn.
tailor material for c1othing.+ ;;;._ n. domestic \)~~); pulsate; make a move.+ \).LiL [~]
laundress, washwoman; washing machine.- V.t. move, set in motion, budge. Syn. \).Li'J.J.P-'
L.i\,...:..+ as..ij..!_ n. place for washing; laundry 2. mobilize, marshal. + \)b _ v. make a move,
room; flat wooden bat used in washing (syn. budge, shift. + ~_ also"; _ n. merrymaking,
..5.;"N4S).+ .)LS_ n. work c1othes.+ ..5.)4IJ-n. gay/ festive activity.+ ..$j_ n. small joint (of
clothes, clothing. + ~J- n. old articles of the body).+ .;.,~ _ adj. thronged, crowded,
clothing. Cf 1-!,.J1';". packed.+ ..$_ n. joint (of the bo~).+ ~J- n.
~ ci!Ji! adj. clumsy, gauche, bungling. Cf bustle, stir, hum; noticeable/ conspicuous
movement or activity.+ 1_ n. crowd,jam. + ,_
.Jo'''?''
~l.a v. be jammed! jam-packed! serried (e.g. a
~ ci{q n. small copper coin used during the room).
period of the Baban rule; mite, farthing, s.th.
~ elmk n. twin (of human! animal
of practically no value.+ \)t.:.;./- v., restr. used
offspring). Cf ...;1 JJ~' (under JJ~ I). ...;1- n.
only in the expression: ~li ~ It is hardly
Gemeni.
worth anything. It is not worth a farthing.
~ eime pres. stem ofthe verb \)~ q.v.
~ cilga n. kind offish-,-,"",L.. q.v.
~ cimin pres. stem of the verb \).Li ~ q. V.
~ cile n. species of big turtle. Cf ~Id .j......"s.
~I cin n. genie,jinn.+ aSj_ n. goblin. Cf J.
I~ cilq,i!e n. a species of floating algae. CJ
~.
Ij"':;.
~2 cin pres. stem of the verb ~ q. v. + JI.)-
~ ci{ew n. chain (in a bridle) (cJ ""':'Id); one
line ofa horse rein (cf Jl.Ll. syn. .)L.p).+ )~_
adj. chopped, diced, minced. + .:r- _[~] v. t.
chop, cut into small pieces, mince.
n. caravan master/ leader; elite, vanguard,
leading group/ force. etc. E.g. )~~!.So~)j..~ .;,~ cingane n. gipsy. Syn. ~IP '~JlS.
Ruling elite.+ .;,I)~_adj. elitist.+ \)l.:.;SI.)/_See
~ cingiz also A adj. overbearing,
I~} ~.+ \)~.J j:./_ V.t. loosen control over
imperious, lordly.
and spoil (a child); give rein (to- j.t), Cf \)I~
~ cine", n. abuse, curse, vilification.+ _
'J~I~4.i (under \)b\+ ,;•.;L n. holder of the
\)~},.;./ v. be abused, be subjected to cursing!
leading reins (in a caravan); controller, holder
of authority/ command! etc. + ~ _ n. control, vilification.+ \)b/_ V.t. vilify, hurl abuse (al-
authority/ ability to regulate and intluence.+_ ;,r.), use abusive language. Cf ~ fo. .;,I~ .+-

\)~/ V.t. lead! pull (an animal) by a curb ";j) adj. abusive, having a foul mouth.
 186
I~

~l co n. barley.-~,.). idiom.: j..,a 1}J'!.)4.!~ 4J.s adj. cute and little. E.g. -.J~I~~L:... A
-;;..;.$4,j He can do the impossible.+ ,~_ n. cute little baby.+ ._j~_ also ~_ See
name of a bird resembling the house sparrow. ....u..s;;1~.+ JJ- n. foal (colt! filly). Cj ..s~.+_
Cj ..s-.Jk.+ ~_ See I . .:"L.~.+ ~I.)_ n.
~.JJ n. colt, young male horse.+ .5JJJ - n.
name of a grass resembling barley. + .:"b _ n. small foal.+ .;r.L..JJ- n. filly, young female
molar tooth of single-hoofed animals; black horse.+ 'JJj'- n. acne. Syn. ~'j~.+ lS_ n.
mark on a horse's tooth (as sign ofage). + _
three-year-old bull calf. Cf ~..)4 ,~,;...,!.+­
J'J.) n. season of barley harvest.+ .)J,j- n. peak
.$.;4-A' adj.: having died young (.:,,»!.$.J"-A ~I~
of barley harvest season.+ .:,,1.)J'j- n. (month oj)
v. die young).+ IS- n. beauty, good looks;
June.+ ,~_ n. barley the grains of which are
youth; prime of life.
not fully developed.+ ~_ = ,~~ q.v.
Jlil~ cuwanaw n. cold sweat. Cj J'Jl;I.+-
~1 co n. canal.+ JI- n. runnel. Syn. -.J&~.+ J~­ .:"bJu/ also ij..;,d/- v. break out in a cold sweat.
n. I. major stream. 2. fig. mainstream, the
prevailing direction! influence. n. I. ...s _ ~~ cu~ke See~.

irrigation! drainage canal. Cf ~;;. (under b~ cuda adj.: different, varying. Syn. jIJ~'
.;....2), jlid.). 2. stream, body of moving water.
.J.iI!' cor n. kind, sort, type (syn. ~. cf I.
Cf J ltJJd' 2. -;;j. + -.J& _ n. streamlet, runnel.
~); way, manner (syn. 1. ,.,;.:.); quality, trait,
idiom.: .:..LSL; J..;.I L....),.) -.J&~ Petty attacks will
property.+ ~JI-
adj. of different kinds,
not destroy true character.+ ii-4tj..,a/- v. build
diverse, distinct.+ __ adj. of different types!
a runnel/irrigation canal; dig a canal. + jL. _ n.
kinds! sorts. + l.., _ n. all sorts! kinds. I.S- adj.
silt-cleaning; process of cleaning and repairing
(a runnel, canal or waterway). (.:".)}"jL.~ v. qualitative.
clean from silt; clean and repair (a canal). ~ cur adj. male as used in combination with
yl~ cuwab (A) n. answer. See I. tJ-~ 'rIJ'J' the article ,to form certain compound nouns,
e.g. j~,~q.v.+ jlta..n. male hawk. Cf jltl.+_
- 1
.r--"~ cuwamer
adj. & n. brave, gallant,
,.)I}~, n. name of a bird with bright
chivalrous; gentleman, cavalier. + 4,j1_ adv.
plurnage.+ J~'-
n. man's man, he-man.+_
gallantly, chivalrously.+ I.S- n. gallantry,
4,jJ~' n. skylark. + ~,_ n. male partridge. See
chivalry.
~,;;, (under ;;.1) .
.:"I~ cuwan adj. pretty, beautiful, good
J»!~ curbar n., zool. pheasant.
looking, handsome. (cf .i.j.JI, .:,,~oI.S); young
(see ~....st). (':"J.H .:"I~ v. be pretty/ good ..s~ cork n. bag, sack. See ~'J~'
looking; be young.+ .:".)}" .:"I~ v. beautify, make
4,j~ cur.ne n. 1. built-in and elevated basin
pretty, embelish.+ ~_ adj. generous,
in a public bath used for mixing hot and cold
openhanded.+ ..;.~_ adj. elegant! alamode/ water for bathing. 2. tap, water-cock.
fashionable (in appearance! dress). Cf
.~ cure n. lark. Cj ~J"jS .~ .
.:"L.IJu.+ c.r.~- n. elegance, polish, style.+_
S4 adj. young and good looking. + jl'p _ adj. IS~ co" n. species of marigold flower. Cf
aesthetic.+ ISjl,.,....- n. aethetics.+ ISJLS- n. ~~ (under .:-..:}) , J .~
lM" _ ....
innovation, creativity, inventive imagination!
I»,~ cozbuwa n. nutmeg.- :;...,!.
skill. Cf .:" t.:;.b. + ~ _ adj. cute, attractive. + _
 187

.'-"::""p. custuco n. continued effort! search. Cj .JL-J~p. cumgllwslln comb. form of ~p.
~j,J~ ,j"... ,..r~~. joint+ .JL-JI,; swelling, inflamation: n, med.
arthritis.
~p. custe n narrow hemline embroidery (esp.
on 1".5 q.v.). ~.J"-I.'- come,d = .,,;.Ip. q. v.

..r~ CO! I. n heat, boiling point; heat (of ..s....:.p. cung n goose, poke between the
bailIe, enthusiasm, etc.) (see I .....A. 2. See buttocks. Syn. j./. (.)~~ D~..s:...;P. v. t. goose,
poke (s.o.) between the buttocks. Syn. D~..ii
..r~",;,-:,;,. 3. n. welding . ..r.'-.J4>. 4. adj.
firmly in contact, touching. 5. pres. stem of the .J~,j under ) .
verb ~.P. q. v. (.J»-I..r~ v. be fundy in
&5.:.p. cunge n. low sharp sound (as of air
contact with- j.&otJ.+ .J~,j..r.'- v. weld, unite by
escaping from s.th. light) (.J~.;oS J..:.p. v.
heating; put firmly in contact.).+ .J~)~/- v.i.
produce a low sharp whistling sound).+ ..$..;p._
be thorougly heated, reach the desired heat!
n continued! sustained .s..:,p. q. v.
temperature.+ .)IJ/_ V.1. heat, make warm! hot;
wann up, make lively (e.g. aparty). + .J;.;,..... I- ,-,",.P. coni n. mortar made of wood/stone. Cj
v. i. get excited, effervesce, show liveliness! jjl.
exhilaration; heat up, get very hot (see JL.;
.;,.W-). Cj ..r~~~.+ .J- adj. excited,
~l elJ also .sotJJ,P. n Jew. adj. Jewish.+_
.JlS'otJ n Jewish quarter! neighbourhood.
ecstatic. + ..rJ~J - n. excitement, frenzy,
1
thrill.+ .;n- (..r.P.] v.i. heat up, boil. ~ eli pres. stem ofthe verb .JJ,P. q. v. + JI J -
adj. chewed, masticated.+ ~] v. chew,
~I.;tp. clq'lIftyll (E) n. geography. Cj
masticate.+ D~_ V.I. chew up, gnaw, damage
c"r-l.:...JDj: ~~ physical geography -
as if by chewing. <D"...J,P. 4.-i.
*":'J.~\S regional geography.
u ~ clit J. n. pair, two corresponding things;
JP. coq n. yoke (for harnessing draft animals).
pair(of oxe.n, mules, donkeys used in
..:l.'- coqne n name of a very small bird. ploughing)- .J~. 2. adj. even (of numbers).
Cj I . ..s1;. 3. adj. closed, shut. Syn. JI~D~.+
.5.'- coge See under .'-2.
(.J»-IU~ v. couple (of animals); come close
~ col n name ofafodder grass. together; become shut! c1osed.+ .J~,j UJ,P. v.
~~ colli n. weaver.+ ~_ n. cobweb.+ 4S!- n couple, unite (of animals) in sexual union; put
closely to each other (e.g. pair ofshoes); close
weaving, weaver's trade; textile (industry).+_
(double doors, booles, etc.) (cj .Jb D"";'j;
D~n. spider.
plough, work! make (e.g. a furrow) with a
...~.'- colane also :.,."'1.'- n swing, swinging plough. + ....;L n. annual tax levied on each pair
of plough exen.+ vJJJ~l:,I- v. plough. Syn.
cradle. Cj ~.+ (.J~,j:;'~'p' v. ride a swing,
swing (on a suspended rope, seat, etc.). ~~ u~.+ .JloW.t- n. rutting season, estrus.+_

r~ com n. rift; crevasse in a mountain or

)~ n. fanner, yeoman. Cj J~J,P..+ ,j.$'r adj.
bigeneric. + JI,j - adj. paired; closed. + vJ} I_v.
highland where water has cut through.
pair off (of animals).+ IJ - adj. congruous,
4luP. Com~ (A) n. Friday. See ~~.
congruent.+ ..r-1J- n. congruence.+ D_ I. n.
kick of an animal with both hind legs. Cj j,JotJ.
 188

-;:;"""':"Jl. 4"j.J.P.. 2. pair, twin; double:..saJ.J.P. r~.:.u.S.J.P. As much as one peep from you
.:,,1.J4- cronies, two intimate companions. 3. and 1 will have you silenced.+ ~I- [~.J.P.)
also. Persian coin equivalent to two .:,,1.}2 q. V. v. chirp; twitter.+ .:,,_ adj.: whinny,
4. <4..:;.J.P. ~ (under ~. .l).+~~. _ n. seam whimpering.+ u--.r- I -- V.t. reduce to silence,
reinforced with a patch (in cobbling).+ vJJ~'­ restrain from making even a peep. Cf J. ~
n. gram. diphthong.+ jw.._ n. colon ':"J.J. + ..5.J.P.' - n. continued J.S.J.P. q. v.
(punctuation marlc).+ .;I.,...s".- n. brackets (jor
~.J.P. clikin pres. stem of the verb .:"J,jlS".J.P.
enclosing words).+ .:"b..)/o- v. kick with both
q.v.
hind legs.+ ..)~._ n. agronomy.+ 4i4.lJ ._ n.
~.J.P. clik' n. sorcerer (esp. one who makes
continued kicking with one or both legs. + _
amulets or writes charms). Cf jl{JJJ~.
.:"J,jL:..J/. v. kick/lash out with both hind legs.+
. .
.;,;...:.oJ' - adj. discourteous, rude, impolitely ':"~.J.P.t,J.J.P.] culan v.i. move, move about (syn .
blunt! brusque.+ ~Jl./._See ~I..!.oJaJ.J.P..+ 1. I.J~); stir, change position/posture (cf
.J~- n. ploughman normally hired on a yearly ~JJ~)'- J.J.P.'+ 'J. 1- v.i. stir, budge; increase,
peasant: ~
1 move up (e.g. in price).
basis. (cf "';..j.JIJ under .iJoJ );

.:"I.J~.J.P. the peasantry (cf .J~'+ '.JIt- n.

. .
.;,.a..i~.J.P.L:,;J~] clilfurdin V.I. move, change the
name of a flower.+ ..s.J~- n. occupation of place/ position (of). Syn. .:"J,jIJJ~' 1. .:"J,j~.+.
ploughing for pay (':"J,.,5 ..s.J~.J.P. v. work as a 'J' V.t. stir, cause to budge/ move.
ploughman). • 2
.~'J.J.P. clilanew n. movement, motion;
.»J':.J.P. cudi n. nursery expression: small being
ambulatory motion. Cj •~J.JjI.
(an animal, insect, etc.).
<I..I.J.P. clile n. movement, action, activity (cf
~.J.P. dice I. n. chicken. C.! 4.l~.J.P. 2. See
~4); a move, a particular instance of
.»J':.J.P.. + '»3- n. chicken dish prepared with
moving (cf .ji).+ (':"J.J 4.l.J.P. v. make a move,
unripe grape juice.+ 4.J_ n. chick, newly
budge, s~ir (mostly used in the negative) E.g.,
hatched baby chicken. Cf ....s'j)o/ '(Z.JJ~'
~....s'.;,u.J.P.
Don't you move!.+ j~_ n.
idiom.: ~ ~ ~J ;:sj,S~ .j~.J.P. He continued movement, sustained motion. Cf
throws away what he earns through drugery. I_v. t. animate, vitalize,
j~~. +i.i--.->;";

~.J.P. cu~ik See J~.J.P.'- ..5....:..-J"'. enliven; activate.+ ~yA-..S~/_ v. be

animated/enlivened; be activated.
j.J.P. cliz See ..5.:.~.
~~ <I..I.J.P. cfileme,esi n. game played with
.j.»J': cuze n. sharp whinny sound.+ j.J.P.- n. knuckle bones.
continued .j.»J': q.v.+ <1..1_ See 4.l.jJJJ (under . .
~.J.P. cule pres. stem of the verb iJ ~.J.P. q. v.
JJJI).
v:;J.J.P. culin pres. stem ofthe verb iJJ,j~.J.P. q. v.
~.»J': cu~ n. side shoot growing from the
ground level, sucker. ~ cuwe adj. separate, apart; different (see

..5~ cuk also.5.J.P. n. I. chirp, twitter; gabble, jIJ~)'+ .~»d- v. be separated, go in

chattering sound. 2. peep, cheep, slight different directions, take leave of, part. + __
utterance (esp. of complaint! protest).+ (J.SJ~ adv. separately, apart. Syn. ~ (under .. h +
I.JJ,.,5 v. let out a chirp/ peep. E.g., ~~ J.S.J.P.
 189

~_ adj. varied, divergent, different. Cf JIJ~ cedwel (A) n. chart, table. See...::..:.>.
jIJ~'+ 1y4J~.JI- v. separate, set! keep apart.
~ ce! n. screw. Syn. ,J.JJ.Ji.+ ..I'~~_ n.
~..P. cuwln =;;;.:.: (all forms) q. v. screwdriver.+ ~&..;..,.J- n. press. (hand
operated pressing device).
*~ ceh n. place, locality; spot. Syn. I. ~.+_

~ adj. local.+ ~}_ n. substitute. Syn. 1. Ij4...U~ cerbe1.e adj. impetuously active/
energetic, enterprising, on the go;
...;w..Ji' rambunctious (cf ~l.J..Il.).+ ui-_n. enterprise.
\S..I~ cebari n. gum tragacanth. Cf • I~&
- ....... ~~p. cerxetli See .;,1~}Jl;.
~.

.~~ cerde n. highwayman, brigand, highway

~ cebr (A) n. Algebra.
robber; pirate. C.f I. j~1 .,.J,.,~.+ ..r-.- n.
CebruyH n. Gabriel (one of the highway robbery; piracy.+ (.;,~~ ui-'~~ v.
Archangels). commit highway robbery/ piracy) .
..;~ cebilxane n. munitions, ammunition. .$~ cerg n., anat. liver. = I. fo. and 2.
Cf ";,,,u.;. Syn. 4.i~. ~.+ IJ".,-,I- adj. fed up, bored, pressed and
~ cebe I. n. exemption, immunity; pardon, annoyed. + (.J.J..HIJ"JJlS~ v. be fed up/
excuse, discharge. 2. adj. unruly, stubborn (of bored).+ .;,b JI.:/- See ~..f..$p.,+ .;,L..Jl;/_ v.i.
animals). Cf 1. ~~.+ (';'.b/ ~ v. be exempt be annoyed! exasperated. + r - adj.
(from- ...J). E.g. ~~.;,b~lt...J He is exempt rending; penetrating and effective; deadly,
from paying taxes.+ .;,~.;S ~ V.t. exempt; fatal (see 1.L.:....!...,s>.+ ~..f.1 _ V.t. hurt! distress
pardon). + JI.J _ adj. exempt, immune. deeply (as with a penetrating word or
remark); deal a fatal blow (to cf .:;..:...,s>.+-
I~ cebere n. bitterly cold spell of weather. 1y.j.Jjlj~1 See ~..f. .$~.+ I~- adj. heart-
Syn. "'J-JL..J"-.+ ';'.JjIJ.i.I- V.i. dip into water rending, heartbreaking.+ .;,1:;.»--1_ v. be grief-
(of a spa"ow as an indication of the coming stricken, be deeply distressed (esp. by the
ofa very cold spell). death of a close one).+ JI:;""...- adj. grief-
~ cebq n. watermelon. Syn. ~.,o-!.. stricken, sick at heart.+ r:tU- adj. gutty,
fortitudinous. Cf r:tlJJ~'+ J\;~J-n. one's
4JI~~ cetreqe n. kind of 1;.,J..,s' q. V.
inside/ entrails/ inner organs. (hence J\;~"sp'
j~ cecal (A) n. the Antichrist.+ .;,L..j&a/_ v. I""";.b/ ~ v. feel empty/ drained! enervated
cornel appear (of the Antichrist). (due to ashoc/c, startle, etc.).+ I_n. 1. centre,
..I~ cextlr n. grief, sorrow. See I)~ •.:..U~. midst, thick. Cf 4.A~. 2. centre, place in!
around which an activity concentrates. Cf
~ cext n. 1. second or more sneezing
.;,I..I.,!...... ~ •..s,~.
(believed to counteract the unfavourable omen
of a single sneeze). 2. persistent effort. Cf I. JI:;.~ ceretaw n. dirty water (from washing,
';-':";$. < ~.+ (.;,~~ ~ V.t. confirm, bathing, etc.). Cf J~'
corroborate, substantiate). + i,-S _ adj.
1.I.r~ cer'de (A) See .... \;~j~.
confirmed, substantiated. + .;, L:;. I-v. i. sneeze
two or more times.+ A- adj. corroborative, u-p' cerime (A) n. fme, penalty. (.;,~.J ~ v.
supportive, confirming. fine, charge with a penalty).- .;,IJI:;.
 190

Ij~ cez,a (A) n. punishment. See I;.... C.! ~J'. ,:,...i~ cefen n. fable, narration intended to
reinforce a useful truth. Cj..s~ .,:,I;;..h+_
4..ftn~ ceuebe n. blow, s.th. painful inflicted.+
ftt adj. fabulous, ficticious, imaginary.
,:,b"'..r.l. also ,:,;.;ltJ:.,.1 _ V.t. strike painfully
(e.g. a misbehaving child); administer a blow ~~~ celatfn (E) n. gelatin.
to. Cj ,:,;';IJt.r-~.
~~~ celad (A) n. executioner.
j~ cezo also tJP (A) n. coffeepot (esp. one
..Ll~ celd adj. energetic, brisk and
for brewing Turkish coffee).
enterprising.cft~ .
• JJj~ cez(; n. fleece. ,J~'
....;..J~ ce!:xe n. half-lap joint (carpenter's
,:,~ cejn n. festival, feast: ,:,Ij.......u- Ramadan
1001).+ .... _ adj. tacky, slipshod, sloppy.
feast .jL-,J~ New Year celebration _
,:,~ Greater Bairarn, Feast of Immolation .u~ cele n. flock, herd (esp. ofcattle lined up
celebrated on the 10th day of ~..i q. v. _ and tied logether. (,:,~~ ~~ v. line up and tie
• jjJ~ Nawroz festival, Kurdish national together) .
day.+ (,:,~~,:,~ v. celebrate a feast. Cj 4.t~~ ~ celeb n. cattle or other livestock bought
,:,~).+ ,:,1_ I. See ,:,l,;~Jl; (under )\.,.2).2. n. for resale.+ ~_ n. one who trades! deals in
occasion! time of a feast. + <l.iL n. money given such line.+ ;I~_See ~~.+ ,J_adj. shoddy,
to one's children (or others) on a feast day; cheap (of merchandies bought in bulk or at
present exchanged during a feast. + 0 _ n. non- random), motley, promiscuous. (cj ..... td4A;
Moslem feast. + 0jj~. _ n. feastlholiday summary, performed uneeremoniously.
greetings (wrillen or verbally exchanged: .r~ cem prep. at, near, close to. Syn. I. uS~
tjj~t_~JLS greeting cards. (,:,~~ tj~<I.i~
v. exchange feast! holiday greetings (with- cemat (A) n. group, crowd,
~~); say/ present feast greetings (to.~).+_ congregation. See .~ .~t~.j} :.:..L..~~"";
.u~. n. name of a Jewish feast. + t.r.:JUt- n. jujS group/ congregation prayer.
passover, Easter. C.! ~.r...s.+ ~}It_v.
,JjL..~ Cemazl only in: Jt.,...:Jti.OL..~ fifth
celebrate a non-Moslem feast.
month of the Islamic lunar year *?l.:Jti.OL..~
~ ceste n. 1. family, species; type, sort. E.g. sixth month of the Islamic lunar year.
;I~.r'~,J~ vertebrate family. 2. plight,
~ L..~ cemaie also ~ L..~ n. gable roof.
circumstance, condition (only in expressions
of sympathy for or anger against s.o.).~ rL..~ cemam adj. feeling or having spasmodic/
,:,~~ (under ._/). (,:,~,.,.)~ V.t. twitching pain (of the body, esp. as the result
sort/classify into species, families, etc. 3. of fatigue). (':'J..HrL..~ V.i. have/ feel a
body. corpus.+ __ adj. & adv. various, twitching pain. cj ,:,I:-tJ.,.$~ under ./).+ ,J-
assorted; variedly.+ i,-S _ adj. sorted! n. spasm! twitching pain or ache due to
classified (into species, etc.).-~~;4i. fatigue.
JtJL..~ cemawer n. groupl crowd (of people) .
•~ cesd ad). mobile, movable; changeable,
Cj 2. j....jS (under jSl).
variable.
~~ cet;be n. & adj. cartridge clipl charger; ~~ cemser n. & adj.: meeting point, point
clipful (of rounds! shots fired). where two ends contact! meet; pole (cj ~);
 191

connected.+ ~.JI _ v. polarize, concentrate pugnacicus. Cf ,""I~.+ ift- (~l v.i. war,
about conflicting position.+ I.S~ _ n., pol. engage in warfare.
polarization; phys. polarity. ~ cengel also .;,U~~ n. thick forest
,""I~~~ cemedanf = ..,;L.~ q.v. (cf .;,l:....)J under )J I); jungle (see •• ::).+ I.S-
adj. dwelling/living in the jungle.
yl.i~ cenab n. fonn of respectful address:
(your) honour, honourable! E.g. ~l.i~ You ~~ cengene adj. immoral, loose, reprobate.
Sir. ~ .;,~l.i~ May I have the honour of ~ cew n. shears. See I . .s.;JI. + .r-_n. one who
knowing who you are? shears animals, shearer.
j~~ cencal I. n. large, disorganized crowd! jlp. cnltll n. grain bag! sack made of goat hair
throng. 2. adj. preoccupied, engrossed; or spun woolen yam. Cf?-.
immersed (cf ..s....-.P).+ I.S- n. preoccupation,
engrossment, business. .;,I~I cewan =.JI.~q.v.

~~ cencer. n. I. thresher (thick cylindrical ·1.~1 cewan n. one who reaps! harvests rice.
"'~
piece of wood with ax-head-like teeth used in See ~jS'.
threshing). 2. pulley (for the rope and bucket
over a well). 3. the metal poles on both ends of .;.,.I~ cewaher n. jewel. Cf I. p.,&.+ ,;;,~_
~J.J~ q.v.+ .;,1-,0- n. person operating a adj. bejewelled.
thresher.
..;..~ cewt n. acorn cup, cupule. Cf -'-'r..
.......J~ cendirme (E) n. armed policeman;
..5.;p. cewtlk n. large leather bag. Cf ..$~.
constable.
j~ CnlZ n. gall-like fruit used for medicinal
O.Jo.l,j~ cendere n. pressing machine! instrument
(esp. onefor gluing and pressingfabric). puposes.
~~~ cewseq n. much travelled road. Cf
*..so.l,j~ cendek body, corpus. Syn. 3. ~.
Cf J..J ,S'J.s. l$:;..) 'i"llJ.;., ;;!~ (under~I).

.s.;~ ceng n. I. war, battle. anned conflict: I.S- ..snr: cihii! n. nosebag. Syn. ~l,;I.S..so.J.vJ .

~O-,-,J,",,~ World War II *~4.S~,",,~I.S­ 0.J0~ cewere n. difficult! trying times. C!

World War I *1.S.Jo~L>I.S- the Crusades _ ~.
*~..s-,~ civil war.
Cj 1"':". idiom.: ..s..;~
o';;'o~ cewende n. skin water bag.
;;~';I)J';;~~-, o~o-,I»SThe latecomer
pretends that he is in the thick of things. 2. ~~ n. I. essence, substance, gist;
cewher
tumult, uproar. clamour. See I~ . 3. pres. propriety, seemliness.< ~~ (under 4./)
stem of the verb iJ:$.;4.JI: q. v. + .JD-,1_ adj. ''p-,~}~ . 2. sheen, gleem (on a watered
warlike, ready and equipped to fight; steel edge). 3. chemical dye.+ )J_adj. having
bellicose.+ ';'.J.J-I ~/- v.t. wage war, begin an a sheen (of a watered steel edge).
anned conflict.+ ~l.i_ n. war epic.+ .;,\;;....0-,- n.
I.S~ cewi n. gum arabic (cf o"';.$); resin,
cease-fire, suspension of active hostilities.+_
mucilage (cf ..,:.;.......) .
.;,,;;,t-o-,I v. order! effect a cease-fire. suspend
active hostilities.+ 0_ n. height, zenith; climax. ~.....;~~ cehenem (A) n. hell. See tojjJ.+ ..,;.IJ_
C! ~~ ,";"01~ '&.J~. + I.S - adj. quarrelsome, (T) n. nitrate of silver (as used in medicine).
 192

~ cehel (A) See ~~,~& ,jl)I". Syn. 2. ~.+ ~_ 1. adj. vice, deputy; acting.
E.g., ...sj;~";~ vice president. 2.
• ~ cehek n. cucumber. Syn . .J.J;L; ,;l.!.~.
successor.+ ~}/_ v. 1. replace, take/ fill the
.,",,~ cihibuni n. lonliness. Syn. 1J!!~A,j. place (0/-..;).2. get! take a place, book! reserve
.:..IJ!~ ceyran n. gazelle. C.f ~L;. a place, seat, etc. 3. be proper/ suitable (of an
action, utterance).+ I~}/_ V.1. succeed, fill
~~ ceynik n. curled lock of hair (esp. on a in the place of and prove to be a worthy
young boy). substitute (as ofa son succeeding his deceased
father). + z.sS~ - n. frequent shift/change of
;:r.. ce n. 1. place, location, spot, site = 1. ~.
place or position.+ &_ = ~ q.v.+ ':"J.J ~;&/_
< ~,~. 2. bed. E.g.,~I.)~Heisin
See .JJ.J J.~ ~. + .,.$ _ adj. deep-seated, firmly
bed. = 2. ~. (.:..J....s~ v. leave a mark!
established; in place/ position, fitted. ~
impression on (s.th. which has been slept on
or sat upon).+ tJ'...JI-n. scar.+ I~»I/_ V.i. have .JJ.J-I v. be firmly established (c.f .:..1;j4.otb under
room, have ample space (to sit in!fit intol etc.) b l ); get in place/ position.+ .:..L./_See .:..L.~4.t
E.g. I~..s:.r: b~~.,4.J It will fit into that (under 4./).+ .J~/- 1. adj. left behind, left
corner.+ ~_ adj. arranged, fixed, prepared; alone. 2. n. heritage, legacy; inheritance.+ .J\.;-
solved, unraveled, untangled (of a situation, See )l..il" (under 1/).+ 4.5;;_ n. sanctuary,
diffculty). C.f 1. ..,.,;~ (under ...s:.;.j. 2. adv. sacred place.+ ~_ n. successor, one who
immediately. See ~IJ. (':"»I~v.i. be succeeds to a title/ throne/estate/ office. + _
arranged! taken care of.+ .:..J....s~ V.t. ~ n. succession, order/ condition of
arrange/ take care of, fix. C.f .J.LiI~I".+ ~_ n. succeeding.+ jJ""';_ n. place ofprayer.+ i,; &:./_
footprint, footmark.+ ':".JJ-iJ~-:..r../- See ~ See ~ ~ 4.t q. v. (under 4h
.JJ.J-Iftl~·+ ':"J.JJ~~/_See ':"J.)"ftl~~·+
~ ciya adj. separate, unconnected, apart;
.J.JJ-iJ4J-:..r../- See ':"»Iftl~~.+ ':"J.)" .jAJ~/­
different (see .:h~). (':"»1 ~ v. be separate/
See .JJ.....s~~~.+ .J.JJ-iftJ-:..r../- v.i. bel
apart (from- I.J .. 4..l).+ I~»I/_I v. part,
become insecure in one's position! job/ stand,
etc.+ ':"J.)"ftl~/- V.t. make progress in having separate, break away (from-..J).+ I~»I} n.
(s.o.) ousted! defeated, make (someone's) separatism, secession. + },....> 1~»1_ adj.
position! stand insecure and vulnerable, dog, separatist, secessionist. + ..;}~ 1~»1_ n.
hound.+ ~}~-:..r../- V.I. pick up a track (by secessionist (tendency, policy. stand. etc.).+_
tracing or followingfootprints).+ .JJ.)" J.~/-v. ;LS" adj. differentiating, discerning, particular.+
make (oneself) comfortable; settle down to a
..;;LS _ n. differentiation, act! tendency of
long stay, show no intention ofleaving (often
used with ~_ self).+ ;IJ_ 1. n. authorized marking off or contrasting. + ':"J.,$" ..;;lS~ V. t.

representative/ agent (c.f ~..,;). 2. adj. differentiate, set off/ apart.+ IJ!!I;LS _ n.
individuality, distinction.+ I~J.J/- V.t. cause
conspicuous, noticeable. + ~-r n. mouth (of a
river); outlet, escape, drain.+ I~J.)"/ _ V.t. to break away, separate, distinguish,
differentiate (between-.54..t.4J •.s.;,J).+ .:h- adj.
make room for, provide! accommodate with
space. + IS _ n. 1. place, location, spot, site. = 1. different, dissimilar, diverse. Syn.,~"p'

;:r..,~ (syn. 2 . .:;..,:..); locale, environment, b~. (':".JJ-i.h~ v. be different, differ, be

unlike! distinct in nature, form or
surrounding. E.g., .;;.;.)~~ ~ ~ ~ It
characteristics, differ, diverge (from-4J). + ojl.J-
changes according to the environment. 2. bed.
adj. at variance, not in harmony/ agreement
 193

(with-I.S) E.g., ~1.S.,.s4..-lI.S'.h~ It is at squealing.+ 0_ n. squeal, shrill cry/ noise.+ 0_

variance with what you say. (~.»t .jl.J~ v. be ~ n. sustained squealing.

at variance/ in disagrement. + I.Sjl.J _ n.
iJl~ ciqil.dan n. crop (of a bird). See
difference, divergence, variance; diversity,
4i1~.
hetrogeneity. E.g., J•.JL.....tJ.r-ll.SiJ~
Difference(s) of opinion. (~J~ I.Sjl.J~ v. ~ ciqne n. bird droppings. Syn. ..;L-J.
differentiate/ distinguish! draw the line
iJ-:i_,!" ciqen pres. stem ofthe verb iJ.,Ij~ q. v.
(between-I:,,!.";;); discriminate; prejudice. + I.S-
n. separation, disunion; difference, distinction. ~ cik n. heel. See 4ij~.
~~ dyad See ~~. iJ.,Ij~~] cikandin twitter, chirp weakly.
I.Sj~ clyad n. trousseau (of a bride). ~ cikne =~q.v.
~ ele. adj. tough, leathery; hard to chew. Cf ~ clke n. squeak, shrill piping tone/ cry;
r~·+ .J.L.i1-[~...r--l!"] v. squeak, screech (of a weak twitter/ chirp.+ ~_ n. sustained
door, shoes, ete.).+ o~.»t/- v.i. toughen, squeak.
become leathery and hard to chew.+ ..5j~_ n.
~ eiken pres. stem ofthe verb iJ.,Ij~ q. v.
kind of fodder grass. + 0~J.J / _ only in c,) ;;1 J
'~J.J~ q.v.+ J~.J- n. noisy sustained ~ em. n. name ofthe fifth letter ofthe Kurdish
squeaking. + • _ n. squeak, squeaking! alphabet.
screaching sound. + ~ •_ n. continued! ~ eln (E) n., bio. gene.+ "",Ij_ n. genetics
successive squeeking. (~J.J ~.~ v. continue (siencel study o/).
to squeak).+ ~LA/t- v.i. make/ produce a ~ cinfiJc n. small! little amount. See 2. ..ijj.
squeaking sound.+ I.S- n. toughness.
o~ ciwe n. mercury, quicksilver.
•~ ci,e n. lifetime pension! allowance.+ ~_
j~ cihaz. (A) n. system (see 1.l.SjoJ);
n. pensioner, person receiving a lifetime
allowance. apparatus (cf ~\,;).

~~ ei,en pres. stem of the verb iJ.,Ijl~ q. v. .I .- dhan n. world; universe, cosmos, the
"'~
globe. Syn. ,.r.$. Cf ~.j.+ ~_ adj. all
~ eh. n. threshed and wiMowed stack of
embracing, inclusive, comprehensive, across-
grain. Cf iJL.p·
the-board (of a view/experience, etc.).+ .Jlts-
.~ ciz.e = 0:,,$ (all forms) q. v. adj. widely travelled. + ~ adj. world, global;
cosmic, universal. E.g. r...s4.! ""'~ ~4.'!"
~ eejn See iJ~.
World War I. Cf o.,-u...:;I.,,;.;.+ iJJ.J ""'~ v.
~ ciq onomatopoeic word expressing a internationalize.+ ....;~_ adv. internationally,
squealing sound.+ iJJ..iI-[.:i-i_,:-] v. squeal, make universally.
a shrill cry/ noise; squawk.+ iJl.:.;. .)u/_ v.t.
*.)~ ethe, n. addressee. + ~ n. destination,
cause to squeal.+ iJ- adj. weakly, infirm; puny; terminus, place set for the end of a journey or
namby-pamby.+ iJL.;,;..)'J~.J- v.t. crush to which s.th. is sent.
completely, burst by squeazing! pressing.+_
...Jj adj. lapwing.+ J~- n. loud and continued
 194

"ax adj. fat (of livestock). C1 .,..J4l.+ JI-

';'J,} v. raise livestock for meat! slaughter.

t4-2 "ax I. adj. in good working condition,

sound. (';'J.....s t 4 v.I. fix, put into working
condition. cf 1. .jJ,}~; fix, arrange for. syn.
1. ';'J,} jL..). 2. n. prime, peak. Syn. I . ....it..

*t~J "ax n. era, epoch, time. C1 rlJ~ ..:...tS"•

....;. ~ "axme n. metal ring reinforcing a hole
(as in a belt, etc.); grommet.
r:. " sixlh letter oflhe Kurdish alphabet.
JJ4- "ad;r n. big tent, pavilion. Syn. ':"'1";">. Cf
~I " pres. stem oflhe verb .;,~. .j;;~ ')JIJ .jL..,;,'J •.;,1~~.2 . .;,;S.+ ;)J~/_
~2 ,,; also...r: l. con). whether (followed by v. I. strike tent. + LL n. camp, site of many
tents! pavilions.+ ~_ adj: nomadic; tent-
correlative or). E.g., rJ..s~JJL..~ whether
cold or hot. 2. pron. what. = ...r: 1 q. v. 3. adv. dweller. Cf p.JS".+ .;,IJ~/_ v.I. pitch a tent,
how, to what extent! amount! degree. E.g., put up/ erect a pavilion.
ISJljL.; ~~ How wonderful to be free. 4. J4 1 rar n. remedy, cure (syn. 2. JL:.lt);
pron. whatever. (see ...r:J"'). solution, answer: 4JL;;.-:.l,; ISJ4 peaceful
I ' . solution; choice. E.g., 1;4-lirJ4- I have no
~ "a n. tea.+ ";"Jl't- n. tea strainer. Cf .s.,;J~.
choice, I feel obliged. (';'»-1 (u) J4- v. be
+ ~ - n. teapot. Syn. IS~· + ...r: - also o.A! ~ n.
curable, have a remedy; lend itself e.g. a
person who prepares! sells tea in a teahouse. +
problem to a solution. E.g., 1S;~~~i"';
4Jl>. n. teahouse.+ .;,I.I.!_ n. teapot.+ I.I!._ n. tea.
4..""'; This disease has no cure. ';'J...s J4- v.I.
~2 "a See~. remedy, cure; solve, provide an answer for;
restore, restitute.). + ''''':''''..jjJ / _ v. I. fmd a
..5.J"i4- "abuk (P) ad). nimble, agile, quick. Syn.
remedy/ cure (jor-:y'); come up with a solution!
r:...~Cf ..:-~.~~.+ },.._See /. ~},....+
a way out of. Cf .;,.)...s J4-.+ ;4-li- adv.
IS. n. nimbleness, agility.
unavoidably, inescapably, ofnecessity.+ ~_
,;-,4- 1
rap n. print, printing. < .;,IJ ';-'~.., q. v. adj. unavoidable, inevitable.+ I_I n. remedy,
(';'J.....s ,;-,4 v. type, print by typing! printing cure. (.;,.),} IJ~ v. deal with, treat, cope with.).+
press).+ ...r.-- n. printer.+ ~l>_ n. printing j L.. 1_ n. mender, restorer; redresser (esp. as
press/ office. + i,s - n. typed; printed. Cf an attribule of God). + ~ ,_ n. means of
i ..~-:";·~.+ J..5- n. printer.+..)~ 1_ n. printed escape, a way out. (';'J,} J4-. I_V. I. find a way
material; printed matter. Cf .... ~. out! an escape. E.g., ~.:...'p ISJ4-.IJ~ Find
yourself a way out).+ IJ"~ 1_ n. fate, destiny,
,;-,~2 rap n. unit of dry measure.
lot, fortune. Syn. ~ •.;,I~Jli): ..,.;~
.:...4- "al n. rag, piece of cloth. Syn. jJ~. + ..r.?- j...>U-..v'IJ~ Right of self·determination.+ -
n. cleaning rod (jor weapon-cleaning).
jL-~ adj. definitive, final, determining.
j;;~ "alol See ;:)?IJ .
..,;;~ "alole n. light summer tent. Cf ':"'1";">.
 195

).~2 fa, (P) adj. and n. four. Syn. }~.+ ~_ "l>•

IJ" fll! adj. astounded, amazed, bewildered.
also ~~_ n. metall wooden bedstead. C! (':"»-1"; 4- v. i . be astounded! bewildered. syn.
a..Jj..Jop. + ..5 0_ n. quarter, one fourth (syn. .:" l.o ;J.J-N' .,....).
..5......}~); quarter (time). E.g., .s:.;soJ~.,;..lt is
..:...:.~ fll!t n. midday meal.+ ~_ n. forenoon.
quarter after three.+ 4...ijl,..t.S' 0_ n. math.
See J~4- 4::-.
quadrant.
~~ fasnt n. taste, flavour. Syn. I. rl;.
)~3 fa, adj: having white ears (of sheep).

~~I)~ fa,anreqile See OJJ.J-N' .:f.J.,s.

*~~ rav = J~ (allforms) q. v. + ~l.o_ n. name
of a herb.+ .;;._ adj. expectant. Syn. .:"IJ;oJ~.+ •
..5~)~ ra'rek See ..5~.r.. ,,;~ n. expectation, anticipation, hope.+ ..5j_
.,;;.J ~ ra,!ew n. I. square-shaped sheet used as n. blinders (on a horse) .
overa II veil by women covering the head and *J~ faq n. leg. Syn. ,:,"'J.
shoulders: )~~-S,,;_ veil with a belt at the
..54-
1
fak adj. good, fme (syn. ..;~ 'IJ"~);
waist. Cj ~I);S under j;.S1. 2. sheet (for a
pleasant, agreeable (of s.o.); well, in good
bed, etc.). Cj ..5~j~.,.....+ ~J- n. two-piece
health. (':"»-1..54- v. i. be good! fme; get well.
veil for the body and face, the purdah.
ej 0"";»I~ . .:,,~.? ~ V.t.
I. fix, put right; do
..5) ~ ra,k See I . ..$..;.)1. (s.th.) well 2. put (a male) to ~over (afema/e,
usually accompanied by u-I).+ 4...i1_ n .
...sj)~1 raroke n. I. square-shaped showl worn
kindness, favour, accommodation.+ O~»I/_
over the shoulders by w0D!en and used as a
receptacle. Cj jl......u. ~.J"'-I. 2. sail (of a v.i. recover, recuperate, convalesce; heal,
become cured.+ ~_ adj. sanguine, buoyant,
boat! ship).< )~j)~~.
cheerfully confident. C! )Jo~;.+ jl~_adj:
.sj)~2 ra,oke n. name of an herb. philanthropic, chritable, humanitarian.+ ,,;jL.._
OJ)~ rarwe n. castanets. n. reform, changes that eliminate abuse/
malpractice, correction of errors and defects. +
,;l.~2 fa,e n. face; features, lineament, looks o~~.?/_ V.t. mend, repair, fix; cure, heal.+_

(normally used in a disparaging sense). E.g., "";kJ n. verbal/oral exchange of greetings,

~,,;oJ~;:SJ.ul; I don't want to see his face.~ hello. (.:,,~~ ~'p...,s4- v. exchange greetings.
";0r adj. unlucky, unfortunate. Syn. .j;...lS E.g., ~.? ..5~4.l.:"t-.;j>...,s~ We said hello to
":'>~~"-I.+ jL-..o-'- adj. definitive, final, each other).+ 0_ n. good deed.
determining. + .:,,1..-5 _ adj. disagreeable, kind!praiseworthy action. (.:,,~ -S~ v. have a
unlikable.+ IJ.-.,.~/- V.t. dislike, disfavour (a record of good deeds, esp. services! favours
person). done for others. .:,,~.?...s~ v. do good. idiom:

J')~ ra,ewa n. horse. Cj I. ~ .~l.o °JO.J l; ~0~4.f o~ ~ -S~ Do good for the sake of
(under l.o\ good and not for a reward. o~ -S~ 4.l-S~
A good deed breeds a good deed in return.
• )Jj~ razi adj. tricky, deceptive. Syn. jW. ...s.u ~l;";J~j....S4.l...s~ Doing good to
,_~ ras;, n. beggar (esp. one who goesfrom the baseborn is to no avail.+ )-So_ n. & adj:
house to house begging). C! ~I.,-. philanthropist, benefactor, altruist;
characterized by/ related to philanthropy.<
.JI;...S'-S~J....,;S (under ,;S1).Cj .Li.uJo,;,>.+-
 196

~ n. goodness; excellence.+ I.S- n. merit, ...J~2 ralme (E) only in 4...l~~Lu.... n. chime/
virtue. < ~~ (under til). alarm clock .

.542 rak n. skirt of an outer garment. Cj .5;J~ raiok See:J..:..; .

.54}~ '~JI~.+ ~~I~'j~/- V.t. tuck up the ..s.J~ raleke See ..uJ1~.
skirt; fig., gird oneself for action.+ Jt- n. slit
j~ ram n. pine, deal (wood): j~l.S.Jb pine treel
(in the back/side ofa garment).
wood.
JS4- rakil n. forked stick to which ends of a
.;,~I ran n alarm (sounding mechanism).
rope are tied for loading a pack animal.

(E) n. jacket, coat.+ ;:}j;.i~_ n. n. implement used for cleaning

suit, coat and trousers. runnels.

~~ raker n. servant. randin V.t. sow, plant (seed).<

.;,J.j~ ;:;.- ..u;. Cf .;,J.jl-,-'J'
;:)4- ral n. pit, depression, hole in the ground;
ditch; cavity, hollow. Cj:.uS ,&:J.J.ij ';~»i:­ ~4..0tJ.j~ randemen; n. cereaV grain crops.
~~ weavers pit *4.Sli~l.S- chin dimple I.S- ~tJ.j4- randen; adj. arable, cultivable, fit for
*"';~.JJ.j wrestling pit. (';'»i;:)~ v.i. be dented, tillage.
develop/ have a depression. cf :.uS ,.;,~.,s';:)~
-,4- raw n. 1. anat. eye: ..,;:.J..sI.S- bot., cock's
.;,L.u,J '';'.lJ-i V.t. cause a depression! pit! dent
eye. idiom: ~-- -.- t~..:...e.t.,::._u.JJ~ To be
(in). + ,,",1_ n. fee taken by Agha on each
dependent on others means to live always
grain-pit.+ .11- n. pool (cj j:,..s' ,j~); well restricted. 2. drawer, sliding box! receptacle;
(syn ..r--/).+ ~I- n. depression, low ground.+_ pigeonhole. 3. used in comb. to form
~4- n. game of throwing walnuts at a hole.+ compound nouns and adjectives. E.g. 'j"'!ll J~
~J. adj. pitted, pot-holed; uneven and I.SjLtJ~' q.v. (.;,~~ J4- V.t. see, sight. see ~
bumpy.+ ~J- n. hole plastered with mud under ~I. cf .;,~~:" -,4-). }Pw·4..t ,-,4 ~
and filled with water to serve as a drinking -.5.J.J- I.SJ~ 'J~ (under til), -,~.J (under .J),
bowl for dogs.+ )~t_ n. big pit for storing J4- ~.+ ';'l~ J\.:,/ - See 2. .;,~~ Jl:.+ #-
snow (normally dug in the hight ground! adj. having gaping! vacant eyes.+ ~_ =
mounlainside).+ ~t_ n. tulip. Syn. a.N 1.+_ ~J~ q.v.+ j~_adj. 1. hawk-eyed. 2. See-,~
j..uJ~t n. charcoal pit. Cj .;,Ij"').;..+ ';.J.ijt_ ;:)li..:..~.+ tj~_ n, bot. slender thistle.+ I.Sj~- See
n. small shallow pitlhole.+ t&'st- n. pit for ..,Jli..:..~ -,4-.+ jli!~_ adj: flirtatious (of a man
temporary storage of wheat.+ ~_ = ~~~ or woman).+ ..,Jli..:..~- n. flirtation.+ -..J.t-- n
q.v.+I.S-=~'j~ q.v. sheep's eyes. (.;,~~ -..J.t- J ~ v. cast sheep's eyes
..N4- ra/ak adj: active, energetic and efficient at (each other, of a man or woman).+ .r'fl-
adj. greedy, having a strong desire for food.
(syn . .5-.,,;. cj .5»i4- ,.:-~); mettlesome
Cj ..$.;.;-,~~ (under .;11-14). Syn. .5~-,~. + jt_
(of a horse).+ ",..;1_ adv. actively,
adj. having piercing eyes. Cj Jtj-,~.+ jt/ _
energetically. + I.S _ n. efficiency and speed,
•.,...;~.J v.t. stare angrily (at-:").- jt 1.+ t~_ n.
liveliness; activity, action, enterprise.+ JI~­
species ofthistle.+ J.;.t_See Jtj.+ .JL.~- adj.
adj: activated, energized.
having dreamy eyes.- .JL..,,>.+ .;;l...;,~I~/_
."j~ 1 ralme n tobacco pouch.
a/so .;,I~"';~I~/ _ v. hate to see, be unable to
 197

lay eyes on (due to dislike, pity, etc.).+ _ q. v. + .s~_ adj. greedy,

':'JJ-/ = ':'JJ-/'".;J J4-
),jJ'J4.i adj: humble, feeling small and in debt having an insatiable desire (esp. for food). Syn.
(in someone else's eyes) (':'JJ-/"";,j J'~ J ~ v. ...,-.•,u4.+ p"':'.J.P./- v. go to sleep, fall
feel discredited! small). + ~ _ n. I. blindfold asleep. Syn. ~".s ~ p. + ~...Y.~ - adj. cross-
(esp. one used for children in their sleep). 2. eyed. See j;;-.+ ..:-I..IY.~- See ~...Y.~ ,,~.+­
diversionary tactic, maneuver. (':'l,j ~ J~ v. ~~ See ~,,~. + :r->- adj. having sheepishly
use diversionary tactics (with-~); blindfold.+ flirtatious eyes. (':'l,.s:r-- J4 v. feel
~- = ~J~ q.v.+ .s~~_ adj. dark- shamefaced, lower one's eyes due to a feeling
eyed.+ J,;~_ n. bandage over the eyes.+ I,$~_ of guilt, shame, etc.}+ ~_ = ~ q. v. +_
n. sleight of hand. + ~~/_ v.i. open the ~Ill v. show embarrassment by lowering
eyes and begin to see (of newly born animals). one's eyes.+1 J~b- adj. having
Cf ~ .~l.~,,~.+ ~_n., bot. daisy.+_ mongolian-like eyes (esp. as characteristic of
..;~ adj. forgiving, sparing, clement.+ ~~_ a genie).+ ~.}b 1_ v. wink (at-:"), shut one's
n. condonation, implied pardon. ~ ~~ J~ eyes briefly as a signal. + ,:, '-J~b I-v. having
':'l,rS v. condone, pardon! overlook voluntarily. shooting pains in the eye.+ ~Il 1_ v. covet,
cf ':'l;.JJ-t~).+ ~~/_ V.t. overlook, pass have one's eyes on.+ ~~Ill _ v. have one's
over, excuse, ignore (used with ~). Syn. 2. eyes infected! inflamed: < ~l.ll J~I,$"l;.+­
,:,J,;4-..ol ,,4-.+ I,$"L.:.»'..J,,~- adj. bleary-eyed.+ i.fJJ~;,'1 v. have eyes which protrude! bulge
,:,J,;~ ~I _ V.t. skim over, run a glance out. + ,,;JjoIl- adj. having bulging! portuberant
through.+ ,:,1;$ ~I _V.t. cast a surveying look eyes.+ ~1~Jlll _ v. cause one's eyes to
over, view with a broad glance.+ ~""s:s.I­ bulge out + ~~ ,Jill _ v., restr. have the eyes
V.t. see, perceive by the eye (see ~ under put out: standard expr. ~;tllu)J4- To hell
~\ meet with, receive.+ ,:,~~:s.1 _V.t. with (you). + ,:, ~ ;tl I-v. t. gouge out the eyes
cast an evil eye upon, look at with jealousy (of); fig. teach a lesson, take to task, rebuke. + •
and suspicion. + ~ _ adj. having evil eyes. + _ ~l n. supervisor, overseer; inspector,
':'»-1..5.....)1;1 See,:,.JY. ..5.....)1; J~;~ (under ;~4).+ superintendent. Cf .;....:.fo~.+ I,$~l_ n. I.
~ L....,; I-v. be reserved, be afraid of getting into supervision, overseeing. Cf ";":'fo~. 2.
(esp. in the light of previous experience).+_ restr. attention, regard: only in the expr. j.,S'..J
..,;.....,; n. feared and venerated person (e.g. a Il .. ~l,,4- with due regard tol consideration
father by his children) (':'l,rS..,;.....,;,,4- V.t. of. (':'l,j iJ.J!lJ~ v. supervise, oversee; pay due
frighten off (from doing s.th.».+ ,:,J,;l$"".,; 1_ v. regard! consideration to).+ Jlr also Jlp- n.
blink.+ ..:.,,;_ adj. resolute, resolved (see 2. propaganda, spreading of ideas! rumours! etc.
;»-); bold, steady.+ 1,$..:.,,;- n. resolution, to further one's cause or to damage another.
(':'l,.s JI~u,J4 v. propagandize, carry on
determination; boldness.+ ':'~~I _ v. cry
propaganda (against-~).+ ':;;'jr adj.
without lears (of s. o. pretending! falcing
grief).+ ..s..:.4,j _See..s..:.';"~fo.(under ;~~.+_ eyed. also verbal expr. of delight in seeing
s.o.: ~jd':'L..,J~ Delighted to see you.+ _
~ n. and adj. observer, watcher; aspiring,
'''''':'.JY. "';jdl v. bel feel delighted (by seeing
covetous. + U--..f. -;",.; 1- V.t. look at with steadyl
s.o.).+ '~jd- adj. pleasing to the eyes,
unflinching eyes. + ,;.; _ adj. temperate (esp. in
gratifying.+ .,r.jd- See ~,J,Jd,J4-·+ ,:,1,J,Jd-=
food habits), lacking in avarice. Cf ';';J~fi
,:,1,J,Jd',J~ q. v. + ':'JJr only in '''';.JY. ':',J,Jdl- v. be
(under .J"'-!4).+ ..;r-;- n. temperance.+ .~/_
 198

glad, feel gratified (esp. upon seeing s.o.).+_ start knowing who your enemies are. + .5-S _
..,.:.JJ1 n. congratulations, best wishes. C! n. variety of yellow grapes. - ~.;. + ~.,s _n.
~L.Jj~. (.;,.);.(,J ~JJ1J4 v. congratulate, name of a plant. + .;...,$.,;.,s _adj. bleary-eyed. + ..
express one's delight (esp. on the visit! safe ';'j»- ..;.,s ad). beady-eyed. + AS - = .$J ~ (all
return of s.o. 's close relative).+ ij...:,.j _ V.t. forms) q. v. + .;,.)..$ JS'I - v. smart, have a sharp/
paint! treat one's eyes with kohl; apply make- poign:mt pain (of the eyes). C! ,:,l...!!J~.+­
up to the eyes.+ ~o~_ adj. dark-eyed.+ ')Joj-
o...;...;...JAS n. name of a plant bearing red
adj. yeUow-eyed, unhealthy, sickly looking.+_
berries.+ iJ..jjJsI _ v. rub the eye's with one's
Joj adj. having wide open! staring eyes. Cj
hands (from sleepiness, irritation. etc.).+ .$_'
jo4-· + o~.)..$Joj/_v. stare (at-j).+tL..._n.
n. source, origin (cj oJ~J--); starting point
one who leads a blind person; guide, mentor,
(see I. l;o~).+ ..s} n. small fife-wood!
one who leads the way/ directs! advises.+_
splints used in building a fire. C! ~"..j.:;.+.$}
';'»-1",.-1 v.,jig. die: standardexpr.Ift""'':'''J~
n., gram. infinitive mood (hence ~.$J~ adj.
May (you) perish!.+ ~_ n. kind of thistle.
Cj ojLtJ~.+ ...s;;.;-._ See ~_ + J»-'- I. adj.
infinitive). + .s _4 n. mouth of a wound! cut. +_
~.,..s b..s also 0 J4.ib .$ _ v. i. deepen, open up
brave, bold. Syn. IjL.;. 2. n. sponsor,
(of a wound! cut). + .;,.)..$ r~ I-v. nap, doze off,
strong/influential supporter. Syn. I . .;,1)_- .~.+_
sleep briefly. Syn. ,:,.J.j\S.:.p.;4-.+.;..s _ ad).
oy.:,.).? )J.J-'I v. intimidate (s.o.) by frowning
at.+ ";JJ.J-'- n. bravery, boldness, courage.+_
having gay / friendly eyes. + ,:,1.;51- v. look
around (for-j-I).+ IJ.).w_ (l/so JJ')..J- adj.
jJ..... adj. having green eyes, green-eyed.+_
yearnful, longing (for s.th. lost). + .:-D.)..J _ adj.
USJl..!. n. hide and seek (game) (':'.)..$US)l..!.J~ v.
play hide and seek with-J..$..J).+ ~L;._ adj.
dependent, counting on; expectant. + jI j 1_
oJ";.)..$ V.t. stare ..angrily/ look sternly at. C!
squint-eyed. Cj ~ .~.+ ~_ ad).
o.J4-i»t~.+ ':'»t..)1 - v. see, have in sight; be
browbeaten, intimidated. (,:,.)..,..s ~ J4- v.
browbeat, intimidate, bully).+ ~_ n. eye
an eyewitness to. + o.J4-i.)..$ Joj j I-v. look
menacingly/ stare angrily at.+ ';'.J.j~..uljl- v.
bath, eyecup.+ p:.._ adj. crestfalIen, ashamed,
overlook, close one's eyes to (s.th. done,
humiliated. (.;,.)? ~ .
.. JL.,.. v. look crestfalIen! etc.).+ ,:,.)?..) 1 _ v. imitate, follow (s.o.) as a
abashed.+ ~_ adj. having blue eyes, blue-
pattern/example (hence ~_ n. imitator._
eyed. + .:.r.) I_v. twitch, quiver (of one's eyes).
,,;~ n. imitation). C! 0.J4-i.)..$..r.-'-'i.+ ..
+ ("'! LJ _ adj. daring, venturesomely bold. Cj
,:,li..s..;JI v. close one's eyes (asfor a nap or in
I.I"'';~J~.+ ufLl- n. daring, venturesome
death).+ ':'»-I0~/_ also ':'»to.,;)l_v. watch,
boldness.+ ,:,.J.j~J;;I- v. I. close the eyes. Syn.
keep under close observation. + J L.o _ adj.
,:,.J.jLJ.v-i J4-. 2. jig. overlook, close one's eyes
smart, clever; intelIigent-looking. + .:-..... _ adj.
(to-j). Syn. ~~J~'+ ~_ad). squint-eyed.
having bewitching/ enthralling eyes.+ .;,L....v-il _
(,:,.)? ~ J4- v. screw up one's eyes; squint,
v. have the eyes closed (due to blindness.
look (at-j) in a squint-eyed manner.>~. +_ infection. etc.).+ ,:,.J.jIJ~/_ See ,:,.J.j~nJl _ +_
jLS adj. hazel-eyed.+ oJ..;I..$1 _ v. get used to, J~ See ..s.;"';J~~'+ 1.1"'';''':'- ad). fearless,
find one's way around. Cj ~~IJ (under I}).+ dauntless. Cj ("'!LJ J4-. Syn. ..s~ (under
oJ":'.)..$I- v. be alert; begin to" know/ l~arnI --h.+ ..,-.;..;- n. fearlessness.+ J'J"':'- ad).
distinguish (often used in the imperative). E.g. stingy. See .)~.+ oJI..$...:.- adj. inexperienced,
--l.:..t':"'';'>~jJ.)JoJoJ-..S:'oIJ4- You had better
 199

new, green.+ ...;.,;_ See .:,,1.H)t.,4.+ ..$.,_See *~I ~ipik n. task. duty, chore. Syn. .jlS~
~.,~2.+ t_ See U'!L.4.H~'+ ~t_ n. name ofa . s.~. c.j )\.t .)LS.
plant.+ .,4a- n., restr. only in':"»t.,~t_v.i.
~2 ~;p;k n. shoot, new growing branch. Cj
gaze around expectantly. + 1J~t _ = I.,~.u _ q. v. + •
~.
.,Il = .,1~.,4 q.v.+ .:"I"l- adj. waiting,
expectant. (':"»'I.:"IJ~t.,4 v. be waiting, abide. ~ ~;t =..::..:.. (all forms) q.v.
E.g. r»'l~ ~1.,~t.,4 I was waiting for you.+_ ~ ~t;, n. fox. See u.,;~.
~I.,~a n. act! period of waiting, expectation.
*~ ~ilo adv. how. Syn. ~.
(.:,,~.,s ~IJ~a.,4 v. wait, bel remain in readiness
or expectation.+ ~)a_ See .:"I.,)a.,~.+ }j._ n. ~ ~iti, n. one to two year old goat; young
. .'
stroke of an evil eye: standard expr. }j'J~ she-goat that has been covered. -.:,,:,..
~ ).,F ~ May you be spared the stroke of evil
~ ~;~;k n. breast. Syn . ..5.....4A.
eyes.+ .u,J.,lt- n., med. cholera. See 3.•.,.....\;.~.+
)~t _ adj. panoramic, affording a bird's eye ~ I ~;! 1. adj. dense, marked by compactness or
~rowding together. 2. intense, concentrated.+.
view. Cj ~~.+ l";t_=.:"I"lJ~'+V'...r-~/-v.
look up. Cj .:,,~~.,~.+~,;;~/_v. have t"":'~'; / v. intensify, concentrate, deepen. 3. n.
protruding eyes. + .nl~u _ adj. walleyed. + • thicket. Cj 1. ~j ,.JP.P.' (':"»t,r. v. be thick!
.:,,~LS~ ju/ v. signal with the eyes (to-~).+. dense). + .:"I..[~] v. only in .:"I,r. :.; q. v. + .:" l::.-_
~jS'~/ v. gouge out the eyes.+ •.,.....I.;.$~/_ n. extensive thickets, copse. + ..5_ n. 1. syrup
v. tum up the upper eyelid.+~t..~/_v. I. thickened by boiling. 2. dish prepared from
dates and cheese. Cj ':"j~.,L....JP.+ t_ n.
normally used in the negative meaning: unable
to stand the sight (of-~). E.g. ~~li~r"~ commotion of a dense crowd.+ .:,,1J.j4..!t_ n.
.;.,;..,>~ I can't stand the sight of blood. 2. disorderly gathering of a multitude of people. +
.:"L.~t_ also j4.S.,.,~t_ n. dense/ thick smoke.
not able to be opened (of one's eyes). + ~ / _
Syn. j4.S.,.,~.x~ (under ,;-,...;\+..;_ n. density,
.:"L.:.;. v.i. open one's eyes (as after awalcening,
thickness: .:,,1~1~..rJ': population density.
unconsciousness, etc.).+ )~- See ~~J4.+ •
c.j ~; intensity, concentration, depth .
.:,,~/ v. have an eye ache/ opthalmia! an eye
inflamation.+ ~_ n , med. opthalmia, .r:2 ~;! only in "~",r. n. visage, countenance;
inflamation of the eyes: ~..J~.j.,s n., bOI. aspect, appearance. Cj .,~t~.
camomile. See ':"»'I'!4..!.+ 4- also ~_ n.
1..1""': ~i,a n. lamp, light: ..,..J~~..;- spirit lamb.
eyeglasses, spectacles. + ~ _ See }jt.,~.
*.,;-t:...; flashlight ...:".,..... ..; - kerosine lamp -
4S'j)J~ ~a""oke n., bot. borage. *~..; neon light. idiom: ~W>j.t~"..:.I?
Greatness is best manifested in how one treats
,;,.,4 ~a",e~ n. 1. common folksinger (cj I.
others.+ ..,r:- n. person carrying a light in a
~L:..); gibber. 2., mil. sergeant.
wedding procession.+ .:"u_ n. much
J""-!~ ~aye, n. pasture. grazing land. See ~t.,.u. illumination! decorative lighting; lavishly
(':"»-1 )4.! ~ v. learn to graze (ofyoung animals). illuminated place. E.g. .:"l>I? ~ t.,~,; ..;4S'a).,Jj
He has the room lavishly iIIuminated.+ .:"I~_ n.
..s!~ ~ayi = ~I (all forms) q.v.
place where a lamp/ lantern is kept. + .:"I~ _ n.
.:......;~[~] ~;pand;n =.:"J.j4?q.v. (allforms). dusk. dark stage of twilight in the evening.+_
 200
_____________________ ,:,..;~[~l _

"':".J.J-" n. small oil lamp. Syn. I?..::......o~. Cf (.).... LS?[~?] ~;rkandin V.t. dry fIre (of an
~ji.+ ..5JJ - n. torch. See I~J.::. unloadedfirearm); click.

tI.~ ~;rax adj.

spirited, full of energy/ J~.,s? ~lrkuhli! n. noisy ticking! clicking.

animation; healthy-looking (of a crop). 4S? ~irke n. I. tick, ticking sound; click. 2.
t.lre- ~irax n. disciple, fellow, scholar. < t.!? second (unit oftime). «(.)~.J.s? v. I. tick, make
v. graduate, receive an academic degree;
(')J.J-I a ticking! clicking sound. 2. used esp. in the
be desciplined/ trained to become a scholar or negative. E.g.. ~.s~.s? Don't you make a
follower. sound! cf ~~,;S .J~).+ ..5re- _ n. successive/

(.)I~[~~) See(.)I~~. continued ticking.+ ~u./ _v. make a ticking!

clicking sound (e.g. a clock).
(.)"';I~ [~~) ~;!andin V.t. call, summon. call
..5~~ ri!!luk n. claw, sharp curved nail. Cj
out. See (.)~~ ~lt.
..5~. + ~}/_ V.t. claw, scratch! rake (at-~)
.).'.iL..;: [':":"....;:] ~irpandin v. whisper, utter/ with claws or nails.
communicate by whispering. E.g.. 4..t~v.
.v. ~iro n. I. bud (alsofig.). Syn. ~. 2., bot.
I.....~.,,! He whispered into his ear. sepal.
J~J"";: ~irpuhli! n. loud sustained whisper. . L-J~~
oJ . -.1-..JUI:] rirIisan
also 0J4I'L.JJ? V.I..
waste away, be emaciated (from hard work,
......;: ~irpe also ';"~..;: n. I. whisper,
persecution. etc.).
whispering sound. 2. sound of furtive
footsteps. + ~t. / _ v. be heard whispering. oJL-JJ? ~;rfisawe adj. emaciated, feeble-
looking .
..,...;: rirpi n. Y-shaped branch! tree stem used
..5JJre- ~irlik adj. I. niggardy, parsimonious,
as support (esp.for grape vines).
stingy. Syn. ~~.~ J~.;4-I (under .)~./). Cj
~re- ~ir~ adj. wrinkled; creased, furrowed (c.!
~. 2. unsound, poorly made/ built,
JlS1~); puckered. «(.)>>I~? v. wrinkle, become
mediocre. «(.).v-t..5J .J.r: v. l. be stingy. 2. be
creased. (.)~~~? v. cause to wrinkle).+ [~?)
poorly made/ built).+ ..;_ n. I. stinginess. 2.
(.)1 - See (')J.J-I ~re-. + r;;JJ -
adj. wrinkled and
cheapness in quality (of construction. work,
sagging (esp. ofa double chin).+ (.)l;....J r;rJI- make. etc.).
v. have a wrinkled and undulated/sagging
..5J~ ~;!lik n. scorching (offood,fat. etc.).<
appearance (of clothes). Cf ~J)~'+ .
~'j4-A/ v. pucker, become wrinkled! ..5J~.J.I (under;h
constricted. C.! (.)J.J-I~' + ..; _ n. wrinkle(s), *..5~JUI: ~irlinek n. gargoyle. See ';;""~.
crease. Cf ";JlSl~.
*~v. (iryay/kt n. (month of) October.
~.? ~ir~e n. name of a variety of grape. -;;.;.
*~4v. (iryaptqi n. (month of) November.
~? ~ir~1s n. gruel made of flour and oil.
.s.......? ~lriske =.s.........; q. v.
~?l.,.re-] ~irstn v.i. See stars! blurred images
~.... LS:...?~.?] ~;rlkandin v. utter a shrill cry,
(cf ~.J ~yS..:..oJ); be dazzled.
scream loudly (cf .).'.ilfti); sing in loud voice
...;re- ~i!l n. pulse, rhythmical throbbing of (esp. ofa traveller on the open road).
arteries.
 201

..5.....;: firlke n. shrill cry, shriek; sound ofloud ~2 fiqe n. feather used to decorate a ruler's
singing on an open road.< ~~I~ (under crown or headpiece .
.JI~\+ ~_ n. continued shrieking. --4 fik adj. little, small (cf 2. ;.;;); drop (see
Uo'..r.lr.] fi!in v. sing; call. ,;-,.;J~).+.JI_I~l V.i. I. drip. 2. dry up (as
of a well). + .~1_1~1 V.i. drain, flow off
~ fiz n. I. burning pain (esp. when singed!
gradually; lose water and thicken by dripping.
scorched). O. sting. See JJ,?,' (.Jbi'?' v. bel get Cf '~»t~.+ ..JJ- = ~~ (all forms)
burned, nursery expr. .J~~ ~ v. mark off, q. v. + ~ _ also ~ _ adj. & n. (a) little/ small
erase/ cancel by drawing a line over. cf quantity (oj) .
•~.L.iI»S). + .JI-£~] v.i. be singed, get
'.J• .L.i~ rikandere n. name of a game.
scorched! burnt by contact. Cf I . .;,l;..u-.+
';'.l..i1_1';';..?"1 V.t. singe/ burn, cause to contact ~ fikrike n. crack! crevice in a mountain
and be scorched (by- IJ ... ~); brand (as where water drips down.
cattle).+ JJ- n. sting, stinger (of a bee, ~~ rik[erizi = ~ q. v.
scorpion, etc.).+ .p~J- n. much loud
J~ rikmesaw n. large fagot! bundle of
sizzling.+ ._ n. I. sizzle, sizzling sound. 2.
grass.- LJ.
stinging pain.+ ~_ n. continued sizzle/
sizzling sound.+ .;,L-~~./ _ v.i. feel a ..s~ fikOk n. second (unit oftime); moment.
sudden stinging pain.+ .J.L.iL-j.r..a~./ _ V.t.
~ rike also ~_ n. ticking sound.
inflicta stinging pain on; sting (see I.
.Jb.~).+ ~LA/._ v.i. sizzle, make a sizzling ~ rU adj. & n. forty.+ Ufo.- n. task of picking
sound. up and carrying forty stones one by one a
certain distance as physical exereise or
~7." fizllk n. melted fat tail of sheep. < .ftJ~ punishment.+ I.r.-- n. I. lamp with multiple
~.?. reflector. 2. given name for women.+ ~_ n.
J..;: f4. int}o so what? who cares? let it happen. I. hook fastened to a trap as a delaying device
by getting entangled in bushes when dragged
E.g., ~.:..W; He didn't come, so what? ~
by an animal.- JI~. 2. comb. See 4.il.:..+ u.,;._
.J~,J ~ v. let things take their course).
n. I. the structure of column and beams
~ f4.t n. thing = .:.:. q. v. supporting a roof. 2. lever.+ ._ n. I. period of
forty days: .J\::-.iIS~ coldest part of winter,
~ f~ int}. usedfor chasing away dogs: shoo
generally falling between January 14 and
(.J~.? ~ ~ v. drive away, shoo).
February 23 *Uo'JLAIS~ hottest part of the
*~ fife See~. summer falling between July IS and August
24. 2. period of forty days (after a birth, death
~~ fivat =.:..~q.v. under~. or marriage). 3. forty-day retreat (of
mystics).+ I"i'- adj. ploughed early (about the
end of February). (.J~,sA v. return
~ fiqi!. n. big thorn, splinter. Cf ..sJ~'+ ISJI- prematurely, e.g. migrating storlcs).+ ..s~_
adj. having large thorns. n. the last forty days of winter. + .J.J.P.O _ v.
~I fiqe n. spur on the legs of a bird. (;.~ ~ expire, pass (offorty days elapsing after s.o. 's
death! birth).+ 4.ilN_ n. place for a forty-day
~~ v. develop a spur on the leg, as a sign of
retreat.+ )~._ adj. less than forty days old (of
growth).
 202

a baby); being in the forty-day period after 1.5).+ .:,,- adj. dirty, filthy, unclean (syn. I. ~);
giving birth (of a mother) (cf .:,,~.j).+ _ filthy-looking.+ »-'_ adj. hard to c1ean.+_
.:"L:.;So v. go into forty-day retreat (of ~~ adj. capable of hiding! disguising dirt (of
mystics).+ '~J...so_ n. first forty days of dark-coloured clothes, fabries, etc.).
winter.+ (,'_ also ~._ also aJ.!...u- adj. . .
~ rilm n. nasal mucus, snot. Cf ,('4AJ4i ,~~
fortieth, 40th.
"';';.+.:,,_ adj. snotty.
~ ~il n. 1. secondary branch (of a tree, etc.)
*~ rilims; adj. withered, shriveled. Syn.
(syn. 2 . ..$J~. cf I . .:;J); piece (offirewood)
~. + .:,,-[~-.1d v. wither, wilt, shrivel.
(syn. I. .,./). 2. blade, leaf (of grass, certain
vegetables); one flower (with stem, leaves, ~ ~ilon =.Jk q. v. + l. _ adv. seldom, rarely,
elc.).+ ..s1_1 n. sapling, young tree. See rL.....;.+ not often. Syn. ~o~4i (under •./) .
..s1} n. 1. long crook used for knocking down
Jjp' rilufil See~.
oak-galls. 2. tent pole.+ 'J"';.J.J'I"j/ _ v. branch
out, grow secondary branches.+ ,kJ- n. lop, ..S'jS"~ rilokok n. bush, shrub. Syn. I. ':"OJO~'
lopings, small timber. Cf ~.+ ~j_See
.~.t.k rillJ,e n. icicle. C.f ~,.t,.!..+ ~/­
":'JJ~'J"-.+JJ- n. dried leaves stacked up in v. crystalize, take a definite form.
trees to be used as animal feed during the
snow season. Syn. 2. ;:s~, j42. + • _ n. stick used ~~[..S'~] rilekln only in ~~ b (under b l )
to prop up the side flap of a tent. + ~o _ n. and ~~ I=, (under I=, I).
topmost branch! point (of a tree).+ .so_See ~ rilepa n. crucifix.+ jJ!_ n. crusader.
~.
~ riles adj. greedy and gluttonous. Cf
J~ ~if.aw n. boiled rice (often preparedfor the ~joI..i.+ 1.5- n. greed and gluttonousness.
sick with very lillie oil). Cf J~'
~ rilirili n., zool. bat. Syn. o;~... ~~.
J~ ~i!Paw n. puddle, pool of dirty muddy
~ filik =..S'a..4- q. v.
water. Cf Jlpl 'Jl:4Jp:i.

~.n-4- ~ilPules adv. in a slurping! lapping

*4 ~ima also ~ adv. Why. Syn. .?.J.i (under
. I)
manner. .1'/'

~ ~i!Pe n. sound of noisy eating; lapping ~ rimrime n. kind of shoe made of raw
sound.+ ~_ n. sustained lapping sound. hide'-J~.

~ rilixl n. col (of mountain). Cf ..Lo. ~ ~imk n. comer (of a handkerchief, rug,
etc.) (c.f I. [»- '~.JI~); sleeve (c.f j;i).
0A rilfl!e n. fried meat. Syn. ~j$
~ rimke =.5..;~q.v.
i?oJ'~»-'

~. Lilk n. I. dirt, filth: ;:s.,5 1.5 _ ear wax 1.5- ~ rin I. pres. stem of the verb ~ q. v. 2.
*..;...J body oW sweat and dirt; 2. pus, matter second element of certain compound nouns.
E.g. ~j.l cotton picker.+ JI~- I. adj.& n.
(see ~.+ JI- n. dirty water (from a bath,
knitted; knitted fabric (c.f JI}4..J under..,.1,
dishwashing, etc.).+ ;';'>JI- n. guttersnipe,
~L..o;;). 2. adj. picked, reaped (i.e. cotton).+
urchin.+ o~r"'- n. summary wash. See ~
~_ [~l v. I. knit, make into knitted fabric
~. (.:,,~.? o~.A v. give summary wash (to-
 203
) ~.
(cf ~..,;). 2. pick (cotlon, flowers); gather, j~2 ~ingal n. bread broken into hot butter/
collect (fruit, vegetables).+ .~-lIY.') V.t. 1. fat and sugar.
gather, pick up one by one (ofs.th. scattered, ..5~ ~inok adj. grasping (esp. in one's desire
e.g. seeds). Cf .~~,}:,.S. 2. dam, mend by
for food) . ..5~J~'
weaving. Cf ''''';JJ';~'
.;~ finur n. name of an aromatic herb
.;4 ~inar n., bot. plane tree, sycamore. <
resembling dill .
.; 4·.;»",,·
~ rine~in self-demeaning manner/
n.
....LS'.;4 rinareki!.e n. herb used as an antidote behaviour (in acquiring or achieving s.th.)
for boils, warts, etc. (~~~ ~ v. resort to self-demeaning action

•J 4 ~inawe = &L;~ q. v.
in order to obtain/achieve s.th.)
}~ ~u",ar adj. & n. 1. four. 2. part of certain
~ rin~ik n. roasted seeds (see ~.Ji); pip,
compound forms. E.g., J~.;I~ q. V. + ...:,j..JL:- n.
small fruit seed (.ryn. Jjj' 2 ...5JJ L;).+ -;;_ n. a
cuirass (armour).+ tL.,.- n. formal garden;
little/ small amount of.
park/garden within town limits.+ ~_ also~_
~ fing n. grip, arrangement of hand! pawl
adj. & n. four-legged, quadruped~fig. stupid.+
claw in grasping or gripping position. Cf 2.
J"/ . 1. .:-.~. + ~4.J~!.S _ bot., sowbread .
,).. _ n. small finger-cymbals.+ ..u-I~- n. & adj. .
cube (syn. L..}j); cube-shaped.+ ....s.u~_ n.
~yclamen.+ .;1_ n. crab. See jl.i.,.J.+ .... I_n.
four triangular pieces of leather used as
forked implement used for digging out wild reinforcement on ..;,.,s q. v. + ~_ n. the four
honey.+ ~~.r./ _ v. reach (for-jot), try to grip.+_
limbs; stature, build.+ .;..u=--:J",,- also !.SJ4l.I",,-
.~~,} ~~/ v. beg. See ~~,}jl-"",.+ ~~,} .r-!~/ _ adj. straping, burly, thickset.+ ~_ n.
also ~~"s.r.$ ~ / - v. t. get hold of, have a tight
quadruped, four-footed animal.+ ~",,_adj.
grip on. + •.,..;~,} ~ / _ v. contract the fmgers (as
having four white stockings (of a horse).+_
a gesture of pain, fear, etc.).+ ~y.S/ _ v.
~ See ....s.u-'-"'.)~.+ J\,;- n. small domed
acquire, procure; .be tough/ obtainable. Cf
room! building.+ ~~_ n. the four
~ y.S ~u. + -;;~ _ n. tough! difficult effort
• 2 substances (air, water, fire and earth).+ u.~­
(to obtain s.th.).< ~~4i (under 41 ).+_
See ~ (under iJ-I\+ ~_ n. the four
~I~~/ V.t. claw, rake, seize, dig with the
sections of the skirt of an outer garment i.e.
claws; strike at (in an effort to take a handful
1y.S q. v. Cf 2.~.+ J~- adj. I. having two
of).+ ...;_ n. 1. crab louse. 2. name ofa water
wives; fig. having too many irons in the fire,
weed.+ ~I~~ .... _ v. be infested with crab lice.+
having too many things at stake. 2. having
..s- - n. large species of scorpoin. Cf ~..JJ~. + white spots above the eyes (of a dog). G~.;I~
~Lj('_ n. horseplay, boisterous play with the ~~ v. feel pressed! frantic because of having
hands.+ ~-l'- n. (act of) digging! scratching too many things at stake.+ ~~~ J4 J~ V.t.
the ground with one's fingerhails (due to press and c,?nfuse by overloading!
terrible pain, anguish. etc.).+ n. -;;.;-s.- overworking). + ..J,A _ n. walking! climbing
clambering, climbing hastily and labourously on all fours.+ __ adj. by fours, in groups of
on all fours.< -;;,}~4i (under 412).+ ~~._
1 •• "-J.1
fours.+ .,k-- n. frame (of a picture, window,
= ~~ q. v. unu:er ~ .
etc.); fig. framework, frame of reference. E.g.,
j~1 fingal n. hook (see ,;-,~.,l); fork (cf I. b4..t'~lx~":' !.S'k }~.u Within the framework

jl;~). of this project.+ ~L....:.:;,S'ju.- V.t. disgrace/

 204

humiliate by pamttng (s.o.) black on the ~ also ~Il~_adj. cross-Iegged.+.u..;._

forehead, cheeks and chin.+ u~_ n. four-year n. four pegs used in spread-eagle
old sheep/ goat.+ ..5~_ n. set of two pairs of punishment.+ 1~l.:.;S.u..;./ _ V.t. subject (s.o.)
gussets let into the armpits of a garment. Cj to spread-eagle punishment.+ -..lli_ n. gallop,
j.;..&;.t under LJ-Il , ..s-..l»,)~. + ~~_ n. & three-beat gait. Cj.J~ 'J~.r..< Jli)~ (under
2 • •
adj. quatrain (verse).+ I)~- n. bier. See r.J"-iI)~ ~). (,:,~.....s .....Jli)~
v. gallop).+ 1_ n.
(under .,Ill). Cj I)..t.;... (under ;:.,..i).+ ~b_ n. quardruplet; combination of four of a kind. + _
medium crushed rice. Cj ..sJ~ , 2. I~.JJJ'+ I~_ rl also L.!!--I- adj. fourth, 4th. + j$:.i.. - adj.
adj. & n. fourteen. + ..s.JI~ _ n. room with four baving four prodruding comers! bandies/limbs
French windows.+ ,:,L:....I~_ also ~a:.-.~_ n. (esp. of a bleached skin bag-4il.o..).+ J~- n.
two-man! four handed effort of lifting or the four caliphs (successors of the Prophet
carrying (s.th.).+ .:.~.....u_ also r ......I~- adj. Muhammed).+ ~_ n. square. Syn. ~»",,)~.+
fourteenth, 14th. + .JJI~ _ n. surrounding, all ~_ quatrain (poem).+ ..54.1..- adj. and n.
n.
around/four sides; enrivonment (cj 2..... .s).+ quarter, one fourth.
,:,b JJI~/ - v. encircle, surround, fence in.+ _
}I"!~ n. (one's) home (lit. four walls). E.g.,
.
.vJ1.P.' ,,,walJJ n., zool., badger.
. Syn. ~~. .
IS L..!. ~ ~jS4I 1."...Jj!li r4SI.JIy-~)~ I wouldn't
.ur~ ,,,wale n. green unripe almond. Cj rlllt.+
rl~lt- See -..ll~.+ J~ _ n. bitter green almond.
exchange my home (four walls) for a royal
palace. Cj .vi\,;. , l.jl.ol'+~ralso,:,~_n. ~"P. ,op,tnt n. china-root (drug extracted
crossroad, place of intersection of two roads. + from the rootstock of a shrub by the same
.;.....!,,,.._ n. the four substances (natures) name).
believed to compose the physical universe:
..,..."P. ,opt n. figure dancing. Cj :.Jr:J...<
./'.P heat, ..s~.JL. cold, ~JJ dryness,..s.J"-i
~.J"-,~~~. (~.....s~"P. v.i. dance/
moisture. C.! ~~)~.+ ~~_ adj.
perfonn figure dancing. C.! 1. ~~~. +
quadrangular. Cj ..:.;S')~ •.,)~_ + ~»""_ n.
square, rectangle with all four sides equal (syn. ,:,-l';"k1 v.i. dance. Cj ,:,~.J~.
';";..)P.'): ~..)~ ..s~»-).P.' rectangle.+ •.a!._ adj. ~ ,optk adj. foolish, senseless, stupid,
broad-shouldered. Syn. .Jb~lt. Cj 1. tl;.:,J.!.+ silly.
r-:--also JY''':' - and ......:. - n.
Wednesday. + - r';~ ,a,um n. pause, breather. See~.
~.pJ n. the four comers (of a house. the
..5~.k ,o,ek n. piece of jewelry decorating a
world, etc.).+ ~oI.J_ adj. folded twice (~.u)P.'

,:,~~ v. fold twice).+ ~.u_ (act of) shaving off woman's temples.-~.
(s.o. 's) beard, mustache and eyebrows in order ..?-~ ,1IXIf adj. shameless, barefaced. Cj I.
to disgrace. + lS _ n. song based on a tune in the
JJ·lJb~.
system of ~I~ q. V. + ~;} _ adj. very
strong, brawny. + ..:.;S' _ n. quadrangle. + "L n. ~,k ,OX! See a.t.,k.

1. all four directions; surroundings. 2. math.

quadrilateral; four-sided.+ ~J'i/ _ V.t. c1ose/
~P.' ,uxm n. overpass (esp. in the form ofan
arch over a street or an alley with a room
fill up esp. by building, build up from all sides; built on it).
also used with ~ _from meaning: close in on
~~ rllXU! also ~.J.P~ n. densely wooded
from all sides (so as to prevent from escaping!
entering) (cj ,:,1~jJl.o&).+ jLSee ~.u)~.+_ ravine/ depression. C.! 2.~.
 205

,;i.)k ~oda, n. livestock trader/ dealer. ..s.~ ~o,ek n. rolV small piece of baked yeast
dough often shaped like a large doughnut.
~ ~U! n. only in .r-! ~~ whiteness of milk
(used for thf! purpose of comparison). E.g., ~.p:e ~o'l pres. stem of the verb .~I.p:e q.v.
•~~~~..; It has the whiteness of milk;
pure, clear, genuine.
v'* ~o!ln pres. stem of the verb •~ .... I.p:e q. v.

.:-~ ~ust adj. 1. drilled, disciplined. 2. only in

~' ~o! n. small quantity (of a liquid); trickle
~~~ skillful and efficient! energetic. Cf
(cf 2. jj..i).+ •.,........ I-L:,.;*] V.t. drain off by
~~.+ ~_ n. discipline, order. Cf ~.,~.+
allowing to drip/ trickle. Cf ~.).J .JP.t.,l:. Syn.
}~_adj. and n. disciplinarian.
•.,.....;.... lS:;. + •.,.....;I..[~~]
. . v.i. drain, become
emptied of liquid by trickling! dripping.+ .&.,1- ~~ ~O! intj. used to stop a donkey: wo! whoa!
n. flow of water issuing from a gutter spout or Syn. 3. ";;-.
over the eaves of a wall. ...s;"..~. + ~.&.,1- v.
~l.l.k ~o~ n. kind of herb that is pounded
form a steady flow/gush (of watter issuing
from a gutter).+ -1-- adj. dried up (of a source and used as a detergent.
of water/liquid). (~.J.J--I r-#': v. dry up J..tk ~o~il also ~k adj. rash, impudent,
completely. ~.).J -t-#': v. cause (a water source) impertinent. Cf ~~.
to dry up. Cf .:r--.r- ~ .p:e. + .& _ n. place/spot ...tk ~o~ baize-like home-spun woolen
n.
where s.th. drips.+ V'..r.~/- v. drink the whole
cloth used in making a man's Kurdish outfit<
quantity/to the last drop (said of S.o. who ...t:,.~IJ q. v. (under ,:,1.)'); baize, serge; top/
leaves nothing of what is offered to him to
drink from).+ ._ n. drip; sound made by a
jacket part of a man's outfit (cf ..s:.;IJ ).-
dripping liquid. + ~_ n. continuous ~~.

dripping.+ ~_ also ~_ n. a little; trickle. ~~k ~O~!t!!. n. dish prepared from black
Indian pulse.- ~l.o.
.p:e2 ~o! n., zool. n. pheasant.
~k ~ov n. walking stick. Syn. ..:-t.),;i.) .
.p:e3 ~o! n., gram. homonym. Syn. ~.;,;...,la.
"'~ ~oq n. heat, intense/ excessive warmth:
..:;..~ ~urt n. abacus (instrument for
l.o~~k high point of warm weather.
calculation).
~»-=:' ~urtim n. stumbling block. hurdle, 4Jk ~oqe n. chattering of teeth (from chills,
impediment. Cf ,;-"jS. fever, cold).+ ~_ continued chattering of
teeth.
~~2 ~urtim n. nod (from drowziness). Syn.
..s~ ~ok n. knee. Syn. ji~. < ~la IS~ (under
.i~ •.,. + ~.)J.d- also ~I.) I_v. nod (of a drowsy
person). 4/). + ~I_ n. position of squatting with one
kee drawh up.+ ,:,1.) 1.)/_ v. kneel; sit down with
&,;.w: ~urte n. (a) move, an instance of moving.
one's legs bent in a kneeling position (cf ji~
Syn. 4.J~.
~I.) 1.).+ .;i-..:.b/- V.t. kneel on (s.o., s.th.).+ •
.r'k ~o!is adj. offensive, causing ~l,; ~I v. squat with one knee drawn up.
resentment!affront (ofs.th. said).
.us~ ~ukle n. 1. small stroke used in Arabic
~ ~urx n. whetstone on a wheel for writing. 2. circumflex accent.+ ~_ adj.
sharpening tools.
 206

given to inciting! causing trouble among ,)~ ';'JJ ..s;....>~ ~J!~ Look how he
others. disappeared!; used in comb. with IJ . E.g. ~
..:....;;JS~ ruklit n. chocolate; wrapped chewy IJI~ IJ u.).r/ Bring it back the same way
sweet. C.f J.,i".;. you took it. 3. pron. whichever. E.g. ~

~.; uj.t ":';.J~ I shall do it whichever way you

~l roll. adj. empty, unoccupied, vacant;
want.+ ~_ adv. rarely, very seldom (often
deserted. 2. n. open and uninhabited area (cj
1. .;,l,.~). (';'»1 ~ v. be empty, become vacant. used with ;oS... ). E.g. ~ l,;k;oS... It is only
.;,,).,,5~ V.I. vacate, give up occupancy (o/J, rarely that I see him.+ ..i4.!- also ~_ n .
evacuate; abandon (cj ~~).+I.,IO!I_n. manner, mode, fashion; condition, state;
particular circumstances. + ..54.! _ adj. alike,
vacuum, void.+ .r-- adj. restr. only in .;,,).? r.~
similar.+ ~~_ n. equality, similarity in
V.t. walk/cut through an untrodden area.+ _
quality/ status! rank! position, etc .
.:-~ adj. desert-dwelling. + oS _ n. uninhibited
plain! desert. + jj.AJ _ adj. void of all life; runke also ~~ con). because, for the
completely empty, quite deserted.+ I~o_ n. reason that, since. E.g. ~Ijli ~~ Because he
torch, flambeau (esp. in theform ofa buring doesn't know. Cj 2. ~.

slick of resinous wood). Cj .J'JJ~ (under J~)

..s:.;k rong n. middle. Syn. .:-ldIJli.
•~. + ..s - n. emptiness, vacuity; empty
space, void, vacancy. ~ rl2 1. adj. bygone, past, previous. 2. past
slem of Ihe verb .;,~ q.v. (under ~1).+
~2 rol onlyinj~)~q.v.
.;,..I....iI-
(v-'JP.'l v.I. I. pass, put into circulation
t ~J.:!' ro/~ n. skittish! nervous behaviour (of a (of false coins). 2. skip, miss performing (e.g.
horse).+ .;,.).? Pk v. act in a skittish! nervous! prayer allhe appointed time). + 1..,......LiI-l~JP.']
excited behaviour. Cj ..5"... v.t. cause to fade (of colour). Cj I..,....~.+ ..,1_
adj. missed, skipped; not performed (of
..sJk rolk n. latrine, toilet. Cj .... ~,)Jl;.
prayer).+ .;,_1 adj. and n. like, resembling;
~4..lk ro1eke n. sparrow, English sparrow. equal, counterpart.+ ..5~_ adj. alike, akin,
idiom: ~":"Jl:...:..;S'J~..:..,;.>....s4..lk Who are analogus; homogeneous.+ ....;~_ n.
you to boast of such claims?+ ..s,)L-~- n. homogeneity .
house sparrow (/it. sparrow that nests in the ';-'~ rl2p (E) n. tube (ofa lire).
eaves).
*..s,)b~ r12dar' n. distance, spacial remoteness .
... 4..lk roleme n., anal. pharynx.
Syn. IJl.o.
jJ.:!' rom also j~ n. river. idiom: );,) I.I"'k
*;~ rur adj. lame, limping. Syn. I.~ .
...s.....:; ..soJ~;4- A lie never goes very far
without being detected. C.f ,)~)-l (under )d 1 j~ riiz n., bot. shoot; scion, detached living
.~j'j~' portion of a plant used in grafting. (.;,,)'? j~
V.I. graft. see .;,.).,,5 ~~.J"").+ 1_ also 1,)1_ n.
tl.ok romax See-:J.;;.
sprig, small shoot, twig. + .... 1"..:.1 _ n. name of an
~ ron 1. adv. how, in what manner/way; in herb.
what state/ condition! effect. E.g. ~k How
.;,Ij~ rl2zan abbreviated expr. from ~Ij+~
are you? U JJ ~ ~ How did you tell him? 2. always used with a pronominal! ending
con). as, in the way/ manner in which. E.g. meaning: How would... know? How does ....
 207

know? E.g.. ~.,.J ~ Ij~ How would you I~J.j"';-L.; 4-1.+ OJ'JJ4.t .JJJ- v. move over (so as
know ifhe is there? to make room for others).+ 'J')Jl. ... .JJJ- v.
.~J..ilj~ L:,;J~] riJ1.IIndinewe caus.ofthe go to, answer someone's cry/ plea for help.>
verb •.,.;Ij~ q. v.
.hL... Cf u"L.. .J•.hl...... (under 4.t2).+ .&':'.1.1-
. .
n. alley, passage. C.f .J'JjS.+ •.,aJJ": ":'.1.1- v. see
.~Ij~ [~j~] fU1.IInewe v.i. smart, feel a as Iikely/ probable, produce an impression on
sharp, poignant or burning pain. one (of an idea. notion. suggestion. elc.).+_
..5~ ruk =..5~ q.v. j&..>~ &....iJJ v. sleep in the arms (of-loS), sleep
(with).+ .?J'-i &....iJJ- v. go/ get into someone's
.J~I [~] run v.i. 1. go (to); leave, depart (cf
arms or lap (esp. 10 be carried. e.g. ofa child).
iJ.-!...J~ under j/). idiom: ~l;J;-~-JJi~ Cf .;.;5 &....i~.+ .JIJ~~"";JJ- V. go back to
.JL.,. He went after profit but incurred loss the source, arrive at the origin, get to the
instead. 2. pass, go, be fit for circulation! fundamentall underlying! implicit factors.-
exchange (of money. stamps. etc.). 3. crack .JIJL:..~ under IJ-I"+ .:.-.~ ":'.1.1- v. egg on,
and leak out (of a poached egg). 4. mate (of incite to action (/it. get under the armpit).+-
single-hoofed animals) (cf ~~ under )4,/).
. .. ~ &,jJ) v·,fig. get under someone's skin;
5. < I. .J~ '"'" q. v. 6. die out (of a blaze!
induce, encourage; countenance. + ~..:..1.1-
flame) (see .J&....i~..... b under Il'). 7. feel numb
v.i. become off limits. E.g.• ..:..:..~J..i... ~
(.syn. 1. ~Ja,j. cf .J~;.S&.J).+ IoSj~JJ- n. . .
~ a,jk,"", r''''':;; ~L,. Because of somethings
vehicle, medium, conveyance. Cf .;..+ Ji.JJJ-
your house has become off limits for me.+_
go fowling at night.+ 1J..il-l:4.t.JJJ-
.).,.,..:. V.
'.JO.Jw..., &....i.J.J v. leave the village for summer
I. v.t.. fig. become outraged, hit the ceiling. 2.
camp.+ j~ &....iJJ- v. go/move/sit next to (s.o ..
v. i. go up in the sky/ into space. + '.J4-ft. 4.t .JJJ-
s.lh.).+ O~~ &....iJJ- V.I. consumate a marriage.
v. pay a visit of condolence, attend a funeral
ceremony.+ 'J'r--!, 4..t.JJJ- = .J~ '.JO..r-f. 4.t q. v. Cf .~~ ..:.~.J.- 4.• ~~.+ '''';~'':'JJ- v. begin
under 4.t .+ 1~1.JA.>4.t.JJJ- v.I. rise into the sky, to observe a feast. + ~ ":').1 _ V. i. fit into place/
2

go up into space. 2. jump, start.+ I~IJ~ 4.t.JJJ- V. position.+ ';"411:;''':'.1.1- v. pay a call on, have an
go after, go to fetch; call, summon.+ &.i.JJJ- audience with, be received by. E.g.. 411~

.J........ ~ v. answer (a call, sound. movement. ..5j.J--.;.,.....:;. I paid the president a visit. + _
. .
summons).+ .~j>;4-~.JJJ- v. pay a visit of •~."J~ "":'.1.1 v. retire into privacy.> .;.,.~.+-
condolence (to-loS)' Cf .J~.J ~j>;4-.+ ~.JJJ­ .;.,LS~ &,jJJ v. bend the torso from an upright
I~.JA-- v. come suddenly upon, take by position as part of Moslem prayer ritual.+_
surprise. + b .;;...,...:. 4..t .JJJ _ V. go to fetch, go I.,.> ~ __ .~ "";JJ v. pass away, go to one's final
after.+ I~..s:....:.;. '-/.JJJ- v. comprehend. grasp rest (lit. pass into God's mercy). Cf .J~""

the meaning mentally.-..s:....:.;....+.J'J~.JJJ-v. (under .,..'). + .JI.JJ~ &,j.1) _ v. keep a tryst! an

be favourably disposed to (s.th.), show agreement to meet.> .J1 JJ~ q. V. + ...-ij"";.1.1 _ v.
compassion! sympathy to (s.o.).+ ';I~ ~~.JJ­ assume responsibility, consider oneself
v. call on, visit, go as a guest. E.g ... ~~ accountable/ answerable; admit, acknowledge,
yield. E.g.. ~j ~l; He does not admit it
~ ~ ~I~ Whom are you going 10 visit (( (III
(cf .JL.; ~.Jb under .JI~').+ j~...-ij&,jJJ- V.1.
on)? Cf ..,.;1~4..tu"l..+ bIoSJoj...;-l;....,~))_\·.
fig. go down and be destroyed. get ruined (lit. support (s.o.) by getting under his arm.+ ..:.))_
to sink into the depth ofthe ground). Cf ~~.r. ..5l>...-ij v. i. die. Syn..J~..... (under ..... '). + ..:.JJ -
oJ4'.J,.I,j~ v. go into mourning, wear
 208

mourning. - 1S),Ij"-"", (under ~ I). + o~ ....J.J- .:....~ fuwit n. bluing (used in laundry).+ c.,rl-
v. prostrate oneself in prayer. + y4- ....J.J _ 1. v. i. having the colour of .;:..,~ q. v.
be realized, materialize, be carried through!
~...JP. fuwin pres. stem ofthe verbs ,;,.l.iI.JP. and
accomplished. Cj .;4-"':'~Ji' 2. V.t. go to see
."....I.i,~.
(on business). E.g., ..,.,;~;s.,.s;""IS.;4-""~ I
went to see him about the rent. C.I ~ ...~.+_ ~' fe pron. what = If:' q. v.
i)..... ....J.J v. t. go to the bathroom! toilet. + ....J.J- ~2 fe suffIX used to form dim unitive nouns and
,;,'Ji4l.;4- v. visit the cemetery, attend a burial
adjectives, e.g. ~~ .~4.A.
ceremony (with-j.$...J).+ 0.J0~ ....J.J- v. man
a trench (mil.); get entrenched. See .P.;- ..
.....-' fep adj. & n. left, location! direction on
~}. + O.JO J.J-""';' "':'.J.J - v. begin the Sabbath (of the left side; left. + Jr adj. & n. leftist,
the Jews).- J.J-"-'!'.+ ';'~j.l.i)o4J ....J.J- v. get on! advocate of the doctrines of the left. Cj 2.
~~.+ ""J-!- n. leftism, principles and views
be carried on the shoulders. Cj a.,j~.?
of the left, advocacy/ adherence to such
,;,lS:.....!.j.I.i)o4J.+ 0.J-"'-!lS" "':'.J.J- See 0.J-"'-!lS" ~l..+ _
principles.+ ~_ adj. left-handed.+ F':.J- adj.
u.S "':'.J.J See ~ "':'.JP..+ 0.J0.p.S a.,j.J.J- v. join in,
awkwardly formed, crooked. Cj .;$.J.;I~. + _
begin to take part, get "into the act". + ....J.J-
~I;.J I. adj. crossed, intersected. 2. n. cross.
J.;S v. sit in (s.o. 's) lap. Cj J.t.J~ ....JP..+ -
See ~ 'li~' (,;,~....s ':-'pt~ v. pull the left
j;.S "':'.J.J v. ride/ be carried piggyback. Cj ...~.? hand and the right foot together or vice versa
j;.S.+ ~ "':'.J.J- v. visit, go to see, pay a social to ease backpain).+._ adj. left-handed.+ ..5._
visit (to-IS). Cj .;4- "':'.JP..+ ,;,It.......J.J- v. go adj. seldom frequented (of places that are
forth, enter the course/ arena (of battle, etc.), remote).+ IS- n. 1. Kurdish dance that begins
show one's presence. Cj ,;,lt~ ~l..+ ....J.J- with a left step. 2., pol. left wing. Cj J.r.~.
o"..s:.....:.;. v. be convinced of, be thought
~2 fep n. palm of the hand.+ jl_ n. the hand,
probable; make sense (ofs.th.).+ ."..;.J.J-1. v.
the human arm below the wrist. Syn. .:-o~. + _
fade, lose colour. 2. v. go back, return (to-~).
..5 n. bunch, bouquet (offlowers, grass, etc.).
3. used in compound verbs, e.g. •"...~~...J
Syn. ..s-~ (under IJ""~). Cj 'j~ .4.J~'.+ _
q. v. + y4- 0"";.J.J- v. take after, resemble, be like
,;,1..;.,$1 See ,;,bj ~~.+ ~_ n. clapping,
(in manner, behaviour, looks, etc.). Cj •.,.;.:.
applause. idiom: ;;)~L.; j ~~"-i ~~
,;,~j.+ .;,jJ "':'.J.J- v. unleash one's attack
Friendship (cooperation) requires two willing
(on.)/ tongue (against s.o.), deal with severly/
sides (lit. one hand alone cannot clap). +. _
effectively. E.g., 1S.;,jJ'~o~.)~~ He
,;,I;~ n. loud! prolonged applause.+ ;;»3"';-
attacked him with a stick. + ..5A.! ....J.J _ v. shrink
n. • catcall and clapping (as used when
(esp. of laundered materia/).+ ..5"';'.J.J- adj. humiliating and chasing s.o. out of town.).
identical, indistinguishable, the same. E.g. ~.? ,;,It;'~;;>>3 ~~ They chased him out
IJ.JP.
• 2 run
~. See under ->.1. with catcalls and clapping.+ ,;,bj J_ v. clap,
applaud.+ ,;,I.;.,$j ~_ v. clap against (as a
*~ fuwi n. wound, sore. Syn. .r..Ji'+ )~_ adj.
sign ofdisapproval of or displeasure with).+_
woonded. Syn. )....:....Ji.
,;,~~ n. nursery word for ~~ q. v. + ..5j _ n.
J.i~ fuwil adj. having crooked hind legs (of a slap, cuff with the open hand. idiom.: ...J ..5~~
horse). ."..:.~ 4-.;;~ Never to cease slapping one's
knees in self-reproach.+ ,;,LSj_ n. pawing!
 209

scraping with a hoof. (..,.)...,S' ..,lS'~~ v. pawl ..,\j~ retan n. shadel cover on a cart used for
scrape/ beat upon with a hoof.+..,l.:.;S' ~ ..5j_ transporting the harvest.
also ~~ ~..5j_ v. slap, cuffwith the open ,;~ reIT n. umbrella (syn. I . ..,1..9':(_); sunshade;
hand.+ b~..,I.)..5j_ v. cuff! slap on the parachute. (.j.)...,S',;~ v. 1. trim (a tree! bush)
head.+ .Jj_ n. mitt, hand (used as a vulgar/ into the shape of an umbrella. 2. be in pride (of
inelegant ref.erence to the hand). C! 1. a peacock).+ ..iLt- n. parachutist; mil.,
~.).+ e~.J- n. nameofaplant.+..5;Je_= paratrooper.+ ..,1.) ~/ _ v. put up an umbrella .
..5~~q.v. 2. cock (turkey, peacock).
~~~ repale n. piece, bit (as of carpeting, etc.) 4.i;~ retfe = ~ q. v.
Cj ~J~' ~..J;~ retLemez adj. tricky, mischievous. C.f
.J~~ repaw n. raid, foray. (LJ,)'? .J~~ also J~~ J'lJ:.j
• - .

.;4- ':'.).ft v. raid, make a raid onl foray into).

j;;~ retol also ~,;;~ n. light summer tent. Cj
..,~~ repxJJn adj. mean, wicked (esp. ofa ..:..e"';" .jL..:.ld 'J.)~'
child).
"'.J.Y~ relfin adj. difficult, hard to manage/ deal
~~ repken n. tunnel. Cj ~ •d;:;.,s'. with (s.o.) (cj ..,...>';;. 1. ..r.J.Y); problematic,
A~ repger also .)~~ adj. cruel, grim, complicated (syn. )"j.l. cj ~).
unrelenting: ~~..;.~ cruel fumament. ..~ rete (T) n. robber, bandit (esp. in a group).
..,li.~~ rep~n n. clandestine/ surreptitious Cj ~-J' D.)~ '..i.).+ wlS' - also..s~ - and I,I!.-
undertaking. Cj ~J:..t. n. banditry.
4.i~~ retyane n. curved sword.- ,r.::}.
t~~ repecax n. chopper (esp.for meat). Cj
~~. ~~ reli", n. ~... +~ orphan girl, girl
without a father. Cj ~u..+ I_adj. notorious
~~ reper n. wattle door/ screen! fence. Cj
(of a woman).
iJo'~ •..,~.+ ..,1J.i4.t_ n. dense gathering!
swarming (ofpeople) around (s.th.. s.o.). ~~ rer also ~ n. hand (nursery word). C.f
I . ..:-u.
..54.!.~2 repek n. furrows made in an uneven
rice paddy for equal distribution of water. ::l..>~ rexmax (T) n. 1. lighter, device for
~~ repel adj. filthy, dirty (syn. 1. ~. cj lighting (cigarettes. etc.). 2. matchlock.+ ..;:_
j;.....~;obscene. + ..s _ n. dirtiness, filth; also ..i l.., _ n. gunsmith. + 1_ n. lightening; flash,
obscenity. brief, intense display of light.+ ~b/I_ v.
discharge a flash of lightening (of clouds).
~ ret n. grain chaff/ impurities. Syn. JejjS.
*~ raer n. road marking.
*DJ\j~ retare adj. silken, made of silk. Cj
':'D.)~ redene n. wild mint. Cj .:. w-J'
~..J.Jl:.

~li~ retal n. I. fork (tableware) (cj 1. j~); \$I~ re!aga also &I~ n. pasture, grazing
hayfork (cj ..,....:,). 2. V-shaped stand used to ground. Syn. -t yJ.
rest a rifle on for better aiming. + .:.1_ n. fee in ~ rerpa = ~~q.v. (under J~2).
kind given to collectors of harvest.
 210

~~ rerri n. peddler (esp. one who travels vexatious! agonlzmg situation, worry,
around the countryside). headache. E.g. -.$.... r'..J4- ......J~ ~.w Don't

~I rerx n. 1. wheel (syn. 2. ~); circle

give me a headache. C! ~.y~.+ .Jb~.J"-o­
V.t. put through an agonizing situation.+~_
(cj 2. "";j(,.): .JL.:..s- waterwheel *)..I,jl~..s­
adj. leathem, made of leather.
toothed! cog wheel *,:,~)"ftj..s _ grindstone. 2.
point of change (in time), tum (of events). E.g. ~~ rermig adj. white.Syn. ~.+ .J.J.Jo-"_adj.
~L.Oj....,>~ or ..s.t....Ju....,>~ Firmament, reddish brown in the face and head (of a
sheep).
heavens.+ ,:,1- V~] v. i. revolve, rotate, turn!
roll around on an axil. Cj 0.J4.i1d»-' +_ »-"Po rermii = ~~ q. v.
,:,~I[~.J~] caus. of ,:,L>~ q.v. Cj
j....Po rermel See ..J~.
o.J-.;.... ld..1J--'.+ .JI- n. Persian wheel,
waterwheel.+ ,:,~).,.;./_ See ,:,L>.J~'+ ~~..J/_ 0....~ re!.inde adj. grazing (of animals);

.J~ V.t. hound, heckle, pursue unrelentingly, .

herbivorous·-lS'IPo .
make life miserable for.+ .J1~j/ _ v. whirl o~ rere n. snack, light meal. < 0.J~.J":" Cj
(esp. of bodily movement of a dervish in ;:J"S~. + .;';> - n. small wooden pipe in a
devotional exercise).+ ..s.t....Ju.J_ n. double
watermill connecting -';~j~ to ~~ q. v. + j_
swing ridden by two.+ 0_ J. n. perambulation,
n. dry roasted seeds, nuts, etc.+ ..r- n. 1.
stroll (around! through a place esp. for
vineard products made on the spot (e.g. syrup,
patrolling, inspection, etc.). 2. revolution,
sweetmeat, etc.). 2. small snacks prepared for
round. rotation (of s.th. round another in a
a social gathering.
circuitous path/course). Syn. I. p.,-. Cj J...,.:>-.
(.J~.;S -..>Po v. go on around; patrol). + ~o _ n. &0Po rerege See t:7:~.
guard, patrol.+ .JI~ 0_ v. rotate, circle/ orbit .:.r...J~ ~] rerJn v. i. graze, feed on growing
around.+ \.S- I. adj. round, circular. 2. n., obs. herbage. Syn. .:.r...J0~.
old silver coin.
, ~ rej pres. stem ofthe verb ~ q. v.
t.J~- n. lighter, device for lighting a
rerx
cigareetle, pipe, etc. ~ res expression meaning: what is it? C!
~ .
..... -.>.J~ rerxeme n. large basket made of cane.
C! ';A..t--. •..:..J..ol.-.;V· ~I resp n. & adj. sticking pastel tape; fmn,
in place. (.J..I.JoI~ v.i. be firmly fixed! in
tl~Po rerdax n. bower, arbour. C! r..5.
place. ,:,~.;S ~ V.t. fix firmly.+ ,:,I_~]
.JJdOJI~.J~ cerdawe!.u adj. audacious, also ~[~] v.i. fit firmly and
contemptuous of decorum. Cj ~~. completely (into--;""':;); stick, adhere. +

OJ)~ rerde n. quantity, amount, measure. C.f ,:,J...il_ [~] V.t. fix, cause to fit firmly;
3 . -t-3. cause to stick. + .J1- also .y- _ adj. firmly seated!
fixed! embeded. Syn. ~.
..r)~ rers n. hashish. See I . ..s..:.A..t.
resp pipeful/quantity of hemp
n.
~)~ rerm n. leather. Cj ~ .j~.+ ~_ n. (hashish) used in one smoke.
tanner (ofhides).+ .J.s.:..:,>-n. tanner.+ jL-_n.
leatherworker. + IoSj L- _ n. leatherwork. + _
,:,~2 respan adj. fast. Syn. I~.

dU~o n., anat. peritoneum.+ ~.J--o- n.

 211

~ fe:! also ~ I. n. bait (used to hook! trap ~4 feq only in Iheexpr.: ~~~.r-l(; Until
with). 2. n. taste (gen. pleasant). Cf 1"(;. 3. hell freezes over. Right up to the bitter end
adj. trained/accustomed to like. (,j..!..W ~ v. be with no avail.
trained for, become accustomed to; acquire a ~s feq pres. stem of the verb ~ q. v. +
taste for. ,j:..;$";u: v.t. train, accustom (esp. ~ _ [~) v.i. get stuck, sink (as in mud. snow,
animals for hunting with the use of bail). + ~ _ etc.). E.g. ul~;..,l4.l ~li His foot got stuck in
~] See iJ .:: .+ ...5_ n. ladle. See the mud. + y- _ adj. stuck; deadlocked.
...N.;...~.+ t,Jj.H_ adj. able to steal the
jliU; ,eqa[ only in jlJ..oJlJ~ n. commoners,
bait without being caught! trapped.
plebeians. Cf ~~.J ~.p.
~ fe!me (P) n. spring, source of water.
.,;J~ ,eqa/.le only in .,;Jli~p' q.v.
Syn. t.J~J- .~lS.

~ fe:!n n. I. kind, sort, specimen (.syn. ;p.); &J~ feqale n. bitter almond: ;~..;_ salted
way, manner (.syn. ..,;;.). 2. equal, like match. bitter almond eaten as a snack! appetizer.-
,j:'.} ";j>.
(.syn. 2. ?.;).
,jliU;~] feqan See,j~ b.+ ,j:'- [.:,;J~] v.t.
~ fe:!ni n. percussion cap. See I. 4j.~.
stick, fasten by thrusting (into b ... 4..t). Cf
~ fefte n.
square piece of silk material ,j.l.ili~b.
(generally ofbright colours with gold threads
and fringed. used as part ofa headdress or ..s~ ,~~ok n. nameofaplant
worn as a shawl by women around the
~ ~Ij n. stage, halting place, day's journey.
shoulders and back). Cf ~.- 'JI~
~.J.J4-. jJU; feqo n. knife; folding knife: ,ju.r,$..;-
pocket knife. Cf r-J4j .:.~.+ J&_also jL.._
~ fefte!h See .;-tL'~.
n. cutter.+ ..;~_ also ..;jL-_ n. cutlery
j.o...: I feq n. gristle, nerves and sinews (esp. in (business 0/).+ ~ _ adj. rough, violent;
meat of poor qua/ity).+ »-• .,1-
adj. brazen, menacing, threatening.
brash, nervy; obstinately disobedient (esp. of a
j.tJ~ I feqel. 1. n. jackal. idiom.: I"~;" j4j~
child). Cf 2. .J.t-O.JL:.
, 1"':""J-l ;.. .;.>0-l Each thing unto the one who can
j.o...: - feq n. middle (of a road); centre (of a do it justice or sh?emake~ stick to your last. 2.
circle); hub (of interest! activity): u:..~_ adj. skinny. E.g. 4.l4j~~~ He is as skinny as
crown of a road *...r'»J..; _ centre of gravity. ajackal. Cf ~ .jI.J~.

j.o...: feq n. clang, clatter, impact, strike (in a j.tJ~2 feqe[ n. leg (of a chair, desk. etc.). Cf
game of marbles). (,j:'.;$ J~ v. hit and knock ~u.J~.
out an opponent's marble (in a game).+ t_
,j4.J~ feqen = ,j4.J'-l q. v.
also ~ _ n. aimless! noisy argument! jabber;
clicking/clattering sound. 4.....S"4,t•.JL..
E.g. ";4j~ feqene n. 1. snapping of the fingers (cf
~I_;"~:- They have been noisily arguing for ...:;--h; castanet (see .... I~~). 2. governor
some time. + ~I.,. _ n. castanets. + ~ l.t _ v. be devised to joggle the dripfeed-~y.S of a
beard chattering/ arguing lOUdly. mill.+ ,j1:...,J/- v. Snap one's fmgers in joy.
Cf ,jl:.~~. Syn. ,j.l.ili.; ~ (under ~2).
 212

..5~ I ret (E) n. cheque (for an amount of ,-,,"",1~.J.s~ rekerdast

adj. big and slouchy/
money) . slovenly in appearance (ofs.o.).
..5~2 ret n. arm, weapon. (;;~.J..5~ v. disarm, 0,)'4S~ rekere n. I. sprout, shoot (from a
divest of weapons! anns. cf ..5~.r. .;;li 1~..5~ germinating seed! bulb). 2. excresence
;;~.J).+ .;l>_ n. magazine/ arsenal (for storage (forming on the surface of sweet food after
having been kept a long time). 3. herald, sign,
of arms).+ )~- also ~..J- adj. armed, equipped
frrst indication.+ (;;~~ o,)'4S~j~ v. develop
with weapons: )~,-"IJ.JIS armed convoy_~
doubt!misgiving about--...J. cf j~ JJ~ ';;»1 -;"..J
*.J b armed forces. (;;~.J ~-f~ v. t. arm, furnish!
;;~).+ ;;~~ .Jo~/-
v.i. sprout, genninate.+ -
equip with weapons. cf ;;~~ ..5~).+ .;I)~_
~ n. (act oj) breaking and turning (ofso;l).
adj. armed. E.g. ';1).iS~IoS~ Armed conflict!
(;;~.,.s .;,,;>....:.o~~ v. break and tum by
combat.+ ;;l.ib/_ v.i. lay down/ aside anns;
ploughing).+ ;;'4/- v. from an excresece.
disarmament.+ ..r;..J- n. armament, process of
preparing for war/ defense. .JJ.,..s~ rekewur n. smell of burning fat. See
..5J.J.e>.J.t.
..5~J rek n. I. woman's collection! outfit of
jewellery. Cf ~. 2. piece (as in ~~~IS­ ~ fel also..J~ n. tum, chance to dol perform
heel-piece of ~~~ q.v.) (see •..,;.i); occasion.+ ;;1_ adv. formerly. in
times past.
..5~4 rek n. verdict, sentense (of a court). + •
;;I~I v. sentence, pronounce a verdict! sentence t~~ relax adj. jittery, nervous (ofa horse). C!
on. + JI.J~ - adj. sentenced. ~.Y-.

.... IS~ rekame n. poem having a rigid tripartite ..5"i~ relak n. long pole used to shake walnuts!
structure. Cf a.!J'; .0.11;;.. gallnuts, etc. off of a tree.

J~~ relaN! n. broth! stock of boiled sheep's

O~H~ rekberde n. wrangle, quarrel, scrap.
head and trotters-;:,u.J<l- q. v.
retme (T) n. boot. See ....f. •~~. + _
...s:.:..J~ reltit n. small grain bag. Cf jl~.
~ adj. disunited, rent by internal dissensions.
See »->p.+ ,jo.}_ adj. having a tradition of ..5.,.u;J~ reltfik n. unhusked rice. C! I. (?}JI.-
military service. 0..i0~.+ ;;I~~}~I _v. undermine/ weaken by
rekme adj. having the skin peeled! speaking unfavourably of. Cf ;;~.J .J.j~.
scraped off (of a severely burnt part). (....s~ ..;..J~ relte n. mischievous gossip.+ iJ.-;.IJ~/-
;;»1 v.i. have the skin scraped! peeled off). V.t. subject. (s.o.) to mischievous! injurious
gossip.+ .:.J~_ n. incessant gossip. C.f
~.,s~ rek,,! n. hammer. Cf ';jl,;.~.+ 1oS.J1S-
1oS..i~~·
n. working with a hammer. (;;~.J 1oS.Jl>...!..,s~ v.
work with a hammer). J..,J~ relumil n. burden, responsibility (of
..5~ reke n. carder's mallet. Syn. ~o~.- s.o.). C! .J~'
(~4.A.+ ;;1.1..5.1- n. mallet and bow (carder's *j..uJ~ rellJz
adj. importunate, annoyingly
implement). persistent (esp. ofa beggar) .
..5~~ reterek n. clash, clatter (esp. of ~ ~..J~ re/epayt n. name of a dance.
steel). Cf ..5~.s~.
 213

*..s..J~ fldek adj. having good paces (of a *~~ femfu, n. large fly (normally found
horse). Syn. ~.J'.rji-. attacking grape vine). Cf ~.

•.;.,S4..J~. fe/eku!e n. bird resembling but ~~ fmlfe n. ladle (esp. metal). Cf ~.

smaller than a sparrow hawk. Cf ....:.I.J.
*~~ fetrlfi, n. variety of black grapes. See
. I
~~ feieme n. 1. wishbone.+ .::$.:._ n. ~l~;-·
game of memory initiated by the breaking of a
...s;...~ femk n. connotation, secondary/
wishbone by two persons.
additional meaning or intent. Cf ,~
~J~2 feieme n. I. crisis, an unstable state of
~.+ iJl~/- v. connote, suggest, evoke, bring
affairs (cf ..s.;~l;).+ I¥IS- n. crisis of
to mind.
confidence.< ~J~~. Cf iJ~. 2. pillory
(instrument for punishment). ~;..~ fmloie n. gesture expressing contempt!
humiliation (for s.o. 's blunder, failure. etc.)
..s.;.u~ I fe/eng adj. elegant, gracious; good. made by pushing one's hand with the fingers
extended, towards the person's face.+ •
..s.;.u~2 fe/eng (T) n. wreath.
~.l~1 also iJL..;'jI- v.t. make a gesture of
~~ fen n. name ofa plant resembling stork's .u;..~q.v.
bill-...s;L.j.J'~.
..;~~ fe""4 adj. cantankerous, bulky,
~~ felipa n. cross (syn. ~~); cross-shaped contrary (ofa horse, a chi/d). Cf iJ"";~ •.sJ"'·
figure.
~~I ft!lftn a/so .~~ n. circle (.syn. 2. ';jlt);
r~ I fem n. river (esp. one fed by many
hoop, ring (cf 1. ..iJ...,).+ IS- adj. circular,
tributaries). Cf .JltJ-/ .~j ' •.J.J.i:-4t. idiom.: ~
round.
~L..; J.U~:.r. There is always a bad element
~~2 feme, n. group mourning around a
among the good in everything. + .J1- n. I. river
corpse. + .....1_ n. funeral music played on
water. 2. ~~.+ ~p..J- n. dense growth!
L..;.J.J..i.,.l.;-u q. v. + """p.-- n. (act of) gathering
thicket in a river course.+ ";'J._ n. region of
around (normally by women) a corpse for a
many streams. + ~_ n. and adj. certain
mourning dance (characterized by a certain
produce grown near/ irrigated from a stream. + type of chanting and weeping). + ~ ~I -
ISjj;-~ -
n. young small kind of ISjj)" q. v.
also ~.J IJ"'"p.-I - v. gather around-~ the
,
~- fem n. eye. See .J~. dead for ~~~ q. v.
3
~ fem adj. bent, curved. Cf }p.+ iJ.t.il- ~~ femi pres. stem of the verbs '.JA.iL.o~ and
also '.JA.i.t.i'-[~~] v.t. bend, turn, force into a
curved/angular shape or position. Cf
~~ femin pres. stem of the verb '.JA.i.t.iL.o~.
I """;J}" }~ , •.JA.i.t.i l;;...:..".i. + •.,-..;1 - V~] also_

I~ v.i. bend, cause one's body to deflect! *..;~~ fenU!!an; n. mulberry grove.- .,.,;.
incline. Cf •.,...:..JIIoib.+ 'JI_adj. bent, angulate,
~I fen = ~q.v.
curved; stooped, droopy. (cf 2. 'rjS '.Jl;.:..".i).+
->J- n. twists and turns (in a road, stream, ~2 fen also ot.SL n. chin. Cf ..L...,....:.. + •
elc.). iJl~/J1 also iJl~/o- v. talk too much, be
garrulous. + ~..)~ot.SI_ See j ~~. + iJ lJ.,s I ot.SI_ v. i.
be in the agony of death, be breathing one's
 214

last. Cf ,jb,jL,$.+ ;.;.,s&.5J- n. death agony, ~_ adj. quantitative.+ ~_ n. amount,

death rattle. C.f .1~":'~.+ 1- n. chin.+ jltl- quantity, volume. Cf u~.

adj. garrulous,_ talkative, chattering, voluble.

~ rendin =,j..Li~q.v.
Syn. d~l~jj..)~ .~..)jj. I. l..LijL... C.f ~..i4{j~.+­
~j~ n. talkativeness, garrulity, loquacity. .s~..u--i~ renstiteke also .s~~ n. dish of
(,j~.,s ~jlt..:.~ v. talk too much! nonsense).+_ thick soup/ stew prepared from ~~ q. v. and
"';~I adj. face-to- face, direct, eyeball-to- cracked wheat or rice.
eyeball (of a meeting, confrontation, etc.). Cf ..s.;~1 reng n. harp (music).
":".1.1,;,-..,...uJ. + ,j \;""1 .1 ":'~I - v. have a face-to-
face meeting! confrontation, face up to each ..s.;~2 reng =..Li~ (all forms) q. v.
other. + ~o _ n. talking out of line, sharp/
JI~~ renewer = fol~ q. v.
assailing language. Syn. ~jj..)..LiL..j.+ ~Ipl_
adj. calumnious, malicious (of a gossiper). ~~ [~] renin See ~~ Id.

*~~ rentik See I~~"';. ~ eew n. shingle, coarse gravel. Cf .~~U;.1.1

~..i.+ ~- n. pavement of coarse graveV
*j~~ reneti" tldj. stingy. See 1. ..5.1J.;I: .l~.
shingle. (~.J jj-J~ v. pave/cover with shingle/
1. aliv. how. E.g., ~p ~ How coarse gravel).+ .5-1_ adj. having much
pleasant it is. ~ Ij~..Li~ How high is it? 2. aliv. graveVshingle (of a place).
how much, how many. E.g., ~,j»l..Li~~~
rew~e adj. contrary, adverse,
Do you remember how many they were . ..Li~

~~ How much is it worth? 3. aliv. as much

unfavourable; negative:
. - Negative
~1~~.1.1;
aspect(s). (,j~.,s ~I~ v.t. lead!cause to act in
as. E.g., .;...i': ..::...-.P...:..Li~ Eat as much as you
contrary or negative way); baffle, stymie.+_
like. 4. pron. some, an indeterminate quantity/
;L.S' n. negativisit.+ ~JLL n. negativism;
number, few. E.g., r-\.i4,; ~ ,j~ ~ I
habitual skepticism.
know some (a few) among them. (syn. ~).+.

,jl n. much, great quantity/ amount; that kind ..:..~ rewt adj. 1. crooked, bent (syn. ;I.,..). 2.
of. E.g., ....~~I..Li~US.......)L:,;lj He does not wrong, improper, not right according to a
code/ standard! etc. + I "";..Lil_ L:,;;~] v.t. bend,
have that kind of information. ,j1..Li~ .1.1~ Twice
make crooked. + 1.,..;1_ t;~] v. i. bend, curve
as much.+ ~I_ n., math. multiple. E.g.,
away from a straight line/position.+ 1.11- adj.
U"..;S".1L.; ..s..;I..Li~ Least cornman dinominator.+_
bent, leaning. + ~JI _ n. aspects, facets,
~"-i.1 adj. quantitative, expressed as quantity.+
features.+ I~} ~.1I/ _ v.t. evaluate
~k.1- n. bickering, argument, haggle. E.g., _
judiciously, examine critically (as to
~k.1 ~ Let's not haggle/ argue.+ 1_ expr.
determine the various aspects 0.1).+ ~_ n.
meaning: (for) sometime/ long. E.g., 1..Li~
crookedness; wrong, improperness .
..:..1.":'j.1\;""o.1 I have been waiting for long, but
rewtek n. branch covered with soil at
he has not come. (no matter) how much E.g.,
different spots to develop root and serve as
j~.J~~ 4-ij»-l..s...~J..sa.J (1)..Li~ No
new plants.
matter how much J tried, he would not listen to
me.+ ~I_ adj. having a given order (of j.s~ ~ rewtekel n. four-year-old bulVox.
ordinal numbers). E.g., ~"::"'..»1~~,~.... ..Li~jj
Jb.1~ rewdar also )~k n. trader in cattle.
How did you rank? what was your position?+
 215

)~ cewr adj. greasy, oily (offood). (~J.J)~ ~ fiya n. mountain. Syn. I. tL.:. .~.+ ~_ n.
V.t. grease, oil; lubricate).+ ~I_ n. oil used on highlander.
a hone. + D_ n. bum, hobo, tramp. + loS _ n. fat ~I fit 11. fabring resembling chintz (used esp.
(syn . .,..,J); grease, lubricant (cj ~j;).+ ~I~_ n. in women's cJothing)+ .sj_ 11. cheap! inferior
pot! receptacle for keeping or applying a quality of ~ q. V.
lubricant.
~2 fit n. screen! fence put up around a tent in
.sj)~ I fewroke n. small kerchief. C.! .sJr-DJ.
the winter.
.sj)~2 fewroke n. name of a herb.
~~ f1fkan also ~ 11. squat, squatting
D""';.LiL...~ [~~] fewsandinewe V.t. cause! position. < DyIoi~. (~J.J ~ v. squat).
force to toil, exploit; oppress, abuse, maltreat.
~~~ fiflemefan n. children's game
D.,.,.;L...J~ tr~] fewsanewe v.i. toil, labour, played while squatting.
plod. Cj 2.DJ4-'; .~b~D;.
~ fifi 11. (act oj) sitting down (nursery
DJL...~ fewsawe adj. oppressed, maltreated, word).+ ~J.? ~ v. sit down (said of! to a
downtrodden, persecuted. baby).
;r.~ fewsi pres. stem of the verb D"-';L..~ ~ fer adj. dominant, preponderant,
q.v. domineering (cj jlj .).Ij~"""""'J); operative,
fewsln pres. stem of the verb current; ruling (cj I)l;).+ IoS)J- n. hegemony,
D""';.Li L..~ q. v. + ;D _ adj. oppressive, brutal, dominance. Cj ~JIJ.J"-4t.::-tJ.
despotic, repressive. ..$ft;: cerg n., zool. greater bustard. C! ~.
)D.LiDJ~ fewellder also ~D~ n. beet,
.5j~r-e firfirok n. novelette, long short
beetroot.+ ..;.;~_ n. dish prepared from beet,
story. Cj ~ L.. J;.
rice and acid flavouring. Syn. ";'i.:;":",;.
.5j~ cirok 11. story, narrative, tale: ~~IoS­
;>;~ fewel See.::..~.
folktale *DJI~,;..IoS- epic poem *~uloS­
...r.- I
fi pron. I. what,E.g.,~D.,..:whatis fiction.
that? ~lj"';~iJ-" who do you think I am? ~ fej I. pres. stem of the verb ~ q. v. 2. 11.
,,-!D yIw~ ~ I.S...r.- what has this to do with taste, flavour; relish, appetite, desire.+ ~~/_
that? what is the connection? 2. what, v. i. have taste/ flavour (of s.lh. edible). + ~J.J /_
whatever. E.g., 4.J....;~..s..,..;L...r.- whatever
V.I. taste, ascertain the flavour of. Cj ~
you say is useless? •- _: I.... .r.- what do you say iJo .::-.+ )l.S- adj. desirous, having the relish!
(think)? idiom.: D""":;"'-JJ)J~ D~ ,- ":~.r.- one
appetite (for-j-t). + ~I_ v. i. suffer/ experience/
harvests what he sows. + ~D _ 11. nature,
endure (hardship, sorrow, etc.).
identity, makeup (of things). Cj '':''';'J..r''
.5j)DJl;.

,.r:-
~

fi suffIX forming nouns denoting agent,

.;...;:: r4 11. taste = ~ q. v. + .::.. _ n. cooked
food. Syn. 2. ";l;. Cj ~J}~: j)D~IoS_See ~l;
occupation, trade, name, etc. E.g., ~
j)D~ *....J....:.IoS- soft food (esp. vegetables with
cobbler. ~.J.I painter. ~IJ)LS person in
meat and broth! gravy).+ ...;\;_ 11. gratuity, tip
cbarge of a caravan.
(when buying a meal).+ ...;~_ n. kitchen. Syn.
 216
.~

J4..t~.+ ~_n. cook, chef. Syn. j~l:.+~_ ~2 rim n. grass, sod.+ ~_ n. meadow, grass-
~] v.I. taste, assenain the flavour of. 2. coverd steppe (cf .5,;....); lawn.+ },ri.- n.
experience, Wldergo, endure; taste, suffer. meadow.
E.g., ,- &::-IS,.,jj lS)j\.: He suffered much pain.+
;=;~ r1mento (E) n. cement.
..,;_ = ,j4: q.v.+ 0.J,j.H_ adj. experienced,
practiced. v.i. become ~ rln pres. stem ofthe verb .J.Li~ q. v. + ,,1,.,_
experienced).+ ..,J;s..; _ n. children's game of adj. sowed, sown (of seeds! etc.).
gathering food and eating ittogether. + ,,~.,;_ ~ rin n. I. class, stratum: "'~..lP.IS- the
n. forenoon, late in the morning, shortly peasantry *,.,\.5..:;J IS- the workers, working
before noon. + ~."...... _ n. prayer said during the class. 2. layer, fold (see 2. ~u). (~.J ~ V.t.
forenoon. See V"'; IS~"";· classify; arrange in categories. C.f ~.+__
~I ri.! n. screen made of cane/ reeds used as adj. stratified, in layers, arranged into
c1asses.+ I_I n. pile, heap.
a side wall, partition, enclosure, etc. ~.;4i. + _

~I.r-s V.t. put up ~ as a screen (on a rooftop 1S,,4 rlnawi n. multicoloured silk fabric used
around a bed or in the field around a tent). in women's clothing.

~2 ri.! only in ~~.J ~ v.I. graze, touch and ~ rlnko (E) n. galvanized iron; zinc.
abrade/ scratch lightly in passing (e.g. of a
~2 rlne n. pecking and scratching at the
bullet). 2. swarm! throng (around- ,.,,,o~.u).
ground for food (of fowls). (~.J ~~ peck
..,;~ riqillale n. sweet/candy which is grain).
chewable and has a wrapper. Cf J.,ii•..,..~.
~ rini n. chinaware.
-";I~ riki[dane n. 1. crop (ofa bird). 2. fig.
k fl~ n. wood. <,,;..,..k q. V.; stick. Syn . .Ib.+
patience, forebearance.< "';1~.5'.
~- See r.A..S.+ u!ol;'- n. carpenter. See

-..;~ rikene n. cotton gin;fig., catterbox. ~l;')~.+ """:'li_ n. carpentry. See ~li).).+_

E.g.. ~....;~~",; ~I~ He has a mouth like a a.J~ n. c1eat.+~"s _ adj. 1. packed, sarried. 2.

chatterbox. (~~~",;~ v. gin). See IS.lLS)~.+ jL..._ n. (act oj) sallying with
sticks and staves. (.:".)~jt..k v. sally/rush out
J.;.:- rei n. cow. Syn. ~t...
with sticks and staves).+ ~.... _ n. (act oj)
~ rfl n. hen-partridge. See ".st... groping about with a cane (of a blind
person).+ ~jo_ n. icicle. See ',.,..ol:-.+ .:"Lo_ n.
~ rllke n. twig, kindling, switch.+ ~_ n.
wooden container for honing lubricant.+ iJ!-
gathering of twigs for firewood.+ jl~,,_ n.
adj. wooden, made ofwood.+ ~_ n. wooden
twigs, thorns and dry shrubbery used for
burning. utensils.

~ rile n. wattle screen. Syn. ~4.,;. ok rlwe n. circumference, perimeter. Cf .....5'.

-ok)~: "';j~lS- n., math. circomference ofa
';"~~ rllerep n. footpath in the mOWltains. circle.
Cf "!SrJ",,; •"!S/'J .

..5~ rllek (T) n. strawberry.

~I rim n. name of the sixth letter ofthe

Kurdish alphabet.
 217

.Jil> l!az;, (A) adj. ready, all set; present. See

uL..l;. (iJ..I.1"t.Jil> v. be available.+ iJl)".Jil> v.
get/make ready).+ IS- adj. & n. available, at
hand, at one's disposal; present company. E.g.
..s.Ji l> ..s.,.,;.J .).,.,l present company excluded.
l!~ adj. useless, ineffectual. Syn.

L.:.l> l!tqa (A) 1. n. denial, refusal to admit;

disavowal. 2. int}. God forbid! (iJ~)" L:.l> v.
deny, refuse to odmit).+ .).,.,~_ excepting
C. l! n. seventh leiter ofthe Kurdish alphabet.
those present. + iJl)"j/- v. leave a husband
l> l!a int}o used to denote annoyance (as when (thereby denouncing the deferred portion ofa
persistently called! pressed) bridal gift and other rights and so obliging
him to divorce her and leave her free to marry
l>l> l!a l!a int}o used in driving cattle. Cf A>o.,.
another). + 'jJ",Jo., _ adv. not ever, never, not by
SJ'y'l> l!apulk n. handicap (allowance in a any chance.
game of marbles); chance, opportunity.+ iJll/- )l> l!ajiz (A) n. & adj. one who knows the
v. give a chance, allow; give a handicap (in a Koran by heart; blind (.syn. .;..,s).
game ofmarbles).
..uil> l!aqu only in ..uil> ..s.;:,S pouter pigeon.
*.»Jl- l!atoT n. pole used in breaking up/
pounding gypsum-~"s. rSl> l!akim (A) n. I. governor, viceroy, high
commissioner. Cf )S~. 2. judge. See .)o.,lll.+
~l> l!ajet (A) n. utensils (esp. kitchen);
--.;1_ adj. and adv. governmental, with
implements, tools, equipment: ~l;)blS­
authority. + ~_ n. time/ period of office or
carpenter's tools *jl.o.,L; IS- household items_
ruling ofa governor or ajudge.- rS~.
*"s;l.J4A IS camping equipment.
jl> l!a{ (A) n. 1. condition, circumstance (of a
.,r.-l>1 l!aji (A) haji, one who has performed the
person). E.g., 4.!~ L;~l> I am miserable. Syn.
pilgrimage to Mecca.
~~.,J~. Cj .)It. (iJ.JY.jl> v. often used in the
.,r.-l>2 l!aji n. restr. only as first element of
negative. E.g., 4J~ jl> .....: This is no way to
certain compound nouns.+ ill~- n. cookies
live. ~~lo>-J~ He is at death's door. E.g.,
resembling macaroon.+ J~lt- n. species of
O.)Ol4o.t j~ It is too much. This goes beyend
bitter almond smaller than "!lJ~ q. v.+ iJlt.4-!- n.
anyone's endurance, patience, etc.). 2.
name of the seed ofa common weed.+ ";0d- n. ecstasy.+ ~J/- also ~LAj/_ v. become
swallow (bird). Syn. ...s:J.;..-o~.+ ..s...;0r = ecstatic, go into a trance (esp. of a dervish).+_
";'~l> q.v.+ u_ n. I. daffodil, trumpet jl~., n. wellbeing, welfare, health and
narcissus. Cf };;.. 2. name of the seed ofa happiness. + Ii.!-.r. jl~., - v. ask about/after
wild herb.+ J4.lJ..!- n. stork (bird).- ~Ji (s.o. 's) welfare, health, etc.+ IS- adj. gen. in
~~l>. iJ.,.J-"i J~ v. understand, comprehend. ~
-..:e-l> l!afe n. front/length (of a house, tent). Cf (":' L.;Jl- I can't understand him. Syn. ~
1...¢I;:i..)l. ~"s.+ iJ~.;S Jl> v. explain to, help/ make
understand. Syn. iJ~lt."s~.
 218

.:,.~l l!an adj. seasoned, experienced; well- .:,.1J'!!tj,> Huzeyran (A) n. (month oj) June. Syn.
travelled . -l~.JX •.:,.llJO~.
.:,.l.2 l!an n. spot, position, point. Cj ..:-\;. O~ l!uje n., bot. soap plant, soap root.
n. graceless! ~J> l!u!tir n., zool. camel. Syn. 2. oJL..: 1oS-
impertinent argument. (.:,.~~~~~l. v. tJL.;S~~l two-hump camel, Bactrian camel.+_
argue gracelessly, talk back (to-j4$.u) with ..s~,.J1 also..z.;.;._ n., bot. carob.+ ~~ _ n.
impertinence).
siphon.+ tro- also ~-n., zool. ostrich.+_
&.- l!iske n. imitation Martini rifle made in .:,.I~t n. cameleer, camel driver. Syn. .:,.1~tJL...
Sulaimani by a gunsmith of the same name.
~j> l!oqe also ~..;- n. oke, unit of weight of
~ l!isib (A) I. n. account; calculation. approx. 6.6Ibs.
(':"l~ ~ v. count, calculate; accept). 2. adj.
~p l!ukm (A) n. 1. rule, authority (see I.
acceptable, adequate (esp. ofa bid, offer, etc.).
.:,.L..~. cf ~"..; ___t~). 2. sentence, judgement
(':"..tI-I ~ v. be acceptable, consider as
adequate). (see ..s~4. jl)~). idiom.: ~J4..t~rS~..,..sJ>
~U~ Once justice has been served one must
~ l!il adj. acceptable, valid and applicable (to
accept the consequences. (.:,.::..J rSJ> v. I. rule,
the situation at hand). C.f .t,;~. (.:,.~~ v.i.
govern, excercise authority. 2. insist, press
be acceptable, count. .:,.~.J ~ v. accept, count upon-j.+ )~_ n. ruler (see l~o;L..~);
as valid and applicable).+ ~_ also .,...;.b = governor (see ).t,;L..yU).+ .:,.I~/_ v. sentence,
~q.v.
pass judgement (on). See (under .:,.I~..s~

l!Ul!ayl n. song accompanying a ..s~4). + ~o _ al.m ~....~ n. govemme~t. See

children's game. (,$!1~o;L..~ •.;.!-:.L..~. Cj 'r--'~ .)..t,;~ ___Ol

•..s~ hilirk n. gland found in meat. Cj •.uJ IoSfo..I L..p .

~. J.;..> l!ol I. adj. featherbrain, sheepish. 2. only in
.:,.~~...,J~ demon believed to infest desert
t~J> l!ucre
(A) n. one-room private school
normally run by one teacher; classroom in places. (':".J.Y. Jj> v. look sheepish).
elementary Koran school: ;:}...; loS _ student's
J~ l!ul n. only in .:,.b _ v. swallow, make away
dormitory within the precinct of a mosque. 1oS- with, engulf.
• .:,.l> room! shop in a carvansarai.
...,J.,J-J> l!ull!ul1 adj. fickle, changeable. Cj J.
~J> (A) n. only in ~J>4i adv.
l!ucet Ih·
forcefully, with might and main, vigorously.
CjJjj4i'~.
..JJ> l!ule n. camel droppings. C.! ''oJ''J'; • ...s~
J..i..:.;.
~....»> l!urmet (A) n. respect, regard (see J_/).
~p l!ulesi n. quarrel, argument. (esp. in the
1oS~ l!orl (A) n. Virgin of Paradise, houri. Cj
expression: ;:,,-.uP.;A- o~~ v. rake up an
1oS~· old quarreV argument).
J~~~ l!uzjJr (A) n. restr. presence used with ~.J.P l!lit (A) n. whale. See ..s..:.~..;.
b .. .u meaning: in the presence of. E.g.,
y~ l!eb (A) n., med. pill, tablet.
bL.:.~J~~~ In the king's presence.- ~l.
J~~j,>.
 219
-----------------------------------------------.~~~(~J---

,:,.I.i~ .....[~.....] I!epandin also~..... v.i. yelp (of a 1"'.;4.> !Leram (A) adj. forbidden, prohibited,
dog); utter a yelp. unlawful. C.f tL-lt .oiJuAl •..:-JJl!;.'JI~.L.;
~4.> I!eps (A) n. imprisonment. See ~~. (':'»-II"'J4.> v. be unlawfuV forbidden.<rlp~
(,:,~."s ~4.> v. jail, put in prison).+ ..;l,;._ n. ':'»-1.+ ,:,~."s 1"1J4.> v. forbid, command against;

prison. See ";~.I.i"-l. deprive. E.g.• J."sI"'.;4.>I"~I"P 1 deprived

myself of sleep.+ ':'J;I.,;.I_ v. be dishonest,
~4.> I!epol also .u~ ..... adj. simpleton, fool. + _ benefit! earn through unchaste or immodest
~ n. gaping idiot, moron, absolute ways.+ .#_ adj. dishonest, unchaste.+ 'j_ also
imbecile. ulj_ adj. bastard, of illegitimate birth (see
~..... I!epe n. yelp (of a dog) (cj 1J'-}IJ);jig. jjj); mean, ignoble.
yapping.+ ......... _ n. persistent yelp.+ ~I.. 1_ v.i.
*J,--p !Lenil also ..L:-J.t.> n. cornerstone (also
yelp; be heard yapping (also fig.)
fig·)·
,:,~..... ~.....] I!epesan v.i. be baffled!
........;4.> !Len! (A) n. equal, match, peer (see .l;Jl.
bewildered, lose one's bearings.+ ':'J_
...LIJl.); pal,friend.
[~.....] v. caus. of ,:,4..... q.v.
j4.> I!ez n. liking, predilection, love; desire,
J 4..... I!epesaw adj. bewildered, baffled.
appetite. Cj JJjIJL.:. (':'J."s j4.> v. wish, want,
..sjj~"'" I!etl!etoke n. perfumed charm hung like. E.g.• ~ ~~ I"P I wanted to go. Cj p
around a child's neck as protection against ~.;S'j.+ ,:,.»/~I _also ,:,.»/'jl- v. prefer,
decline from ~y.S ~ q.v. favour, choose! esteem above another.•E.g.,
I "-!~...:.,.~ ..J I"j4.> I prefer the black one. + ~ 1-
~4.> I!ec (A) n. pilgrimage to Mecca.< ,,",~I.
,:,~.? v. I.like, enjoy. E.g.• I.SAS....:~.u p what
(,:,~.? ( ..... v. make a pilgrimage to Mecca).+ ~I_
would you like? 2. love, bel feel in love with
n. pilgrims (generally in a conducted
party/group). (s.o.). E.g.. IJJJ.? u:S ~ I.Sj.t.> He has fallen in
love with that girl. Syn. iJ.-,..J.).ji-. Cj ~j~
~4.>2 I!ec n. last target in the game of ~W...
,:,~. + ,:,~.?.....; ~ / _ v. dislike, object to,
q. v. (':'J."s (4.> v. hit the last target in a marble
disapprove of. E.g.. I"AS!; I.SIJIJ.? .u j.t.> I don't
game).
like his behaviour.+ I.SJ....s:.;,J- n. love, amour.
u_~..... I!ecamet (A) n.. med. cupping.+ }_ n.
Syn. I.S;I.J~.+ j.t.>!;J- n. friends and foes.
one who performs cupping. + ~} I_v. draw
blood by a cupping operation. u1Jj-- I!euet (A) n. presence (syn. Jlt~); title of
respect.
G...... !Le~ = G..... q. v.
,:,1...J4..> Hn)ran also ':"ft'~ n. (month oj)
J.uJ~ I!e~ullir n. frantic yapping and hawling June.+ I.S- n. variety of pear-~p which
(of dogs).
ripens in June.
J.- I!ed (A) n. limit, bound (see J..v.:....), degree, J~ I!esar n. surrounding wall (esp. around a
extent (see I~'~); dare, challenge (,:,»1 .... J..... v. courtyrad) (cj }.HJ .'J"':"); enclosure (cj I.
dare, hazard, presume. E.g.. ....J.I.SJ4.> He
IJ'~).
wouldn't dare .. - ~4 ;uJ.t.> You wouldn't dare.
I dare you!). 1.,......I.i~~] I!esandinewe v.t. give rest,
refresh; provide with comfort and relaxation .
..,,-.!J.- !Ledls (A) n. traditional record of the Cj ':'J.? uAll;.
sayings of the Prophet Muhammad.
 220
_ _ •.,..~ [;:,.-1

•..toI.i~~) I!esanewe v.i. rest, take time out, troditio..n, code, etc.); wedded (of a wife) .
(~.JJ-I'j~~ v. be lawful! acceptable.+ ~~.Jj~~
pause for rest ( cf ~Il ~); come upon better
days, have an upturn in one's fortunes. v. earn, merit, be entitled tot worthy 00.+ .J.P-
adj. incorruptible, earning through lawful!
.JL.....t.. /!estIWe adj. rested, refreshed.
legitimate means.+ Ij_ also tlIj_ adj.
..,.... ... /!es/!es n. bazaar watchman, night legitimate (of a child); upright, conscientious .
watchman. Cf ~ .~I~~. -..;~~ helllne n. basket used for packing and
~ I!estr (A) n. mat.+ ~~A..o_ n. punishment transporting dates. Cf ~»l • .;~ • ~~

in the form of a public beating. (~~A..o~ l.o..tP.

~~.J v. punish (s.o.) thus). ~~ I!elqe (A) = ~~ q. v.

.JL.:.... I!e!ar n. hiding place, hide-out, place of ...s:.J4.> /!elk adj. lively, merry (tallcer). Syn. -....J
shelter/ concealment.+ ~I~/_ v. hide, conceal.< ~.;...>.+ .s- adj. valuable, precious. Syn.
~ll.JL...:.-. ~. + JI.J~ _ adj. hidden, concealed. Cf 1j;A.tj4.i .
•..11).!.. + ~_ n. hideout, place of concealment.
~~ /!eUelll intj. How very strange! you
Cf I. lS'..i'...J~.
don't say!
~ I!t!!ir n. i. judgement, doom: -.sjJd
1.,J4.> /!elwa (A) n. confection in the form of a
doomsday. 2. restr. reckless extravagance.+
dish or sweet: Jl.!.j~.s- dish of flour, clarified
~J.rI ~ v. be recklessly extravagant (of an
butter and grape syrup *.J":".s _ the same dish
event). + ~l:? ~ v.t. make a strenuous! all out
effort; used with prep. '-i to mean: abuse with sugar replacing syrup *l.J'j~)'.s- dish
roundly, give a rough time to. made of rose petaIN.J'j~)', sugar, oil and
almonds *jjA..S.s- chewy sweet made of
.s~ I!(!!ert adj. lustful, lascivious, randy.
manna, nuts and flour.+ ~_ n. maker and
~ /!eft n. and adj. seven; seventh. + 1_ n. seller of 1.,J4.> q.v.; confectioner.+ I.S"!- adj.
seventy.+ -..;1_ i. n. weekly ration! share/ pay/ honey- coloured.
allawance. 2. adj. weekly. + ~I_ also ~ ... I_ ~ •.,J~ /!elwela n. frenzy, disorderly and
adj. seventieth.+ ~'r n. dish of mixed agitated activity. E.g., ~t.,J4.>"';.,.5 He went
vegetables.+ ._ n. week. Syn. '.J'J":". + ..5jSt_ into a frenzy.
n. clock that requires a weekly winding.+ ...r-.t-
~A..o ~~ I!eleqmeleq n. meaningless words
See~~.
introducing the jingle: ~»,t~ J...JA..o J...J~
•.i.k. /!evde n. seventeen. + ~ _ also ~... _ adj. .J'4"~ ~.JA..o.s~ J4-lJ.u (recited by a
seventeenth. player. before guessing in a game such as
~.ulS q.v.) (hence J4..JA..oJJ4..J~.s"""";
~ I!eq n. truth; right. = ~ (all forms) q. v.
gibberish, nonsensical chatter). Syn.
t~~ /!eq/!eqkere See .~l;J\;. J4.!...J.u....
~_.(~ hekim See..s...:...·. J.U~ /!elel also /!eleley intj. sic him, get him
r- - v.
(cry used to set dog on an intruder).
J.u. I!el n. time, moment, while. E.g., .u~",;

~ We shall go at that time. Cf ~ •.:..\S. ~~ I!ellm See ..5~.

j~4.> I!elal (A) adj. lawful (syn. '::-J.Jl. cf *..5.~~ /!ellwek n. plum. Syn. tj.,)....
1Jtd); sanctioned, acceptable (to islamic
 221

r'~ hem n. that which is good to eat (nursery ~ 1. adj. airial. 2. n. rocket. + ~ _ adj.
word) (,jl.,$ r'-- v. eat. E.g., IS ~~ Eat it! Its pertaining to space, airial.
nice). ...Jlp I!ewa!.e n. draft (instrument oftransfer of
;:JL.~ I!emal (A) n. 1. porter. See ~jS". 2. money) (,jl.;-S 4.ll p v. transfer (money); refer,
main roof beam in a ceiling. See .:....)\S. C.f commit, consign. E.g., r'...s":":"I~I.S..JI~ I
.5;:;.. commit you to God's judgement).+ JI.,.$"-I_ n.
evasion, excuse, fudging. Cj "';;-Ol"';;-U.
r'L.~ I!etnllm (A) n. bath, bathroom, bath
(,j~.,$ .JI.,.$,-/ .Jlp V.I. cause to change many
house. Syn. .JL.~. (,j~.J r'L.~ v. take/ have a
hands (of a debt); wilh the prep. ~ meaning to
bath. Syn. ~j».+...;:_ n. manager and often
evade! elude (s.o.) in the remittance ofs.th.
owner of a public bath house. + ISJ _ n. mudpie
owed.
(chilren's game accompanied by the jingle:
ISJ'~ -tr 1Sj.tL.~). 'J4-i"";I~L;~] !!ewandinewe V.t. help
propsper/ live in comfort. Cj ''''';.L.iL-.
;:J4..t L.~ I!emayel n. leather strap with a pocket
for keeping an amulet! charm worn across the ,yIo-ilp[~.J"->]
I!ewanewe v.i. lodge in comfort,
chest; baldric. (,j~.,$~L.~ v. hang (s.th.) prosper after adversity, come upon better
across the chest). times.

~~ I!emlce also -tr~ = -tr" q. v.

~~... ~ l!emedet,1n also ~~ n. variety of ":"p !tn/I n. and adj. seven.+ JU- n., restr. (Iii.
apricot grafted onto a plum tree. Cj ..,.-td. seven waters) used only in the standard
expression: .~li~Jl,;..:,,~ He (it) is
~~ I!enbelt adj. obssessed with cleanliness. beyond redemption! ritual purification.+ -.;1_
also ~~ adj. weekly.+ ~_ n. poem of
seven stanzas each stanza having a different
Heneft (A) I. n. & adj. Hanafite rybme.- 'i~~.+ J!- n. pistoV handgun firing
(particular rile in Islam). 2. n. room in a seven shells.- ~L.o.).+ ..;~_ + n. stanza of
public bath reserved for adherents of the
poetry having seven half-verses. Cj
Hanafi rite. 3. water tap. Syn . ....,.,.1"-1. Cf ~;.;..
..;.- '.~.+ ":';$_ n. and adj. heptagon;
• ..5..:.0.> !!enek n jest, derision. Cf ~lS. (..5-.;0.> seven-sided. + j,...$' _ n. variety of wheat-t.5. + _
:,;:.J v. make fun of-~). ,j4$' adj., jig. surviving great periV danger. (lit.
having seven lives).+ r'- n. giving to charity
~_ I!ew inlj. expn:~"I;1.~ ,>hocJ...ed surprise/
(generally food to lhe poor) on the seventh
disappointment: oh! E.g. ~,:"~,,,,;~"";p!~
day of a child's birth or s.o.'s death.- ft>
'':''JJ oh! Is that all you told him?
,j.).J. + ,- n. customary seven-day period during
~_ !ewa n. airspace, sky; used in comb. with which a newly wed bride or mother who has
; .. ~ meaning up into space.< I~I~"-I,j~.+_
just given birth remains at home.+ ,j~/o_ v.

:,.-': I \". throw up in the air, propel up ward. + _ expire, pass (of a period longer than seven
days).+ r'L.~o- n. bathing ceremony
~ n. upward movement. + .:"b ~ / _ v.I. cast!
celebrated after the seven-day period by a
hurl into the air, throw upward. C.f ;:Ju newly wed bride or mother who has just given
:,..: '~ .•)~.+ Jr-i'- n. rocket (firework or birth.+ r"- also iJ,!..oa... adj. seventh.+ .;IJo_ n.
~). - o.SJ - adj. gazing upwards (of s. 0.). + _ Great Bear, the Ursa Major constellation.
 222

~y:.J4> l!ewco~ n. cast iron; water jug made of .;...!t..... !ley~o n. decency, decorum. Cj ~~.+_
cast iron. (cj ~ .~.v-I). .j1.r.Sj...a~/ v. lose all decency, put decorum
and self respect aside .
.J4>.J4> l!ew l!ew n. cry used by horsemen while
spurring on and galloping their horses. ~~ l!ey/ (A) adj. & n. regretable (see
~l;..,..); regret (see tIJ).+ ~l.~/_ v. regret,
j.J4...> !lew, n. cistern, tank; pool: .uul.S-
feel loss at.+ i.s- intj. alas! Syn. o.JA.>b.....
swimming pool; reservoir (see ..5.;;.-;). + .;1_
n. fee collected from a private water reservoir. .jl.l':!~ I!eywan (A) n. animal. See ~l,$.+ .:.01_
.u.......J4> I!ewsele (A) n. patience. Syn. •.,s.r-!~ n. animal world .
.:.o4.i\;. (.j»! J_p v. have patience). ~ I!e n. name of the seventh letter ofthe
Kurdish alphabet.
~.J4...> !!ewl. also ":'.J~ and ;":"p n.
courtyard. + .jL.;I_ n. season for sleeping out in *& !lir adj. stray (of an animal). Cj ~4.
the courtyard. Cj .jlil.l':!a. .~
!ledi, adj. angry (see 0-l~); annoyed (see
j -

J.J4> l!ewl See j p (allforms). V"-l0.J)'

i.s.J4> I!ewi pres. stem ofthe verbs •.,.;1p and ft> l!fz 1. n. catamite. C.f j'~\S: .J~I~.,s-
.y.:..~.
catamite's catamite. 2. adj. having the habit!
disposition of a catamite; sissified, timid,
~J~ !lewin pres. stem ofthe verb o.J.;~lp. cowardly. Syn. ':"':"J;. (.j»!~ v. bel become a
catamite. .jJ~:r-> V.t. tum into a catamite;
rt-'J4.> I!ewinc n., bot. fenugreek (esp. the
make yield! submit). + .;1_ adv. like a coward,
aromatic seeds used in bread).
timidly.+ ~_ adj. caught in a compromising!
o.J":"...J4> [l!ewi] hewfnewe = 0.,.;1 p q. v.
cowardly situation.+ ~..;.;.;_ n. submission to
I.S~ !ley intj. expressing surprise and sarcasm: tyrannylservice to the enemy for personal
well! gain.+ jt_ adj. incapable, helpless, impotent.
Cj Oj~.+ ~_ also I.S- n. state of being a
~~ l!eya (A) n. decorum, sense of shame. See
catamite;fig. cowardice, timidity.
~~'.J..t.r.l:.
.:.o~ !likmet (A) n. wisdom (syn . ...r-liIJ);
~~ I!eyle 1. n. name ofa mobile force of
reason. C! &";j-.
gandannerie in Ottoman times; police (.ryn.
~j;). 2. adj. gross, unrefined.< ~~O"';;. j;.:. I!el n. cardamom.
'1
..JJ!4.> I !leyran n. typ of Kurdish song. Cj .j.l.i~I~1 !lllandin v. i. neigh, make the
..5.J.J"J. loud prolonged cry of a horse.

.j1J!~2 l!eyran (A) adj. captivated, enthralled ~ !lilke n. giggle.+ ~_ n. persistent

(to a point willing to immolate oneselffor). giggling. Cj ~~.
C! .jIJj~~' ~I !!ile n. neigh. Syn. ~.+ w- n.
.jlj.j,!..... !leyz.eran (A) n. cane. See ~ll. continued! persisting neigh.

~4.> l!ey~n. life, existence, way of livelihood. ~2 I!ile (A) n. trick. See ~ (all forms) •.,s:}.
Syn. .jljo.i.,.5. C! .j'-t.j.+ .jJ,}jt;.,./_ also ~/_ ~ l!;nce n. spelling. (.jJ,} ~ v. spell).
~;~ V.t. make life difficult! miserable for,
U-;"J~ I!iwlane also ~o~ n. name ofa game
badger.
for girls accompanied by a jingle.
 223

n. lady, woman of refmement and gentle

manner's; given name for women.
4J1> xote See .j~I>.

~l> xaf n. cross (syn. L:-eJ~):.)J.J-" IS- Red

Cross.+ ..:-~_ n. and adj. Christian. Syn.

,j~J.+ ...;-~_ n. Christianity.+ )J- n.

crisscross. (.jJ.rS }~l> v. crisscross, move in a
crisscross way, traverse).+ I,,))J- adv. in a
crisscross way/ direction.+ ;,s-/o- n. crossroad.

.> x n. eighth letter of the Kurdish alphabet. 1)l>1 xora n. pure silk (fabric ofgreat value) .
Cf r-=--..JJL:.
l> xo n. abbreviatedform of ~I> and ,j.wl>
q.v. 1)1>2 xara n. name of a hard rock.

*,;-,l> xop n. trick; ruse. Syn. j;.i. Cf ,,;:}. + 1)1>3 xara n. stud farm.
.j.t...il_ [~L.»v.t. cheat, deceive. Syn. ":-OJ 4
1)1> xara n. watered down milk.- .jJJ-/'
""--1-.+ S~_ n. and adj. imposter; deceptive.
JI.)l> xaraw adj. mellowed through age and use
0~1> xopore See ;:';l;~ J~. (of earthenware utensils); wise and dignified,
)~ l> xapfJr adj. ravaged, devastated, laid mature (of a person).

waste. Cf .j1.....J. (.j.J..t-t)~ l> v. bel become ~.)l> xori!. also .:....!..)I> n. itching! prickling
ravaged. .jJ.,$ )~L.> v.t. lay waste, ravage, sensation. Syn. ~.,;JL:.

devastate).+ .:;.,'J.Ho- n. wasteland, desolate

jl>l xaz n. furrow (made by a plough).
country.
Sj~ I> xaperok n. leftover crumbs, small
fragments. Cf Sj~4· ~L..;. xas adj. good, fine. Syn. ~~. I.~. ~I>
.j.J.J-! v. be good, feel fine.+ ,jJ.} ~I> v. do well;
.;l> xatir (A) n. sake. E.g., I"';-IS.;I>;.. For
make good).+ oJ"':'»I 1_ v. recover (from
God's sake. .j1...:,;,,-!1.r.1S.;I><I.! ~ For the sake
i/Iness).+ ..s....:,o-/_ n. name of an herb.+ ~o_l.
of our friendship; deference.+ .o....il_ n. s.th.
adj. special, particular. See ~l;. 2. n.
added as a favour (as a small amount added to
s.th. purchased). + ~~_ adj. assured, favourite wife of a person of high rank!
degree.+ IS- n. goodness, virtue, quality.+~_
confident.+ jI"....->_ adj. considerate,
=..,...1> q.v.
thoughtful. +lSi~ _ n.consideration,
thoughtfulness; farewell, good-by (syn. ~l> XII:! See in ..sL!.1> and ~I>JJ)JJ.+ ..sl_ n.
1S~l>I.,,;-).+ ~}I_ v. be mindful/ considerate rubbish, trash; bits 'Uld pieces.+ ;:)1_ = ..sL!.1>
of the right or benefit (oj); otTer a bargain (on q. v. + 0_
1
n. granules, crumbs, filing. Cf OJ.)JJ'
a price, deal).+ ~li_Syn.jI.,,;-.;I>.+ ';~J-n.
preferential treatment; liberality, ~~I>I xa~a~ n. bot. poppy.
considerateness.
n. kind of anklet worn by
.wl> XatQ n. lady (used as a title before a women.
woman's name). E.g., ""...J.wl> Lady Zin.+.j_
 224

...:.~ xfI.!e n. scratch, injury produced by mother.+ Ijj_ n. maternal uncle's child,
scratching. + ,:, L.:;,. ~ I-v. t. scratch, scrape cousin. Cj I~lj.+ Ijljj_ n. child ofa maternal
(with claws. nails. etc.). uncle's child.+ ,:,jj_ n. maternal uncle's wife,
*~~ Xfl.!il n. dish offme cracked wheat. aunt. Cf .J»-L.:.+ ._ n. uncle (used in the
vocative or as a title). Cj ..;:i~.
ji l> Xlljo n. rim, outer edge (often curved or
circular) (cj ).,,;.1); edge (see tip). jl>2 xa[ n. I. mole, congenital spot; tattoo. 2.
period, full stop, diacritical point. 3. only in
*..s:J~ xavik n. rag, tattered clothing. .J!.)A~ q.v.+ ,:,1- only in ~.ft~Ldots ...
..5l.;. xak n. I. earth, soil, dirt: ~i.S-jig. indicating omission 0/ text.+ i.S.Li"-i- n .

humble and devoted servant. <..s1> ).j -';~. 2. punctuation. (,:,.)...,s i.S.Li~~ v. punctuate).+ __

land, country. Cf ,:,~ 'i.SJo..i. + i.SJI- adj. adj. spotted, spony.+ .u..;:i~- n. ladybug,

dusty. Syn. i.SJ'J:,;,.+ i.S..ilt_See ,-",I..-~.J;;..+ 1_ ladycow, ladybeetle.+ ).)_ adj having moles;
.J4-ilfti .....s.J.JY~ V.t. annihilate, destroy spotted.+ .:;...,$_ n. tattooer.+ .JI..-."s _ v. tattoo,

completely. Cj ,:,~~,:,I~J'+ ~_ n. mark! colour with tattoos.+ ,:,1.)';& _ n. turning

exhortation meaning: you unfortunate! (~
point, point at which a significant change

':'.J.J-i ~ v. suffer misfortune! distress (esp. in

occurs.+ »tJ-
n. semicolon.+ ~J- n. patches
and lines (esp. as beauty marks).+ i}..:.J ~JI _
the expression: J~r-Su. Alas and alack).+_
v. make beauty marks (on the face). Cj ~IJlj
~ n. screen used for sifting earth. Cf
,:,.)..,.s.+ ..,-.,.0- n. question mark.+ "':"Jo- n .
.,....s..Lioyl-·~fti·+ ':'J- n. rake.+ ;;-l- adj.
name of an herb.+ ~L.~_n. exclamation
locked from inside (o/a door).+JL._also_
mark.
JL-o adj. distressed and downhearted. Cj
-.;~~ xa/.ane adj. sounds! acts like ... , typical of,
I~.)~.+ i.SJL-- n. downheartedness,
distress. + L...., _ n. place of refuge, retreat, reminds one of. ...;~~lS'......Ji.S-,;'J~ It is
typical of what he said before.
shelter. Syn. 2.~. Cj 0.J1.); asylum.+ ~~_
n. refugee.+ ~J-n. earth and dust, soil.+ ._1 ~~ xal! (A) adj. empty; vacant. Cj jl..-~ '~Ji.
n. sifting, sifted material (as coal dust. etc.).+_
I"l>' xam n. callico, cotton cloth. Cf i.SJ..uit •
•2 n. midge. Cf ~.+ jJ.- n. gleanings from
I'J~'
a threshing floor after the harvest has been
removed.+ jLi._ n. shovel. Cf ••~ (under 1"l>2 xam (A) adj. raw (.\}'n'J~); inexperienced.
;:,r.').5ft-.t.jJ4 .~.+i.S_adj. I. du~t-coloured, Syn. l..io).':'li.
Khaki. 2. down-to-earth, modest, humble.
L..~ xama n. adult unmarried girl.+,j':_ n.
~~ xak!ir n. name of an herb. maternal aunt.

.,;.u.s~ Xakeliw n. (month of) Nawroz; early ~~ xamik n. sesame seed chaff/ husk .
spring.
';.;-.l> xamo~ adj. I. silent, quiet. Syn . ..5.;.~~:
jl>' xa[ n. maternal uncle. Syn. ~1.)i.Slft. Cj .JL.:..;-.~i.S)'':' graveyard. 2. extinguished (oj a
I"l-.+ ,:,1- adj. on the maternal uncle's light or jire). Syn. oJI»-5". (':'J.t'!~';-'~ v.i. be
(mother's) side.+ j_ n. title used with a silent. .J.)...,s ';.;-.l> v.t. put out (ajire), tum off
personal name. E.g.. .Jlt~.;:iL...;. Uncle (a light).+ i.S- n. silence, calm.
Neriman.+ ,:,IJ- n. relation! relative of one's
 225

.... ~ XIIIIIe n. reed pen; pen (syn . .;,1.Li~. cf as part o/thefamily).+ !.S;L:.._See ~:J.+
u-~j.+ .[1- n. pencil sharpener. ll._ n. dervish! sufi hospice.+ ...;';.,$.- intj. used
as a command for fowls to enter the coop,
..s.... ~ XIImek n. mauve silk fabric. Cj j""';4l.+
approximately equivalent to: Here, chuck
!.S- adj. mauve; having the colour! texture of chuck chuck .... + ~._ adj. domestic, living
mouve silk fabric. near/ about the habitations of man. Cj ~L..+
4~ Xllmlne See ~lS. .;,~~._ adj. suspicious, ill-disposed. Syn.
~:J. Cj. .;,L.~~.+ ~._ adj. retired;
.;,\.> I XIIn n. Khan: I. title for men of established
withdrawn to the privacy of one's home.+_
position or nobility esp. among the tribes in
Persia. E.g . .,;....S:.-'-"~J.tL- Ismail Khan ~. n. retirement.+ .;,L>.J'- n. (act oj)
Simko. 2. title used following ladies personal jumping from roof to roof. (.;,:J....s.:,,~)'I-i~ v.
names. E.g., .;,\.> j~.+ ~lt- n. husband's jump from roof to roof, often as a means of
sister. Syn . .j.:J. + r_n. I. lady (normally used escape).+!.S_ = .v'~.
without the personal name). 2. given name for J\.>I xaw I. adj. raw, being in the natural state
women.+ ~_ n. I. tassel. Syn. 4.5..:,)~. 2.
(cj jL..S); crude, unprocessed: -!.S~
name ofa melody.- .,-"I..uS ~.+ .:"L. J - adj.
1
rawhide *....s4-.~ raw material * _ ...;.,...; crude
gracious and beautiful (of a lady.) (cj
oil. 2. adj. slow, leisurely, unhurried; slack.,
~.P";':'); of noble birth (see .;,I:J"';~).
loose. 3. n. nap, soft downy fibrous surface (as
.;,\.>2 XIIn n. I. Khan, carvansary (often having a on yarn); bloom, delicate powdery coating (on
fruit).+ 4,j1_ n. weft thread! yam used for the
wing for lodging animals). 2. building in a
business district containing a number of shops woof.+ '''''';»1 1_ v.i. become unwound; loosen
and offices usually all opening on a up in texture! consistency; calm down (from
courtyard.+ ~_ n. Khankeeper.+ $_ See anger); lose enthusiasm (jor-.u); slow down
.t"iL>.+ ';'~J} n. house and home, family (in strength, speed, etc.). E.g., .y.JJ.t.J~r-':J I
seat.+ JJ- n. house; building (see .;,I..:>L...).+_ feel faint.+ ~_ n. thread spun to medium
'~JJ n. homestead, large home and adjoining tension.+ '''''';:J''; 1_ v.t. loosen (in consistency);
grounds.+ ~JJ- n. small one-family house, release from restraint, unwind; pacify, calm
cottage. + • _ n. I. square (chess! down.+ .;45- n. name of a Kurdish song.+_
checkerboard); compartment; column; bio. 'J'~ adj. flagging, declining in strength!
cell. 3. house: .;,.r.j !.S' - saddle seat. 4. backsight vigour, etc.+ ~J- adj. slow-paced and
(on a firearm).+ ~._ n. house arrest. feeble, tardy, slow-footed.+ J~- n. dwadiing.
(.;,~~~ v. be under house arrest).+ j;S"4.tO- (';':J....s .J~.J~ v. dwadle, act! move slugishly).+_
adj. and n. vagabond; bachelor. Syn. !.S looseness, lack oftension; inertia, slowness .
.J4I.d •...;;.,!j.+ }~.- adj. weary of one's home;
J\.>2 XIIW only in .;,I~.J.J~ n. the entire family/
gadabout. + •_ •_ adj. divided into
household. E.g., ~~ .~I~J.JlN.t The entire
compartments! sections! squares. + ,;-,1.,;.. _ See
family came .
.;,I;..,JL... + ~. _ n. householder, housewner;
host (see )..I...il~).+ .;,I:J'_ adj. from an .J~3 XIIW n. drum-skin.
m:istocratic/ well-known household. Cj J~4 XIIW n. name of an aromatic herb .
.uL.~. + ,-",I:J. _ n. state of being .:"I:J"';~ q. v.;

aristocracy.+ Ij._ adj. J. well-born. 2. born

into a family not one's own (esp. ofs.o. raised
 226

Jl>5 XIlW n. sleep. = J4i-q.v.+ .r..-adj. sleepy, ~-' l> I XIlwen adj. clean, pure, spotless. Syn. 1.
drowsy, ready to fall asleep. (cf .,)1.,.....); ~. C.! ..;.e.o",;.+ ~_ n., chern. antiseptic
sleeper. (drug! agent). + 1,$- n. cleanliness, purity (also
oJ1Jl>[i:sJl>] XIlwan See oJ\.i'j.>. fig·)· Syn. uS'4·
oJJ.jIJl>[~-,l>] XIlwandin See oJJ.j\.i'j.>. ~-,l>2 XIlwen pres. stem ofthe verb oJJ.jIJl> q. v.

~Jl> xawli (T) n. towel: I"~~IS- bath towel_ oJJ.j~l>~l>] XIlyandin V.t. take/ require time,
*J\..:....,..o~1S towel for drying the face and hands. last, go on. E.g., J.j~l>~I.u....;:"-..s~ The
Cjj~~. film lasted three hours. ~ lX..; Jjj .....: This
will take long. Syn. oJ~~.
V"JJl> XIlWUS See V"JJL;.;; under~.
~~.J4!l> XIlyewmaye n. everything one owns,
OJ l> xawe n. imposed! exacted tax or charge
all of one's worldly goods.
(give against one's wi/f). Cj ~lt ,..;1.1"-.
~ l> XIlyen pres. stem ofthe verb oJJ.j~ l> q. v.
.I0Jl> xawer n. sun (syn. ~ .~jd); east.+ ~oj_
~ .rip adj. silent (syn. ~o~); placid, calm
n. the Far East.+ ...;l.,:..- n. the Middle East.
(cf~I). (oJ..tI-I ~ v. be silent; be motionless
Syn . ..:.-llJ \.; ~'lI01lJ.
due to sleepJatigue, etc. oJ~.J <;-> v. reduce to
;:",oJl> xaweme n. yoghurt intended for making silence; render motionless).
j~ q.v.
.:..;. xit also.;.> intj. used to scare/ drive away
oJOJl> xawen 1. n. owner, proprietor; master, cats: shoo!+ ..s_n. cat. See ~.

holder, possessor. 2. only as the first element

..s~ xitlJke also 4.;.;. n. tickle, tickling.+.
of some compound nouns, e.g., .;:lL.ioJl>
oJb/ V.t. tickle.+ ~lA/_ v.i. tickle, have/feel a
~oJl>.+ ~l..i_ See oJl~l;.+ 4S~_ adj.
tickling sensation.
beneficent, marked! known for good deeds (of
s.o.).+ ~ _ n. skilled craftsman, artisan. Cj ~ xicil adj. busy, occupied., working. Syn .
.IlS:.=-o~.+ )~_
adj. private, belonging tot ..5w.,p .jlJ.;4-. (oJ»I~ v. be busy. oJ~.J~
concerning an individual person, interest or v. occupy, engage).
group. Cj ...;-:.s.+
I.S)~- n. private ownership,
..s~ xirxifok n. game oftipcat.
possession, etc.+ .:./j~~_ adj. authoritative,
commanding, dominant. + adj.
.Ij)- 1. .,> I xi! adj. I. round., circular; spherical. 2.
influential, effective (syn. ) ....~~~). 2. n. gathered, round up «0~~.J .,.;-).3. pron. the
controlling! major partner (as a major share- whole, all of, the entire. E.g., oJL.-!" All of them.
holder in a company).+ ISJoj- n. landholder, (oJ~.,> v. be round! circular; swell up, get
landowner.+ ~_ n. His! Her Majesty.+ ~..,;._ infected. E.g., 0»l./".)... His neck has swollen.
n. landlord.+ .ILS"_n. employer.+j~_n. head oJ~.?.,> v. make into a round! ball shape).+.
of the household! householder (man or O~»I/ V.i. assemble, come together, convene
woman).+ JL.;- adj. renowned, famous. Syn. (informally). Cj I. 0y...;»1:;..5.+ oJl~/- v.
~ltJ\.;.I..i. rotate/twist the belly in dancing; rotate, make
go round! gyrate.+ 0~~.J /_ V.t. gather, bring
i:sJl> xawe pres. stem ofthe verb oJIJl> q. v.
together, assemble. Cf 0~~.J jS. o~~.J ;;JS.+ •
..s n. 1. kind of homemade bread. C.! oJ\.;. 2.
 227

ankle-joint. E.g., ~4.SI"..J~ I sprained my misbehave).+ .;45t- n. evil-doer, malefactor;

ankle. 3. only in ~~ _ n. round stone (one criminal.+ 1oS- n. I. evil, wickedness;
that can easily be thrown as a missile).+ aJ.$_ reprehensible behaviaur. 2. inferiority, poor
adj. tubby, pudgy. Cj .,J.u.,:,u>.+ 1'.J- adj. quality, mediocrity.

rotund, stout.+ ':'~""'J- adj. soft and chubby ,:,I,;.[~] xiran pass. of the verb ii-> q. v.
(esp. ofa child or woman).+ ...S"j_ n. corpuscle:
i~ xiraw adj. dropped, thrown off; laid
c..r.- loS - white blood corpuscle *JJ.J- loS - red down.> ii->. < JI,;.b •i;..J4A.
blood corpuscle.+ rJ- = r...Jl"'+ ~J"-It- =
~~.r q.v.+ .Jt_ See J04SI".+,:,b~/_v.t. ,;,,~I xirp adv., reslT. fast, sound.+ j ~ /_
throw/ form! make into a round shape or ball. ;;,;,-.$ v.i. fail fast asleep, go quickJy into deep
< ,:,I~ ~ I" ~. + loS - n. roundness, circularity. + sleep. + t _ n. soft sound: ~ loS D_ sound of
4....J~_ adj. small and roundish.+ ~_ adj. footsteps from a distance *.,.;. loS t _ sound of
roundish, some what round. soft breathing in sleep. E.g., bploS~";'...J

~2 xi! n. onlyin~bl"v.looksecurely. Cj while in deep sleep.

~b •,:,~,j ';".1P. .,:,I~t.k. ,;,,~2 xirp also,:,u> adj. plump, chubby. Syn.
...Jj.i~A.i-.+ ...S"j.i_ adj. little and chubby. E.g.,
~3 xi! also t~ n. rattle, sharp clattering!
...S";:'-";'~~JJ-l Little chubby cheeks.+ Jj.i_ =
scraping sound.+ t~_ n. pulley.+ -l.J.J-AJ- n.
04S;:.-,.;. q. V.+ 4.i_ = W q. v.
loud! prolonged rattling sound.+ ~_ n.
continued rattle.+ ;;,;l.j/._ v.i. rattle, make! v."...' xirt J. n. yearling (of sheep, goats and
produce rattling or scraping sound.+ j/._ domestic fowls); year (age ofan animal). E.g.,
,:,L;.;,.. V.I. rattle, cause to make a rattling sound. 4.J';'}~ 4.i~ r4.i This goat is four years old. 2. n.
yearly cycle. 3. adj. spherical; round, plump,
4
1" xi!, n. pebbly watercourse. rotund (cj 1"')'+ J~,;. also ..."j,;;,;. and~,;.
adj. pudgy, short and plump.
,;,,1';' xirap (A) adj. bad., evil (.syn. 1.l4.t); severe,
2
terrible; poor, inferior in quality/ value/ make. .;..,;. xirt only in .;..J''y';' n. I. bits and pieces. 2.
E.g., t~J~I';'~4A~4A He has a bad cold. halfheartedness; second thought. Cj J~JJ~'
ti...s ..:- JJ~ ,;"I~ It is poorly constructed. 2.
.;..~3 xirt as in -l~";';' n. loud and prolonged
adv. badly, severely. E.g., ~& loS)jl; ,;,,1,;. He
chipping! nibbling. + D_ n. chipping! nibbling
was badly hurt. (':'»1 ,;,,1,;. V. i. be out of order/
sound.+ ';"~t_ continued chipping! nibbling
inoperative; spoil; get bad, deteriorate (cj
jj.,..,s ..s:.j...s..J); be poor/ second-rate/ below sound.

standard. ,:,~....s ,;,,1..,..> V.t. cause to go wrong, put ..5.;,;. xirtke n., anat. ankle joint, tarsal bone =
out of order, break (ej ~..s:.j04S..J .,:,~tS:...:.); 04S1" (under 1"\ Cj ~.
spoil, dol make/ perform in a poor way. cj
r:.~ xir~ int)o denoting a chrunching sound.+_
.J~.,s ~I,;.).+
JLS- n. offender. Cj 'JL..,;IJl;
J~J n. loud prolonged chrunching.+ D_ n.
;lS.~l;,,$.+ IoSJLS- n. offense/ violation oflaw
crunch, sound of chopping s.th. crisp. + r:.';'D-
less than a felony, misdemeanor.+ ;;';JJ /_ v.
n. continued crunching! chopping sound. + / ~
defame, slander, talk poorly (ofj).+ t_ n.
jjl. v.i. make a crunching sound (ofs.th. when
evil, maleficence, vice; misdoing, evil deeds;
offence, violation of law, crime. Cj . DL.;,,$ broken, eaten, etc.).
,:,IJl..;. (,:,~~ ~I,;. v. do evil! wrong;
 228

j~~ xi!xol I. n. anklet (cj 4.i1-,LJ; ring. 2. only .;,.l.ilj.w-'.+ -,1- adj. excited, stirred; agitated (of
in ju.~ ...... .;,~ q.v.+ ._ n. toy ring (esp. a mob, crowd, etc.).
wooden) attached to a cot! cradle.+ )~._ adj. -,J.}- x;rlJ = -'-'d- q. v.
having toy rings (of a cradle).
..5A.M-,J.}- xir(;sek = ..5.j-,-,d- q. v.
,.,;-~ x;!xi!e n. I. spool (.syn. '.}4i). 2. wheel
(e.g. on a carriage) (cj 4 j . ..s-,-,';' xirlJke also &;~ n., med. smallpox.
Syn. "'-,I;.
..,..~ xirs I. adj. slow, slothful, indolent. 2. n.
bear. See ~J-'-" ~I x;re n. molar (tooth).- .;,b.

.;,L,;.....;. Xiristyan (E) n. and adj. Christian. Syn . -;.s.;.2 xire =.;;..;. q. v.
.:-~~. J...J";' x;rid n. wholesale/ short-term buying
..5~.;. xirsek I. adj. thick, heavy in depth. Syn. (normally with the purpose ofreselling for a
profit). Cf .:r..f.+ )~- n. trader/ buyer on
J~' 2. n. thick rug! carpet. Cf 'J.viL..
short-torm. Cf JL..f.+ _\:,_ n. sale receipt.
~lj,";p.
Cj u\:,Jl,..+ .:ii.!lh- n. wholesale buying and
r~ x;rm intj. denoting a munching 30Und: selling! trade.
munch!. + d~-' - n. loud prolonged munching;
.5....:.;..;. xirl!,ke n. gale, windstorm. Cf ,.;,I»t-,lt
noisy sound of charging hooves. + ,_ n. munch,
l,.4.!.'d·
munching sound; clatter ofhooves.+ r.;>o- n.
continued munching.+ ~L.. .,.;J/ L.. V.i. make/ .;,.-";' xirln n. phlegm. Syn. r4A.l4i. Cf ..,Aj.
produce a munching sound, 'go' munch. a..:.i";' xirene n. rope (usually made ofafew
.;,.l.iL..;.L:,;..;.] xirmandin = .;,.l.iL..} q. v. strands). C.! ~,..r..;.,!.
~.;. x;rmen pres. stem ofthe verb .;,.I.iL..;. q. v. ? xi: adj. slippery, slick. Cj ..,..~. +
,jl-£~] v.i. slip, slide, glide. C.! .;,~~.
..;\:'~ xi!na! n. nostril. See u~4.i.,s.
+ ,j.l.iI-L:,iJ-] /. V.t. cause to slip/ slide. 2. used
.s\:'~ xi!nake n. young rabbit. Cj ..s....:.;-.J~. in comb. with'p_ self. E.g., '-"J-,-,j 4.i1j> I""".P I
~.;.l xumg adj. pretty, lovely (ofa woman). squeezed myself in . .l.ilj> ~ ~ He drew close
Cj .;,I.P." to her. + -,1_ adj. slipped; having slid out of
place (e.g. ofajoint).+ ';'~Ji/- V.i. slide, move
~.;.2 xmng intj. denoting a clinking sound:
over a surface.+ '~~Ji/- v. move/ bend
clink.!.+ ,~-,_n.loud sustained clinking.+ ,_
backward (normally from laughing).+ •.I.i_ n.
n. clink, clinking sound. + ..s..:,.;>o _ n. continued
and adj. reptile; reptilian.+ ~_ adj.
clinking sound.
slippery.+ Vt-£-;.sj>] = .;,Ij> q.v.+ .J'!- = -,Ij> q.v.
..5.J.i.~ xir.nlJk n. bot. carob, carob-bean.
r? xizJm n. relative, kinfolk. Cf JlS'"...s.<
..;V xiro! also ";Jd- n. I. intense itching. See r?'~' (';'»-1 rj> v. be related. E.g., JLe:-.,--,~
";,;JL.:. 2. commotion, turmoil; excitement. Cj ~j> Husyar and I are relatives. idiom.: rj>
l.wA-,I~.+ .;,I_~.v-] v.i. be stirred up, get ;:;;s:..:.\:,.:.;1.i...-;: 1,,:-: ,- - ':,;S'~": A kin may hurt
into a flurry of excitement! confusion.+ _ you but will not destroy you.+ ~~I_ n.
';'.L..il[~j';'] V.t. stir up, incite, arouse. Cj
 229

relationship, kinship (degree or closeness 0/).+ control. authority 0/).+ .J"- /0- V.t. 1. add to,
':-j~_adj.loyal and close to one's kinfolks. annex, append. 2. put on, place upon/ on top
(of). Cl 1. .J"-.:.;y.S.+.:....:....?-/o_v.t.leave/
~:;. xivnet (A) n. service (rendered),
throw wide open (e.g. a door).+ "i.J"- /0- V.t.
attendance. Syn. ojl;. (~~.rS.::.u...:;. v. serve, be
lay/ place on the side. Syn. ~"i.+ ~;J /0-
of use/ service to-loS)'+ ~_ also ,)LL n.
V.t. can, tin, preserve in cans.+ ,)lS /0- V.t. start,
servant. Cl . ;:.,....~ ."";'sj.i.+ loS,)lS - n. state of
cause fo move/ act! operate. Syn.,)lS ... ~. Cj.
being a servant, servant's profession. + )j,$_
,)L$ .:.;y.S.+ 0J0"',} /0- V.t. stake, hazard, bet. +
adj. hospitable; given to generous and cordial
reception of guests. Syn . .:.u-.~, service- ~ /0. = .JlS ~ q.v.+.;,oj;$' /0_ V.t. endanger,
oriented, utiIitarian.+ 1oS)..;,,$ _ n. hospitality; bring into peril.+ 0.1"i /0_ V.t. put aside, shelve,
catering, service. pigeonhole for the time being. Cl if.-;."i.+_
~:;. xize pres. stem ofthe verb ~I:;. q. v.
.s4.J~ /0 V.t. perplex, bewilder. Cf ~~~~.+
o."....lj.... /o_ V.t. put up for auction. Cf .:..olj....
.;~ xizen pres. stem of the verb ~~I:;. q. v. .J~~.+ ~IJli .1li /0- V.t. implicate, involve (s.o.)
~[.....>] xistin 1. V.t. drop, let! cause to fall. by refering to him! bringing up his name, used
esp. in the expression: .JI.1li .1li .p.... r.1li Don't
e.g., ~1oS.....s"'I.J."s He dropped the vase;
get me involved or Leave me out ofthis.+ °.1°-
topple, overthrow (see ~~~.1.1')' cl ~j45). 2.
1. V.t. beget, sire, have/ leave as progeny. 2.
used in comb. with (0) as part of certain
V.t. put back, place again. E.g., 1oS~ o~
compound verbs. E.g. .J"-~q.v.+ jJ,J"ot /0_
~ I put it back in its place. J. part ofcertain
v. have a snack, have a bite/ morsel.+;:J", /0- v.
put beside, place next to (esp. as a prop.);
compound verbs. e.g. ,)LS 0.J4Z..-i- re-start.+_
attribute to (esp. in order to implicate).+ /0- ,r--I0.10 v. remind, bring (s.th.) to (s.o. 's)
~..:-; v. neglect, disregard, overlook, attention.

ignore. C.! .J~..s ~~Ip.+ .Jl,j~ 1oS.s:.;4J /0- v. ~ xiste n. sediment of buttermilk left after
put safely away in one's pocket.+ ~/ 0_ V.t. straining.
substitute, put (s.th. or s.o.) in place of ~ xiske See ~ IoSjl:;.
another. E.g., ~ ~I? ~ Who was put in his
place?+ 1.1~'- v. have (s.o.) followed; depict ,;..;. xi! intj. denoting a rustling sound or sound
by attributing (an epithet/disparaging name) of s.th. being dragged.+ .JI_~] v.i. drag!
to. Cl V\........>I.1~.+ .:.-o~ /0- V.t. put into creep/ crawl slowly; be on the march, advance
possession/tenure (of). Cl I. .:-o~ .:.;y.S. 2. (of an army).+ .J-L,:L[~] V.t. let touch and
leave to (s.o. 's opinion, discretion, etc.). E.g., drag along the ground (e.g. the end of a
"""':":-OJ ~1oS)L-t- He left the decision to garment); drag, push! pull slowly along a
surface.< .J~~ ~'.J~~~.+ •..I..i_ adj.
him.+ .1.1)/.- V.t. reveal, bring out into the
reptilian. Syn. ~o:;..+ ..5j_ n. reptile.+ ;~.1- n.
open (cl .JJ..sI~I,;); turn up (ofcards).+ /0-
loud, repetitious ~ q. v. + • _ n. rustle; sound'
."....;l".-o; v. let (s.th.) take its official/ formal
course, start the formalities on (a case, issue,
of s.th. dragged on a surface.+ J-> 0_ n.
etc.).> .:..oL:.-o~.+~; /0- V.t. help set on a continued ~ q. V.+ ~l. 0_ v.i. make/ cause a
journey (ef ~~..s~r.); dispatch, set in motion rustle.

(c:.f )$ ~).+ ~.j /0_ V.t. place/ put (s.th.) ;~~ x4Pu/./ir n. loud. prolonged ~ q. v.
under (e.g. as s.th. to sit on); place under (the
 230

~ xisJle n. low/ soft sound of s.th. unseen ~ x4J.

(A) n. jewelry, objects worn for
(e.g. a furtive/ootfal/).+ ~._ n. continued! personal adorment (usually by women). C.f 2.
successive ~ q.v.+~~._v.i.produce/be ..s~.

heard making a low, soft furtive sound. ~ xqm n. anger, ire, wrath. Syn . ..s!';~. p
4j~ x;y,tlanealso ~ adj. petite and OJ:;.J v. be angry, get irate).
charming, dainty (o/s.o.).
J.> xii n. rolling motion, rotation.+ '''''';»1 1_ v.i .
.:-...:..> I xq.t n. brick: ~~..; _ yellow heat roll, roll along, rotate.+ .""';:;.}I- v.t. roll, cause
hardened brick *;.JJ-"; _ red burnt brick..; _ to roll along! rotate.+ •.,';J.H I;j- v. roll over
*..,....:.lS tile *;:lLS..;- un burnt brick *.;.vS..;- and over, roll down.+ ..5j_ adj. rotating,
(kiln) burnt brick.+ r-- n. brickmaker (0/ rotary.+ ...sj_ n. pulley.+ ~D_n. waddle (esp.
s.o.).+ v--~ I-v. make/ cut out bricks.+ jI.t.iD_ 0/ a babby). E.g. 1.Jr-:~~ He waddles
n. person standing below a scaffold and away.+ ''''';»I/~._ v. roll together, collect. +-
throwing bricks to the bricklayer.
'.H n. round bullet.- 4lI.,$'.+ ~_ n. dung
~2 xq.t adj. even, being in the same plane/ beetle.+ ~_ n. mixer, blender.
line; regular, unifonn, orderly. ~J.H..::...!> v. bel
.;,li~t,.i~] xllafan
v.i. be distracted, have
become even; be regular. OJl~ ~ v. make
one's attention diverted; be kept busy. E.g.,
even, level with! against; level, even out esp.
by trimming! cutting; arrange). + D_ n. I. chart, '.Ju~ •.,.;lS4.i He is kept busy with work.+
';'~[H~l v.t. distract, divert (s.o. 's)
table, schedule: ~;»I..;.... stock exchange
attention; keep busy/ occupied. < .;,.t.ili~ j>.
board *";; lS./'!"I"; .... mathematical table *; lS ..; ,_
agenda, working plan *..;1.,..; .... schedule of -;,)~ xilafl pres. stem o/the verb OJli~ q. v.
courses. 2. half verse (o/poetry). 3. regularity,
~~ xi[afln pres. stem o/the verb .:".t.ili~
uniformity, constancy.< OJlJl ~ .OJl.J ~
q.v.
v. tabulate, condense and list, catalogue.+
.;,~I_ [~l v.t. chart, delineate, plan in ...."j.;. xllane n. pit in the ground used for
detail. CJ, .:,,~~. keeping citrus fruits for later use.

~3 xqt adj. full, whole, entire. E.g., ~L.j.i .,;1. xi[te n. lees, dregs, sediments. CJ, ~.
b ~'''..::...!> J toiled for nine full years. *;.~ xHinz.er n. lizard. Syn. ~;l~ .

..5~ xqtek n. gusset. CJ, ~. ~ xHope adj. small and trim of figure .
..5...-:.> xqk n. centipede (c.f ~;I~); reptile ~ xilifk See~.J.J~.
(see .~).+ ._ n. glide, smooth and
~ xilisk adj. slick, slippery.+.;,I~]
imperceptible passing! movement. (.;,:;.} .s....:.;.
v.i. slip, slide on! down a slippery place.
v. glide, move smoothly. E.g., L....J4t:;.}..;.s....:.;.
idiom.: D;...s.u~..;.J;;.;,~ Haste brings
It glided by me). + ..r-' _ adv. I. parallel with
failure.< .;,~~.+ .;,;";I..[W )oj-] v.t.
and close to the ground! surface. 2.
cause to slip/ slide.
imperceptibly, in a smooth and unnoticeable
manner. ~ xilif n. cast-off skin, dead tissue, slough.
C.f ~lS.
 231

~ mine n. dung that dries up on the rear end .)~ 1..,....>1.S.).Jo~ ~~~~ Serving the
of cattle. C.f j.;.o.tS. undistinguished (mediocre) never brings
reward. ;,;..s.:.~.:-jS Aoi~~...)~ Think
..s~ ximxork also..s~4.> n. cave-in,
first of your own faults before criticizing
place/ spot where the ground has caved in. others. ulS~jL.JI.S~Jo"",,~~ He is
o"";l.:>~] xinanewe also o~ v.i. chuckle reaching beyond his means (lit. he is a chicken
through the nose (cj ~j. but tries to lay a goose's egg).+ ;;I.)~/_ v.i.
swagger, walk with an overbearing air. 2.
~ xinc n. air and graces. + jjjoJ _ adj. sweet wriggle, proceed with twisting and turning
and graceful. + 4,"'At. _also ~.;. adj. sweet little. movements.+ .~ 4,.).111- V.t. flatter, adulate
for one's own advantage/ interest.+ iJ'...r- I - v.
*~ xinz adj. and n. traitor.
beat oneself (from anger/ grief). Syn. ;;bjjo.u. +
;; ~~] xinktlll V. i. suffocate, die from ~.; j-t 1 _ v. hurry toward, rush for. C.f ;;IS<I.i
being unable to breathe; drown.+ ;;.)~] ;;b.+ ~_ adj. 1. chance, depending on/
suffocate, smother, strangle, choke to death
V.t. determined by one's luck. E.g., .;;....J.:O-I.S.tr~
(cj ;;~L-L;); drown. E.g., ~~ ~ He It all depends on one's luck. 2. self-
hanged himself. immolating, willing to sacrifice oneself.+ jjo
J~ xinkaw adj. suffocated, strangled, choked ;;.)..? ~ v. immolate/ sacrifice oneself (for the
to death; drowned. salce of-~.r-J>.+ ~_ adj. voluntary,
~ xinki pres. stem ofthe verb ;;~ q. v. optional, unforced.+ ~_ adv. all by oneself,
without outside help/ interference/
~ xinkhl pres. stem ofthe verb .J.I.i~ q. v. participation. E.g.,.)..? ;;l.o~;;l.ojjo~J.:O­
~..:.;. xinexin n. indolent, slothful manner/ We accomplished it all by ourselves. C.f
.Jo')~~.+ ;;1.) oy.;-.)Aoil _ v.i. surrender, give
effort (in doing! carrying out s.th.).<~.
oneself up; yield to the power/ control (ot),
(;;»-1 ~ v. go about indolently, carry out in
capitulate. + ;;b.J4.1 I-v. i. let oneself go, spend
a shiftless manner).
lavishly.+ ,:,'..i"-i- adj. self-defeating, acting to
:;;. xo 1. pron. self, of oneself. E.g.. r'~r'jjo I defeat its own purpose.+ ~ 1_ v.i. mix!
went myself. »t r'jjo Aoi I myself was carrying it. involve oneself (in), associate/ league oneself
4.>.Jo')j.t~~ Show me yourself. < o~. 2. n. (with- DJI .. 4o.t).+ ;;b.:...:...,s~/- v.i. lay down
one of the family, person considered a close one's life (for-j-t); get oneselfk.illed. Cf ;;b
friend (to a household) or privy (to a mailer at ..::.....;..,sAoi.+ ~- adj. egotistical; having an
hand). E.g., ~. 1S1.:.!.tJ Never mind, he is one exaggerated sense of one's own importance.
of us. 3. intj. but, well, of course (used at the Cj -=-.]41';>.+ ~- n. egotism.+ tJi-1)~ 1 _ v.i.
begining of a sentence expressing qualified
avoid getting involved (in), stay away (from-
recognition! blame). E.g., u;..> I.S~ j.j;..>
...J). Cj ~}.JJJ.)~ .;;l:...-IJ;~ 0.JJJ.)'+ ;...)~­
.:.-....._ho....;;~
But you consider yourself
adj. cautious, circumvent, guarded.+ I.S;...)~- n.
educated. 4. in combination forming
caution, circumspection; self-defense. + •
compound nouns and adjectives. e.g., .}1;Ji-
o~~I~1 v.i. clear oneself, try to escape
~J.:O-. (;;»-1:;;' v. be one of the family, be
(guilt! responsibility).+ ..:-~_ adj. self-
considered one of the group; be the one (s. 0 .•
s.th.) mentioned! anticipated. E.g.. ..;~tl~IJ affected, conceited, self-Ioving.+ ..;-~_ n.
I believe it is the one). idiom.: J~o»tJ.t ujjo self-love, amour-propre.+ ~~_ adj.
 232

conceited, vain. + ~~ _ n. conceit, vanity. + patient, forebearing, tolerant. Syn. 2 . .".;..,.+_

,:,I.t.i~_ n. demonstration, public display of ~)~ n. patience, forehearance.+ ,:,l;-,Sb/_ v.
group opinion, as by a marchl rally.+ u_pron. secure a place/ position for oneself. Cj b j>
yourself. E.g., ~uj> Do it yourself. Cj j'.+ ,:,.t.il~.+ ~.Jb/- v. lie in wait (for-j.!). Syn.
,:,1~1.I"'.vJ-""",,\;/- v. spruce oneself up and dress ,:,1~uL..o~.+ ,:,L.ib/_ v.I. keep oneself in
lavishly.+ ,:,l; _ pron. yourselves. E.g., ,:,\;j> readiness (for-j-t); wait (of a girl in
.;,;1,)"': You know yourselves. ,:,\;~ ~4t He anticipation ofmarrying s.o. she has in mind) .
is one of you (your own). C.f D"';;.+ .;\; _ also_ 2. lose one's life (in the course of an
endeavour). Cj ,:,~J ~j>.+ D"':-Dl..,,:,I~/ -
"';L.; adj. typical of you/ your way; by
v. surrender, give oneself up; submit! yield
yourselves. E.g., ~~.I~';\;j> Take care of
to.+ I~~..J"'-I,:,I~/_ v. face a mishap, have an
it by yourselves.+ ~.Jz.s.;/- v. indulge unfortunate accident! misadventure; get
excessively in; get involved in, plunge into oneself into trouble/ a fix! a predicament. Cj
(s.th., esp. with the hope of reaping some ,:,»,:,~..J.u.+ D-,..:..,j~/_ v. steal away, get out
benefit) (cj ~.J;",;).+ ,:,L;"';/_ V.i. indulge
(of-.u) by disappearing. Cj D"';~.Il.!.j>.+ ~~­
oneself in; commit oneself totally.+ ;",;/_
adj. eye-witnessed; self-evident.+ ,:,.t.i~I./_
,:,.Lil.!&.; V.I. ignore, refuse to take notice of. v. break oneself loose, jerk oneself (out! from-
E.g., .t.il.!...s';;:";~j>~ I ignored him ..J).+ ~J- adj. stable, enduring, steadfast;
completely.+ ,:,.u-J~z.s.;/- v. rub oneself resolved, determined (see 2 . .1»-' syn. 4. ft').+
against; fig. act as if on intimate terms with ~.JI./- v. control oneself, be patient_persist,
(s.o.).+ ,:,.t.il;;;tj.t.A;"';/_ v. intrude, interfere,
stand out (against! in the face of-I~ .. ~).+_
thrust oneself in (as to meddle in other
~..J'I.I n. self-control; self-discipline.+ ..5-r
people's affairs).+ ,:,I~~r>/- v. prepare
adj . . grown naturally/ by itself/ wild (of a
oneself (often in pretense/appearance only).+
plant! tree, etc.); natura\.+ ."';~Ju-'-'J/_v.i.
D-,D-,b ~/_ v. get oneself into a bind; ask for
undress, take off one's clothes. + ,:,~J .::.-..J / -
trouble.+ ,:,.t.iU~ /_ V.i. act busy, pretend that v. reach an orgasm (esp. without actually
one is occupied.+ Dy..;~},;./_ v.i. 1. conceal having intercourse). Cj D~lA -,l.:.+ -,15j.../_
one's emotions, suppress one's anger. Cj ~ ,:,~.;5 v. make a fool of oneself, look foolish, act
D"..........,},;.. 2. become mushy (from absurdly. E.g., ...s..... -,L.Sj.-Ju~ Don't be
overcooking). 3. soak, become saturated (of absurd.+ Ij_ adj. inborn, natural, based on an
irrigated ground).+ .)1,,..>- or ..:-1.,>_ adj.
inherent sense of right and wrong. E.g., ~LA
voluntary, free, unforced.+ ....,;Ijl.,>_ adv.
I~ NaturaV inalienable right. Cj ~.Jr".+­
voluntarily, by choice, freely.+ ~j>_ also_
,:,~~ ..$.»-/
v. degrade oneself, act in a cheap/
-.r..p adj. particular to oneself! one's own; undignified manner.+ ~~_ adj. self..
excluding all others.+ ~_
adj. self- asserting, maintaining one's own right!
destroying, detrimental to one's own (of a opinion! etc.; overbearing.+ .1___ adj. self..
group/ community ofpeople); disunited (hence
willed, governed by one's own will;
~»>_ n. self-destroying tendencies, internal
independent (cj ..::.-.....;4-».+ .;1;<1- _ adv. in a
dissensions).+ ,:,J...jl,;.,>/_ v. fig. make the self.. willed manner.+ ~.I___ n. self-will.+ _
gesture of being prepared to pay fori treat
."';l.lL:../ v.i. hide, keep/ stay out of sight,
(s.o.) to (s.th.).+ ~.,>_See ,:,l.uJ-,~ .~~~lt.+
conceal oneself.+ i}...:,./- v.i. take a bath, wash
,jJ...r.I~/- v. boycott, exclude, abstain! refrain
oneself. E.g., I"":"'; ~ ~Dl4.i He seldom
fr~m dealing with. Cj ~J~,:,LA.+ )~_adj.
 233

takes a bath. + ;;.Jj IS.:.. / _ See ;;b It p. + LJ'..r--/_ command deference. Cj ~}PIS;-.l'+ ~}/­
~~ v. try to endear oneself (in the eyes of v. I. controll restrain oneself. E.g., j-tuj.>
I~ ... 'IS.J~), make oneself agreeable (to- ~\; He can't control himself. 2. have
IS~~).+ .;.~- adj. hireling, mercenary; oneself! one's position established and be on
sordid.+ v...:..j)/- v. allow oneself to be used! one's own; hold one's own (in the face of-
J~I.J"'-I or I~ .. ~). 3. eavesdrop, listen
bought, be a servile follower.+ ~1;- n.
secretly (to-....J).+ ~}_ n. self-importance,
service to others's at the cost of one's dignity/
principles! self-esteem; servile conduct.+_ excessively high opinion of one's own
importance/ status. + ~.rS}:A.S / _ v. cleanse
;;~.rS.;...;/ v. fan out the tail (of a peacok,
oneself (esp. from s.th. ritually unclean). Cj
turkey, etc.); expand the chest, draw oneself up
;;.J.H .J~' + ;;~~ ~ / - v. get ready, be set!
(in indignation, pride, etc.).+ .~~.J .:...;J/- v.
prepared (jor work, action, etc.). Syn . •~L.l;
erect one's body and look cocky/ alert.+ JIS-
;;»1'+ .~~.J r;,.;.}/- v. put oneself together, roll
adj. I. self-employed. 2. automatic, self-
acting.+ 'JLL adj. automatic, self-activating, up one's sleeves (syn. ;;~~ju.;»; collect
self-propelling.+ ~~_
adj. made by oneself, one's wits.+ .J""""'...pS _ adj. disguised,
self-made; brought upon oneself, self- masqueraded. + .:r..;J/- v. I. disguise oneself,
inflicted.+ ~~ '-I;;~~/_ v. eavesdrop (esp. conceal one's identity (from-a..J through
when pretending to be busy). Cf ~}~p.+ disguise, change of appearance! voice, etc.).
'.J.j.j4J;~;;~~/- v. get into debt, become 2. change one's clothes. Cf •.,.;~.JjSp.+ .t5-
(often heavily) indebted.+ '.J.;~;;~.J/- v. put! adj. automatic.+ ~Ij~/_ v. roll on the back
place oneself under (a burden. (of animals).+ ~.} ~/ _ v.i. puff oneself up
responsibility). + ;;~.,..s ~jjS/_ v. look (from pride, haughtiness, etc.); ruffle one's
submissive and worthy of carel belp/ feathers (of hirds).+ ;;~.} .J:;$/- v.i. act stupid,
attention.- jS.+ ;;l,j.,!/_ v. force/ push! thrust pretend not to be aware/ understand. + .r-! _adj.
oneself; try feverently/ strenuously (jor-j-t). patient. + 1Sr---S - n. patience; self-command,
E.g., l,j.,! j-t ~ IS';> He surely tried hard to self- possession.+ ;;I~~/_ v. avoid, avert, keep
reach it. + .::..:...,! _ adj. suicidal, self-destructive, away (from-....J); get out (of the way ofs.th.,
dangerous to oneself! one's interests. + ij..;..,$_ s.o.). Cj ;;~~ .;;l;...'.J;~'J.J.J~'+ •.,.:.:-J/-
v.i. commit suicide; beat oneself(c.J LJ'~p).+ v.i. lick oneself (of certain animals);fig. loaf,
•."..;~.J ;S/ - v. i. get ready, prepare oneself (by sit back and enjoy oneself by doing nothing.+_
getting dressed, packing); fig. pull oneself ;;~.J ..,...,.,J/ v.i. beautify and adorn oneself. Cf
together.+ ;;~.J fl/ - v. act stupid, make an ass ;;I~ ~.+ ;;b..,..~.,.-.,.,J/ _ v.i. be clean
of oneself (cf ;;~~ A; pretend ignorance/ shaven and spruced up. Cj ;;1~..,...,.,J.,...lJp.+­

unfamiliarity. (syn. ;;~~J.;S.;».+ ~_adj. ;;IHj4-J --.J/ v. tackle, take on, attempt
personal, relating to an individual's character/ (normally used in the negative). E.g., uj.>
conduct! motive/ etc.+ .~t.:.;$/ _ v. I. stretch, I~L.;IS'.j4J..J He won't tangle with it.+ ....J/_
extend (one's limbsl body); fig. die (used
disparagingly) (cf ;;~..... ). 2. retreat! withdraw/
;;I~ IS.J • .»-s v. tuck the lower part of one's
trousers into one's socks.+ ;;1~jS_ ....J/_ v.
disassociate oneself (from-..J). + ;;~.J.;.;$ / _ v.
retreat! retire to a hideout or den.+ .....»I~/_
drag! force oneself to go (tol along with). Cf
;;I~ v. lie in ambush for, lurk after, lie in wait
;;~.,...s ~.+ ~} ;;1,rS/- v. assume poise/
composure/ dignity (often ostentatiously) to for. Cf .~\;j-t p.- .....»1.+ .~.JjIS.. ~/_ v.
disassociate/ detach oneself from (s.o., s.th.).+
 234

<Jb:.,J/- v. go (jor), bird (on), try one's luck gloomy/ boring (said teasingly).+ <JJ.} ';'li/_
(aI).+ o~JJJJ~/- v. stay away from, v.i. pretend! feign a lack of knowledge, know-
avoid, steer clear of.+ O~J.J J."...~/- v. look how or skill.+ o~li/_ V. be on the lookout

with anger at, be angry with. + <JJ.J .- :. ~ I_v. (jor-j-t); lie in wait (jor-jot).+ iJJ.} r.,ijl- v. dive/
go on a tantrum, act in an eccentric way (often plunge into water headfirst. + iJ.J.:.l.J.i. I-v. i.
to cow, daunt or influence s.o.).+ <JJ.J~/- v. show off, seek to attract attention by
seem; pretend to be, act as if (normally conspicuous behaviour.+ jI~_ adj.
followed by ~ - to). E.g., 4-i~-.JJJ.J~w.;. involuntary, not done willingly/ on purpose/ by
oJ,.,5 ~ He pretends to us as ifhe is really choice.+ ~_ adj. hoarder, used esp. in the

important.+ ~J~/- v. eavesdrop on! listen idiom.: ~~j..!~~JL... It is like (the

to/ watch (s.o.) without being noticed.+ ~/_ case ot) a hoarder's wealth left for a
spendthrift heir.+ ':""""'J";- adj. involuntary,
O~J.}..u-- v. frown! scowl at (s.o.).+ J~~/_
not done willingly/ on purpose. Cf . 41..~
<JJ.;S v. act ignorant about! unaware of; act as
..5~.!OJ.+ ~.,J.,.i- adj. showy, given to excessiye
though not noticing! seeing (s.o., s.th.) (cf ~
outward display, pompous.+ iJb iJ~/- V.i. 1.
<J~ ~4A).+ r- I. pron. myself. E.g., rJ.} r;;.1
show oneself, make one's presence known by
made it myself. A.J;;'~ It is mine. Cf showing up. 2. distinguish oneself, achieve
<JL...~.~. 2. n. ego.+ <JbuL./_ v. lie in wait! prominence and salience. 3. pol. demonstrate,
lurk (jor-J'I or ~).+ <JJ.} uL./_ v. lie still (esp. make a demonstration! march.+ iJJ.J iJJJ/- v.
when pretending sleep/ lack of awareness); ~etout of sight, ~aw away, disappear (jrom-
keep silence.+ JL..- adj. homemade, ~). E.g., iJJ.} iJJJ ~ r~ I lost them.+ ~J- adj.

domestic, home-grown. Cf ;;.JL..; . J.....s;;..+ impromptu! spontaneous (esp. of a poet who

can improvise on the spur of the moment).-
<JJ"..S' JL..;;' v. nationalize.+ <JL...o _ pron.
~.J'i'+
':""""'-.J- adj. voluntary, arising from one's
ourselves, our (own). E.g., .JJ'I<JL.;;. ~ It was
own free will. Ant. .:.........~;;.. Cf ~I,,>.+_
for ourselves (us). 1J<JL...o;;. J~ Among
"';-'--.J n. self-conceit, vanity, self-admiration.+
ourselves. C.f ....;;. + ..;1... _ adj. by ourselves,
<JJ.;S~-.J/- See <JJ.;S J.;S ;.;..+ ~4A_ adj.
excluding strangers. E.g.. ....:.1...;;. ~.."o~.J.Jo',jS
fabricated, contrived. + <J.J.:.I; ~ _ v. vaunt,
.JJ'I It was a meeting Gust) by ourselves; typical
make a vain display of one's own worth. Cj.
of ourselves! our way/ our style, etc. E.g.,
iJL..:.;S j ..... ;.;.. + ii-> 'J4AI- v. I. stretch out and
"';L.~ u-'J),,> Food that is typically ours.+_
take it easy (esp. in-~ the sun). 2. be on the
...;1... _...;1... n. Dutch treat, each on his own. +_
lookout (jor-j..!). See o~li~.+ iJ1J'J4A/- v.I.
~L... = ";L.~ q. V.+ iJJ.} .::....1_ v.i. be absolutely
leap/ spring! jump (jor-j..!). 2. <J~j4A ;;..+_
silent and motionless (esp. when pretending 10
be asleep, dead, etc.).+ <Jb!J"'"-'i.... I- V.i. crouch iJJ.;S~1 v. I. raise/ pull up (one's garment,
trousers. etc. as when trying to ford water,
and keep motionless (while lurkingilieng in
wait for).+ loS-ili _ n. self-pride, pride in that etc.). 2. See iJJ.....sr~;.;..+ ~..... _ adj.
which relates to oneself.+ !J"li- also ~li_ adj. boastful, vainglorious. Cf ~~.+ j4A/-
iJ~ v. boast of! brag about oneself.+ _
self-respecting, self-regarding; self-
conscious.+ ~li/_ v.i. I. know oneself, ~~ n. boasting, bragging (of oneself). C.f
realise one"s ability/ limitations. 2. mature iJJ.;Sj~.+ iJL.t- pron. and adj. themselves;
sexually, feel instincts ofpuberty.+ ~~lil _ theirs. their (own). E.g., <J~JL. Their home.
<JJ.;S v. make a face, try to make one's face iJL...J.i- ~~ All by themselves . ...,..-i~IoSJJA"'"
look ugly/ grotesque (jar fun, to scare); look
 235

~~ It is all of their own making. Cj .:,,1.,..:.+. ':"»-tj...$4J/ v. used only in the expression:
..... ~ typical of! by ... self.+ ui~~- n. 1. :..r. j..S4J ..:..I~ or j.S4J.:" \;1".. God be with you .
kinship, exclusive relation! association. 2. good-bye. Cj I.j"~,+ IJ"L.;- adj. God-
exclusivity. + uiA---.t. _ n. personality, fearing. + .:...I~ _ expr. meaning: which God
individuality.+ ~_ adj. self, own, off forbid. E.g., ..:.."..s ~~ .:...I~ I".. Ifhe were
belonging to oneself (cj 1.;.»; personal, to fall, which God forbid. Cj ~ .J.J.J'" + lS~_
inborn, innate. (cj ~L..&). expr. meaning: God forbid that, far be it from.
2 E.g., ~"..s J.~ lS~ I~ God forbid that he
j> xo pres. stem of the verb .:",,},.. q. v.
should get sick. + O.))'~ _ See .:...I~ I"... + _
I".. Xuwa n. I. God, Almighty. Syn. JI.Jb •.:"bj4t. .:"l:--I-J.J adj. providentially, luckily,
idiom.: ..:..1"L.i ;l..'-i ;:r.1~ May the vicious fortunately.+ .l..iD.J- = I~ q.v.+ ;:,,04- expr.
always remain powerless (iiI. God will never meaning: with God's help.
grant limbs to the snake). I"~~,,.JO.) I~
~I".. xuwaca also ~I".. n. master (a title of
I,,--';~L....JD".J
There is a remedy for every
respect often usedfor Jews and Christians). + •
malaise, one has only to look for it. 2. as the
equivalent of pro-or-phile. E.g., I~,,~ ~ n. built-in bench on both sides of the

Kurdophile. 3. in combination to form main gate.

compound nouns, adjectives and verbs. e.g. },..;. xuwar adj. crooked, twisted (l)'n. 1.
.::-~I".. .~41"...+ ;:;I~_ only God knows.
..:..~ '~.J..u-!o); bent, inclined downward (cj
E.g., D".....4t~;:;I~I~ Only God knows
.J~ • I. ,)~). 2. iU-fitting (of clothes). <
when he is coming back.+ ~I~_standard
}~. (':".J.I.ul~ v. be crooked! bent. ':"")' )"..
expr. for refusing a beggar's wish: May God
v. twist, contort). 3. sub, below, under. E.g.
give you. + ;:,;Ijt_ expr. often used with ~....
~,;",... u=-l:)~ sub-hurnan.+ l..I-Or l..l:_ adj.
and! or p. E.g., ")'~~;:;Ijtl,,..p~.... If
sub-normal.+ D~.J.JoI/- v. get bent! twisted.+_
you only knew how he treated him.+ ~_ also
.::-t" n. and adj. subordinate, junior, second!
~_ intJ. God willing, God grant. Syn.
lower in rank or position. Cj 2. ~~.+_
iJ~.+ ..:-~_ adj. God-fearing, godly,
~" n. subordination, inferiority in rank!
devout.+ ..;-~_ n. worship of and obedience
position, minority.+ D~")'/_ V.t. bend, twist,
to God.+ .JI~- adj. fortunate, endowed by
curve.+ J_ n. untidy! uneven sewing.-
God. + ~_I beg your forgiveness, oh God. + .
.:"L....J.J,),).+ ~JJL....;-
n. the abdomen. Cj
.r-i~ good-bye, God be with you.+ 1.S.r-i~- n.
.:"IL"..~.+ ~J- adj. twisted, crooked,
the concluding farewell remark used at
awkwardly shaped. + ~.J _ n. twistedness,
parting. (':"")' j 1.S.r-i~ I".. v. say good-bye, bid
sinuosity.+ ~.J- adj. deformed, misshapen.
farewell to).+..:..lS j~/ _ God willing.+ .:-1".._
adj. decreed by God, by divine decree.+ .Jb- Cj ~"y'~.+ ..s.r--.s.J- n. deformity,
adj. God-given. ordained by God; natural. Cj disfigurement.+ .J.J- adj. lower (end, part, side,
.JI~_+ .)~_ adj. lit. God-made; natural, not- etc.) (l)'n. ~~ under ~l. cj }.,i); lower (as
artificial, not handmade. + ~J _exciamaJion opposed to upper). (cj 3.~lt); southern. E.g.,
of reprehension! unwilling admiration: the .J.J)~~\;;.....,)~ Southern Kurdistan.+ ~~D_ n.
damned, the blessed (fellow, person, etc.). turmoil, bedlam, ferment. Cj y"",.:.l: .~.+
E.g., ..:..~;l,.sj-JI.S;.>~I~""'D""....JI~ The D"D_ I. n. the position below, down, bottom.
damned fellow, he could not free himself.+.
E.g., DJD)~I.S~~ The bottom drawer. 2.
 236

adj. lower, down. E.g., '~IS.J.J}"'IS'J Hold it \,1"'1,.>2 xuwas only in combination/orms, e.g.
from it's lower end. 3. adv. down, toward a \,I"'I~ under ~ q. v.
lower position. E.g., '.J'}"'.t,j".,.s I~ He fell
.:-1.,.. xuwast n. I. will, intention, volition: lS-
down head first. + IS _ n. crookedness;
I,.> will of God; wish (see 1..J.Jj.) !.:). 2. claim,
inclination. + ;:s - = '.J.;I.,.. q. v.
demand for s.th. duel believed to be due. Cf
,:,,)},..L;.>] xuwardin 1. V.t. eat; suffer, endure, .s0)..5. (':'»1 ( ..... )~I.,.. v. have a wish! a claim.
bear. E.g., ,);1.,.. ;Jj~.,j4> He grieved much. 2. ,:,,)~ .:-1.,.. v. intend; demand, c1aim).+ ;1_ n.
defraud, rook, do (s.o.) out of (s.th.). E.g., demand, state of being sought after. Cf
,);I,.>~~.;l~ He cheated me. 3. as part of 1S},...>b.+ ;LL adj. willful, intentional. Cj
certain compoundforms, e.g. ,:,,);I.,...v- q. v. 4. ;!S:.-o"...... + ,:,_[jl,.>] V.t. borrow, recieve with
do, suit, serve the needs of. E.g., ..:.1.,..1; .....: the intention ofretuming; ask for, request (syn.
This will not do. 5. n. food. See . ..s1 »> ,:,')..,..51,,1').+ 0_ adj. borrowed.+ ..,;........ 0_ n.

..,;.,...u)I.,...+ '.J._l. V.t. drink, swallow, take in articles on loan, borrowed items .

(of a liquid); drink! consume alcoholic ,:,1,.> xuwan n. 1. table (esp. a long wooden
beveage. E.g., .~~ ~ lot Lets go and (have platform, tray or mat spread for serving
a) drink. 2. as part ofcertain compoundforms meals) (cf .r.-o .4-1..); counter (jor fooaO. 2.
meaning: to withhold, suppress within oneself, only in IJ-'JIS- saddletree.+ -..;l>_ n. dining
e.g. .~,);I.,.. 4....-l q. v. 3. n. beverage (esp.
room. Syn. ,:,,)}~I;IS;.J.Jj.+ ~_ n. tray, large,
alcoholic). C.! ..,;....,))L... round metal plate (normally used for serving
u},.. xu warde adj. epicurean (in matters of /ooaO. + .s _n.
J. lid of an eartheneware vessel.
fooaO; generous, openhanded. Cj ,;-,U;<I-. 4.i";';';0,). 2. part of the substructure
ofa watermill.+ I_See~ .
..,;...u;l.,.. xuwardement n. food, victuals.
~I.,.. xuwayq,t n. 1. request, ask, solicitation
Ij;l.,.. xuwana See I~.,...
(cj lS:;); desire, wish (see .J.Ji';!.:)' 2. volition,
jI,.> xuwaz I. pres. stem ofthe verb iJi-1.,.. q. v. only in : ~1""4.t,:,L!Jji4..t Be it by force or
2. part 0/ certain compound adjectives, e.g., volition. (,:,,)~ ~I.,.. v. ask, request from-
jl#I.J!.: q. v. + ,_ n. and adj. amateur, dabbler,
~). + ; L.S _ also .Li... _ adj. desirous, eager (see
non-professional; amateurish (see ,:,I,;.;.J).+ _
.Li... ""io;!.:); solicitous.+ IS~ _ adj. voluntary,
~ n. occasion of asking for a girl's hand in
willing, by choice.
marriage (normally by sending an
intermediary). (,:,,)~ ~).,.. v. ask for a girl's ,:,L~ xoban adj. despondent, hopeless. See
hand in marriage).+ ~_ n. intermediary .L;,."';I;.+ IS- n. despondency, dejection.
who asks for a girl's hand in marriage on ..:.,.> xut only in ~I? ~~ for no apparent
behalf of a prospective groom.+ ,:,1,,-r;:S)il.,..]
reason, without provocation, for nothing.
passive of the verb ~I.,.. q.v.+ ,,1;- adj.
borrowed (also used metaphorically); .so,;.,.. xutrek See ~fo..
figurative.+ ;LS _ n. petitioner.+ ~.;LS _ adj. ~.,.. xutin adj. nagging, cavilling.> .t,j".,...
petitionary. + IS; LS _ n. petition, formal written
request. + .s.:;.Jo- adj. given to persistent
.s~.,.. xutJJke =.s.,;.;. q. v.
petitioning! frequent requests. 4,j.,.. xute n. nagging, cavil. C.! .J~.+ ..:..,.._ n.
lJ"'1.,..1 xuwas only in \,I"'I.,..,,-lt q. v. continued nagging! cavil. (,:,,)..$":'''''.t,j"'''' v. nag,
 237

cavil).+ ~.,:.._ adj. nagging.+ .JJi.J- n. ..s1.JJ-:Oo xorak n. I. food. Syn. ~o~).,:... 2.
grumbling, carping. + .;,;~ .JJi.J _ v. be heard serving, amount fixed at one time. E.g., US1..tP
grumbling. E.g., ":"oIo! IoS.JJi.J .;.,:.. p He always 4 A measure of tea sufficient for one brew;
grumbles. dose.+ .;,Il/_ v. provision, provide with food
~.,.;. xud i
(P) ='p q.v.+ ?-_ adj. headlong, supplies.
without deliberation. C.f ~~. ~.J"-. + - .;,I,;.,.;.I[~,;.,.;.] xuran pres. stem ofthe verb ,;,,)).,:..
1oS.)~"" n., pol. autonomy, self-rule. Syn. q.v.
~j.ijJ';;. C.f ~JA-' .;,1,;.,.;.2 [~,;.,.;.] xuran v. i. itch, feel a

b.,:.. Xuda = I.".> q. V.+ IJ!.- adj. divine; Godsend. prickling sensation; fig. have an itch ifor-Ji). +
.;,,)-L:,;~] V.t. scratch, scrape, rub lightly (so
.JJ-:Oo I xor n. sun. Syn. I. jj;. C! .J \j... + j LS:.;I_
as to relieve itching).
adj. sunburned; yellowed (from exposu!e to
sunlight).+ I.JI- n. I. sunset. Cj .":"":Io.JJ-:Oo xuTanewe pres. stem of the verb
~o~.)oj. 2. west, occident.+ IJ!.I.JI- n. and adj. o.J4.il)":" q. v.
westerner; western.+ -=-..1"-;- n. I. sun iJ."'> xuraw adj. I. eaten, consumed. 2.
worshiper. 2. chameleon.+ ..r-.)4.{,- n. sun- embezzled, filched, misapropriated.
worship.+ .;,;,,4/- See .;,;1.. j.. ..tP.+ o~.)oj.J_ n.
~I~ xo!ayl I. adj. free, gratis. E.g., .J 1oS.J~ P
sunset (time oj). C! ~o~.)oj.+ ~_ See
4-I~I~ ~ He is always looking for
li~.+ .;,ljo.J4.i_ n. place which is always in the
something free. 2. See IJ!.I~'IJ!.I~.
shade.+ .;,ljo.J_ n. sunny place. C! ~J.rtrt.+
~o_ n. sunspot.+ .J1.J0- n. sunshine. See .;,~] xurpan See.;,~ Il.

.J\j~.+ ..Liojo_ n. early evening, time before 4.J~ xurpe n. thump: jlloS _ thumping! sudden
. -
sunset.+ .:..":10_ also ..:..":I~_ n. east, the general shock of the heart (.;,l,rS .....~ v. beat with a
direc~ion of sunrise (syn~ .:..":IojJ;); sunrise.+_ thump. cj .;,L~ b).
U'"lz":lo n. orientalist.+ .;,;":I~/_ also .;,;I..j../_
~ xurpi pres. stem of the verb .;,~ q. v.
v.i. rise (of the sun), come (of sunrise).+ _
~":I~ n. and adj. easterner; eastern. ~~ xurt adj. strong, capable, powerful;
dominating. + loS _ n. strength, capability.
.JJ-:002 xor I. suffIX appended to certain nouns
and adjectives, e.g. ..tP.J~ •..tP.JlS:4 q.v. 2.- ~»> xort adj. I. young, youth (syn . .J":I .~4!).
shot, shooter (of a firearm or its magazine 2. fertile, rich (of soil) (syn. ~~).
capacity). E.g., ..tPo~}~ 14-shot (revolver).
~..u-i- xure n. small saddlebag. Cj .~ •..$~
~ XU! I. adj. fast-moving, rapid (of water, ) p •.s,?-.+ u.-..i0- n. double saddlebag.
a stream).< ~. 2. n. current, flow. Syn. 2.
1oS~;":" xu~ldi n. name ofa tune.
r~'+ .;,1- [~~l v.i. flow (of a river,
stream). + .J 1- n. torrent. C! .J l.o.r-J • 2..J L.:.;J. + - L...;.,:.. xunna n. dates (fruit). C! ~.-

45 n. small waterfall eroding the bed of an l...-~lS.+ ';'J;.J- n. dish of fried dates and
irrigation channel.+ r- See r~~'+ 0_ n. eggs. Cj 2 . ..5,r:.+ iT-- adj. having a brown
murmur resulting from flowing! pouring (of (date-like) colour.+ ~_ n. name of an herb.
water, Iiquid).+ ;":"0_ n. continued murmur (of
water).
J. j;":" XUTOl = J.V (all forms) q. v.
 238

.J.J~. xura n. itch, itching sensation. Syn. ...s::J.,.j,> XIIJ11k n. name of a composite plant
~.;JlJ.+ ..soj_ n.. med. mumps, parotitis. yielding a bitter milky juice used as a cure for
eczema--ir-i.
O~ xore n.. med spreading ulcer; fig.
corrosive, vexing element (in a group/ society. ~.,.> xus adj. and intj. silent; silence! Hush! =
etc.). + .J.,L n. tumor. ~.J.J q.v.

-;;~ xure pres. stem ofthe verbs .:"I..u-i- I , .:,,1..u-i-2 ~.,> XIISp n. slander behind one's back,
and LJI"»> q. v. vilification in one's absence.- .J....!4.

,,;.u-> xur1 n. wool. Syn . ..;~. ~:,.;. xo! adj. good, delicious (of taste) (cl

.s... ..s. xunA'lce n.• med. sma II pox. S~n . ....

.i .J~.
"
uoj.u"-l); nice, pleasant (of smell. voice. etc.);
-....:r
merry, amusing (of a manner of talking.
~..»> xuren adj. capable of eating, having the compalf)'. etc.); sound, healthy; glad, happy.
appetite to consume (food). E.g., yl,..s )~"-I (':"»-1 ~:,.;. v. I. be good! pleasant! amusing;

-....:;..»> He can eat four Kebabs.- ':"l}""+";_ also in the standard expr.: ~ ~ji- Thank you
used in combination with ...J meaning: on an (in reply to a greeting, congratulations,
condolence); burn well (offire); taste good. 2.
empty stomach. E.g.,jM..a.;,L..)I~~~ Don't
in comb.• e.g. ';'.bi~ji-~ '':''.bi~ji-j. +~ji­
take medicine on an empty stomach.
.:,,~~ v. stoke, raise (a fire. a lamp); tan (a
LJI"»>[-;;..u-i-) xuran = .:"I..u-i- q. v. hide); preserve (bitter almonds. etc.) by
boiling in brine. C.f ':"l.} ;..,...; till and brake up
\Jo'~[-;;~) xurin V.t. used only in combination,
(ground); knead and make ready for use (mud,
e.g. LJI~~'\Jo'~~' cement. etc.); treat by boiling and adding scent
»J- xuz n. reef. + is _n. shelflledge/ reef where (myrrh).+ 1_ See L.S~.+ .JI- n. compote

marine life is found: ";)1~ ..; _ continental (normally ofdriedfruit); juice (cf .JlJ).+ jl.Jl-
shelf. adj. having a good voice: -A nightingale.+
;0.J4- adj. credulous, believing. Cl &:.LJl....+.
IS~ xozga alsol.$f.l5~and&~n. I. desire,
oyW..I.tIl v.i. clear up (of the weather), stop (of
wish (cl ul.JL;): jl";_ heart's desire. 2.
rain).+ ~_ adj. forunate, lucky, auspicious.
standard expression meaning: would I, If
only, I wish. E.g.. 4..!L....I.tI-;;~...s~ I wish I C.f J~'+ 4....i~"-I_ adv. fortunately,
were there. 3. used in the combination: riS~ luckily.+ ...;:.;-~_ n. good fortune/ luck.+ j"-l_
"-I (as an expression of nostalgia or emy). See u.Jo,?ji-.+ .ri- See ~;,;..S.;Ol.+ ~_ adj.

E.g.• uj..>"-Irw~ I wish I were in your optimistic. Syn. ~ ').J04-0":. Cf ~~.+_

~~ adj. well-dressed.+ jL.._ adj. pleased,
position. How I envy you. I.,> 1.$f.15~ "-I r&~ I
would to God, would to God.+ ':"lJ"lI- V.t. delighted. < ':"»-1 jl-:..ji-~; well-to-do, well-
covet, wish (jor-"-I) enviously, wish fori desire heeled.+ __ adv. briskly, in an active and
(another's possession! position) inordinately.+ continued flow/ succession, etc. (cf I~ I~);

ii--I.,>I- V.t. wish, crave, set one's eyes (upon- merrily.+ .,.,...;._ See ;l:.i0rji-.+ .JOl_ See
~). ~~.+ ':"~}t-II; 1- V.i. have a good time,
enjoy oneself.+ adj. cordial, earnest,
JJr
O~ XIIje n. name of a gum-yielding shrub.
welcoming.+ ).:;";0;- adj. well-behaved,
mannered.+ ..;).:jo.,_ n. good behavior, good
 239

manner/ bearing. + uJ'r adj. having good '»-" ISO~t. ~~ On the occasion of your
paces (of a horse). Cf 1....;>.+ .:"l...,j_ also .:"IJJj- happy return. 4. See j>..J";';> and li~j>..J.
See ~..r--.!.'~j. + JI.J - adj. tanned (of a hide); (':"..u-t~;> v. only in the expr.: J~~;>
sweetened by boiling in brine; arranged and :...r.~.; Whethor you like it or not.+.:"lt_n.
decorated (of a place).+ •.,..;~.JI- v. See~;> spell of good weather during winter.+ IS-IS- n .
•,.....;.!.JoI.+ ~- adj. good! agreeable for happiness and high spiritedness, as in the expr.
smoking (of tobacco). + u-il).n$' _ n. well-being, uL..~;> ~~ He came happily and with
welfare, (stale of) doing well in one's high hopes. (':".1.W~;>~;> also ..;.;>..;.;>
livelihood. + ..so~ _ adj. only in ':".!.JoI..so~ _ v. ~.,..s~ v. be filled with joy! elation, be
like, be fond of. E.g., ..so~~;> I like it a delighted.+ .;.>..JIS/- expr. used with various
lot.+ ~L.."jl_ v. suit, become, befit; like, be pronominal suffixes indicating joy!
partial to. E.g., ~li~~;>~ I don't like it approbation. E.g., "::-'~.J0~ u.;.;.w..,...:..;>
at all.+ ~_ adj. settled, well-adjusted (to a Hurrah! congratulations, you have passed.
location, environment, elc.).+ J""";_ adj. happy, ..s...:...,> xu~k n. sister. Cf ..s:..1J".+ ..;1_ adv. in a
pleased, glad. Syn. .:,,~~L.:..+ .;~~_ n. sisterly manner. + ~~I_ n. sisterhood,
happiness. Syn. u-i~~L.!..+ IJ"~- adj. sisterliness.+ _~_ n. exchange of sisters in
calligrapher; penman.+ «.r''''''';- n. calligraphy; marriage. (':"J.;oS..s....:,..,>"'--i..s....:...,> v. marry a
penmanship.+ ~kJ- also ~j>~_ n. kind brothe-in-Iaw's sister, exchange sisters in
inqumes used in exchanging greetings. marriage).+ oJ!IJU_adj. platonic: .. ~~;>
(.:,,~.;OS u-ij>"""":';> v. greet with kind inquiries, ~IJI''' platonic love.+._ n.form ofaddressing!
exchange greetings (wilh-~..J or "j).+ .J1J"..u- refering to a lady, E.g. ~-,~.5..:...,> Sister
adj. eloquent, rhetorical. Cf .~IJoJ .~j>4.-J Perwin.+ Ijo_ n. sister's child. C! Ijlft.+ Ijljo_
..:-1-r"0l.+ ~-JJ/- v.t. love, feel love for, hold n. sister's grandchild. + ~.so _ also ;:s _n. used
dear; like. Cf .:,,~.;oS"jj~.+ ._1. adj. tanned as an expr. of endearment. Dear sister.
(of a hide) (cf i~;»; seasoned,
JL:.:.;> xo~na", n. variety of black grapes.-~.
experienced (see 2.jLJ). 2. n. part ofcertain
....:...,> xu~e n. swishing sound (of liquid
compound forms, e.g. ~;> q. v. (':".!.JoI4.!.;> v.
streaming out, e.g. milkfrom a cow's udder).
be seasoned/schooled in- b .. ..J. .:,,~~~;> v.
(.:,,~~~.,> v. come out! flow with a swish).+_
tan.+ ~l.A/_ also ~l;.;>. only in the standard
~.,> n. continued swish.
expr. of greeting: ~U~:,..;. or ~l.A~.;.>
Welcome!.+ .:,,~.J ~ ~I/_ v. welcome, greet.+ J..,.> xul n. 1. spin, whirl. Cf 2 ..;.~ • .:,,1,rS. 2.
"')l;o_ n. wild lettuce.+ ~o_ adj. indebted, round, complete course! extent (in games!
owing (one's knowledge, skill, elc. Io-IS). E.g. discussions/ elc.). C! 3.J.J.,....+ o,...;.LiI-lv;J~J
caus. of lhe verb .,...;I-k.,J~J v.I. spin, whirl,
i"l::.-;..o~ ~~;> 1~.u..J For this. I am indebted
to my teacher.+ ":-'-,0_ adj. and n. beloved., twirl. Cf 1.•,...;1-1»-'- 2. wander, ramble. Cf

sweetheart, darling.+ "';""'-'-,,_ n. love, .:"Irs •.:"l;.~.+ .:,,~},.;.I_ v.i. spin, rotate.+_
..sjJ~ n. top (syn. Cl~); empty spool (used
affection, attachment. Syn . .:ryj. C! 1S) ..Lb. + ..
IS I. n. pleasantness, niceness. 2. delight, by children as a 10y).+ ..J.,>_ only in ~ ..J.,>_
~.,..s v.i. turn into a confused tumult; also
happiness. 3. in comb. with OJ ... A.i meaning:
used in comb. wilh ;4- head., mind. E.g.,
on the happy! felicitous occasion (of IS)' E.g.
0.uJ~ i"~..J.,.;L~ I am in a confused state of
 240

mind.+ iJl~/- V.t. spin. Syn .•~J,j'i.,;.; also used V-;U.,;. xulqen pres. stem of the verb iJJ,jliJ.,;.
with ~. E.g., •.L.t ~~.,;. Give it a whirl. +_ q.v.
.Ij = ~ (allforms) q. v.+,J.,;..- n. continued W·
_ '.P xulya n. concern, heed, care, fIxation,
spinning.+ ~uJ.,..N- v. spin continuously obssessive preoccupation. Cj. •..j..s:j45'
(around-.IJu4..J).+ ..5._ n. minute (unit of time). ~.,s-U.< 4J.,;. ..... iJ.J.H'-'"'· idiom.: 4J.,;.
Cf 45'.P." •....;..~lS'.+ iJlUlS-n.life cycle. ~.tY.\.;IS~~~ The bankrupt's capital is a

j;.> xol n. earth, dirt, loose soil. Cf l.jjj • flXation.+ .Ib- adj. concerned, solicitous.+ jJt._

J...s\.> • jS'. <~~~.Jj>. ~.Jj>. + JI- n. water adj. obssessed, beset, hung up on. (iJ.tY. jJt. ~.,;.
with ashes. + ISJI- adj. stained with soiV dirt; v. be obssessed with! hung up on).

dusty (syn.ISJIjj.j). (iJ.tY.ISJ'ij> v. i. get stained r.,.J- xum n. dye (esp. indigo): ~IS- indigo

with soW dust. iJ~"? ISJ 'J";' V.t. stain! soil with dye.+ ~_ also ~....;~_ and~_n. dyer.+_
earth).+ ~~~._ also ~~"",",._
n. (act of) ~~ n. dyehouse.+ iJl~- used only in the
playing with earth! f!1aking mud pies (of form: .i~r~ The truth has become known
children). (iJ~.;S ~~~.Jj> v. play with earth! (as when a lie! rumour is exposed, lil. the dye
dirt). + iJl~. _ n. rubbish dump. + ~. _ also_ has been spoiled). + .~-l- n. magpie. + IS _ adj.
•~. n. ashes.+ ~._ adj. ashe indigo blue. Cf~· <iJl~rj>.J .
coloured, ash-gray. Cf I . .»t.
.IL...,;. xumar (A) n. 1. hangover, disagreeable
'J.,;. Xula n. God = I.,;. q. v. physical effects of the heavy consumption of
alcohol; languishing look. 2. dreaminess, used
4-'Jj> xolase (A) n. summary. See .;~. Cf only in .I~~J4- q.v.+ ~_ n. and adj.
antidote for a hangover.+ IS- adj. saffering

r'J.,.J- xulJun n. slave, servant; knave, jack (of from a hangover. Syn. .I~~'+ iJ.tY./- v. have
a hangover.
cards). < r'J";' ~ iJ.tY.·
..5~.,;. xumxork n. crack, narrow break,
~.,;. xulq also.sJ.,;. (A) n. I. character, nature
fissure (in the ground). Cj. j.l~ .~.
(syn . ..5...;lt '':''':''J.;); mood, conscious state of
mind (cj. •.IJJ)' 2. n. (act of) inviting. (~.,;. *IS.J-"";' xum" adj. dark red (colour). C.! '.1-»-
iJ~ v. be out of sorts, be in a bad mood; be jL:.
indisposed, feel slightly ill. iJ~"? J..!.,;. v. invite, ~Li.,;. xunav also J\.;";' n. dew. Syn . ...s:.;JJL:.+-
solicit; countenance. Cj. iJ~"? ...s:.;lt).+- [~.,;.] 45' n. drizzle, fine rain.- iJ1.llt.
iJl v. i. be created! made/ begotten. + _ [~.,;.]
iJ.L-i1 V.t. create, cause, make, bring into iJ ~.,;. xuncan = iJ~..$ all forms q. v.

existence. (syn. iJJ,jI)L;. cf iJ~..?':-J.I~)·+ JI- ~.,;. xunre n. I. bud (ofaf/ower). Cj..s....;,S.
adj. created, made, existent.+ JI.;..t- adj. l.~. 2. given name for women.
existing, at hand. + .I~ _ adj. and n. creative,
},...;...;,,;, XUllXllwar adj. heartless, cruel,
inventive; creator, maker, visionary. (cf .~
unfeeling. Cj. .I~~' Syn. jJt..j~.
~b).
iJ.I..ij>[.;u.>] xondin = iJJ..:.j"p all forms q. v.
;:,aJ.,;. xulqi pres. stem of the verb iJliJ.,;. q. v.
»>1 xA n. habit, wont, practice. Syn . ..54.ilt. I.
~. Cj. .::...~. idiom.: ..5.,.; ~ 1.r-S..5~
 241

~ 4i is.)~li A habit fonned in early life is hard (game); fig. struggle for suqremcy/ ultimate
to kick later.+ ~:,.;._ adj. pleasant, having power (cf ~~.
pleasing manners! behaviour.+ v.iJl~/- is,.> xuwl 1. n. salt; food seasoning (esp. salt!
normally followed by 0 _ of, at meaning: get sour seasoning). 2. last element of certain
into the babit of, take up as a habit! practice/ compound nouns. e.g., is.P''';~q.v. (iJ~.JiS.P
preoccupation. E.g., .)L...,J";o.JI~4.S~ He has v. salt, season/cure with salt).- ;..,.....is.P,,,b.+.
taken up gambling. + J _adj. accustomed. See i} .:~/ v. taste a dish while cooking (to
.;5~.+ ~J/- v. form a habit; in comb. with ok determine proper seasoning).+ iJl~_1 n.
meaning: become accustomed/develop an saltshaker.+ iJl~/- v. feed salt (to livestock).+_
attachment (to). E.g., oJ- o~4.S~ Don't
}:l n. salt marsh.+ ..s.J.J~- n. brine, salt
make a habit of it.+ r~- adj. easygoing,
solution.
offhand, casual.+ '::""':".JOp- n. character,
I.S.?..P xuwl!! adj. and n. vagabond, idler;
temperament. Cf ;I~.J ..)l:;,io!.
truant.+ ~_ n. truancy, state of being an
2
*.JJi- xIJ n. sweat. Syn. ";0);. idler.
~~ xlJd n. helmet. C.f J~. + is,Jjo _ n. helmet ';";..P xuw€! n. relative, kin. Syn. (P' 3...,...s.+.
(metal piece ofarmour). iJl n. relations.+ ~",-!I_ also 4.S- n. kinship,
1 relationship. Syn. ~"-! L.~.
j~ xUz n. strength, vigour, stamina. C.f
Lil.,; •.;:;.. •..J,J4i. Syn. ':-.r-.+ oy..:.I.tS~/ - v. v-i..P I xuwen n. 1. blood: fo. 4.S _ also j~ ~_
regain strength! stamina.+ oy..:.~ /_ v. heal, tribulation. 2. blood money: ~.J.Jl::--4.S­
become sound/ whole (of a wound). C.f ~ permanent grievance! claim. E.g., ~~ »i
o~.»t. ~.JJ~ It turned into a never-ending grievance

*j~2 xUz also~.JJi- n. frost. Syn. rlJj.+ ;1_ n. (lit. it turned out like Siyauw~'s blood money).
3. second element ofcertain compound nouns,
heavy ground frost.
e.g. ~~L..;,»l q. v. (iJ~,."s~"p v. commit
iJL-.JJi-kr-.JJi-] xlJsan v.i. soak, become sodden; murded, kill. cf ':;';'!~..P). + .J1- n. plasma, the
fig. become flexible/ disposed (of s.o.).+ _ fluid part of blood: fo.4.S- toil, drudgery.+_
iJ~L:,;-.JJi-] caus. ofiJ'-.JJi- q. v.+ o~~-L:,;-.JJi-] 4.SJI adj. bloody; smeared/ stained with blood.+
caus. of 0.JO-kr-.JJi-] v.i. get macerated, soften L$!lt- n. blood money.+ Ift - n. blood brothers
and wear away from being wetted! steeped. (through joining bloody wrists).+ ~JJjt/- v.i.
Syn. 1. o.J4i L-.J; .
be stirred, get aroused.+ ~.JJjt- adj. stirring,
J '-J.P xlJsaw adj. soaked. + 0_ adj. macerated. rousing, electrifying.+ iJl;l~/- v. pay blood
money.+ .J4i- n., anal. artery: j~ 4.S.J4i- coronary
;"-.JJi- xlJsl pres. stem of the verbs iJ'-.JJi- and
a. *~~~_ pulmonary a.+ iJ.J.Y..J4i/- v. bleed
o.J'" '-.JJi-.
profusely, have a hemorrhage. Cf ~ v-i..P
v;....JJi- xlJsln pres. stem of the verbs iJ.LiL...JJi- ~L...+ iJl~~/- v.t. cause to/ make bleed (esp.
and o~.Li'-.JJi-. by opening a vein).+ iJ1:,./- v. bleed (esp.from
..5~ xlJg n. pig, swine, hog. Cf 1. jI.J4i • the nose, an artery, etc.).+ jw_ adj.
~j.lL.; heavy-built person. E.g., .s.JJi-~.;, He insufferable, intolerable. Cj oJ";- • .!p. + ~L;_
has the build of a hog.+ AJ.... _ n. tug-of-war n. insufferableness. Cj ~~.+ i~­
adj. bloodshot, red and irritated (i.e. eyes).+_
 242

.:,,~ n. time of animation and vigour, ~..,..2 XIIwen pres. stem ofthe verb .:".J:.j..,.. q. v. +
springtime.+ },.;._ n. archenemy.+ Dfo~},>I­ .)LS~. n. student, pupil. E.g. .:,,1;lS.J:.j""'~jS

v. be a bitter enemy (of-I.S). E.g. o~I"';-:~..,.. Student's association. Syn. ~L.;.,l. C.f
lSli I.S~';; He is thirsty for his blood.+ I.S}'>- n. ),,0"":;..,... + ;;~ -L:,.;..,..] v. I. study, undertake
(state of) being archenemy.+ jl.,.>_ n. and adj. fonnal learning! education; recite (the Koran).
aggrieved party, claimant in a blood feud; 2. sing (of human-beings and some birds).
avenger of blood.+ »>_ adj. bloodthirsty.+_ E.g., ~~";j.> He (it) sings beautifulIy.+_
~IJI v.i. bleed! discharge blood (due to L$:.;~ also ..5.;,~_ and oI..i~~_ n. school
inflamed hemorrhoid).+ jj...:../_ v. cause educational institution. C.! ~Ij. ~jS: _

bloodshed, kill. Cj iJ..;..,s '~J~'+ ~;L._adj. ~L,.I.S....s:.;~ Higher institute of learning (beyond
imperturbable, unexcitable, cold- blooded; high schoo/) *,j~~j.oL.~.Jj~~I.S....s:.;~­
homely, plain.+ .:".Jj--.I_ v. avenge (the blood! Teachers training school *I.F-~ 1.S..5.;,~­
murder of-I.S). Cj .:".Jj__ "';.;;.+ ~~_ adj. Vocational school *~\joJ"'--I.S......s.;~­
cute, dainty. Cj r~"""+ ~~_ n. Elementary school *~JLiI.S..5.;,~- High
cuteness, daintiness.+ ~lS ...;~.JI- v. jig. school (usually the last two years before
completely discredit and disparage (s.o. in the college! university) *1.S.Jjo.JLi 1.S......s.;l..
eyes of a third person).+ o~.JjI~1 _ v. Intermediate school (usually three years after
establish peace between the parties of a blood elementary schoo/)+ ) JU _ also )~..,.. adj.
feud; end bloodshed. + ~ _ n. and adj. and n. literate (hence )J'.J:.j~ illiterate);
murderer, one who commits a murder. Cj reader (see ~..,.».+ I.S)."~- also I.S)"""':;"'" n.
~..;.;"""+ ~} 1_ v. I. draw blood by cupping.- literacy; formal education/schooling. Cj I .
.:.o... ~; take blood (to test or as a sample). 2. .»-oL.; 'l.S;l.Sft 'I.S~J~.+ .)0- n. reader, one
be haunted by blood guilt.+ .v;}_adj. sick! belonging to the readership of a publication;
nauseated (by the sight ofblood).+ ':"»Ir~/­ reciter (of the Koran, poetry, etc.).

v. remain unavenged (of a murder).+ r~ _ adj. ~ xe pres. stem ofthe verb if.-.;. q. v.
I. hot- blooded, ardent; cute, dainty (syn.
..:.o~ xebat n. effort, labour, toil (cf •.)lS
"!,.». 2. zool. warm- blooded.+ tf;&_n.
\.)J-J-
~jS •..5~. syn. ;:I"u.~o~; struggle,strife.
ardency, hot- bloodedness. + .r.S _adj. haunted
(.:,,~....s.:.o~ v. labour, work (syn . .:"IJ ;:I"u);
by blood guilt (;;»I~""> v. bel feel haunted
struggle. strive. (cf ;;l:.jS~).+ ~ _ also;lS_
by blood guilt. cj ~} ,;,;..,.».+ ~~"...,J/- v.i.
I. n. worker, labourer. Syn. ;l5.;J. 2. adj.
bleed (of a wound, cut, etc.).+ .:"L:.;."...,J/- v.t.
struggling. striving; diligent.+ J- adj. diligent.
cause to bleed.+ ~_ adj. bloodsucking.+ _
unfailing.
.:r:,.1 v. exploit greedily, squeeze everything
~ xebt pres. stem of the verb . .:,,1-[ ~] \..
out of; lit. suck the blood (of-I.S)'+ .:"lje.I>l_1 v.i.
urinate blood.+ ;;I~} n., med. work, labour. Syn. ;;~.J .:.o~.

schistosomiasis, bilharziasis.+ ~o_ n. ~ xeber (A) n. information (see 1.5;1.";1)

avenger of blood (usually a close kin ofthe news (see ~~ .;:11".... ) message (cf rl.!.,,-;:).
murdered person).+ oJ...;L:.;.~/- also _
(.:,,~ .... ~ v. be heard of! know about. E.g.,
o.,.,...~ v. vomit blood.+ ~_ n., anat. vein,
....,...;.I.S~~ There is no news ofhim).+ .:.01_
blood vessel. C.f ;~,+.)!_ adj. boody (see
n. news, recent events! happening! rumours,
I.SJ~""»; blood-coloured. etc.+ •.,.,...»11- v.i. wake up, cease to sleep
 243

(also jig.).+ ),)_ adj. informed, abreast. Syn. ..;.;.;.. xetene (A) n. circumcision (iJl.,? .:..;.;.. v.
,;bl$l.:.+ iJll/- v. infonn, let know. Syn. ,;b\S1.: circumcise).+ iJl,;»-- n. celebration which
iJl~.+ 0"':',)"?1_ v. wake up, arouse.+ 0.,.:,1;$/_ accompanies circumcision.
v. relate news, infonn. used with u.1 meaning: .o,r-J';" xetire n. tourch. Syn. I,P.' aJk.
let know. oJo,;o~jr~~~~I...tP';
~~ xeealet (A) n. shame (see '1.S,;lj<t...o~
Let me know tomorrow if you are coming.
1.S'),;OjJJd)'
~~ xepk n. trap. C.f aJ.; 'JI').+ 0_ n. loop,
ring, curved piece with closed ends; network: • P xer suffIX denoting agent. e.g. ~--!' pi",).
..s~.t.:-I.:I.S coiled barbed wire for use as an .:.o'? urat n. roaming craftsman (esp. one who
obstacle .~L.SI.: 0_ intelligence network I.S- lathes wood into spoons, bowls, etc.). C!
.,:,,;..,jk..J.; T.V. network + .~~J1,;I.S­ rjl.~.

infonnation network.
)# xerar n. rough, loosely knit bag made of
iJ~';" xeplan adj. disk-shaped, flat and circular. goat's hair (normally usedfor baling tobacco).
C! j4S:.;~. Cf '4,,$ ,~~ .,?- .jl~ •...so,;""; ,~p.
, .,;.J.;.
~.;.. xeple n. flat, small loaf of bread (normally
ofcereal other than wheat) . Jlp xera/ n. fishing net. Syn . .J.9.

.u.9~';" xepeto!.e also o~.;.. adj. plump, .:.olilp ura/at (A) See .:.w...:.
chubby.
iJl..l# xertIIIUUI adj. elegant, possessing beauty!
';-'~.;.. xepexep n. patter of baby's hand and grace and personality (of a woman). Cf
knees (when crawling). '~'iJl~ •..s.;.;.p,,;,:, '~J.:.il~.
~ xet (A) n. line (see 2. ~. c.f;.$ ,»);
.J,j~ xerbend also ~ n., bot. hellebore.
handwriting (see V".v-:-,). (iJ~.;u.;.
v. be
able to read and write).+ .:.01_ n. I. eyebraw ~~ xerpq,t n. buttress, brick/stone, etc.
make up. 2. caIligraphist.+ __ adj. lined; in reinforcing a structure (e.g. a wall).
lines.+ iJl,) 1_ v.i. begin to show a moustach ..s.;-",p xerpung also &.:.-"'~ n. name of an
and beard. + ~ _ n. tape/string used in herb.
drawing lines. C.f ....:..-I~. + iJL.:.;S' I_v. draw a .:.opl un n. lathe (1001).
line.+ jL;.J- n. facial beauty (as reflected in
poetry); make up;+ ~~jl>J/- v. apply
. cqsmetics. See iJ,).J ~I,;I.:. ~# una n. large, loose-mouthed saddle bag .
~,;
C! J. .,;.J';'.
lJ~ xeta (A) n. fault (see ..s.;";'(i.J".-' c.f
.:,,1 J lJ, jA 1.:). .;p xene n. land ploughed twice. C! ~.J"-i.
,..;.;.. xeter (A) n. danger (see .:"of.$. cf ..r-,;~). aJ.;,;';" xenele n, bot. charlock.

•~...;.;.. xetere n. anxiety (.:",).J 0,;';';" usedwilh (#1 ure (A) n. expenditure. (iJ,).J (P v.
;:}.l. heart. E.g., lS'~ 0~';"I"".b I feel anxious. spend).+o"...;,).JI _Seeo"':'l"?';J'" +.>_1 n. cash
~l; \,),).... o,;~';" He doesn't care. He has no allowance, pocket money. C! ':'Ijj~.
worry).
 244
t ......

~2 xere n. line, scope of activity/ work. E.g., ~ xe!o adj. imperious, overbearing. Syn.IJ!.~'
~~J:p. .....; This is not my line of work. (<J.J.H j~ v. used in comb. with
I. ~
meaning: feel imperious. 2. see 1~:l).
J:.#2 xerci n. braid used to decorate the hem
of-Kurdish women's clothes. Cf d~. I~ xerwa adj. thickset, in a Iwnp.

~~ xerxt!!e also....:.up n. commotion, )Jp. xowar n. unit of dry weight equivalent to

bustle, furore. Cf ~ .Ip •..u;.. 100 maund-<J4.e or 654 Ibs. avoirdopois.

*j..# xerz n. egg (of certain insects. e.g. locust. <Jijo.#k;.#1 xere/an also ~.p. v.i. reach
cf ~); spawn, roe. (cf IA. one's dotage, become feeble-minded from old
age.
IJ".# xen n. estimate, appraisal. (<J:l.J 1J"p. v.
J\.i,p. xerefaw adj. feeble-minded and senile.
estimate, appraise,assess. cf .<J..Lits:.;~~
<J.LI"j,.~). + .JI.J - adj. estimated, assessed. ;,).p. xerefl pres. stem ofthe verbs <Jij.p. and
~.p. .
..s~p. xenek n. I. thick, bulky and
cumbersome (of clothing). 2. thick bread made ..s0r> xec,ek n. I. spinning wheel. Cj ~. 2.
of coarse meal. Cf ~~ ••...;I..,s".- <Jli. wooden cart! troUey (normally used for
earring rocks). + lj.-.J /- v. I. spin (by means
~p. xerqe n. c10ack worn by a dervish sheikh.
of a spinning wheel). 2. spin out, protract (a
~lS'p. xerkane n.. med scabies (which attack story. account. etc.). Cf '~.J.1I!'.t.-l.+ ~..;_ n.
children esp. in theface). spinner.+ ~..;_ n. 1. spinning. 2. protraction,
JlS'p. xerkaw only in JlS'p..,s....,p. q. v. drawn-out! overlong! time-consuming account,
tale, etc.
<JL..up. xerkeman n. implement used for j&.;.p. xerengez n. bluebottle (fly). Cf /.
bending and shaping the circular rim of a
sieve! sifter/ etc.- ~j;,.
,;.;...
~,pl xertte (A) n. map. See ~ (allforms).
<J L..~ xerman n. 1. big heap/ stack of
harvested crop before threshing (cf .~ ~,p2 xertte n. powderhorn, powderflask.
I)":.); harvest: .)JJ-'I.S _ stack/heap of winnowed
..5....-.# xerik adj. busy, occupied, tied up. Syn.
grain. 2. used in greeting a harvester in the
jll.J"-. (<J.J.Jooi..5....-.# v. be about! on the verge
phrase: ..:..U0.)..... <JL...# May your harvest be
of! almost. E.g., ..;..1J./",Wo..5....,p He was about
blessed, which draws the reply: ..;...s.~ ~
to leave; in comb. with ..... or ok, E.g. DJ4J.1J': .....
May you prosper and be blessed.+ <J1- n.
harvest time/ season; fourth month of the
.:...$...-.# What keeps you busy? what are you
Kurdish calendar.+ LS_ a/so 4S_ n. harvest doing? <Jl,,$..5......;4-> V.t. tie up, keep busy/
grounds; place where <JL..p. is left.+ ~jL n. occupied). + <JI- [..5.....J~ 1 V. i. be busy/
gleanings from a threshing floor (usually given occupied! engaged (in-.....).+ <J..Li1- [~,pl V.t.
away).+ 0_ n. halo (around the moon). Cj I. keep (s.o.) busy/ occupied (with. in - .....).+.
~\,;.+ <J1:l/' _ v.i. have a halo (of the moon).+_ <J~/ v. I. be at a loss, not to know what to do.
~)~/ v. move/ transport harvest to store. E.g., 1"~~tljl.iI"J~ ..5.....,p. I am at a loss, I
don't know what to do. 2. be stuck (with-
xernaz n. unbecoming coquettish
.~.l<I.t).+ J~- adj. at a loss.+ JlS'p.J- adj.
behaviour. - jli.
absolutely baffled, at a complete loss.
 245

.:"Ip xevm See .]O)'p. )~.+ .... lH_ n. hospital. Syn . ...;~~. Cf
...;~)I.,;, ~.J~ (under ..,.,..1).
~I,j';' xezayt n. rosy finch (bird).
.5..::.-.;. xestelc n. dark blue. ~.
*.5';;..i';' XI!UIolc n. piggy bank.
I.S~ xestewi n. a variety of date.- L..J.P.
"';,j';' xezne (A) n. treasure. See ~.
~I.J'''''''''';' xes,ewant large earthenware jar.-
)JJ,j';' xezji, n. father-in-law. C.f ~.+ .:,,1_ n.
relatives ofa father-in-law. ....uS.
-t.
..J')~
.1
xeze[ n. goat with yellowish forelegs.- .:,,·1 -+;, xes[et n. instinct, natural aptitute/
impulse. Syn. ~.;.. < ,-.• 1 ';"~; characteristic,
oM·
attribute. + I.S - adj" instinctive, spontaneous.
j'..i~2 xeze[ n. yellow (dead) leaves.+ .]OJ- n.
season when trees shed their leaves; autumn. ~ usa n. mother-in-law (on both sides).
C.f .:"ljJ...,~.s. Cf ).J.t..i~,~~ (under ~\ idiom.: ~
,- :!~..;...;..,sj-j~»IA....e'yj....s..J I may be
I""..,j~ xezim n. nose ring (ornament).+ .5j_ n.,
addressing you but I mean for someone else to
bot. daisy.
hear me .
...:,j..,j';'xezine n. 1. warm water tank in a public
.;...:....;,. X40 adj. touched. slightly unbalanced.
bath. 2. the treasury (office).
Cj .$;-:-
.:"L-.;.~] xesan \I. be castrated!
emasculated.+ ~[~] v.t. 1. castrate,
..$;_ -';' X4!ft ".large grain bag. Cf jl~.
emasculate. 2. top, nip otrthe top ends to help X41m (A) adj. inexperienced (syn.
branch out (o/tobacco, tomatoe, etc.). )~"i , l..i.).:•....;); awkward, gauch (syn. c,;J.~l-.
J~ xesaw adj. castrated, emasculated. cf ~Jl-) .

..:-.;. xest adj. thick, viscous, syrupy (o/liquid) ...u...;. ut J. pres. stem 0/ the verb jjo.j.;.. 2.
(syn. 1. .J.j~. c.f 1.J.:... ,i;); strong (o/tea, secret. Syn. ~.+ ,:,l;_ adj. dormant (o/grain
coffee, etc.). (syn. tjJ. c.f ....;;). (':"»I~ v. be sown in autumn).+ ~-l...u...;.] =.:.;~q.v.+_

thick; be strong).+ '~»I/_ v. thicken, become *...;.; n. spy. Syn. ~~ ,.:"I.J'J"'..,j.+.- adj. stiflpd,
viscous. Syn .•y.:,»I.J.j~. C.f '.J"';~.+ .i?- smothered. (':"»1 U.;. v. I. be stifled. 2. go out,
adj. aggravated, intensified.+ 'J"';~~/- v. make become extinguished (0/ a charcoal fire on a
thick! viscous in consistency, condense. + ~_ grate! in a samovar. cf '~»I~';. ':"J~ U.;. v.
adj. causing to thicken! condense. + j~J _ adj. 1. smother, muffle, stifle. cf .r...j. a.S.J.P.. 2.
thick; fig. excessive, too much. E.g., extinguish (fire). cf .~,ljI»S).

JJ-iJ~ J~.,,;;.......;. ~I)L; She had too much

.:.....i.;. utet n. grief, sorrow, distress. Syn. ~
makeup on.+ ._1 n. condensed jJ q.v.;
.)~ ')~ ,1.+ )~_ adj. grieved, mournful,
buttermilk. Cf .:-L..+ I.S- n. thickness,
sad. Cf .s.;..,;j~.+ I.S~~- n. grief, sorrow.+_
viscosity; condensation. Cf 1.Sr:.+ ~_ n.
,:,~)~/ v.i. grieve, feel grief, be sad (for-jt).
condenser.
2
~ xeste adj. and n. ill, sick; patient, sick
person (under treatment). Syn. ~:,x;. Cf *"i~ xela n. famine, starvation. Syn. ~lJ. C!
~I.J.
 246

. .
.;:.,'i4J. .xelal n. reward, prize; gift (cf 1oS)~l). ~L;....J~k;....J"] xeletan v.i. be cheated (c.!
(~l~ .;:.,'i4J. v. reward, give a reward to. syn. .:r'..r-~.); be deceived, deluded, duped (.syn.
t"..;1.) .:..:.il ~). + iJ _adJ. rewarded (of s. 0.). + _ ~')},.>t)4,j).+ .jl-L;,;;....J..] v.I. cheat, swindle
loS J. adj. rewarded (of s. tho given away as (see ~.).....s~ loS:,.$); dupe, hoax, fool (.syn.
reward). 2. n. honorarium, bonus. Cj ~il t ) ' ; ,~.).} j~.).
";~~t').
xeletaw adj. cheated, swindled;
~l:J4...> xel!an adj. covered, filled (with-loS). E.g., deceived, duped.
»-I~~~l:J4J. 1oS..,~t') His face was covered . .
;:;.u~ xeleti pres. stem of the verb ~L;.u~ q. v.
with blood.
~....J~ xeletin pres. stem of the verb ~.l.iL;.u~
..A.I4J. xelf n. shoot, young branch. Cj 't"L.";
q.v.
J.l,~ . ..::..#-t.)').
~L.-.u..t,-.u~] xelesan v. survive, be saved!
a..iJ.. .xelfe (A) n. student-instructor in a craft
rescued; be delivered! redeemed. C!
working with \;...t.., q.v. C! .).J~, \;...t..,.)~. ~»t .) ~j.; '~»,.;li.,J .
...sj4J. xelk also J.l4J. (A) n. people, crowd, ;:,-.u.. xeiesi pres. stem ofthe verb ~L..U..
community. Syn. J&. Cj ,.)tJL.oU!' ,~jS" q.v.
j",-",;S. (~»-I...sj4J. v. i. be from, be citizen! . .
~Li.u..[J.u..] xe!.efan = ~Litp (all forms) q. v.
inhabitant! resident ofloS· E.g.. ~L.:;J....~.. 1
am from Sulaimaniya).+ 1.,..,>..,_ n. all kinds of ~.u~ .xelefi pres. stem of the verb ~Li.u~ q. v.
people, people of all sorts. + loS _ n. people, ...A;j4J. xelif n. hive made of osier twigs.-
other people. E.g., .J4Sli IJ~~" People t.).vl; ,..;~.
don't do such things.+~:- int.f.: you people!
~~ xelife (A) n. caliph; pupil-teacher
j..",J4J. xelfi'l. n. charcoal. Syn. JJ~i .)~IoS- coal licensed by a dervish shaikh to teach the
(mined).- jS...:.; ,t..,..;.).} ~.+ ~I_ n. coal bin.+ elements of .:..4i",~ q. v.
t _ n. name of a blight affecting vegetables.
~.. xelile (A) n. name ofa spiky plant the
J..",J.. xelUi n. knuckle (of cattle). C! ~. spikes of which are used as toothpicks.

';:"t"J4J. xelwet (A) n. privacy, solitude. < ..;~ t"4J. 1 xem (A) n. anxiety, apprehension (.syn.

t~t)" (under ~2).+ ~L:.;S/- v. be, go into (J""'~l. Cj JI~); grief, anguish (see ,t)~
retreat for meditation! devotions. + ~ _ also _ .:...U~).< ~tUw..J.+ IoSJI- adj. grief-
....;~n. place of meditation; place of privacy, stricken, sorrowful.+ .)It- adj. grieved, sad,
retreat.+ ~_ adj. in meditation! retreat. woeful. Syn . .)~...i~. Cj .s.,;...,;j.).+ loS.)lt- n.

(~»-I ~t"J.. v. be in meditation). + loS - adj. sadness, state of being grieved. Syn. t)~. C.!
meditative. ..u.-li. + ~.)).,..,>/ _ See ~.)},;. ~... + »> _also_
},.> adj. solicitous, concerned, mindful. C!
....J.. xele (A) n. grain, cereal (esp. wheal, corn
~.). Syn . .wlA t..,.5..;.;~ (under ~2).+ 1oS.JP- n.
and barley). (cj ji.t.)'~""t.l.i~); yield, crop,
care, concern, solicitude. + ':"--'..jtd - adj.
produce (see t"....fo. under ~l, t"~J')4.i).+ _
comforting; soothing, balmy. + ~_ also
';j~ n. grain seller.+ ~L.PJ- n. harvest. Cj
~.u. adj. See .)L,..4J..+ ~~~/_ v. be
~L.p.
concerned, feel anxious. E.g., ~ loSl.:-il~";'
 247

0.,.,;L. She feels terribly concemed.+ 0_ only in of ortopterous insects.+ .;,b..,J/- V.t. stab with
~~ L. n. worrywart. a dagger. idiom.: .;,IJ lS.....J~.;.. strike
indiscriminately, stab at random, actlbehave
~.;..2 xem n. bend, curvature.< ~.;.."..~ q. v.
nonchalantly.+ 0"..;L-;.I/- v. lick blood from a
~.u. xemba n. swelling. Syn.ISJl...Jl:.+ -";;1- dagger (of a murderer in the beliefthat this
~~ v. i. sweel up, have a swelling. Syn. will calm his nerves and PIotect him from
betraying himself).+ ''''';.v-..,J/- v. menace,
.;,l...Jl:.
make a show of intention to hann/ attack.
0$;...;......;.. xemxemoke n., bot. grape hyacinth.
..50~ xendek also Jo~ n. trench, ditch. Syn .
;S~.;.. xenqesere only in ;S)+ .. .:..~ .J.j+.S. Cj ~.+ o"..;b 1_ v. excavate (for laying
(unden./) q. v. the foundation ofa building); dig a trench (see
.;,..\.i.t....S~..5•.J.j.u.).+ ;)Jjl_ v. dig a trench
j..~ xeml n. 1. estimation, appraisal, between two points (esp. mil.).+ .;,.J.j.s~/_ v.
assessment. Cj 1. ';'..I.;~. (';'J.".$j...u. v. dig a trench, cut a trench in.
appraise, assess, estimate. cj ';'J.} J)iJ"-l). 2.
..5~+-> xenok adj. pretentiously vigorous, acting
flourish, dispaly. decoration.+ .;,1-£)..';"] also
energetieally to hide incompetence/ weakness
.;,t -t,Lt.;..] v. i. flourish, bloom (esp. in youthful (esp. from old age).+ .;1_ adv. pretentiously,
beauty! freshness! excellence); be decorated.+ affectedly.
';'..I..iI-k,;.L....u.] V.t. appraise, assess.+ ~_ n.
appraiser, assessor.+ JI~- adj. assessed,
~1 xene n. henna. Cj *'-JJ'-~."s'.+-
.;,1......., n. festive occasion (normally the evening
estimated, appraised.+ J-!- adj. flourishing,
before a wedding) on which female relations
blooming, thriving.
and friends oftbe bridal pair assemble to paint
•.;,;>+-e,;" xemexore n., zool. heron. Syn . .,;.l:.. their hands and feet with henna.+ ~)'-";;I_ v .
Cj.,;.~. dye (the hair) with henna, paint (the hands/
feet) with henna.+ •.,..:.;)'1_ v. make/ prepare
J.,f....;.. xemegr" See .s~.,J. henna paste.
~1 xen pres. stem ofthe verb ~ q.v.+ IS- +..i';"2 xene only in .;.;.. OJ.)Dj q. v.
adj. merry, jovial. Cj ..;;;.JJJ' (.;,»'1 ~ v.
~.;.. xene pres. stem of the verb 0J44> q. v.
have/ feel a sense of fullfilment or
accomplishment).+ .;,t-[';'';''] v.i. laugh (at-4.t or ~.u. xenim (A) n. 1. adversary, opponent,
~J. Syn. ~~.+ o~-ksi.u.] v.i. chuckle, antagonist. Syn. ~JlA .pl,; .~..I"-I' Cj
laugh inwardly/ quietly. Cj ~~ UU. ~j.l. 2. match, peer, equal. Syn . • .;,L.:.JlA
,
_- xen n. neck. See ';'J)+.S.+ • ..5JJ I- n. ...A,,~ • ...AJJlA . .:....J-!'J.

necklace. Syn. +..iIJJ"S, .,.u. xew also.;,.,.;.. I. n. sleep, slumber; dream,

_~ xencer n. dagger. idiom.: ,;,~ulS~';" vision.: ";;;'IS- sound and refreshing sleep
:;JS'~ L~ ...J ~ A man of substance never (';'~";;;'ISJ.u. v. only in the expr. '::";'ji-ISJ-'>
:ails to rise to the occasion . ..:...eo.l.t j IS~';" ~ May you have pleasant dreams. ";ji-ISJ4>
.:......,. ~ ..,J ~...,;. He is white with rage. + ISj ~ _ n. ';'J.".$ v. sleep soundly) • ..5.J.J-IS- light sleep~
.ilggling with a dager; '!lock battle with « ..5»-.,.;..) *...,.;.,J IS - also .;,1)' IS _ deep/ heavy
daggers. Cj ~';"o~.+ --'~_ See ~+..i.s.+. sleep « ...,.;.,J~) *";ji-L.: IS- unpleasant
:"';J·:.,.>I v. bel get stabbed. + "'DJ _ n. a species dream, fitful sleep. 2. in comb., e.g . •.;,l:J.,.;..
 248

..,JI~ q.v. 3. pres. stem of the verb ~~ '::"l.!~ xeyaJ (A) n. tailor. see JJ).JS~.- I';'L..JJ.J')
q.v.+ *;1_ adj. sleepy, groggy.+ ~I_ adj. ';'JJ)~'+ .- n. silk thread.+ ~._ n. fine needle.
sluggish! groggy from sleep, sleepy. C.! ;--,~ C.! \Sj.JIl.+ ~_ n. tailor's profession.
(under J~~'+ ';'.l.il..[~-.J"->] V.t. send to sleep.
.Jl.!~ xeyar n. cucumber. Syn. JJ)l:. Cf ~.i1}.+
Cf .:;.......>:.,.; J...... + '~~Jtl - v. doze off, go to
.J"-A~- n. purging cassia, cassia fistula,
sleep (esp. from boredom! inaction).+ ~/_
drumstick (tree).+ 1_ also .5j_ n. bubo. C.f
.;,~ also .;,I~ ~ I-v. i. have ones sleep ruined,
..,J i.r.,JI.
I

be unable to sleep. Cf ~J~'+ ~/_v.L

dream, have a dream. + i.r~1 _ See :.,.; J ..... jl.!4> xeya[ (A) n. imagination, fancy, invention;
.;,I~. + ~ .~I _ v. dream of! about, see (s. 0 .• i~ea, thought, perception (see.r-t ''::'''d •.;,L..ld): -
s.th.) in one's dream.+ ~_~] v.i. sleep, fall J~ fanciful thought, unrealistic remedy!
asleep. Syn. iJ'-.,.i.+ .;,L:;_ n. bedtime.<~""'; solution, etc. *J~~- vain imagining, starry-
.;,l:.;~ q.v.+ ~_ adj. asleep, sleeping. Syn. eyed thought! perception *~ ~ _ tipsy talk .
.u=-.,.i.+ ~- See ';'J.R~ ~.+ ... ~_n. (.;,.1.P-t .... jl.!..... v. bel feel slightly high. jl.!4>

nightdress, nightgown. C.f ... ~.+ Jb:~~/­ ';'.J.I'tIJ v. be so disposed, think. E.g., IItIJ ~l.!4>
v. sleep a wink! briefly. E.g., rJb:.~"u. I ~ I think he will go . .;,~)"jl.!4> v. imagine,
didn't! couldn't sleep a wink. C.f ....~ J~ suppose, think).+ ~JI- adj. fanciful, unreal.+_
..:-~ adj. unrealistic (s.o.).+ ~_ adj. fanciful,
~.+ ";':,>_ adj. sound-sleeping. Cf .;,I}~.+
~--"r adj. sleep-dispelling; exciting, unreal, whimsical; fictitious.

stimulating.+ 'J":"--,•./- v. lose one's feeling of t""!..... xey~ n. instinct, natural aptitude/ impulse.
sleepiness.+ .5»-'_ adj. light sleeper.+ ~»-'_ Syn . .::,,~.
n. habit of sleeping lightly.+ U"',J,J- also .;,I}_
*,J-t~ xeynl adv. apart; aside, independently.
adj. sleeping deeply! heavily.+ l$' _ n. sleeping
quarters; mausoleum.+ ~}I_ also ~}b 1_ V.t. ;:,.>1 xi n. name of the eighth letter of the
get sleepy, become drowzy, feel sleepy. C.f Kurdish alphabet.
~L..~.+ ~"..s~J~/_also Jb:~~/- v. "'u>2 xi = ~ q. v.
be unable to sleep a wink. C.! ~~~ Jb:.+-
.:;.......>~I V.t. put to sleep, cause to fall asleep.
~ xipq adj. stocky and short-necked.+ .u..._
adj. overbearing, high-handed.
Syn. ';'.l...il",.;. + .;,J....ildj :.,.; I_v. t. cause
J.
sleepl~ssness, keep awake, ruin (s.o. 's) sleep.+ ~ xef adj. slanting, slanted, angled.-
~"..s~/- v.i. fall asleep(syn.J4>~~Jb:); & J)"';" (.;,,))" & v. slant, interpret in a biased
slumber.+ ......... L;_ n. book of dream way).
interpretation.+ .5J- adj. tending to sleep ~ xif See j.;>-.
much.+ ~~I _ v.i. be! feel sleepy. C.f ..:J~
ft> xer (A) J. n. charity, alms; welfare, well-
~.+ -...,.s.;"s.-
also ~",;._ n. repeated
being, interest. 2. adj. charitable (of an act/
nodding and dozing off. Syn. -:.;"s.j~.J'+ ~_ deed). (';'.1.P-tft> v. be an act of charity; in the
adj. uninformed, unaware. C.f .;,I.i~. expr.: ~ 1ft> Hope all is well.+ .;,,))" ft> v. be
..;.~ xew~ n. I. impurities (esp. in grain. charitable to-~. < ,;ASft>; give to charity, give
cereal. etc.). C.! '.J'jj.S. 2. drawback, flaw, to the poor/ needy). <~. + .::,,1_ n. I. alms,
defect (cf 2. J:.;~); hitch, snag (cf .~.;). charity. 2. wealth, riches. (.;,~)" .::"Ift> v. give to
 249

charity).+ ).t..il_ adj. fortunate, prosperous. .;,1:;;;.3 xizan adj. poor. Syn. )~.+ I.S- n.
(.;,~ )J.il~ v. used only in the expression: poverty. idiom.: 4...i1,r u:.;1~"';I~ Poverty
~ )J.il~ or ,Ji )J.il~ May good fortune gnaws away at a man.
attend you (in reply to a greeting!felicitation). ~~ xiz,xu! n. bank (of water).
C.! v"L..~. + .J1- also .J L: _ n. drinking water
placed on the route oftravellersl passers by.+. I.r---> xize n. wheezing, difficult breathing
I".;. adj. charitable, philanthropic, humane.+_ accompanied by whistling sound.+ ~_ n.
jl~ adj. well-wishing, well-disposed.+ ).)_ continued wheezing (in breathing).+ ~~/_
adj. beneficial, rewarding, fruitful.+ I~b/ _ v. v.i. wheeze, produce a wheezing! whistling
sound (in breathing).
be fruitfuV rewarding (of an effort! enterprise);
be of benfitl advantage, be a sourc~ of .JI:;;;' xezer n. twigs and dry shrubbery used in
prosperity to-jot (of a person to others). + ~ /_ roof construction beneath the top layer of dirt.
~ v. benefit from, profit by, reap the fruit of;
-..;> xese n. angry look. (,:,.).? ot...-;> v. glance/
enjoy, be happy with. E.g., ~..5,,-!..J';';' May
look angrily at-~). C! I~»I »-".
you be happy together (said to a couple.
newlyweds. etc.).+ J.i"'-".JI- 1. adj. beneficent, ~ x4 n. only in ;,;.).? ~ v.i. look peeved, be
performing acts of charity and kindness. 2. n. inwardly angry.
benefactor, good samaritan, hurnanitarian.+_
~ xii adj. cross-eyed, squint-eyed. Cf~ .
.JI')I.JI adj. beneficial, fruitful, advantageous.
Syn. ~~~.J~' (';'»1 ~ v. be cross-eyed).
Cf ..s:.j.s4.t •...t.i4.o.).",....
~ xii n. clan, big family/ household (cf
I~ xera1. adj. fast, rapid. Syn. pl4t .~. 2.
4-i4tl;); group of nomadic tents! households.-
adv. quickly, speedily. E.g., I.JI.J I~ Come
.JA>JS'; tribe. + ..:.01_ n. the tribes (plural of~). +
quickly! Syn. .J.Jj. (.;,»! I~ V.i. be quick. E.g.,
~I_ also I.S- adj. clannish; tribal.+ ~I_ adj.
~I~ Hurry! .;,.)....sl~ v. hurry, hustle).+ __
tribal; fig. cliquish. + },.>.JI _ n. migration to the
adv. incessantly, continuously.+ jJ!_ n. speed,
plains. (oJ,)~)~ ~ v. migrate to the
pace (syn. j..J); velocity (syn. 1. ~. cf ~.d).
plains).+ .J.J.J~.JI- n. migration to the highlands.
:;;;. 1 xh. n. stroke, stripe; hyphen (syn . ..5J.i....); (oJ,)'? .J.J.J~~ v. migrate to the highlands).
line (syn . ..:.o~.;.:s .~).+ v..L n. railing.+ .JI-
~ xige n. skin bottle for carrying! keeping
n. tide, the alternate rising and falling of
liquid. C.f I:r--.
water.+ .Jb_adj. hyphenated (ofa word).
.,,;;. xiw n. I. ghost. C.f 2. 1.F~.Jl; . .s~ (under
:;;;.
2
xiz pres. stem of the verb .;,I~ and
~I). (';'»1 L:;,:;,> v. be haunted! inhabited by a
,:,4;,.>. + .;,I_[~]I V. i. rise, ascend., wax.
ghost). 2. owner. See ;';I.JU.< ~
}r-> xizar n. large cross-cut saw. Cf .Jt.:.... oJ,).? ~';';.J.P..Jo'). q. v.
:,;1:;;;.2 xezan n. one's wife (cf .;,~); family, ..:.ol~ xiwet (A) n. tent. See .J.)~'+ lS _ n. site of
household (c.f jl.;...)~).- .;,1~.J4-.+ .J~- also. many tents.+ ~_ adj. tent dweller.
.;I: n. and adj. family man with many
dependants.
 250

slaughter (of domestic animals).+ ~_ n.

math. division.+ (';'J.Y.~I.) V.i. be distributed!
divided among b .. ;~.+ iJ.).? ~b V.I.
distribute, divide. cf iJ.))' ..;~).+ iJ...:..~- adj.
distributed, divided.+ ~_
n. distributor,
one who distributes/ markets a commodity;
divider (syn. ;~).+ ~/_ V.t. share out,
divide, distribute.+ .;,I:kl- V.t. 1. sift, separate
(grain from chaff! impurities). Syn. ,.,...;1:k.2.
riddle, fill with holes (as in hilling s.th. with
bullets or when s.th. is eaten by moths).+ .:k-
~ d ninth leller of the Kurdish alphabet.
~ adj. riddled! filled with holes.+ JI;:k- adj.
b 1 da adv. down (used as an element ofcertain sifted, screened.+ ~~/_ V.I. hack down (a
compound verbs, nouns and adjectives). + (I~ tree); stab repeatedly, direct repeated blows at.
iJ»-I v. i. bend over (esp. with one's trunk Cf ~~J.,...+ .;,I..f:'I,I- v.i. gape, be agape/
parallel to the ground.- .:u--~b. Cf ••.,...;l;.:."; wide open (oflhe mouth, eyse, etc.).+ .,...f:'I.I-
iJ~'? iJ 'JAJ. 'J~~'+ iJ.))' I.) 1. v.I. come down V.I. open (mouth) wide; spread apart (e.g. the
(of rain). E.g. iJ1;lo! -.;~ b Ip ~ I hope it rains. legs).+ .;,IS-J-tJ- v.i. come apart, be cut! tom
2. pour out (of grain) (cf iJ.))' 3.}); put down, apart. + .;,I~I _ v. i. be spilled and scattered. Cj
place (one's target! piece in the game of iJ1):, 1.).+ iJ~/- V.i. submit by sitting down (of
~»'" q.v. 3. V.t. lodge, shelter, a hen 10 a cockfor mating).+ .;,l>~/_ v.i. bel
accommodate. Cj 'JI,j.)),;.r:.+ .,..)~/_ v. rain get scalded. Cj iJ\.;.v--.+ ';'.Jjl>~/_ V.I. scald,
down, come down (upon- b ... ~) in great bum (with hoi liquid! sleam).+ Jl>~- adj.
. .
number/ quantity; descend (upon). E.g. scalded.+ iio-~/- also iJ.!-~/- V.I. thrash,
,.Y..)LtI.)I.)~~;J.i~I~ He has been beat soundly.+ iJl"":'~/-pass. ofi;:;..~ I.) q. V. +_
inundated with guests. + ;-I - only in iJ.))' ;-I _ v. t. i....;.~ adj. I. covered, overlayed; buried. 2.
separate, detach. Cj 'J"'~)'~' '''''';.))' ~.+. concealed, hushed (syn. 'JI;l~).+ i;:;..~/- V.t. I.
iJ1;-I1 v.i. be separated, become detached lform- cover, overlay. 2. cover up, conceal (syn.
~ or ~). E.g. "..J1;-I b ..s4!~ .$"-!'JL.. We have ,.,...;.);1.:.).+ .,~/_ v.i. jump, bounce down. Cf
not been in touch for sometime. + irl- adj. v--=,~j.u.+ .;,1 'i«1- V.t. tiel wrap over. Cf
separated, detached; deducted (from- ot...J); .;,~.+ i....;.\.;- 1. adj. smoothed! reduced by
isolated, apart; excluded, barred (hence: 4-i being shaved down. 2. n. gram. derivative. 3.
ot...J ~Jlrl.) To the exclusion of, separatly adj. phony, fake, make-believe, simulated.+.
~\.;I V.I. I. reduce, smoothe by shaving!
rrom).+ ~...f.I- V.t. separate, cut off, detach
slicing down. 2. etym~logize, discovert derive
(jrom- ~). Cf ~...f.'+ j~- only in j~bJj~'"
etymology for.+ iJ~/- v.i. get ripped, be
q. V. + iJ.Jjlj4.d_ V.I. cause to dismount; help
tom down and apart (esp. of cloth). Cf 'iJl.}~
alight (of a bride when arriving at the . .
bridegroom's house on a horse).+ .,.j~/_ v.i. .;,~.+ iJ.Jj~/- V.t. rip down! apart.+ _
dismount, alight, descend (from a horse, car. J~ adj. ripped down and apart. Cf JI.}.). +.
elc.).+ ~/_ V.t. I. secure (a load) by tying. ~.,;I v.i. fall! cave in, collapse (cf .;,l>JJ.});
2. fatten (animals) for slaughter. 3. commence/ look old and decrepit.+ ~-.; _ adj. sunken in;
begin (a prayer).+ ~_ adj. fattened for old and deerepit (of a person). + .;,.JjIJ-.;/_ V.i.
 251
I.

rush through, perform in a huny. Cf -....J~ (.)I~I v. I. sharpen (a pencil). C.f (.)~.J fti 2.
(.)~.J.+ (.)15.;1_ v.i. fall, be shaken down (offruit leak (of a roof, etc.). E.g. b~bJL:"'L.?-I"~

from trees); be ruined financially (cf u..I.JoiL; This roof leaks. Cf (.)~;:"..I. 3. start the basis
(.)..2Jo{).+ (.)jjlS4.jl_ caus. of(.)lS.; I~ q.v.+ JIS.;- (of a knitting, weaving); letter/ write the top
also ~4.j.. adj. shaken (ofti' down); ruined line (instructions, directives (cf (.)b I~ ,;,).~);
financially (cf u..I.JoiLi).+ ~4.jI_ =(.)IS4.j I, advocate/ give (advice, admonition. cf
(.)~.J 1.S)l$~L;). 5. used with b .. ~meaning:
q.v.+ (.)jj\:t:l- V.t. I. sow, disseminate (seed). 2.
invade, raid. E.g. I~l$l:- ~ (.)Ltl~ They
place/ arrange in layers (the ingredients ofa
dish before cooking). Cf (.)~.J ~. + (.)IS~/_ raided the army camp.+ .~b/_ V.t. pull down,
also ~~/_ v.i. get startled, be frightened draw (curtains, shades, etc.), close down
(shutters, etc.).+ (.)I,,~I _ pass. of .:.r..,~ b q. v. +-
suddenly. Syn. ~~ 1).+ .
. (.)J.iIS~/_ V.t. startle, JI,,~ adj. tom lengthwise; tom down.+ ,,~,,~_
frighten suddenly.+ JIS~- adj. startled.+ _
adj. tom to shreds.+ «.)~.J ,,~b ,,~IH. tear into
(.)I~I v. i. drain, drawl flow off gradually. Cf
sherds).+ .:r..,~/- V.t. tear (cloth paper, etc.)
.yl-il~.+ (.)jjlfY':l-caus. of (.)1fY':bq.v.+~­
Ieagthwise; tear/ strip off- b .. ..!. E.g. ~IS~
adj. sagging; decadent. + (.)..tP." I-v. i. sag, lose
I.S,,~ b I.S~ ~ He tore his (own) clothes off. +
resiliency and sink in; fig. lose prestige, be
decadent.+ J~- adj. durable, firm; (.)JJ)~/. V.t. 1. sew on. E.g. JJ).l.iI.SI~ Sew it on.
2. shoot dead; stab repeatedly E.g.~.;. 4.t
constant.+ I.SJ~- n. durability, finnness;
constancy.+ (.)LJ4;J;/- also ~/_ v.i. gape, .J.J~ (.)41~ They stabbed him repeatedly with
hang wide open; stare vacantly (of the eyes in daggers (cf I.iJI~).+ hJ)~-adj. sewn on.+_
death.).+ (.)jjLJ~/_ V.t. 1. implant, imbed, erect J-jJ adj. exploitive, abusive, manipulative.+_
by partially driving into the ground. Cf I, ~j~ adj. exploiting, mapipulative.+ ~j~/_l
(.)L;.,s (under b l ) .(.)jju4;J;~. 2. cause. ofb V.t. 1. exploit heavily, extract benefit from,
(.) u4;J; q. v. + (.) IS~ I-v. i. look sloppy/ tacky (of
make use of meanly/ unjustly. 2. massage (a
slipped joint! bone, etc.) back into place.+_
the collar and shoulders of a garment on a
person).+ JIS~- adj. open and sloppy-looking ~j~2 n. exploitation, unjust! improper use for
one's benefit.+ ).~_ adj. permeable,
(of a collar/ neckline).+ (.)1.,;.1_ pass.of
~bq.v. + i~/- adj. closed, shut, secured penetrable. E.g. )ul~ I.S.~~ permeable
(cf JI)~.k); layed! spread out (.syn. i;.I,,); membrane.- (.)I~ b. + (.)1,;,,, I_v. i. fall apart! to
started, turned on (of a furnace, oven. etc).+_ pieces, disintegrate, break up. Cf ..,sj-..s-....J
(.)1:.,;.1 v.i. slide/ slip down.+ jj..,...>1_ V.t. close, ~~.+ (.).J.;,I,;,,,I_ V.t. cause to disintegrate/ fall
apart. Cf ~ L:..J b. + JI,;,,, _ adj. disintegrated,
shut (a door, etc.) (.syn. 2. ~~L; • 4. ~ cf
(.)I~ .k); spread (a rug); start up, light, heat (an degenerated. Cf .J-'..i"'JLS:;~.+ ~..i,,- adj.
oven, fireplace, furnace, etc.).+.»->_ adj. degenerative. + .:.r..i,,1- = (.)1,;,,, b q. v. + (.)I~I _ v. i.
corrossive, gnawing, eroding.+ (.)1»>1_ 1. V.i. 1. spiW pour down heavily. Cf (.)~.J I~. 2. be
be corroded; be eroded. 2. n. corruption, cast! found (of metal, cement. etc.); be shaped!
decay.+ -"..I~_ adj. corroded; eroded.+ _ molded (into- I~ .. ..!). Cf I.iJ~u.+(.)jjl~/-
(.) L....,u> 1 v. i. experience a shock! sudden caus. of (.)I~I~ q.v.+ ';":"r n. I. shape, form
thumping (of the heart from surprise, etc.). (cj 2. ..,,:;.....:.); gram. mood.: 1.S;I~L.5L;1.S­
<a...~.+ (.)jjL~/_ caus. of (.)L.,u> I~q.v.+_ Indicative mood *I.SJ.r-~1.S- subjunctive mood
•.»-> n. corrosion; geol. erosion (see.~ b).+. *4.,$!wJ\:t:1.S- Inrmitive mood *~~~I.S-
 252

Imperative mood *I.?-~ ..s- conditional mood. lengtbwise.+ .:,.J.j~/_ V.t. crack! split
2. text, version. Syn. JOJ.+ jj.,:,.~/_ V.t. cast, lengthwise.+ J~- adj. cracked, split.+ -
found; mold, shape; ~ord, formulate.+ ~d­ .:,l.:.J1 v.i. bungle, make a mess of (used to
n. I. cast, mold. C! o.:-lU. 2. chem. alloy.+ 1_ scoJJl belittle someone's effort). E.g. "sOl
.:,Lo~ v.i. collapse, crumple, brake down.+ _ ,- _:'iIJ You bungJed!'+ .:,~lS'/_See .:,lS'J"'I,).+-
.:,.J.j~~1 caus. of .:,L..d IJ q. v. + JL..r adj. in .:,.J.j~.J1v. crunch, masticate.+ ~j.Jl- v.
ruins, crumbled.+ ~~/_ V.t. scratch, strip off nibble on, bite off and crush! grind
(e.g. leaves from a branch).+ i"";~- adj. energetically (e.g. sweet, roasted seeds).+ _
stripped, denuded. + ~jd - adj. hanging .:, L..:.S / v. i.J. glide/ sweep down. 2. abate,
down, dangling. Cf »!'J'p:..+ (':'J.J ~J~b v. subside i.e. a tide.+ ~_ n. falV ebb (ofa
cause to hang down! dangle. C! 'J':'l.J p:.).+ water level) Cf ...:s:J... + .:, \j.,$1- v.I. hanuner
.:,L;JJ~/- V.i. shed (leaves, hair, feathers), in, nail through, ram in. C! .:,.J.jU~. 2. initiate,
molt.+ J\jJJr adj. molten, bare (as a result of begin. commence (a game, conversation). Cf
.:, l.;.,$I,) j..>, + •.,.:, \j.,$1- v. 1. resume, go back to,
loss ofhairJeathers, leaves, etc.). Cf ~JJ~'+
start! commence again. 2. nail (s.th.) back.+_
.:,L;.JJ~/- v.i. come tumbling down; fall into
~I»SI V.t. terminate, conclude, bring to an
ruin.+ .:,.J.jL;.JJ/- V.t. tear down, demolish.+_
end.+ ~",sl_ v. take off, divest, discard, strip,
JL>JJd adj. in ruins; demolished.+ ~--!_ n.
remove (clothes, a ~ing, a cover, shoes, etc.).
ingot.+ (':'J.J~--!IJ V. filV lay/ cover with a cast;
Syn. 3. ~jl:. Cf ~L.IJ.+ ,;;"'&1- v.I. break
cast into ingots).+ JI.J~--!- adj. cast. + .s~--!_ n. out, spread (of an epidemic). Cf o.,.:,»! J"J.t. 2.
matrix, mold, form.+ ':'l.JL.j- n. countdown, fall in, drop low; slip down (cf 1. .:.r"":'). 3. let
act! process of counting backward. + .:,.J.j.jl_
up, quit. Cf .:,~ jlJ •.;,.;)'~ ':-J. 4. be
also iJ::j.j/_ v.t.l. dismantle, take apart, strip 2.
enfeebled (from old agel disease).+ .,.,;j4$_
pout (as asign of displeasure). + Jy.--- adj. adj. feeble, weak, frail (esp. from old age).
imposed, inacted/ applied as ifby authority.- Cf .r-,~ .•j~.+ .:,1..:.;$1- V.t. pull down; pulV
.:,.J.jy.--+ .:,1:$-1- v.i. simmer down, let up and
strike (s.th.) over- I,) ... ~ (s.th. else).+ _
quiet down. Cf .:,LS'J'" IJ •.;,.;), rl.JL:. + ~__ _
~)' / v.I. take down, unload; dismount,
adj. pacifying, placatory, mollifying.+ jj.,:,.1_' remove from a mount! elevated place. Cf
V.t. 1. lampoon, ridicule, satirize. 2. wash (s.th. .:,.J.jljA..t b . 'J')~ .:.L:;,.. 2. strike/ beat away (at-
while hanging).+ .:,15..:..1_1 V.i. I. be diverted,
A-t); subject to a barrage (of insults, reproach,
have its course/ direction changed. 2. decrease,
blame). 3. filV cover with. E.g. •.,.,;)'b~L-l:
come down (in value, price, etc.). 3. lean (of
one's view, preference).+ .:,lS:...:.} n. phys. Clouds have filled the sky. ~~)'I,)"s.s~~
refraction.+ jj..:.,} n. lampoon, sative.+ _ f...5 He filled the sack with wheat. Cf ':'J.J .r.'+
.:,.J.jlS:...:.1 V.t. 1. deduct, take away (from- ;:,.I); •.,.:;)'1_ V.t. 1. tamp and roll (a roof to prevent
bring down, reduce (e.g. the price). 2. divert leaking. C! 1. .:,1;.$.2. reload (bullet shells).+
(into-.J4-'), E.g. ~Oj'~r~~~ b ",s'Jl: ~~/_ V.t. massage, knead, rub down.+ _
Divert the water onto this rice field.+ adj. ..u.:-- .:,Irsl v. climb down! discend from- b .. ~.
and n. lampooner; satirist.+ .;j...!._ n. geol. E.g. .;,!Irs IJ IJ",s.;.L.!. ~ We climbed down the
erosion.+ .:.r..;.;...!/- See ~b.+ .:,\j~/_v. bel mountain. Cf .:,Irsju .oJ'}~"':;I...+ r-S-
feel ashamed. Syn. ':'~Jb.+':'~Ji/_See~ only in ,:,').J.r.$ _ v. fill up, take up, occupy (an
.:,4.)·+ .:,~/- v.i. split! c1eave/ crack areal space). E.g. oJJ,).J.r.$b r",s "s~. It has
 253

taken up little space; seize, occupy militarily.+ ~l,; b ,~l,;..:..o~); initiate, set in movement, start.
~I~/_ v. I. feel heavy and hard of hearing (of E.g. J.j1.J.i4..A l~uoJ~.,l~j~I"~;:; Who started
one's ear). Syn. ~»i ~I}. Cj ~.bi rs. 2. feel this business of gambling. (c.f ~~)' ~.:-o~). +
slugish and beaten (of one's body). Syn. ..,-.;.,J "I,.u~. adj. & n. established, founded (cj
~»'I'+ ~I~/- See ~J.jL..,r-S'I~.+ ~L..,r-S'/- v.i. ...~.,.......:); institute, foundation, entity.+ _
.......-..
light up, be lit! turned on (cj 4. ~~)'~); tum .J1;;..J.i.... n. establishment, foundation. Cj
red, flush (with fever, embarrassment, etc.).+. .JI~--l'+ ~..J.iM- n. founder, establisher.+_
~J.jL-,r-S'/ V.t. tum on, light up (a stove, a ..,-lt~.... adj. looted, plundered, ransacked.
·Jight).+ .Jl-,r-S'- adj. ablaze, burning; turned Syn. .J1.J..;~\,j. C,f i.u~.+ ~\.j/_ V.t. I. put
on.+ .J1)',r-S' - adj. occupied; colonized. Cj I.J\.: down, lay down. E.g. ;:':"ull oft.! Put it down
oil'S. + y..S,r-S' - adj. & n. ocuping; occupying here; lose (money, property) (cj ...J ,~Ilj~
forces; foreign invader, imperialist. + ii-J /_ ~~.:-.~).< ~L.; I~~. 2. draw up, plan;
V.t. scrape out (s.th. of heavy texture with a compose (music); write (song); appoint,
knife, spoon. finger). Cj o~.+ *~J.jl.i.J/_ v. designate. Cj ~ ,jj..;,-l.,5..:,0-l'~~.;S"'~
hang, suspend. Syn. ~I.J~'+ }'JL./_pass. ~~"s. + .J1;- adj. composed, written up; placed,
of ~~b q.v.+ ~I)L./_ = ,}'JL.I~ q.v.+ .J1)L.- set, designated. + ~J.j 1;.; / _v. depreciate, lessen
adj. cast! stripped off.+ ~L./_ V.t. divest! cast the value/ price (oj); devaluate.+ ~I;;..:.,,;/_ v.i.
off! strip off by pulling down. E.g. ~fo/ be doubled over/ folded up.+ ~I::...:..,,;/_ V.t.
J~ l~u..s~..J4- She stripped the cover off the double! fold over, layover by bending. E.g.
pillow.+ ~~/_ v. I. be in need! want. <.JL.I~; .. ;;-.~ 1~..sIw.I)'~ Fold over the hem of the
lack, be short (of-J.i). E.g. ~J\.:J.iV'Jt..I~ We are dress. Cj .~J.jl:;...:.,,;.+ .Jl:;...:.,,;- adj. folded,
short of flour. 2. be bogged down! stuck (with- doubled over.+ ..JI~- adj. inseparable,
o~ .. .:-.~~); be lost, see no way out. E.g. b
incapable of being separated.+ "I,;"~"'_ adj.
~&?fljl,;I".JL. I feel lost. I don't know what exposed, showing; not shielded! protected. Cj
to do.< ~~b.J.J-l..J. Cj ~L.U-.+ .JL.-adj. I. iJ.fo/.+ ~J.jl~/_ V.t. lower, move down, drop.
needy, down- and -out. Cj )~. Syn. E.g. J.jl~ I~uyl- He lowered his head. Cj
oJ.j_I~. 2. lost, helpless, unable to fmd a way .~~)' 1":';' o~~)' ,p.:...+ V'''''''/- also 'fo"""/-
out. + u.J~- n. I. need, indigence. 2. v.i. bend down. Cj .~I::...:..,,;.+ ~J.jl.:.ei/- V.t.
helplessness, inability to find a way out. Cj seat, cause to sit, help to find a seat.+ ~/_
"'-~J~-.;;....o~.+ o~I~/_ pass. of o~~~ b.+. v. i. sit down, be seated; settle down. + ~_
o~~~ / v. i. abate, subside, die down. Syn. 6. adj. & n. resident, domiciled; inhabitant. + _
~~.+ ~IS~/_ v.i. become still, cease moving. ~I~ n. population, inhabitants.+ ~l:....J/­
Cj ~~.;- '~.J.J-l.,.s.+ ~J.jLS~/_ V.t. pacify, v. i. fall to pieces, be in shreds (from use,
tranquilize, soothe (semeone's anger, pain, decay, oldness, etc.) (cj ~LS:.;.w. 'Ii-'-iJ); fig·
etc.).+ o"...:.IS~/_ V.i. subside, abate, calm feel ashamed! terribly embarassed (cj .:;..~
down (esp. of one's anger, pain, etc.).+ _ '''''';.bi)'+ ~J.jl:....J/- V.t. I. caus. of ~l!.'.J b q.v.
J~~ adj. & n. having a tranquilizing! 2. See .~J.jL.:.o.J Il.+ .~J.jL:.o.J/- V.t. hurV
soothing effect; med. tranquilizer.+ ~IJj4..A/­ brandish! bring down (one's hand. a stick.
v. i. be established! founded! set up; take root, weapon. etc.) to direct a blow (at- Jt) (syn. I~
be settled (cj ~.J.J-I~' 2. ~~.,s-b~).+. .".,......~).+ .JL.:.o.J- adj. fallen to pieces,
~IJj-/ V.t. establish, found (cj ,~~)' ':-.JJ~ shredded; having an unfortunate/ deplorable
 254

disposition.+ ~J/- = ,:,L.:...JI.)q.v.+u~_n. q. v. + '4 _ 1. n. form used in addressing one's

income, proceeds, earnings, revenuse. Syn. mother: mom, mother; used in combination
U~D'); adj. late, recent, current.+ ~~/_ v. with specific names. E.g. ~~4tb Mother
1. be inflamed, have ophthalmia (of the eyes).- Menic. D,J.,...s ~I.) grandma. 2. transplanted
• ':~J~. 2. be combed (of hair). 3. be invented! seedling. Cj jl....:..+ D,J~4t- n. grandmother.
introduced for the first time; come on, set in Syn. ..s:.;...;.+ ~'4- n. term of endearment:
(as of a new season, wather, etc.); be
darling mother.+ .J'4- n. wet nurse, Cj . .J.J
fashionable, be brought into style (syn. J~
)~.),JDJ~'+ .$.;4t- n. day nursery. children's
':'»-1)' 4. be borrowed! derived (from-z). Cf
home.+ ..)4t- n. incubation (act! state oj).
iJi-.1".>. + ~~ _ adj. I. next, following, coming
(syn. 2. D~L;); indroduced, novel. 2. combed bJ da postposition used in combination with
(of the hair).+ .;,I~_ n. med. atrophy.+ • certain prepositions such as: .;.; •.u .j.S.u.~
,:,1;:;.,..1 V.i. feel sluggish! out of sorts (ofone's ~.~ to give greater precision. E.g. br~""'.u
body). E.g. DJI~b~lfeeloutofsorts.+. At the end. 1.).;,L..L..j&.u with Samano z.;~
~ 1 V.I. let down, dangle, allow to hang 4t ";'1.) There is nothing in it.
down. Cj DJ.;..)~p;..+.;,~/_See~.I.).+.
1.)4 da intj. used to attract allention, introduce a
.;,~I V.t. I. invent, devise, find; propound (a
request! an invitation, etc. E.g. ..5.:.D.) I.) Hark!
ridd/e- j.I..;.... ). 2. comb (the hair) Syn. .;.l.!.
.;,J;t ...sD.) b om you go .
.;,.).;5. 3. pull/ bring down (blinds). See D.,.;.b I.).
4. saw (timber) in lengths. Cj I. DJ':"'...f.' 5. yb dab n. rope made of horse hair.
intoduce, present, propose, bring into use (a ~b dabin adj. secured, obtained, acquired;
style! fashion, etc.). + JI';;'- adj. I. invented,
guaranteed, ensured (cj ~.:;.......o).+ ':'J..W~b V.
devised. 2. combed. 3. pulled down, closed. + •
be secured! obtained.+ ,:,.),? ~I.) V.t. secure, get
,J~ n. inventor, discoverer; innovator.+ •
hold of, obtain.+ JI.,$- adj. ensured,
D~~I V.t. bring down (one's hand, stick,
furnished, supplied. + ~_ n. purveyor,
etc.) in an attempt to strike. E.g. 1.)j.!~D')
supplier, provider.+ D_ n. security, safeguard,
D".... ~ He tried to strike me down.
measures. E.g. "';4-1.'l....j$ ...s~I.) social
2 •
I.) da a/so •.Sh and ..s:J1.) n. mother. See ~b.+ security. Cj r-?jD') (under jU) .~.,..s VD,rt.
ft"¢. a/so D.r«- n. old woman, crone (term esp.
..s~b dafek n. gram. preposition.
used in children's stories); grandnother (see
..s:.;...;).+ ~~_ n. spider. See ..s)~~.+ D.)_ tb dax 1. n. anguish, pain. Cj ~~. D)~: •
n. big sister; mother (see ~b).+ LL n. j.)...s sorrow, grief, *';'JJ,JD.)...s- sorrow *,:,l>b...s-
grandmother. See ..s:.;e..i.+ ~ n. mother.>.u or .;,I}...s- which is used only in the expr.: ~I.)
';'»-I~b.+ ...;'o.S...t- adv. in a motherly fashion! tl} unfortunately, sad to say. 2. intj. used only
way.+ ..sJL~- n. parents. E.g. ..sJL.~b ~ in an expr. meaning: woe, normally followed
-:.r. D,JJ..$ May his parents live to see him grow by .:..-..).u. E.g. ""'.u-iD.) ~ r""' .:-..) .u t b Woe is
(formula ofgood wishes at birth of a child). + . me. 3. n. brand; scar caused by cauterization.
4. adj. very hot, sizzling hot. Cj r~ .J.,S.u.+
~ I. n. hen sparrow. Cj 1. ...sJlot. 2.
affectionate way of addressing one's mother. (':'»-It l.) v.become very hot. .;,.),? tl.) V. make
Syn. ",-!b.+ r..s~- n. polite or sarcastic ~orm very hot; brand, cauterize, cj .;,,,,;u»-).+ •
of address: My dearlady.+~~_=2. ~b .;,.)},.;.It V.i. grieve, suffer anguish! sorrow.
 255

Cj .J.)},.>~.+ )..t.,;._ adj. sorrowful, Justice ...,tL;-.,;.5- -military court *...,tI,;.....;.5-

distressed. Cj .1l;~.+ j.)4....lt _ adj. -court of requital *~I:;o~.,;..s.. court(s) of
rancorous, embittered.+ ~L..; ~_ standard first instance. E.g. .1~ ~ 1:;0.;4-- .,;J_
expr. meaning: I am truly sorry. I very much unlimited court of first instance. ..;J _
regret. + jl~ ~ _ n. bitter distress. + ~.so _ also _ ).).1"";- ~l:;o.14.00 limited court offrrst instance
t~b ~ and tl,;! ~ standard expressions *~l;.....1l;..,;.5 _ civil court(s) *o.1J.5.,;.5 _ grater
meaning: unfortunately/ sad to say/ to my Gurisdiction) court * L.. ~ .,;~ _ court of law. + -
rS
great regret. + ~ 4.t ~ intj. alas (as an expr. P n. jur. judge, justice (cj oJ".r.lb): .,;~­
of regret! disappointmet).+ ~..,~jl.?_ V.t. .JI.)~ Judge of inquiry *~Lt.,;..slil.,;p_
vent one's grief! anger on (s.o.,s.th.), make supreme courtjustice.+ .,;~_ n. administration
(s.o.,s.th.) a scapegoat for one's anger/
distress. of justice, court ruling; the judiciary. + "..) /_
~.r. V.t. try, bring (s.o.) to justice, put on
;>1.) daxo =;>l: q. v.
trial.+ oJ"~- n. notray pUblic.+ .10J- n.
jI~l.) daxuwaz n. seeker, pursuer (of a demand, jurisprudent, jurist; legalist. Cf .1'JL.~.+ ';.;'J-
claim, etc.). Cj .1L.SlJll.+ .;- n. demand, n. jurisprudence, the science/ philosophy of
something claimed as due. Cf ...,;-k law. Cf L.~ '';';'JL.~. Syn. ...,-l;~L.~.
..:-.-,14.; application, request.+ ...... l:.t.- n. .)1.)2 dad intj. used in such standard
application (form! document).
expressions: .)1.)I".>Woe is me! God help me!
1
.)b dad n. jur,justice; equity. fairness. E.g. Cj I. til (.Jl~ lb v. express woe from-~ or
lb ";.rJoJ Minister of Justice. Cj "';L..+ .]41- n. ~.M.l).+ .)I"":;"J- intj. used as an outcry
plaintiff; claimant, claimer. Cj ~~.+ _ against injustice or as a loud appeal for
oJ"r. n. magistrate, judge. Cj ~ll.).+ ...,-.r.- n. justice: Woe; also in comb. with .;....O.)~ -from.
judicial proceeding, trial, hearing (in court).+_ E.g. ....;~~..;~.)~.)14J.)b Woe is me. Woe
~}..,-.r. v.I. look into a case, hold a trial/ to this living.+ (':"..u-t .)1~Jll.) v. complain
court proceeding.+ .10J~- adj. just, fair (cj bitterly (of or about- 'J'''' ~'l4.t). E.g.
~ .'::'-J.1l. syn. IJo..,); honest, upright (cj ~lI4J.)il .~..:-0.)4.t He complains bitterly
..:-1..,).+ ";.1OJ~- n. fairness; honesty, about (too much) work .
equitableness.+ jl".>_ n. complainant, party ).)1 dar n. I. wood, lumber, timber. Cj .k
making the complaint: ..;--:s .;-public ~. 2. tree. Syn. ~.1.).- 2. ~l; ,':".l.iIJJ..,' 3.
prosecutor.+ ..;},;.-.. n. complaint, petition. Cf stick, staff, pole. Cj ~. 4. part ofcertain
IJll •..:..lS:..!.+ IJ.-I,,>/- V.1. claim one's right, go compound forms e.g. J~).) • .;)S').) .~"")l
to court; seek justice.+ *.1LS- adj. just, Syn. q. V. + -t-- n. woodcutter, lumbetjack.+ ~-.t-/- v.
.J'J~lil (hence SJLS- n. justice).+ »S_adj. cut firewood. Cj .J-'-.t- t Lt· + •"':"-.t-/ - V.t. saw
unjust, unlawful; causing violation! wood; cut down a tree.+ JJ~- n. oak (tree).
contravention! infraction. + IS _ also .5 _ court, Cj JJ~'+ ~_ n. working scaffold!
tribunal: "":;';'I,;..;..L court of peace/ settlement platform~ 2. bier (syn. ~.l"-'.).) under Jill);
*~L..:.;....s.. riligious court *~Lt..;..s- high! stretcher.+ .I.i~_ n. framework (also jig.). C.f
supreme court *Oy.jl,}~";....s.. court of 'k}Po"+ ~,.,>•.I.i~_ n. wooden bodkin used
appeal *...;~I:;.,;J_ special court(s) ..;..s.. for inserting a drawsting into a hem.+ .,k- n.
*$~""""";~";";.1LSll.) International court of wooden stool used by a person holding an
 256

animal to be milked.+ G.~- See U"'b;~.+ ~LJ_ trees and bushes. + ..5.uJ.....J _ n. bat and peg
n. carpenter. Syn. ~l.;'k.+ ~L;....:.LJ _ n. used in playing ~~ q. v. + OJ4..tO _ n.
carpenter's shop.+ ~LJ_ n. carpentry. Syn. terebinth.- ~IJj4J.+ r~'- also ~.... - n. bier,
~LJok. Cj 1S..I\S:J~l:. (~~.,s ~LJ)~ v. be a stand on which a corpse is carried to the place
carpenter by trade).+ ~ _ n. mulberry tree. of burial. Syn. o;b}~.+ I~o_ n. the structure of
C.f ~.+ ~~.,;_ n. warp-beam(ofaloom).- crossbeams lining a ceiling. Cj 3. ~I~. (I-t)~

1ft'Jy:.~~.+ ~_n. telegraph pole ~);«2. ~~.,s v. line a ceiling with crossbeams).+ ~-t­
post, pole (for carrying tolephonel electric n. bot. ash tree. Syn. Jl:.t.+..:-o- n. obstacle,
Iines).+ ~..I.ilS:..:. ~/_ V.t. bastinado severely.+. barrier, hurdle. Syn. ,;-,jS .~.J.+ ~._See

,j-J..r-~/ V.t. prod with a stick.+ .~_ n. o~.,s).).+ j.IS._ n. tree with forked branches
cigarette holder.+ ~_ See ~'J'~'+ ~_ n. on which winter fodder is stacked.+ ~IJ'- adj.
cinnamon. + ~I~ _ n. frrewood bin. + .Jo)j~ _ n. & n. tree-c1iming (0/ an anima/); expert tree
the two wooden poles used on a ~ q. v. + _ climber. + ~oJ' _ n. name of a bush. + ..5.uJ4A _ n.
...;..) n. system of counting livestock. + ..:-.~ _ n. bat used in the game of ~.uJ4A q.v.+ ~;Oj,!_ n.

1. walking stick. 2. fig. tool, a means to an turmeric (plant).- .~u;oj.+ ~_ adj. wooden,
end. Cj 'JAS:.-.~.+ ~l;..._ n. forest, woods. Cj made of wood.
~.~.+ ~_ n. crutches.+ ~_n. )~z d", only in the expr.: ~)' J.I..Ib v. get even
hockey stick.+ ~)_ n. signpost (esp. one with, derive revenge from. C.f ~..t..i4.... J.;;.
indicating distance on a road).+ ~~4J_ n.
..Ill dar suffIX forming certain compound
wooden beam used as the long arm of a
steelyard- ~~4J.+ ~_ See lA..u>;b.+..5 _ n. adjectives, e.g. )..I.il;.,> .)J.j~":;""~ .)~lA.I"'-'
dried tobacco leaf stems and veins. Syn. ..Ill" dar n. obs. unit of dry weight (esp. o/salt).
~»"; L.m. + IS; lS" - n. sound beating, thrashing.
(~~.,s IS..ILS)~ v. beat soundly, give a thrashing I... I~ dara (P) I. adj. rich, wealthy. Syn. •)~o;~
to. + ~:"s _ n. person who cleans tobacco from .w.....J.JD~. Cj .v:;..:....Ji-~. 2. n. male Kurdish
..5)~ q. v. + ..$.,..j.,s _also ..5.»$ _ n. fire poker.+_ name.+ ...,-t- 1. n. & adj. wealth, riches;
o~.,s n. woodpecker (bird).+ ~~~_adj. fmance, treasury; fmancial, monetary. E.g.
~I)~ ..,..;o)j'J Ministry of Finance. ~;l.wlS"
lanky, ungracefully taU and thin. + ;4S _ See
Iftl)~ fmancial matters! affairs. 2. n. influence
......)~. + i1!- n. flower-bearing tree/ bush. + :;~_
backed by wealth. Cj u~..:;....~.
n. walnut tree.+ ~'J_ n. slingshot. Cj
u-ilk..Jl.+ jL..... adj. filled to the rim (o/non- *jl;b daraz. n. sentence, judgement (e.g. 0/ a
liquids). (~~)'jlA)~ v. fill evenly to the rim. lit. court).+ ~I,)/_ v. sentence, pronounce
fill and run a stick across the rim).+ ;ltJ- n. judement upon. Syn. ~b rSP'
stature, standing posture. + ~;l-iJ _ only in its
o~I),) [~... b) daranewe V.i. faint. Syn. ~jA.J
fig. use meaning: spectacle, scene. E.g.
~.Vl!'~.
~ ..,......- ~ l:;.1S~;4-I.J.)b He made quite a
spectacle of hismself.+ J~?---~- n. 1. U"'JJI... b darawus only in U"'JJI),) ~l,. n. warm
everything of which a house is built; roofing wind of spring.
material. E.g. oJ'}'" 4,t l:;. ~ lt~J lA ~JJ~;4J~) ~
o..l.i;ll darlnde n. fund(s), funding, finance.
They tore down everything in the house or
They turned the house upside down; 2. debris,
rubble.+ 4"..ot~J- See 'fo.b~.~.+ ~'J'~J- n.
 257

.~)IJ daring n. matter, substance, element. ~I.) dask n. awn, bristle; beard of wheat!
Syn. ;I..t.WL,..+ IS- adj. material, tangible. Syn. barley. + 1oS))0.)J - only in loS))'.)~b ~ ':'..t.W v. bel
•;I..t.W~ q.v. A-t;iS. become as thin as a rake .

......tj;lJ daroy n. public night guard. Syn. ...,..b dasf n. fish bone. C! .5".) .,:,1; :~ .

~. ~b da! n. piece: ..... b IS- checkers piece,

draughtsman .~'';':''IS- chess piece.+ _~_ n .
.J.J;IJ darlJ n. depilatory used at a public bath.
move in which a piece (e.g. in chess) is
Cf .J.J;I.I.:'.¥ '.J.J,,'Jl:..- 2. ~.J~.+ oI.iL>_ part
sacrificed for one taken; jig. tit for tat,
of a public bath where a depilatry can be
retalition.+ )l...!J- adj. delegated, dep1;ltized;
used.+ ~.J/- v. use/ apply a depilatory.
designated. (,j.).rS .Jlt.....:.IJ v. designate, indicate,
,:,4-.J.J"b da!.ucan n. weed with small round name, nominate. Cf ,:,.).} ,:,~.).+ loS)lt.)- n.
black seeds which grows in rice fields. designation, indicaton; delegation.+ .)..-._ n.
•)b' dare n. bid (in a card game). E.g. ;.; 1oS.;lJ king (piece in the game of checkers) .
4! Who's bid is it? .::....:.b' dfl!t n. female/ she animal (cow, she-

•)b 1
dare gen. __ I. intj. used to encourage a goat, ewe) kept for breeding. Cf ~I.) .

child to stand up and walk. 2. n. tottering of a '::"":'Ii dfl!t n. first sale of the day. Syn. Cl:;.i...
child when walking. (':'J.} .;1.) .;1.) v. stand and
(':'JJ-/.::....:.IJ v. have the first sale of the day.+
totter).
':'J.} .:.:.1" v. make the first sale. iJ,).} Cl:;.i...).
u.)b daret n. state, shape, condition. Cf
cJi,.:.1.)2[~J) ti"!,ltin v.I. irrigate, water. Syn. .Jl;
},...j .1.J1) •.).
,:,,,,,
..s:..."'.i..)J dartlank n. name ofa fragrant flower.
ryUo&S:..:.b daskelerm n. cauliflower. Syn.
)bjb dajdar n. guard, sentinel, sentry. Syn. ~l;,..l. Cf ryUAS.
,:,I.J"-~.
~jS1J dakold n. backing, support. Syn.• ~~
.r-5'jb dajglr n. medium-meshed seive. C! "';I~. Cf .:-jS". (':'J.} uSjS1J v. back, give
.s..;~. support! assistance (t!'"UJ ».
)L.jb dajyar n. livelihood, means of support, ;JiJ dager n. manager, director. Syn.
subsistence. Syn. -",~. Cf ,:,1).»5 '':'~IoS4!l... .::....:.fo.fo-· Cf ~·;'JJ4·A'~~'+ IS-adj.
V"'J das n. sickle.+ .;;~_gen. ,:,.).}';;~b v. managerial; n. management, directoin,
administration. Cf IoS;JJ~'
pinch! nip (lOp of seedlings 10 encourage
bushy growth).+ ;:)L.. _ only in ,:,.).};:)L....IH.!- JIJ dal n. name of the eighth letter of the
cut! mow with a sickle. C! jS"~ .':'J;5 ~J)" Kurdish alphabet.
,:,1".+ .s..;L.._ n. crescent (cf .s..;L..): J ....jS" ;:)1" dal n. eagle (bird). Cf 1. ) lot. + ~I_ n.
.J»-~L-.b Red crescent society.+ &J.J-n.
lammergeier, bearded vulture. Cf .5)1-:-.+-
small sickle.
..IP)AS. n. large species of eagle.
,:,l:.-b dastan n. short story (cf .5~); fable
(cf .ulA~ '.J1.).J.J" .,:,U~ •.5J.~~ .,:,L..j)
,:,~b dalfm n. vestibule, lobby. Cf J'h.
";':"J;.};4-.+ ~- n. storyteller. ......J.J.J..t...i~IJ da[andu!.ep adj. lanky (of a
• •woman). C! ,:,~AS;I" under;lJ 1•
 258

o.ul.) dalde also..llb n. source of refuge/ :;li;:,l ~.+ jL.._ n. dentist.+ ISjL..- n. dendistry.
protection (of a person! place). Cj ,L.."s~ (;;.).;-S ISjL-;l.) v. practice dentistry as one's
....,;..".;.+ ;;b/_ V.t. give refuge/ retreat! profession).+ 'J4,.j~Ift'"""/- v. lose one's
protection (to-I...f) (l)'n. ~I.) li~); take under reverence/ authority (over or in the eyes of
one's wing.+ .JI...f":'~/- v. seek someone's another, e.g. a child). cj oJ";~ I-"!""'.+ ';l.!._

refuge/ protection. Cj fo.";~ li~.

adj. having teeth set wide a part. + J.iS _adj.
having separated! gaped teeth.- 3. j4.S.+ •
~I.) da!!1 n. climbing vine.
~ j4.S / v. i. lose teeth. + ~ L...:.;5 / _ v. extract a
~b dafye n. seedling (esp. of edible tooth.+ .,.5- adj. having protruding! overly
vegetables). Cj ~...:. ,[oJ' prominent front teeth.+ .r-S _ adj. halfcooked
(of cereals, grain, etc.).- ~)'.+ ~.)..$ftJ ;:,1/- v.
rl.) dam n. custom, convention, parctice. Syn.
covet, feel an ordinate desire for. + ~;:,I /_
L..l;. Cj .:....~.+ LSj'.)J- n. machinery,
0J":'.)..$ V.t. show displeasure/ hostility to (s.o.)
apparatus, means and appliances by which
s.th. is kept in action; administration, by showing! bearing one's teeth, snarl at, bare
authority: ui!-~ lSLS'juJ- peace machinery_ the fangs.+ ~L;/_ v. admit, confess (to-I.) . . ~).
*ji-~.J--IS LSjuJ autonomus administration _ See ;;l,;~~I.) Cj ";.,j";.J.P..+ 0_ 1 n. tooth (ofa
*ui!-I JO';L.).u ISlSjo.)J machinery of government. comb), serration (on a saw, etc.).+ ,uk'- n.
Cj LS'jo.).+ )~o.)J- n. order, arrangement, chattering of one's teeth (from cold. illness,
etc.).+ ~J...s~;Jko- v. have one's teeth
organization.
chatter (from cold, chills, etc.). +:;1.:.;$ ju./_
4.-Ub da~e also 4iu~ n. brand, seal. Cj ,..5j.!
v. pull out teeth (as punishment! torture).
~o.))_.
:;1.)2 dan n. I. grain; bird seed, grain! seeds fed
~."..I.) damusk n. horsehair. Cj ..5~ '..1Jo'"' to birds. 2. meat and vegetable(s), solid (as
distinguished from broth! stock).+ ;1_;1_ adj.
.... 1.) dame n. draughts, checkers (game). ( .... 1.)
each standing out, no sticking (of grains of
;;.)..$ v. play draughts). s.th. coolced, e.g. rice).+ ~~OJ I) _;1_ v.
4.F""lt~ .... b damel~asi adj. robbed! stripped of stand out, remain without sticking to each
everything (of s.o.). (~.).,rS 4.F""lt~.... I.) v. rob/ other. + ..5j.) _ See ~--'.). + AS _ n. med. chicken

strip (s.o.) of everything. Cj ~JJd':;.)..$~~~ pox. Cj ,uJl;.+ JJ- n. grain, cereal. Cj 2.

oJ";.)..$). ~I.).+ :;~.,sJJ- v. agree/ see eye to eye (with-
~...J);. get along. (with- j.$...J)(see :;.)..$j4A).
~b damin = ';;--,1.) q.v. (allforms).
E.g. ;:,I"sL.i..5~j..s...J~L...»,I.)J";J~ He and I
~I.)I dan n.l. anat. tooth: IS"';" IS- milktooth IS- don't get along with each other.+ ...JJJ- n. 1.
*~ ivory *..J.,$IS IS- molar (syn. ;:v.) *)L.IS- boiled whole grains of wheat (in preparation
for making ;tJl- q.v.); porridge of wheat and
very bright person *ui!-~4A IS- permanent
teeth; 2. cog, tooth.+ ~jl,;_ n. toothpick.+ • chickpeas.+ .} n. one, a unit, a single one (in

i.f;jl,;/ v. pick(one's)teeth.+~)'I.)ji-~/_v.i.
reference to a person or thing) (l)'n. ..5....J;

control oneself (l)'n. ~)' oj;':); have patience, single grain. + A.S...Jko _ n. name of a seasonal
plant.+ o~o_n. seed used in setting a trap- Jb
bear up (under adversity/ difficulty) (l)'n. I)ji-
~)').+ ~L.i \~J- V.t. admit, confess (syn. ';.J.P.
q. v. (~.)......s 0.;j.H-i1.)
v. school/ discipline/
habitate. + 0_ • _ adv. one by one, one at a rime.
~j under [2); recognize, acknowledge. Syn.
 259
.;.Il [ul

Syn. ~~~~.+ ~J!_n. cereal dish made and L.;b dana adj. sagacious, discerning, shrewd.
distributed among friends and neighbours on Cf .....,j .;....s.+ "r..- n. sagacity, shrewdness,
the occasion ofa child's fITSt teething.+ ~~o_ common sense.
See ~.u'p'- 4.i1.). + oU;-,o _ n. grain, cereals.
..:....-;b danist n. wisdom, good judgement,
I. v. give, deliver, hand (to-4of). common sense.
E.g. ~L: 4..i o~ Give it to Ashti; seW ~b danisqe adj. special, rare, uncommon.
exchange (for-~). E.g. .;.,o.,~ ~ 40f 1"1.) I sold it Cj. 2. ~~b .c.,...b. Syn. y~li •.;.,WO.).
for three pounds; show, express, put forth,
give (e.g. one's view. opinion); cast! deposit ~bl dIIIIg n. square measure of one sixth (of
(e.g. ballot. one's vote). 2. v. throw, hoist (on- land! landed property). Cf fj.)·
I.) .. ~). E.g. I.....-'oj 4.! ~b He threw him to the
~1.)2 dang I. n. position, level, status. Syn.
ground. 3. v. beat; strike (at-.u). E.g. liots.u
.;';-J' Cj. .)~ .':"0).). E.g. ;.)J4 ~I.) observer
.;.,o.)~ They are sounding the trumpets. Syn. ;:,J
status. 2. adj. balanced, of equal weight (with-
.;.,b. 4. part of crtain compound verbs, e.g. ~
j.&.J).
.;.,1.))jl,; •.;.,I.)~...J •.;.,I.)~. q.v.+ ";'j.)~/_ v.
place milch animals in the care of someone for 4,jbJ dane v. combinedform of the verb .;.,1.) and
a fee.+ 0~.)4of1_I. V.t. hand/turn (s.o .• s.th.) the prep. e- "'-) meaning: take to, reach for, set
over, yield control (oj). E.g. o~H... I.)4.i~ out on.+ ~",$.....)lt/- v. be consumed, waste
He will not give himself up. 2. v.i. be away, become emaciated. Cj ';"..bijl.,~.+ .J4.t1-
emaciated (from illnes). Syn. 4..i~»-t v. subject to, shower with (bullets. insults.
~.i..Jo.)"s::.-b.+ '~O.) ~/_ v. allow (s.o.) to get blows, etc.). + ~!S4j ~ 1- V.t. give a severe
away wi~ anything, be permissive with. Cj. kicking to.+ ~ ~/_ V.t. curse, call (s.o.)
.;.,.),? J:.p.. + 1....-'0j 4.t I_v. throw to the ground, names. Cj. .;.,I.)~.+ ~~/_ v. give a
knock! strike down. Cj. ~.+ 1.)Y-4of1- V.t. kicking to, kick repeatedly. Cj. ~;:,.; 13"":"
I. pay a surprise visit to, drop in on .;.,1.).+ ill)' .J4.t1- V.t. shoot! fire upon repeatedly.
unannounced 2. launch a surprise attack on;
attack (s.o.) who is unprepared. Cj. 4.i.)JlJ.~ Cj. .;.,.),? .;.,I.)~)'.+ ....../.1- v. expeV emit (a
laugh. cry) with snorts. + ;>'';'';1./_ V.t. direct!
.;.,1.) ).A~~ •.J4--.+ I".J~ 4.t1- v. agree to the sale
of a standing crop in advance of delivery (of lead (a person or animal) from behind. Cj
~.,..s ~.+ .s...~/_ v. let out a shrill cry, start
the farmer). Cj. .;.,.).} I".u~. + .",:. 4of1_ v. give in
marriage. Cf .;.,.),?..,.,..:..+ ..:..:.."s ~/_ V.t. have shrieking; strike up a song in a high voice. + _
(s.o.) killed/ murdered, be the cause of(s.o. 's) 0.,1.,.)1 v. fall, decline, retrogress, deteriorate.
death. Cj. iJI,:.,,,s.+ IJj~ 4of1- v. sound out (s.o. 's Cj. ~.,..sl.,.).+ ':-0.)/_ v. hand over, tum over
opinion. reaction) by alluding to s.th.+ .u/_ to, deliver personally to;fig. give/ convey to
~ V.t. strike up/ jazz up (music- li~.u,.J.:;,.o.);
candidly, be frank! open with.+ 1"'')/_ v. add to,
attach to for extra lenght (by sewing. pasting.
put to a gallop (with a stirrup- ~ojJL:).+ .u/_
etc.). Cj. .;.,.),,5"..,..)3.+ .,.,/_ v. be too friendly/
:l~~~ v. take wing, flyaway. Cj. vo"";.+-
casuaV easygoing (with- ~ as to encourage
.).Li L:-..J n. give and take, trade off,
disobedience, disrespect. etc.). E.g. 0.) • .) .... .)jj
accommodation. Cj. ;S;.;s .~~.,.
~.,.,~Don't be too casual with him.+ ~llll/_
,;.J!. dan suffIX forming certain compound ~ v. burst into a guffaw, let out a
nouns meaning: container, receptacle, e.g. horselaugh.+ ~/_ v. take to the hills (ofa
,;i.)..$L: •.;.,IJj..,> •.;.,I.J),. rebel. fugitive. or s. o. mentally disturbed). + •
 260

~I speed up, accelerate (while in

v. ":"'Jb dawet (A) n. invitation. See ~l,..
motion).+ 0J- 1. v.t. give back, return. E.g. (oJl';s ":"OJll v. invite); party, fun! enjoument
o~h~ ~.,.soJ4 He didn't return the money. 2. affair (syn. ~j4.f).
part of certain compoWld verbs, e.g. •oJ"-ill ~
JOJb dawer n. I. judge. Cj .,..5'lb. 2. God. See
O.,.,...ll~IJoJ
q.v. + bJ~4.foJ_v.t. not to allow to
I..,.>.
forget, remind (esp. offavours conferred). C.!
o~ .r--/.+ ~.;s '-I 0J- v.t. sublet, rent
(property one holds by lease) to another.+.
-.=-jS'OJll dawekoste n. name ofa bird which is
o~lJ.I See ........r....;I.).+ ..5"-!I_ v. entwine, mass
incapabe of flying.
together. C.! I. ~J ..54!.
~-,Il dawin n. skirt, lower end, hem (cj ~.
~1.)4 dane also JW ~Il n. curb bit (on a horse). < ..::....;;-,Il r-=--l) foot (of a hilll mountain); fig.

J4..Jll daner n. originator, maker, creator; character, natrual disposition (cj Jl:.jo~. syn.
composer (of music. poetry. etc.) (cj ..:....:.Jo;).+ ~_ adj. decent, honest; chaste,
J4-.J.i. '~...J.i... ll).- oJL; I.). virtuous. + ..,$4 _ n. decency; chastity; honesty.
+ ~_ adj. indecent, dishonest; lewd. + _
*..,:;;b danir n. judge, Syn. .,4.)ll. Cj IJ"'A.)ll.
~ n. indecency; dishonesty.+ 0J"-i1.) b/_ v.t.
.JIll daw I. n. trap (jor taking game). Cj .u4i • let down a skirt (after having tucked it up).+.
1. ~4i .4.Jli: .,.s;:i~~~- cobweb; pitfall, ..5 n. termination, ending, cessation. Cj
decoy, trick.+ j~_ n. & adj. trickster. Syn. uo! \;jS'. + J - ad}. supplicant, entreating. + ~J 1-
j l.,l;i. + 0J"-i L; I_also jj......> ~ I_v. t. lit. and fig· v. plead to, supplicate; appeal to, petition
set a trip (jor-ji). tenaciously. Syn. oJlft L;u. + oJl....,s r:. L.. I-v. t.
entreat, plead earnestly (with- ~); kiss the hem
Jbl daw n. stake (wager); final bid (in a card
(of a holy man's garment) as a sign of
game). (oJl....,s b Jb v. make a stake! bid). Cj
reverence.+ .Jl....sj,u/- v. roll up, tuck up the
oJ.).} JoJ.+ oJL; Il/_ See oJl.} Il Jb.
skirt of one's gannent. Syn. oJl.} Il':i 4t ~. + •
Jbl daw See 3. J\;. ~l..o ~I v. lift the skirt! hem (of).

IJll dawa (A) n. I. demand, claim (syn. 1. •

request (see ~I..,.>. cj lS:J).
..50.1..$ 2 . ..:-1..,.»;
t~ll daylax n. yearling camel.- ~~.
2. legal case, law suit, dispute. Cj ~}p lil.
(oJl.} IJb v. demand, claim; request (from- .u).+ day/an adj. wonderous, amazing,
~_ also JLS _ n. I. claimant. Syn. J4.flll. 2. incredible. Cj .r.4-.
seeker, suitor (of a girl's hand in marriage). + t"""'!ll dllJ1im (A) See ~.... + r'JO.)J- adv.
... L;. n. application, request. always .
oJL..JuJb dawdermtln n. spices, herbs (syn. .:u-~Il dllJ1l1UlSon n. leapfrog (game).- oJ ':i~
..:..IJ~); drugs, medicines (cj oJl..oJOl). oJ l . }.

~lJJb dawudt n. bot. chrysanthemum. ...:.-o~b dllJ1indest n. delivery, act of handing

over (ofa physicaV legal transfer).
*.~Il dllJ1ende n. donor, contributor. giver.
 261

~b~ didan =~I~I (allforms)q.v. ~JI;~ dirawsl also ;:""'Jl;)o~ n. neighbour, one
living! located near another. idiom.: .1.oIJ~
/ di! adj. I. vicious (of an anima£); malicious,
o~;4-"";"':'~';:"";"~JI)~u~"";; One must
malevolent, evil (cj }p~"-I); quarrelsome (see
depend on himself (lit. to depened on the
~Ir-=-). (~»I;~ v. be vicious/ quarrelsome). 2.
neighbour would mean going to bed without
extra rough. Cf .r'..i.+ 4..i1....;_ adv. savagely, supper).+ (.J»I;:""'JI)~ v. be neighbour, Iive/ be
brutally, viciously, in a beastly manner.+ 0"";_ located near.+ ~ojoJ- adj. troublesome/
n. & adj. wild beast; beastly, brutish. C! difficult (neighbour).
;o~~.+ ..r-!0"";- n. beastliness, ferocity,
~j~;~ dic.dong adj. mad (at), annoyed! angry
brutality.+ ~ n. ferocity (of an anima£);
(with), Syn. .J'-.Jj. Cf ~~.+ (.J»I..s..;j~;~ v. be
pugnacity (of a person).
upset! annoyed).+ IS- n. annoyance, state of
;~2 dir I. n. tear, rent, laceration. 2. pres. stem of
being angry (with).
V'.;~ q. v. + ~I- [Zs;~ I v. i. tear, be ripped! tom. 2.
j)~ din n. crack, fissue, crevice. Syn. ~. +
spread (of news, rumours, etc.) See oy.j»lJ~'
(.JJJ-! -..,.; j;~ v. have a crack! fissure in, be
3. be fat, look obese. Cf ~»I ".j.u; die (esp.
cracked).+ .J~J-tl- v.i. crack, break without
as derogatory reference to the death of an
unbeliever) (cj ~~~).+ ~.l..il_ [~.;~ I V.t. rip, parting. Cj ,jl>.....:.. Syn. I. ~lSo~.+ iJI-.>~/­
tear up. C! ~~......s o;~ o).~. + )1- adj. tom, V.t. put a crack in, open (a door) slightJy.+ ..
ripped. + ISJI- n. tear, rent, rip. + ~I~ ~/_ v. t. ~j4S -:.,.; / v. i. be opened slightly; have a crack
force/ work one's way throu~, break up by in.+ ~I~/_ See .JJJ"'Ij~.+ ~;/_ V.I. make
passing through. E.g. 4.S.s.J~ '-t b IS;~ He airtight (as to exclude draft. leakage. etc).
forced his was through the crowd. + ..s_ n. ~)~ dirj adj. not taut, lax, slack. Syn. J~' Cf
thorn, spine. C! ~: LJ-'.jJ~"'" ~ one who 1$.
spoils relations between others; bone (of a
fish) (cf ~l.i......:,.:).+ uJI- adj. thorny; barbed.- .:...:.;~ dir4.t adj. coarse, relatively large (cf
..S';~l;.+ JI~J- n. dense growth of thorny o;.,...s .Jj.~ 'ioj); big (of children of 10-15
shrubs.+ &_ n. med. chicken pox. Syn. IS.;I~ years) (cj ~)JJ); coarse, crude, unrefmed
(under ~1~2).+ uj&_n. Christ'sthom.+4S'_n. (s.o.).+ (~..I.H.;:.....!.)~ v. be coarse).+ IS- n.
canal (cf ....;&;;) ; cutting.+ Jl;- n. trench cut coarseness; crudeness.
by running water. + J L.; _ J L.; _ adj. furrowed by J)~ dirf also ~)J~ n. sign, indication. Syn.
trenches (of ground).+ ..S'j_ adj. tearing, ..;L.:..:,;. Cf ~4t.
having the capacity to rip/ tear.+ ~_ [;~l V.t.
~LS;~ [U-S)~l dirkan v.i. be given away, slip, be
tear. Syn. ~"";I;~.- V'.;~I~ 'V'';~~' divulged. C! ,j»'l'~ l;. + ,j') _ [.:,,;s;')) J. v. t.
.JI;~ [Zs;~ I diran pass. ofthe verb ~1~3. divulge, give away, let slip. Cj .iJ.--> ,;0,)
,j,)"? I~l;. 2. n. confession.
JI;~I diraw also ~I;~ n. I. money. Syn. I. 0;42.
means, instrument, tools (C.! .':-o~)~.~ JIS~ dirkaw adj. divulged, leaked, disclosed.
)jJ"';). + pS - n. money changer, exchange
&;~ dirke n. leak, revelation, disclosure.+ (&;,)
bureau.
.JJ,;-S v. utter a sound, often used in the
J1
./ diraw n. fellowship, company, association. negativa. E.g. u&..; &,;,) Don't you utter a
E.g. .....:!.j>uJI)~ He is good company. sound).
 262

r.J~ dirm n. contagious disease (cf ~.;;..;); adj. & n. righteous, upright, moral. Cf
influenze, flu (cf .:.....-~....).- ~~ b.+ ~ adj. JJ;-I~; creator.+ irS- adj. made, built;
contagious, catching. communicable. C.f manufactured. Cf ~~~.+ p_ n. & adj.
)$.....;..,;. maker, manufacturer, builder; creative.+ ~ n.
J. soundness, correctness; permissibility. 2.
(j~~ di!in n. odour/ smell. (resulting from hygiene.
uncleanliness). <(j~~j.! (under j.!\
~J.J~ diru!m n. J. mark, outward sign (cf
~.J~ dirinc n. imp, fiend, small demon, goblin. 1oS~ ,..:.iLt.); emblem, coat of arms: ~\S'.ll~~
Cf~~,~,JS~· trade mark *1oS.J~ ~ do. 2. rite, ceremony,
(j...l.i u::.;.J~ [~.J~) diringandin v. twang. sound ritual. E.g. ..rtli~J.J~' Religious rite.
like a plucked bowstring (esp. of stringed lJJ.Jl dirUd n. salutation, greeting; blessing.+
instruments).
«j~;,) lJJ.Jl v. be blessed; also in the expr.:
'.J4-i~.J~ [~.J~) diTinganewe v. ring back (in ..:....:;..;,) ':"lJJ.J~ or ~ l JJ.Jl ~ good-bye, may
one's ears). Cf 0.J4i1~~0~. you be blessed, in reply to someone's
greeting. + ~.,s l JJ.Jl v. salute, greet, say
~~.,5.;.J~ diringuhtl! n. niosy twanging.
greetings to-;,).
4..;.J~ diringe n. twang, twanging sound. + _
~JJ,JJ dirtlv n. aspect, phase, appearance;
.5..;,.J~ n. continued &..;.J~ q. v.
countenance, bearing, appearance Cf ,jl JJ~
4,j~~ dime n. obstinacy, intransigence. + ;,) /_ ).~J~'
~} v. be obstinate about, act pertinaciously
(j ~ JJJl dirtlman n. sewing; needlework. +
over. Cf (jl:....oJ~.
«jl;S" (jL..JJ.Jl v. sew; do needlework).+ JIL n.
j.J~ dlro n. lie, fabrication; fib. + «j»t j,JJ v. be sewer; seamster.
untrue/ false.+ ~.,,$ j,JJ v. lie, fabricate).+ ~/_
JJ.J~ dirQ pres. stem of the verb (jJJJ~ q. V. +
,jJ.j jLt v. be a shameless liar; make fantastic
(j_ [JJJlJ v. sew, stitch; tailor. «jJJ.Jlll.+
assertions (of s.o.).+ (jj_ n. & adj. liar;
.~_ [JJ.Jl J V. sew again, sew up; cut, mow
mendacious, Iying.+ "";j_ adj. false, not
(grass, etc. with a scythl siclcJe). - ..,;jJ.Jl.
genuine; fake.+ ~j_ n. falsity, lying,
mendacity. + ..........,.~J- n. lies and fabrications, -"";';J.Jl dirwine n. harvesting, reaping. Cf 2.
falsehoods.+ j~_ n. boastfullies.+.;r._ adj. JJ.J.J...:.t.+ «jl;S" -"";';JJl v. harvest, reap, gather (a

fallacious, make-believe, sham. crop». Cf J.Jl.+ P _ n. harvester (person!

machine). Cf (j~""""+ (jIJ- n. harrvester (esp.
-=--J.J~ dirusl I. n. (act! process 00 making!
a person with a siclcJe- I.I"'ll).
building! forming. 2. adj. lawful, rightful,

..:-I~.
.
permissible (syn. I. ~); correct, proper (syn.
cf IJ.~); healthy; (see I. t.l...).+ (':-J.J~
':"';".Jl dirext n. tree (syn. 2. )l. cf (joJ.l,,,fh/
under ~ 'rL.4i).
(j~ v. I. be made! formed, be accomplished;
(j~.Jl dirU!an adj. luminous, bright, shining
be lawfuV permissible; be correct! proper. 2.
make love to- jA.S'4.J (j~)' ':-J.J~ v. make, build, (syn. (j~\J); glittery. (syn. )~JoJ~)' 2. name of
form. cf (j~)'; manufacture). + ftt _ adj. turthful a female person.+ 0J.- [~.JlJ v. shine.
(syn. ~I.J); of sound opinion.+ (j~_ adj. glow, glitter.
faithful to promise. true to one's word.+ )L r0,JJ dlrem = r .....Jl q. v.
 263

J:..;O.Jl direng adj. late, close to the end of the v. lengthen, let out; extend, stretch. cj
day/ night. Cj ..:.H~. Syn. ;./.+ (.:'u~..s.;o.J~ ,:,.jj~.+ c..r-!I- n. length; height, tallness;
extent. <~1~..)~4I....,i.+ ..,......,_ adj. long-term,
be late, get late.+~.j ..s.;•.J~ v.i. get late. esp.
as reference to the time of the day or night, occuring over a relatively long period of time.
Eg. l.j "';":'•.Jl"':" It is getting late. It is late at Cj ~L;.~..)~+ 0""".J.J-i/- v. be prolonged, take
night).+ ,:,1_ adv. late hour, late in the day/ longer than expected; extend, stretch out in the
distance/ in space. E.g. ~..)~ ~ )~ o.J'»=-~";
night, after the usuaV proper time. E.g. ~~
o~ This border extends one thousand
~ ~ ~ j.t .... l$:.;•.J~ Where are you going at
miles.+ ~I..;._adj. leng
this late hour?+ ,:,~~/_ v. be late (fori in
out. Cj ~.+ ~~b_ adj. long-winded,
ariving), miss. Syn. ~.s~~. Cj ~.JJj
verbose, wordy. Cj j~~.+ ~b_ adj. lankly
.:,,~. + ':".I.;L.-! ~ / _ v. take too long, be behind
(of aperson).+ .~~.j/_ V.t. prolong, drag out;
timet schedule; be in arrears.+ ~/_ V.t.
extend.+ 4...JjS _ adj. small and elongated,
delay, defer, postpone untiV another time. Syn.
~ I.J~. Cj i,'iI....> l$.;J 4.t. + ~~ / - See ..s.;•.Jl oblong. + 0_ I. n. prolongation. 2. adj. in fulV
':"»-1' + ,:, L.. / - v. be late (for-Io.l). + .J.Jj.J _ also _ detail. Eg. ~L.):.;U·ISO~...J~ News in detail (as
1J""'-J.Jj.J adv. sooner or later, eventually, compared to ~lt .J ..s.;0:J IS';~ News in brief). +
sometime. + ~ ~ .J.Jj.J _ V. be bound to happen .:"b ~ 0_ v. detail, elaborate, particularize;
sometime/ sooner or later; be inevitable.+ _ prolong (often unnecessarily) (cj ~.Jjj

1J""'-J.Jj.J n. eventuality. chance, likelihood, ~J.J .2. ~.j~ ';'I.J~)'+':'~ 0- v. take! last

contingency.+ I.?- n. l~eness.

long. + ~ _ n. longitude (line! degree of). + l.?-
n. length; height (of a person).
J•.J~ dire", n. reaping. (act of) cutting standing
..........)l diris",e See ~o~J.
crop with a sickle/ scythe. Cj ~.Jl.+ (, •.J~
':":J.j v. reap). + .;.s _n. reaper, one that reaps. ~..)l dir4. also ~~ int}. used to express
wistJ}llness/ nostalgia (over- jot) bygone events,
';'.J•.Jl1 direw! n. awl.
absent persons or unaccomplished tasks: alas!
';'.J0.Jl2 direw! n. flag. See ~l;. Syn. tl..I.!4.t. Eg. 1S).Jo~"'p~~.J.J-if..)l Alas! for lack of
literacy. + I.?- n. dereliction, delinquency;
.J L.:.JO.Jl [~J •.Jl1 direw{an also °~ L:.-'•.Jl V. i.
evasion, nonperformance.+ (,:,~~ ~..)l V. be
glitter, gleam, sparkle. Cj .~LuS~_-.....;
derelict! remiss; evade, balk). Cj ~l;jS2.
~ y..; l.i.vt.
~-.J~ di!en pres. stem ofthe verb .:".jjl~~ q.v.
~.J • .J:J direw!e n. glitter, sparkling brilIiacy. Cj
~...;.+ )~_ adj. brilliant, glistening, j~1 I. n. thief, burglar. C.I o~~. 2. pres stem of
glittery. + ';'-'0.J:J _ n. continuous! constant the verbs v--J~ and o~J~ q. v. + j~JI- only in_
glitter. ~.,...s j~-,I v. meet (s.o.) unexpectedly while

Ji J dire pres. stem of the verb .:"I~:J q. V.

engaged in mutual nefarious activities.+ ~~_
thieve's den, nest for bruglars.+ .)I.J- [~.Jj~J
:-;...Jl direj adj. I. long, having great length,
pass. of v--J~.+ .J1.J- adj. stolen.+ .s.....:..jS _ n.
extending in distance. Cj I. j.J4.t '.J.J-'~' 2. very hideout for thieves! burglars. + ~_ adj.
tall (of a person). Cj .::..JJ.s .j..,......,~~; cheap, nominal, valueless (to the point that
protracted, drawn out. + (':"»i ~..)~ v. I. be long; even a thief would not take it).+ *J...,;J- n. spy,
be very tall. 2. lie down . .ryn. .:"L.:SI~.+ ':":J.j~..)l mole, undercover agent. Syn. ,:,IJo.J"J.+ ,:,jJ.Jl-,-
 264

n. rogues, scamps, rascals. + ._ part of certain anti, against, opposed.+ 4.i_ n. antidote.+ )J-
compound fonns, e.g. ~;.jl q.v. + ._._ adj. adj. difficult, complicated, involved (cf 1.•
sureptitious, stealthy. <.jHjH.-{.+ ~l- n. JLS~\; 2. ~I..J' •..:.--.j).+ .w....,"'~h- adj.
seldom walked! frequented road! path. Cf finicky, hard to please, fussy.+ IS)J- n.
~; 'j .~r-'-...)~'+ ~-i'- n. smuggling, illicit difficulty, intricacy, complication; conflict (cf
trade/ tafficking. Syn. ~~lJ.+ 1.ftl...tJ.- n. A...!;S).+ ~l::..-eJ/- V.t. oppose, take issue with,
illicit slaughtering (10 avoid paymenl oftax). + take a stand! speak against. Syn. ~~.I"-i
~- also oS- n. theft, larceny, burglay.+ (lSjl ~l.?+ ~J- adj. dirty, unclean (syn.~. cf
~l,rS v. steal, burglarize, thieve from- ;:"J).+ A ) ; polluted, foul.+ ~J- n. dirtiness;
.r-- (jlJ V.I. steal, pilfer.-.-"'"'..iH.... + 'J~- (jlJ polution, defilement.+ L-I J .- n. antonym.+ _
V.I. wean ifrom- oI..l). E.g.+ ~.u.sJL:..IS.s ~,;. n. antithesis, rhetorical contrast of ideas. +
."""':;"',jJJ..i When are you going to wean the .ILt- adj. adverse, inimical, negative. Cf
child?; take a little away ifrom-;:"J} gradually, j"'->\;.+ IS.I~- n. aversion, abhorrence,
taper off. < •""':"..il ~. antipathy.
jl2 diz n. fort, stronghold; castle.+ )l_ n. ";'ll dq n. sister-in-law (husband's sisler). Cf
castleman, warden of a fort. ~".wj.

""..il diziw adj. repulsive, abhorrent, distasteful, ";'l2 dq only in ~l.} ";'H. pass, forgo one's
hideous. Cf iJ.~ .i~.;4.i· tum; throw in one's hand (e.g.'M a card game}.+_
jl dij adj. against, opposed, counter (cf ~.-S intj. expressed when withdrawing from a
<l-il~); inimical, contrary, adverse (cf game: I pass.+ (~l.? ~.s...:..l v. withdraw from a
~y..j"->\; . ..Li~Jla). (~»-tjl v. be against! game).
opposed to-IS; be contrary/ adverse. E.g. ~ &.JSl digdige adj. defective (of a tOP-cl~
.....~.;..; ~~ Nobody is against you). Cf ~ which fails to mount on to the palm of the
~ l:..-.J. + "",~I_ n. opposition, resistance, hand while spinning).

counteraction (cf "",~L:..~); contrast, jl di[ n. anat. heart; inclination, desire, appetite
difference (ant'IS~Jla).+ »>_ adj. anorexic.+ (used e,.sp. tJS.part ofcerlain compoundforms.
IS~ - n. med. anorexia. + .v-> _ adj. e.g. Hl. p l •~~ jl q.v. + I) _ adj. pleasing,
vivacious, heart-warming. Cf ";'~.+ )jl_ See
cantankerous, ill-natrued. Cf -tPl"-i. + )S _ n.
antagonist, opponent. Cf ~~ •..Li4...t4.iJ la.+ _ ...........<.....:...:.J""·l.+ .J....l).,> JI.,;/- v. believe and be
1S.lU' n. antagonism, oppositon; conflict, convinced, rest assured and be satisfied. + _
~Il JL.:/ v. affect (s.o.) deeply (by eilher
discord. E.g. 4.i1)..IS~..,olSjJ Armed conflict.+
.ro- n. enemy, foe, adversary. Cf ~~.
hurting or causing him grealjoy). Cf -;';)lS
~l.?+ ~l.} ';';:';J\;/_v. give great joy/ delight,
idiom . .- .::..lS": Jj"":";' ~ ~.J.n. V""~ Be on
your guard even for lesser eventualities (iii. elate.+ ~ll'J\;- See )~,.h.+ ~~/_ v. be hurt!
even a lesser enemy is capable of doing big anguished, feel offended. Cf;;»-t rJj. + .
harm). ~.}~ 4...t IS:"> ~jJ He kills his ~';;L.::;./ v.I. hurt the feelings (o{-..;), cause
enemy with kindness.+ .... L:.._ adj. & adv. anguish, offend.+· ·:7_n. heartache. anguish;
hostile, bellicose (cf .I~....;); inimically, anger.+ ~l.r./- J. V.I. captivate, steal (he hl!3rt
antagonistically.+ "",~L:.._ n. enmity, of. 2. haye appetite for, feel like eating. E.g
antagonism, anunocity. Cf IS.I~""';'+ ~_ adj. t...\;~~l I don't feel like eating an~lhing.+.
 265

\J.J.,.:e j..d also \J»=!' ~I - v. like, be attracted to. gladden).+ o~ji-_ n. that which brings joy
Cj \J~.,,5~ p.+ J"-I- n. darling, sweetheart or causes gladness. + ~ji- _ n. hapiness, joy,
(one who has captured a person's heart).+_ gladness.+ o~b~ji-_ V.t. comfort, ease
~ adj. desirous, wistful, yeaming.+ ~4.f­ (s.o. 's distress or anxiety by talking to); win
adj. fascinating, engrossing, extremely over (by talking s. o. out ofanother person's
interesting. + (\J-tM ~~ v. be fascinated! service, i.e. a maid) (cj .~~I.J'J).+ \J\w> b/_
attracted by.+ \Jl.;S ~l v. fascinate, engross, v. sink (of the heart when one heares a sudden
noise! . distressing news). Cj ~~Il'+ )~_n.
be.guile).+ ~~ lS''4 4(1- v. feel nauseated. C.f
lover, paramour, valentine. Cj •'::"'-'~ji­
~'J .... ..s..;; J~. + ) 4-1- adj. vigilant, watchful. + •
.J~'+ I...il).)_ adv. amourously.+ -S)l- love,
~ adj. innocent, incorrupt (like a child);
amour. Cj ..,.::...-...~ji-+ ~}I.JI- v. be
holding no grudge, sincere.+ J~- n.
thoughtful! considerate ofs.o.'s feeling, try not
innocence; cIean-heartedness, good
to offend! hurt.+ \J~u/- v. attract, allure,
intentions. + r. - adj. upset, on the verge of
captivate. + ~r adj. attractive, captivating;
breaking. into tears; frantically mad! anpoyed.
Cj ,r.5.Jl. + (\JJ.H r.1l V. I. feel like crying, be glamorous.+ ~r n. attraction, allure;
upset. 2. feel stuffed. E.g. ~~li ~ ~ or. ~~ glamour. + \Jr adj. heart-rending, causing
1 feel stuffed, 1 couldn't eat anything).+ ~/_ intense grief/ anguish.+ \J.J.Jr See ";~l.+.
\Jl;.v- v. feel pity, have sympathy for, feel .~»I\JJ.J/ V. be delighted! pleased! glad. Cj
sorry for. Cj o"..:;l. ~1JO!.j4.f.+~l. ~/_See \J.JJ-I";~Jl.+ ~J;I- See \J»=!,jl.+ ";.r adj.

~~lS''44.tjl.+ \JJ~o~/- See \J»=!,~jl.+­

distrustful, suspicious; foreboding, grim.+ (jl
~ adj. suspicious, ill-disposed. Cj \JL..}4.f.+ \J.J.Jot ~l v. become distrustful, have misgivings
{\J.JJ-I ~~ v. feel suspicious about-.u. + ~l about-.u, lose faith in. C.f ~".s.J~ ~ .u.+_

\J~.,,5 v. distrust, have misgivings about-~).+_ ~.l n. suspicion, distrust; grirnness.+ Jar
~ n. suspicion, misgiving, distrust. + ..,..;_ adj. hardhearted, pitiless, unfeeling.+ c.SJ.r n.

n. disquiet, anxiety, apprehension.+ lloj _ adj. hardheartedness.+ .J~or adj. disenchanted,

young at heart, lively (esp. ofold people).+_ disillusioned.+ \J~.;I- v. be disenchanted!
~ adj. depressed, low in spirits, sad. Syn. disillusioned (wilh-~).+ ~.JL-- adj.
.- <-:.jl. Cj .J~u~.+ (\J.JJ-I..s:.;~l v. feel unenthusiastics, insensitive AnI. r~l.+.
depressed, be low in spirits). + ~Ioj _ n. state .~»I ~.Jl-I v. lose interest, waver, become

of being depressed, dejection.+ \J~""..s'I_See insensitive (Io-~).+ ."....:.l,} l.JL-/- V.t.

discourage, chilli dampen (s.o. 's) interest or
\J.J.,.:e ~ Jl q. V. + \J»=!'..s..;; I_See j'J~..s..;; J~. +
enthusiasm.+ -S~Jl-- n. insensitivity, lack of
~'J~ ~ I_v. be nauseated, feel sick. + •
interest! enthusiasm. + j j - _ adj. sincere, true,
\J.J.,.:e 1 v. feel faint, feel enervated (esp. from
concerned. Syn. .::--...o.~ .,i;-fo.. Cj
hunger). E.g. liL..JI.u'-~:~l WooJ 1 am about
~~ .~Luyt5.;Ioj4.f.+ ":1»-_ adv. sincerely,
to faint from huger.+ ?-":'~/_ See ~J~
earnestly, wholeheartedly.+ -s.iJ-- n. concern,
.JJ~' + ~- adj. attractive, alluring,
zeal, faithfuIness.+ \Jl;»-I- v. pity, be sorry
drawing.+ o~»I.J~/- See \J»=!'Jl.+ i,i-- adj.
(jor-...rJ Syn. .yt....:.;l. ~1JO!.j4.t.+ \J~l;»-I­
anticpated, desired., expected.+ -sjl".>- n.
caus. of \Jl;.v-J~.+ .:r-;»-- adj. pitiable,
anticipation, expectation, desire. + ..;ji- _ adj.
touching, distressing, moving.+ ~_ See
happy, joyous, glad.+ (\J»I";~l v. be happy/
J •.rh.+ lL:._ adj. delighted., pleased, gratified.
glad about-4.t.+ \Jl.,,5 ..;..;..;J~ v. make happy,
 266

.
..
cf &·!-I
v-,..,...~.
+ disillusioned with. C.! ~~ .,,4 ~ 4..l. + _
pleased about-~. E.g. r~L.:,j~.:.z-L.. ~ 1 am .".,,~~ adj. lifeless, dull, lacking verve.+ jli_ n.
delighted that you could come.+ 1oS~~- n. feeling, emotion, sentiment.+ <J.JjLS:.;./jli- v.I.
delight, pleasure.+ <J1.5.-:../- v. be hurt! hurt the feelings (ofloS)'+ 1.".;- adj. mollifying,
disheartened (esp. by being denied s.th.! propitiating, graciously appeasing. + cJ!1 ~ _ n.
rejected). + <J.Jj IS....!. / _ v. dispirit, hurt the mollification, appeasment.+ (<J~.rS cJ!1."...:.J~ v.
feelings (of s.o. by denial! rejection). + ."LS:.;._ mollify, assuage, appease).+ L;.- adj. certain,
adj. dispirted, hurt, dejected, disheartened. + _ confident, assured. + (<J»-I ~~ v. be certain,
1oS.,,1S-:. n. heavyheartedness, low spirits, feel assured.+ <J~.rS L:!.:. b v. assure, reassure,
dejection. + . '.!. _ adj. depressed, convince).+ cJ!~- n. assurance, certainty,
despondent, cast down. Syn. ..s:;....:;,j~.+_ confidence. + r~ - adj. tender, softhearted,
~ n. depression, despondency, gloom.+_ pleasant; indulgent, lenient. + ..,.~ _ n.
<J1i"; adj. bighearted, magnanimous, showing softheartendenss; indulgence. + jl~ _ adj.
lofty/ courageous spirit.+ ~I."I)_ n. unintentional, unpremeditated, inadvertent. + _
magnanimity, bigheartedness.+ ~-i- adj. . 4..iljl~ adv. unintentionally, inadvertently. + _
breathtaking, exciting, hairraising. + •.".;I}'/ _ v. *<JUJ adj. tender, affectionate; merciful.+ -
be delighted, be pleased! enchanted (by-....).~~ ~UJ n. tenderness; mercy.+ ~~/_ v. ~ring
.~JajloS......:J ~
I enjoy listening to him. 1 oneself to dol say (sooth.) E.g. ."..J.::..~,:. .h~
enjoy his conversation.+ o.".;~}'/_ only in..;.} ~ ~.~.j~ How could you bring yourself to
.y...;~}';:J~ q.v.+ ~}'_ also ~}'_and~}'_
hit that child?+ :.r~o- n. thumping!
adj. suspicious, doubtful, distrustful. + V}';:JJ pounding (of one's heart). + ~.".s ~ ~ •_v.
<J»-I v. feel dubious! become doubtful of-;:,J, feel one's heart pounding! tbumping.+ ~."Ido­
have doubt (aboul-;:,J).+ .p.:,$ _ adj. fickle, See ~l"'",~,+ .jSt- also ;,sjS.- n. heartburn.+
changeable, inconstant. + •.,.~ _ delightful, (<JJ.H ;,s)".,j~ v. have heartburn). + ;r;.,so _ n.
pleasing, enjoyable. Syn. I.)'J~.+ <J~}' ~/_ v. palpitation! rapid throbbing of the heart. Cj
feel extremely peeved! irritated (lit. have one's -:..r~ .j~. + ~.st- n. variety of y~lIow
heart foam).+ <J1"..$ _ adj. heavyhearted, grapes.+ oj~... also ;,sj.)... See ;,,;.,s4..lJ.+ •
depondent. Cj "'~.d'+ ~I}- n. ;;.J.Y~/ v. have a feeling of satisfaction!
heavyheartedness, despondency.+ *1.J..jJ _ adj. vindication.+ ;:r.. o.,,4..i~/_ v. placate, mollify.
affecting, moving, impressive.+ ~~)'_ adj. Syn. <J~}' cJ!1."o•.:. h.
heartwarming, pleasing.+ r~- adj.
I;I.;.J~ di/.op n. drop (of liquid}. Syn. ,..5.;,~
enthusiastic, zealous, wholehearted. Syn. 4i
..5j....:j. + <J.J...i1 _ [v;.)~ 1 v. t. distill, extract by
~~. C.! r~~. + ..,..;& - n. enthusiasm,
distillation.+ ._ n. leak (esp. in a ceiling from
zeal. + ~ _ adj. annoyed, displeased. + <J1,r-S /_
rain, cj as.;); dripping, leakage.+ (<JJ)' -.oJJ v.
v. become annoyed, be displeased. + ~ _ n.
leak, drip. cj <J~}' as.;).
annoyqce, displeasure.+ <JI~/ _4..l_ v. have
second thoughts, hesitate, falter. Cj <J-'-"I ;:J~.".,,~. ...;J~ dillr adj. brave, gallant. Cj I)': '<Jl.o.)l.
E.g. .J..... ;:J~..J;:J~ Don't have second thougths. + Syn. l. J,J~. + •.iI- adv. gallantly, bravely.
<J~;:,J / - = <J~ ~;:J~ q. v. + <J.Jj..... ;:,J / - v. win
<JI~~ diliwan See ajol.tolj.
the heart! love (of loS}· + <JI;~;:J~;:.,J / _ v. be
estranged from! disaffected with, be
 267
I,.

L...) dlma adv. after, afterward. See ~~ (all nest.+ ,:,oj- also ..5..;.j_ n. stick used to keep a
forms). milk churning skin-..s:.......: • • stretched
j;S0,)L...) dimarekol also 4.ljS'0)... 0.) n. scorpion. lengthwise.+ ~"s'- also Ip_ n. dish prepared
See ..s...:...,j".). from yogurt or j.) with rice or cracked wheat-
,)0"L- and flavoured with mint.+..s..:".s _ n. dish
*,:,L.,..) diman n. lease, contract granting
prepared from soaked dry curds- ..s..:".s and
occupation! use of a property.+ (,:,.).} ,:,t...) v.
cracked wheat- JO"L...+ ..S"J- n. froth and
lease, occupy/ use under a lease).
inpurities skimmed from clarified butter.+ _
"t..,...4.) dimbl1dimbaw n. rataplan, beating of ..s:..:..JJ n. kind of soft chesse made from the
drums. scum of boiled j.) q. v.
,:,~~.) dimbelan See ':'~"""".)'
duwa I. adv. after, subsequent to in timet
~.)1 ding n. tub (esp. big tub usedfor crushing order. E.g. .:..lA o";;IoSI".) He came after you left.
wheat/ husking rice). Cj ..$4-l. idiom.: 4.l,,\"; Cj ~~. 2. n. rear, behind, back. Syn. ..:.....;. 3.
,:, l.,j"s' L$.;l Try to no avail, beat the air, act adj. last, fmal, closing. E.g. »I "".; 1oS.....:J I".)
futilely.+ .,r:- n. rice husker.+.:.."s' _ n. club- These were his last words. Syn. 2. ,;.\,,;. 4. used
shaped tool used for husking rice in a ..5..;.) q. v. in combination to form certain compound
forms. e.g. ~IJ.) ,~"..sl"., .jjJI"., q.v.+ ,:,1,,1-
..$...;.)2 ding adj. stuffed! crammed (wilhfood).+
v. become extinct, exist no longer. Syn. .:r. 4.l
(':'»I..5..;l v. feel stuffed).
~~.+ ."IJi - adj. extinct, obliterated; bygone. 2.
4.il dine n. instigation, goading, incitement. Syn. blasted, damnable. E.g. r0-".,rtI.".)~j:N.ir"':
,:,~.+ ,:,1.)/- v. instigate, goad, incite.+ ;0.)- n. .~li j;S4.l This blasted illness does not leave
instigator. me alone.+ -4o..t- adv. in succession to, one
~.) dinya n. world (nm .."'''r-''='
I -, --t\. earth after (another), in the steps (ofloS)'+ ~_ adj.
~.T ~"
(syn. &J.!.....ooj). idiom.: "",;1;"O.),:,I,)"Ol ~l Fate is deliberate, unhurried, cautious, measured.+ •
fickle. 4!1"J!""";-t....S"0" ~l There is absolute ~I v. weigh! consider the probable results,
calm and serenity.;\.a;t ~ I~'; )l,)jj ~ ~.) The assess the possible outcome/ consequence. Cj
world is either for the tyrant or the barefaced. + ,:,.l.iI5:.i",--jI........a ,o~jS'~.+ ~_ n.
loS).) - n. accumulation of worldly goods. + O~.)_ deliberation, forethought.+ ';.)~- See ,;.)tr-~.+
adj. worldly-wise, experienced. Cj ~_ adj. & adv. hinder, later; farther back! to
Ijo,)L.:.,o~~.+ ;;lrJl- v. travel the rear. + ; ~ _ adv. last time, time next to the
extensively.+ "Its - adj. widely-travelled. + 4!- one before the present; next time. + ..5..;~ _ n.
expr. meaning: just in case, supposing! mil. rear guard. See ,;.)tr-~.+ ?_ n. last drop/
assuming that. E.g. .:..,,-..s.; S-;~ W-t ~~.) trickle.+ ~/_ v. postpone, defer, delay (cj
Supposing that it does not work out for him. +
~..S"~); put second, give no priority (to)
..st._adj. secular, worldly.
(-DIn. ~u!~). 2. have (s.o.) follow/ trail (s.o.
~ do fat-free and diluted buttermilk used as a else). E.g. ~~IJ.)..:-.S
Did you put
drink. Cj ,,~t... idiom.: ~~~~u!j.) A...i someone on his trail? 3. attribute to, depict
Anything is acceptable to him. o~ ~o~'; lJ j.) (esp. to implicate). Cj j~ ~ E.g. IoSIJ.)-.-l
.:..LSli Nothing is achieved without effort . ..,...s .:..~ ~.JJ-"a...A He makes allegations
..:..~ ~li~loSj.) ~ A bird does not foul its own against everyone.+ ~IJ.)- n. close, finish,
 268

concluding part. + jjd _ n. & adj. future, time d.J.) du! n. pearl. hence the apr. 0d.J.)~'; It
that is to come; future that is to be. Syn. I. (He) is sound! genuine/ healthy as a pearl.
0~L:.+ ~~/_ v. I. follow, trail. Syn. ~..,;.
.J.J') dur See ,ji-";.
~~ 2. falV stay/ lag behind (.syn. ,jL.~....
under 4.i2); be backward! underdeveloped. + _ .Jj.) dor See ;:Jjao.).
J.Y~ adj. backward, underdeveloped; lagging tl.Jj.) dorax n. dill. Syn. .:.....,;..
behind. + ~ _ adj. last, final. + O.J _ n. position
').J.J') durd n. dregs, sediment. Syn. ~. Cj
behind, rear position/location/ end. < ,0.J1.J')4.l
~.
0.J1.J') -....;1.).+ »,u_ adj. ended, finished;
terminated, brought to an end.+ ,j~/_ See ,jldj .) l;:Sdj .)] doran v.i. be lost, forfeited; be
,j~~.,r-I.J.).+ ..54t_pron. everyone, all (o/). frittered away, wasted (.syn. ,j~ ..:-0.)01,...1). +
Syn. ..;...:.S. C! I. ~~. E.g. ,j~.Jo.) ,j~4tI.J.) ,j.)_ [~-d.J.)) v.t. lose, fail to keep, suffer loss
Evreyone of them passed.+ I.F- I. adv. fmally, (o/) (.syn. ,jb '::-0.) .J); be defeated, be the
at the end. E.g. r.).;$ r;';'..r.-I.J') Finally I did it loser; be unfaithful (to one's religion!
(had to do it) myself; later, subsequently, principles).
afterwards. E.g. .:M..t .,r-I.,.,..,....: He is coming .JIJj.) do!aw adj. & n. lost, forfeited. Cj .,;.,.s;.j;
later. 2. n. end, finish. See ~\JjS' ,,j~~ (under loser.
~I).+ ,j~~ /..,-t- v. bring to an end,
...LJ.J.J') dunJle n. hot. dead nettle.
conclude, wrap up (.syn. ,j~~.sw-jS');
~j.Jj.) dorjing also ~.Jj.) n. soot.
terminate, put an end to, stop (.syn. 4. 0.Ja,;,.-.r-)' +
~L...s- v. come to an end, be concluded. Syn. dorge n. island. Cj •..s.;aS, .J1.~..s
,j..t.1"l.JI.,...;.+~- n. conclusion, close, end. Cj 4.Jj.)~.
cJ!! \JjS'.
jj.)1 doz n. goal, objective, aim. Syn. I.
":"j.) dot n. daughter. See~. ~L.l:.C!~ .

G.j~ dor n. kind of weed that grows in grain j.1.)2 doz pres. stem ofthe verh o~J.1.) q. v. +
fields. ~ [;j.)] V.t. search, pick (esp. for fleas, lice,
tj.)1 dox n. condition, state, mode of being, etc.) E.g. iJo'Jj.)j> v. pick oneself.+ oA- [;j.)]
status, level. E.g. ~I.;l.~~j.) o~o~ It has v. find, come across, catch sight of(cj loS.) ....
reverted to its previous condition. C! .":"0).) ,j.)...,..5); locate, unearth, spot; discover (esp.

.Jlot. scientifically, etc.) .

tOj.1.) dozex n. hell; abyss. Syn. ,j»,'; 'i"';~~'+
~2 dox also ,j~j.) n. axis (cj ~~.Jo.J); pivot,
0_ n. bath-furnace.
centre (.syn. 2. A.:.t).+..r adj. pivotal.

.Ju,j.) doxaw n. liquid plaster. Cj .JI~ (under j.1.) doj also ~.1.) n. perplexity, bafflement. + •

~).
,jL...I.)/ v. bel feel at a loss, be baffled!
perplexed. Cj ,jL.d»-.J~.+ .JL...b- adj.
p.J') duxter =.;;;.S.J.) q. V. perpexed, at a loss.
~j.) doxe n. caring for milch animal for a fee ~j.J.) dujmin = ~jJ under jJ q. v.
(i.e. part of the milk product).- ~j.) 4.i,jb
ojj.) doje n. hell. Syn. to;j.).
(under ,jb\
 269

':-jl dost n. friend, close acquaintance (syn. dot;1l (A) n. prayer, supplication;
,;Ollft cf L:..:.l:. Jle-li); illicit lover (cf '';I.! invocation, incantation. idiom . .' l&.jl 4.J'p,,;
..:.-..~~). idiom.: ~jl.:.,;;...J.....';,,-!O~'::-jl ~ l..o.,u-i- 4.J J..i....; ~ Action is needed, not
;:,.:;;~.; I....to~ A friend is one who reminds talk.+ (.jl"s,;.... ~jJ v. pray for, call down
you of your shortcomings, an enemy is one blessings upon. Cf .jl.?:Ji~,..+.jl.?-..,J "'-jl
who doesn't r-=--jl";"'jl...:..-jl ~ jl ~jl v. call a curse on, invoke a curse upon. cf
"':"-jl My friend's friend is my friend, my .jJ.,s~ ~,.).+ ;;....1"..1_ v. ask leave to go, bid

enemy's enemy is my friend.+ (.j»'!'" '::-jJ v. (s.o.) good-bye.+ ujl,~- n. good-bye, leave-
have a lover; have a mistress).<~) '::-jl4t v. taking, adieu.+ .jl.J-..,J ujl,~ v. bid good-bye,
take as mistress. + .j.J.iI_ v. befriend, have as a take leave of). + .j~ Ir-S I-v. i. be fulfilled!
friend. + ...;1_ adv. & adj. in a friendly manner, answered (of one's prayer/ supplication).
sincerely; friendly.+ ",;,,-!I_ n. friendship, close I.....tt..,.l jl do~reme n. salad of yogurt and
acquaintance. C.! ",;,,-!L:..:.l:.+ ~}"';I....tl- v. chopped cucumber.
make friends (with-j.$..J).+ ~}I_ v. have as a
Jjl doq n. kind of black fabric (often silk) from
lover; become the mistress of(s.o.).+ ~_=
which women's cloaks! veils are made.-~.
",;,,-!l;;...jJ q.v.
.Jj.:SJl duktor n. doctor, physician (see ..s....:...~);
... ,I
..,-J'" do! = jjl q. V. title of a person holding a Ph. D. degree .
~jl2 do! pres. stem of the verb ~jl q.v.+ JI,;- a...$p thlgme n. button (often knitted or cloth-
adj. milked (of an animaf).+ ~o_ n. milch covered). Cf ~JJ. + y:';jl J - n. toggle (often
ewe.+ ~o_ adj. milch, milk-producing.+ of gold! silver) used to fasten the waist ends of
iJ-!- [~jJl v. milk. idiom.: .j1J,jUJ~jl ~L. ..,.;..,..... q.v.+ .j~uJ- n. set of silk laces with
o~ JJ4,.j 1_'- • Jj You can't do two things at the built-in buttons and buttonholes sewn to the
seamlinel edges of a woman's waistcoat-
same time (/it. you can't milk a cow and nibble
..,.;."....
on terebinth seeds) *4~j..Le-l~";~o"';;~";~
This is aburd (lit. I say it is a male, he says jjll dol n. valley. Cf ~.+ ~jo_ n. river valley,
milk it). river bed.
JL..:.jl do!aw also ..jl.:.jl n. syrup (esp. made j jl2 dol n. bowl, bucket (generally used as a
from grapes), molasses: ..r.""..s- yellow grape mortar).- jjl~l •.jl~l under ..,-ol.+ JI-
syrup *jj....$..s- syrup of manna .L..,u-i-..s- date n. hollow rock in the ground filled with
syrup. idiom.: ....~..::"LJ L.:.~~..J jul.:.jl For water.+ ~_ n. bucket made of leatherI heavy
the rich nothing is difficult to obtain.+ o~_ n. waterproof canvas: J'J4-I'..s- baker's kneading
the forefinger, index fing~r, first fmger (lit. trough.+ .,$_ n. 1. astr. Aquarius. 2. = .sJjl
syrup taster). Syn. ~I~L.;. C.! . o~ q. V. + .j~_ n. open watershoot (of a mi/f). Syn.
'j~'i"-l.+ ..s- adj. & n. syrupy; variety of 2. ~.+ 4,1.!_gen. ~l:I.S4,I.!- n. grain feeder in a
grape.- ~,;. watermill .
.;,-:. jl du!min = ~jl (all forms) q. v. under jl. y'ijl dolab n. wooden cupboard! closet!
cabinet.
..s""':'jl do!ek n. mattress.+ Jo_ n. pad, cushion,
small mattress.
"-';'jl do!elM n. built-in bench pad! mattress. .sJjl dolke n. drinking mug; pitcher.
 270

&.JJ~ dulge n. centipede. Cf ~Iy.... twice said! done/ presented.- .:..L...JJ.)'+ •.J~-
0~.).J V.t. repeat, reiterate, say once again.+_
~..J)jjj~ do[edirej n. middle finger. Syn. oj.J"oi~lt.
";j~ gen. ";oJL:S,,-! ~';jlt- concentric circles.+_
rj~ dom n. villagers of Shar y Hewraman ..s:.-~ gen. ~1.J4.t ~~_ opposite sides (of a
known especially for their skill in making ~~ triangle, etc.).+ I,r.- kind of bird of prey which
q.v. Cf ~. idiom.: ~j-t~":J.SJ~rj~ always flies in pairs.+ ..J1,r.- n. (onion) bulb
.:..L.S:..t He will certainly do it well since his own with two shoots! sprouts; double fruit (esp. an
welfare is involved *I..il,}..., JL.. ~I~ ~ rj~ oak gall worn as a charm).+ 0-1-- n. piece of
One must work to escape ruin. jewelry decorating a woman's head.+ ~4.t­
*~I..j~ domahi adv. in the course of. adj. of uncertain consequence/ result, having
the nature of a gamble. + _ 4.t _ adv. two by two.
~ j~ dome n. thr ofa tent- Cf ..,..-5"".).+ j~- n. med. tertian fever/
.ho~). Cf jl...Jo~ under .JU. 2. .;l;;....t.:. malaria. Cf j~.+ 0.J4i- n. beehive (often of
~j~ domile n. variety of red grapes.- ~.J. a cylindrical shape made of mud! wood).-
LJ'..,$.;~.+ ~OM- n. schism, dissension.
~j~ domine (E) n. dominoes (game): _~~ partisan and contentious quarreling. ...s~1
domino piece/ block. ..;IS.M~ .~"'j"J"..+ .;,1".;; ~ ~o~_ V.t.
0.J..j,,~ dunde n. tapered end (mouldboard) ofa create/ cause partisan quarreling or contention
plough beam to which the share- v-lS' is between.+ o.J4-iL;~oJ~- v. sow dissnesion,
fastened.- 1~P. creat a schism.+ ~0.J~- adj. schismatic,
capable of sowing dissension.+ .;,l;;....oJ~oJ~­
~.J";j~ dondirme n. ice cream. Syn. ..;~.
v. take opposite sides/ stands, be on opposite
.$.;,,~ dung =..$",,~ q. v. sides (of an issue! squestion. etc.) Cf ~
.;,l:-o".+ .:..4- adj. repeated, reiterated.+ .:..~_
fj~ donim n. donum (measure ofland = 2500
0~~.J v. repeat, echo.+ a...!t~- n. zool.
m2).
kangaroo.+ ~_ n. zool. scropion (syn.
..sJj~ dowke n. insect living off'and destroying jjSo.JL.~); Scorpio (sign. of the zodiac).+ _
tobacco leaves. ~ n. the back-bend position with both
J"~ I dfi n. & adj. two. + .;,1_ adj. two (oj). E.g. hands and feet on the ground (performed as an
~.;,l.eJI",,~ Bring two ofthem.+ .;,1_.;,1_ adv. exercise or game).+ (.;,~.J ~.J"~ v. take the_
two by two. in twosome.+ oj-il_ n. & adj. ~ position).+ 014f.- n. name of an herb. Cf

twelve. + .;1_ n. twins. Cf ~. + J t.: _ only in o~.+ ~_ adj. forked. Cf Ju"".).+ .s:J~_

~.J4-S' "L.:_ v. fall sick due to a change of n. seedling. Cf j;A...!..+ -:s.-

adj. biped, two
location and type of drinking water.+ .;,IJ~- n. footed. + ~ _ n. the two poles (of a sphere,
confluence, place where two streams meet. + _ globe, etc.).+ L.;_ n. the terms! sides (of a
~~ adj. double, twofold (cf .;,;.J",,~); tightly mathematical ratio, equation, etc.); two sides
(of a double bag, scales); fold.+ (.;,~.J \;.J"~ v.
woven (of cloth) (cf .;..i....). + o.Jlt- I. adv. once
fold, double s.th. over). + IJ!.\; _ n. double bag
again, another time, over. Cf . o~l......!~
for grain. Cf 4)"2- .jl~.+ ~,,; - adj.
~.J".,...... 2. n. repetition. 3. adj. twice-distilled
(of rose water, liquor. etc.).+ o~»i 0.J~-
v.
chem. binary.+ :.s.,;- adj. doubled, having two
folds! layers. etc. Cf ';~.J.J~.+ ~_ adj. square,
happen once again, be repeated.+ ':"~o.Jlt- adj.
raised to the second power. Cf ~.+ ~.J~-
 271
~~~

n. I. pushcart, wheelbarrow, dung barrow. 2. two-storied (cj r';"';.J.Jl); of double thickness;

bicycle. Syn. ~l: ~.+ 4.iI.l.i~_ adv. twice double, twice (the size, price, number, etc.).+.
as (big. tall, much), double the (size, volume, ,)~ adj. folded double. C.! is.,.;.J.Jl,;.J.J.J,)'+
etc.). Cj •.l.io.,......:.u,).+ .,.JL;._ n. colon
(;';l.J l41.J.JlV. fold double).+ ~ _ n. silverfish
(punctuation mark).- 3. jL;..+ ~~_ n. line/
(inesct).+ ~_ I. adv. the two of (us, them),
verse of poetry with two half-lines.+ .:..~_ n.
jointly, as a pair. 2. adj. for two,
& adj. mil. approx. equivalent to: croporal; accommodating two persons, two-seater.+ _
having two stripes.+ #_ gen. ;';..l.J'ip.J.J') v.
ol;;5 n. scissors. Syn. ..:.-u~.+ ~\S' _ n. land
lose sleep (by waking up and going back to
ploughed twice before seeding.+ ;,;l.A.}_See
sleep with difficulty). Cj ;,;I;.i~ p.+ .),)_ n.
bier. See r~o),),+ ..$..;b_ adj. of two sizes!
jl.J.Jl.+ ..;.,!- n. kind of weed that grows in
grain fields.+ J.J4"} _ I. adj. having two ear
colours (of cereals).+ j,)_ adj. hesitant,
lobes. 2. kind of deerstalker cap.+ 4- adj.
irresolute, wavering. Cj I;y+ (;';..l.J'ij,) .J.J') v. be
divided into three aisles by two rows of
hesitant, waver).+ ~,)_ n. hesitation,
pillars.+ 'L adj. twofold (syn. 4.i,;J.J.J'); double
irresolution, wavering.+ (;,;')..,..5 ..,Jl.J.Jl v. be
(door. window, etc.).+ ..r-.'J- n. I. hasp, the
indecisive, hesitate. syn. ;,;').J .J.Jl";;"').+ .sJ0,)- n.
hinged metal strap that fits over a staple.-
double door; casement window; room with <.sf. 'J.J.J,).J':;,,)~";' 2. gram. participle.+ .s::.J_ adj.
two french windows (cj .sJo..L;...-).+ r0,)- adj.
& n. forked; forked branch ofa tree.+ jJ_ I. n.
double edged, double bladed (i.e. a knife).+_
deuce (in playing cards). 2. See 4.i,;J.J.J,).+.,;jJ-
.J.J; adj. double-faced, double-dealing, Janus
adj. folded double, having two folds (syn.
faced.+ jJU.JJ- adj. two-facedness, insincerity; ~.Jfl); having double yarn (of thread).+ -
hypocrisy.+ ..sor adj. cross-bred, hybrid; .u.vJ adj. double-barreled, twin-barreled.-
mulatto.+ ..$..;0;- I. adj. bicolour, having two ..s.;~. + ~_ adj. plaited in two pigtails (of
colours. 2. two-faced.+ ;,;L....;_ also ;,;L:;..;.J.J,) n. hair).- ~.r. ,o~.;. (under .JjAl).+ ~J~_ n.
road which branches into two.- iS~L;.; (ac/ oj) keeping separate. budgets (of
junction, place where two things meet.+ o~..;_ roommates, etc.).+ (;,;,)~ ~.J~.J.J,) v. keep
n. math. proportion, proportional relation, separate budgets).+ ~.~_ adv. with both
ratio, proportionality: I ~ .so~..; _ indirect hands. Cj ~"':""'Ol}~.+ ~~~o~_ v.
proportion * W4,t .so~..) _ direct proportion. + _ tackle (s.th.) energetically.+ rJ-ri- adj. two-
~..;..; n. name of an herb. + ;';~.i _ adj. double storied, having two levels (offloors, etc.). Cj
tongued, deceitful, two-faced. Cj .J.J;.J.J,)'+- .:..LJ.J.J,)'+ --.;._ adj. in two halves.-·- '~.+
~l.Aj n. two-facedness, deceit.+ .Joj_ n. (;,;,).;5 ~- v. cut! break into two halves).+.
double-pipe, diaulos reed pipe (musical wind ;';l.J..; ~ ~.JI v. not to hesitate, dol decide at
instrument). Cj.;~ ,l;;.J.i ,l;ors'.+ n. & .s--- once, come to a decision promptly. + j. _ also_
adv. day after tomorrow.- ~__ . Cj ~-Jl.+. .J.!-.oo and rU - adj. second. E.g. ..l.J'i ~ r O.J.Jl
r-- adj. cloven-hoofed (of animals).+ ~l.:._ n. ~~ He was the second one arriving; di-, i.e.
& adi two-pronged (of an instrument, tool,
.Jj.oJ\..S .s~;;r0.J.J,) carbon dioxide.+ 1.,.,.._ ad}.
e/c.); a two-pronged tool.+ -'-""~_ also ~..;._
subjected to extremes/ frequent changes of
n. Monday.- ~~ ,..:;,j<l,>.+ ..L~_n. anat. the temperature (esp. between day and night).
mandible and maxilla.+ JU- adj. v-shaped. idiom.: 1.J4-A .J.J') ~lt This is a double
C.! J--.,J.J,)'+ ..;~_ adj. bot. dicotyledon; standard.
forked into two.+ .:..LJ_ ad}. double-decked,
 272

.J.Jl2 dIJ I. pres. stem o/the verb oJl.J.Jl q.v. 2. t..J.Jl db n. spindle of a spinning wheel. C.I
gen. conversation. <.J.Jl~U q.v.+ oJ1- [.J.JlJ v.i. Ol •-..~. idiom.: t.J.Jl .,.,s•.J .:-11 straight as a
talk, speak (about! against-~). E.g. ~..J die.
~..J.J..l.t What shall we talk about? Cj ·oJl.J V"~ Ip.J.Jl.J.Jl dfidfikere n. species of non-edible
oJl..rS 4.-l •oJl..,$ :,.S.,;.AS. + ~I_ n. commentator. + bugloss. Cj oJl.Jn;S'.
oJ.L.il- [~..J.JlJ V.t. engage (s.o.) in conversation,
~tl.J.Jl dlJdek; adj. homosexual; sodomite (ej
talk to. Cj .....:; L-il.:;,.. + JtJ...il_ also )S:. iI- n.
speaker, one who makes a public speech! ..i\oeJ.... ..i~).
statement.+ IoSJ~I- n. oratory, art of public J.J.Jl dlJr I. adj. far, distant, far away, remote.
speaking.+ .t....$.;1_ n. rostrum, platform for Ant. ..5.....-..:;. 2. used in combination, e.g.
public speaking; pulpit. iJ.:..-tJ.J.Jl •»-SJ.J.Jl. + (oJJ.H J.J.Jl v. be far! at a
.J.J:? dIJ part 0/ certain compound forms disance; be unlikely! improbable. E.g. tJ.J.Jl
meaning: after, behind, e.g. ~ •.. .J.Jl ~ .J.Jl ..:.....:;.. Jr": It is unlikely that he will come today;
oJ~ D.J•.J.Jl ~ 'oJ~ .J.Jl..J. b.J.J:l. Syn. l.Jl.+ .. used in the standard expr.: .:,l.;.J.J1..J ~ J.J.Jl
~.j4S/ v. follow, pursue. May you be spared! preserved from it. + J.J.J..LiI-
also -4.t- adv. from far away, from a
.J.Jl4 dfi also l.J.Jl n. smoke.+ oJL..l_ n. I. hearth,
distance.+ ~I_ n. dimension, extension,
family.- t ~.J' 2. big tribal demoninationl clan
distance.+ ~..Li"";_ adj. prudent, discrect,
(cj ..ij...A).+ ;..,5:;L...l- adj. having no direct
careful (ej )S'ji.JLj; expedient, judicious (ej
descendent! children. Syn. ;fo~•.J. + ~ n.
smoke, smolder; fume (cj ~~).- L-i~
~.J.Jl).+ ~- also :..r. -
v. used as a hortative
meaning: God forbid!.+ ~_ I. adj. farsighted,
jU'.J.Jl. + (oJl..,$ jU'.J.Jl v. smoke, emit! exhale
sagacious, discerning. Cj ~..Li";J.J.Jl 2. n.
smoke; make! cause smoke). + 1oS.J"l4.S _ adj.
binocular, field glass.+ ~_ n. farsightedness,
smoky, .. affected! blackened by smoke.+
(oJ~ 1oS.J"l4.S.J.Jl v. bel become smoky; smelling sagacity. idiom.: 4..l....;~..,:.. ~....;~ 1.r-'.J.J.Jl
of! soiled with smoke).+ oJ1.Ju_' n. Forsightedness will never result in regret.+ ..
smokestack. +oJb j.I.....S _ v. smoke, cure by •~/ v. banish, send into exile (syn. -hI,;
exposure to smoke; fumigate (see oJb ~\l). + _ oJl..,5); isolate, separate. E.g. "';I.,.J oJ~.s...:.~
.JIJ..uu adj. smoked, cured with smoke; _~ J.J.Jl~ They isolated the sick one from
_
fumjgated.+ ~.s also ~.s n. chimney, _ the others. + O::-Dl_ adj. unattainable, out of
flue, smokestack. Cj ~l,....;.,s. one's reach.+ a,;,...,Dl_ adj. long-range, into the
future. Cj ~L.;.~.Jl.+ »S-
adj. deceptively
J~.J.Jl dlJftlr adj. faced, confronted (with-loS) (ej
good-looking (o/s.o.), attractive (o/s.th.) from
.l....,JU • u~; afflicted, suffering from a distance.+ •.J4Z.j4S/- v. move away, keep
(disease, etc.) (ej .."."..:...,.,.).+ (oJ.vo~.J.Jl v. one's distance (jrom-..J).+ .:,t.:.;!/_See ~Jj..i
face, be confronted with, encounter.+ J~.J.Jl oJ..t.r'!'. + ~ - adj. unemotional, detached from
oJ.JJ-i V.t. confront, face; cause to catch! sustain. personal feelings and emotions, objective. + _
ej oJl.,.$ ~.v-.J).+ '" n. confrontation, 1oS..iL....e; n. metonymy, indirect expression;
encounter; affliction; implication, ulterior motive.+ ~.Jl.J- adj. & adv. prolonged,
involvement.
drawn out, detailed, in detail. E.g. ~.Jl.JJ.J.Jl
~l.JJ-i~...,-~ He told us of himself in
 273

detail.+ ~':;.J- adv. at a safe! moderate ~.1P dJ1/ge n. eulogy of dead person.
distance, far enough to keep (s.o.) in sight
without being noticed. E.g. ..,:.;..,.:..5..,..:,; .J.JJJl
*,:,L. .J.1l dllllUUl n. fog. Syn. r'; Cj ~2.
~.,..s He followed him at a safe distance.+_ ~.1.Jl dumel n. med. boil, carbuncle. Cj ,
l.MO n. rock aimed! thrown from a distance. + _ 0.J~~ 2. ~'-':'~.JOJ',j!&.+.;;~~/_v. get a
jJ~o adj. out of} beyond range, at a distance. + boil.
,:,l:;....JjJ~o_ v. stand at a distance, hold back, ,:,"iu.J.1l dumelan n. truffle.
remain beyond reach (of danger/
involvement).+ 0.10_ n. distant place.< o.10.J.1.Jl..J U".jU.1.1l dllmel.ek n. small drum resembling a
q. v. + .;;.,..s 0.10-
= o".z".s .J.1.1l q. v. + t,S-1 n. I. bongo. Cj;:k.; '~Ol.+ ,:,o~_ n. one who plays
distance, stretch: ~ t,S- abscissa (math.) *~ t,S- on a U"..Ju.J.Jl q. V.
polar distance *,:,L.; t,S- ordinate *j.o..,J':'!; t,S- *,:,IJ....jJ.JJ dllndan n. posterity, unborn
ordinates; famess, remoteness. 2. absence, generations. Cf o~.
separation.
~.1l duwe also ;:':';JJ and ~Jl n. & adv.
's.J.1Jl1 dllr' n. thin silk material used for ~j.o.;-i­
q.v.
yesterday.+ ~_ also .J4 ·:·ul n. last night.
Syn. J.JJ../Y.I" loS"....:.· + ;:';-1. n. & adv. yesterday.
~1.i.1.1l dllzaxe gen. only in ,:,b ~ljJJJ v.
2. used in comb. e.g. ~~~~_ yesterday
discomfort, press and make (s.o.) uneasy. C.f
morning *1J0~~~- yesterday afternoon.
~~~~.
C.f~<4-'~.
,:,L.SJ.1l dllklUl n. shop, store (normally small with
~--,",1 dIIwit n. inkwell, inkpot.- y4$0.;U.
one proprietor) C.f LS'jS' ,oj~. idiom.:
,:,~L... ~LJ .1.Jl .1.}~ ~lS'.1.1J
Notwihtstanding .-.~ .,1
_ ..... " .I··
WI A. n. daughter. S~n.
wc;. ~jl .<
'cc'
appearences he is not well off. Meager at
best.+ ij.....;.ll/_ also .;;}~/_ v. close shop, "':"Jl doyne n. ball of..s..:...s mixed with .J0.Jl...-
close a business for the day.+ .Jb- n. ..s..:...sjl.
shopkeeper. + loS) J _ n. shopkeeping, small OJ 1 de n. & adj. ten.+ o;'y,,_ adj. between ten and
business.+ (':'J.? 1oS).l.ilS'.1Jl v. be shopkeeper, fifteen. E.g. ,:,~..s...;....s o;'y" Ol They were ten
have/ run a small business).- ':'l.} cl.:;.i... to fifteen people.+ ~ _ n. rifle/ pistol with a
,:,lS"JJl
1 •
dJ1kan n. flower/ plant bed. C.f ;~....:.. magazine capacity of ten shots.- '''';;''l},~
~ ,~L.ol.+ o.:,.;I.JJ_ adj. between ten and
41SJJl dJ1k[e See~.
twelve.+ __ adv. by tens. Cj ,:,~u.+ r',.A- also
..$J..Jl dug n. big fat tail (esp. ofsheep ofAsia): &J.!.o~- adj. tenth.+ ,:,~_ n. I. math. two digit
_"':'j; oil dripping from a fat tail (as compared nwnbers. 2. tens. E.g. ~ ,:,~u Tens of
10 oil of clarified buner). idiom.: r~ ~.J.Jl ~ people.+ U"~_ n. one tenth, 1110; tithe.+ 1Jl- n.
~~:,.;. No need to look to other sfor support & adj. decimal; of the ten denomination
(iiI. I have my own fat tail to sustain me).
(money).
u1 de I. pres. stem ofthe verb ,:,b q. v. 2. See I.
:.,$.J..Jl dllgi,d n. cotton sleeping cover/
bedspread. C.f ~~. ...:. E.g. "ljltJt~oJ or "ljltJt~ I am going to
the market.
~.J-,", dJ1/bend See J~.
 274

tll de intj. introducing an order! exhortation. *J>tl de!!1 n. man-made forest. Cf iJl:...)l.
E.g. t.)t.J tl Come now. ~ tl Say it then. Cf
~tl dame n. Zoroastrian tower of silence.
~tJ.+ ~/_ adv. in that case, then (normally
followed by the pres. subj.) E.g. ~ ~ tl Then .)u l de, I. n. outside. Cf I. t.Jt.)tl.2. in comb.
let him come. to form compound verbs, i.e. iJl...:;A.)tl or
adverbs. i.e. .)u4-i or nouns i.e. J:..;J.)tl q. v. +
*.)~l diha, n. top, summit, pinnacle. Syn. 4&..
(iJ.JJ-I.)tl v. burst, (a boil, pimple, etc.)+ iJJ}" .)tJ
Cf .Jl:..;lt .~tj .~L..
v. I. lance, open by squeezing i.e. a boil, etc.
t ~tJ debax = t ~u (all forms) q. v. 2. break out in, have! contact (i.e. smallpax,
etc. ef iJ1J.)tJ. 3. expel, force out. ef iJl}".;.i;
*.)L,u deba, n. 1. project, scheme. Syn. tjj~.
issue, put out, publish. cf t~J}".J~ .iJJ)" ';"~;
Cf iJ~ .~. 2. preparation, arrangement, make (a reputation), become (known). see
groundwork. Cf .:.o~. iJl~ .)tJ.JL;; produce (ajilm, etc.); smuggle out.

.r-o!ltu debtl!I, n. chalk. ef iJl~ jLJtJ.+ J.).J.JI- n. product, something

produced; yield, output. Cf ~4A.J"'t.+ j~_ n.
tl..ttl deb~ (A)n. tanning.+(\Jl}"tltuv. tan).+
gen.escape.+ (oJ.JJ-IjLJ6J v. escape, get away.+
~l>_ also ....;l>~tl n. tannery.+ t.i:- n. tanner.+_
\Jl~ jLJ6') v. arrange for! help s.o. to escape.
iJill See iJJ}" t ~tJ. cf \Jl~ .)L$'~).+ 4j~_ n. I. escape, way out,
iJLtol deban adj. damascened (of steel): ...s~4J. escape outlet; exit (emergency, etc.). 2.
_ dagger made of damascened steel. Cj ':";"j<U. loophole, let-out, escape.+-tl- adj. expressive,
poignant; emphateic, forcible.+ iJlJ.,tf- v.
~t.J.ttl debdebe n. pomp, gay display and manage, get along (in lif or with-j.$..J s.o.);
commotion. hoopla. E.g. t~ ~ iJ~ ~t.1.tOl 4i
tolerate, stand (cf iJl....,sj.u).+ ~--til- v.
He was greeted (welcomed) with much pomp.
disclose, reveal, express; divulge (by word of
iJl:......,.u debistan n. school. Cf • ~.J.:j"p mouth). Syn. iJJjIS'.)l. Cf 1. iJ1.,2.+ iJl}ud- v.t.
~Ij •"";L:,;l;.,J. leave out, omit.+ "";»1- n. dead-end-alley, side
street. Cf iJ~;S .~IJ4.;..+ ~_ adj. bound,
t'j..,tl deblax n. one year old camel-~.J.J.
obliged; concerned. + (iJ.J.J-i ~tJ v. be
'-ttl I debe adj. I. blistered (ofplaster, paint, bound! obliged; be concerned about-...s. Syn.
etc.). 2. pregnant (of certain animals) (cf iJ-U-i t.,4.;.; ~). + ~ _ n. obligation; care,
IJ"'.J.JL;). 3. having a rupture (of s.o.) (see I.
concern.+ LJij~/_ v. pop out, protrude.+ .nl~­
~).+ (iJ.JJ-I4-itl v. be blistered (cf iJll..5.).J.J);
adj. popped-out, protruding. Cf Jtj.+ -
get pregnant; have a rupture).

4itll debe n. small cask! barrel. Cf ~ .~.J"'t.

-.
iJJjI~1 I. v.t. force out, eject, drive out. Syn.
iJJjl;). 2. v. cause to stick out! project! jet
..s.;4-itl debeng adj. stupid, blunt, doltish. Syn. out.+ V'~/- v. rush! charge out; jump, shoot
;J-w. Cf .;....5 .iJtl.J4.S.+ ...s- n. stupidity, out and escape.+ .Y~-
o •
adj. sticking out,
bluntness. projecting. Cf .nlJ.l..;tl.+ iJ.Jj~/- also iJ.JjI~/­
caus. of iJ~.)tJ q.v.+ iJ~/- v. come out,
.r--itl debl, n. c1erk.+ iJl:...- n. business office,
appear, be issued! promulgated (of an
place where clerical work is done. Cf
ordinance, book, etc.); go off (of ajirearm)
iJl.Jo!l •.5.pS .~.,;.
(ef LJij"';); get away, escape (cf iJJY.jL.Jtl);
j~tl Decal = j~ q. v. pass (an examination), graduate (from-..J); slip,
 275

get out of joint (.ryn. ,;,~ ~.;. 4.1); slip out, be extract, draw out (i.e. a tooth).- ';'~.JI' ~.+_
revealed accidentally - ';'~.JI~ ,.o~ 4.1; turn out, ,;,Lt.., n. courtyard and other surroundings ofa
come out. E.g. ~ .)0' ~Lt ...s. . ~},> The food house. Cf "':'.J4>.+ ~-'_ n. region, locality,
truned out well.+ ~/_ v. reveal, uncover, neighbourhood. Cf ~-'.)-'o~ under ,~-,li ,(,jj
disclose (.ryn. 1. ,;,~)' I}:..!li. cf ,;,..t,;lS.)~); show, .)-,u ,~~.+ ~-,I.),-, _ n. close neighbours.+ _
demonstrate, display (cf ,;,I~ ,;,~). E.g. IoSjl:-J ':"';"'-' n. open country.+ (';")' .:...:.o~..,.)o, v. travel
~ .)o~ ~ He revealed his intentions ........: through open country).+ .)-,-,j-,_ gen. only in
o~ ~.)o, This is a show of strength! ,;,,~ .)-,-,j-,.)o, v. keep going in and out (of a
force.+ ,.;1..,..._ gen. only in ,;,1, ,.;1..,..._ v. I. place).+ -'-'_ n. way out, break, respite (from
force-feed, make (s.o.) eat! take (medicine, bad luck. difficulty, etc.); exit.+ o""';,)'~ -'-'_
food, etc.). 2. blend! mix (esp. s.th. solid into a v. give a break, show a way out (of difficulty!
liquid). Cf I. ,;,!' 0.,..;J.+ ,;,!'/_ v. 1. empty (a bindl predicament). E.g. o~~~ ..:..-'-'.)o~ I.,>
tank, pool, cistern); remove the contents of May God grant you a respite.+ ~IA/_ v. come
(by shovel, ladle, etc.) (cf ,;,~ ~). 2.
out (0/ s.th. stuck. trapped, etc.); emerge,
break out, come out in (smalpox, spots, heat come into view (cf ~..".s .)u); trun out to be
rash, etc.); secrete, discharge, emit (sweat,
(see ,;,~ .)0'); be issued! uttered (fr
moisture).+ -=-o~_ adj. available, accessible;
,.0'.-1). E.g. ~ li .)o~ 1'-.. uJI will not say it. It
handy, conveniently near.+ (,;,»I..:....o,.).~ v. be
will not part my lips.+ ~~_ adj. outstanding,
available. cf ":""0' .,;j~).+ ~..:.....,_ v. make
remarkable, well turned out (ofs.o., s.th.).+_
available. Cf ~":-'~.+ ~J_ n.
;;":"J~/ V. throw out, delete; dismiss, bar from
availability; convenience.+ ,;,..t,;u)/_ v. eject.
acceptance! consideration. Cf ';".r. "i.+ ~~/­
force/ throw out (cf ';'.l.il~.)u).+ ..::M.i_ n.
opening, suitable occasion, chance (cf ,~
= ';'~.JI' q.v.+ ';'uo_ n. way out, escape.
(';'»-Ij-t,;,l.;.)o, v. have/ manage a way out, often
.;I ..",......,,); scope space/ opportunity for
used in the negative. E.g. ~ ~\;o.)o, ~.,Mi,....:
unhampered motion.+ (,;,.!.J-i .... ..::M.i.)., have
~ There is no chance (o/recovery) from this
scope, afford opportunity).+ ,;,~~_ v. seize
disease.+ ~o_ n. & adj. outsider. Cf '.h~
the chancel opportunity.+ -,1..,..5- adj. I.
....;~; external, outward.+ 0-,0_ 1. n. outside,
expelled, dismissed, ordered! driven out. 2.
produced (of a play, film, etc.).+ ~~_ See outdoors; out, away from home. E.g. o-'o.).~ 4.1
u),_l. n. export(s). 2. out-going (of
~.)..,..,I.)o~.+ ,.;1..,...,;,Uli We ate out. 2. adj. external, foreign.
official letters, correspondence).+ .)li.s.. 1. n. E.g. 0-,0.)0' IoS.)Lo.)lS Foreign affairs.+ (';'»1 0-,•.)o,
notabene (N.B.). Cf ;--,1.;4;.2. See .)li,o.)4.t.+_ v. be out! out side in comb. with 4.1, E.g. 4.1
..:....,.s n. phenomenon, an observable fact or »-I 0-,0.)0' It was outside). + ,;, ~ / _ v. I. bring!
event; outward appearance, semblance See take out; pull out, remove, extract (i.e. a
o~.)~~.+ ~..".s/-I v. appear, emerge, break forth, tooth). 2. extract, produce (from-.-I). E.g. 4.1
come to light! into view; come into the open, ~....: 1oS.)0' ..:..-'....; It is extracted from oil. Cf
be disclosed (cf ';'.!.J-iI~li'-'-'-l......:;A; ,;,,~ -=--,.),.+ i;..;..- adj. taken out, removed;
become clear/ apparent! evident. E.g. .)0' ('j-t extracted.+ ~_ See I. 0-,•.)o, .
•~..s It has become clear to me.+ ~..".s} n.
.JI~2 der 1
n. door, gate. See lS.)o~.+ ..,1_ n. pass,
emergence, advent.+ ~..",..s _
adj. visible,
defile. See ..t,;4..IJo,. + ;:,....,1_ = ;:",-,1.), q. v. + .)0,4.t-
distinguished; a priori; evident, apparent. Cf
adj. wandering, vagrant, astray; fugitive (cf
I~li ,.;l.~~ ',;,-'-'-!' ~~.+ ,;,L:.:eS/- v. pull out,
 276

I)JL;.L.;.vJ).+ (~JJ-t)U4.J.?J v. go astray,be -de, suffIX denoting an agent, i.e.

fugitive.+ ~J.J ;lJAJ.)IJ v. cause to wander; keep
on the run).+ "s;lJ~- n. wandering, vagrancy.+
"'-Ill,') de!abe n. overhead door (of a garage).
J.j~_ n. pass! defile/ gap in a mountain range.+ up-and-over shutter (of a barn, shop, etc.). Cj
::r. - n. drawers, underpants: ~..)J"s ~ _ long I. lS)u.
baggy drawers reaching down to the ankles _
V4..0I)IJ de,amet (P) also .)~I)u n. income.
"v~ "s ~ shorts, gentlemen's underpants;
earnings. See vJ.s..::....u.+ (~~v~I)IJ v. have
panties. Cj V"'1~IJl,;.+ .,$.,j.;_ n. & adj. gorge,
a source of income; have a good day i.e. in
narrow passage/ defile; having a narrow
one's business) (cj ~~lj~).
entrance/ opening, etc.+ "';j>_ n. lid of an
earthenware vessel. Cj ,;-,u)",-.- ~ I;,...tJ ~I)I') de,av n. context, frame of reference.
4..ij»IJ.+ ..$_ = LS)u q.v.+ ..s-. n. part! main
JI)IJ 2 deraw n. particular taste of water in a new
division of a literary work. Cj .vp .j)IJ container (i. e. an earthenware jar- IjjS, pipe,
~ .J.j"-l.+ LS_ n. 1. door, gate; entrance: ~
etc.). E.g. 4o!.j>"sJI)u 4t1jjS r"'; The water from
~~ outer gate "'.JI)U..s- outer gate.- this jar tastes good.
~IJI.,...:i,,:.~J.;Sv~.':-;;4-~ ••~J.J. 2.
de,awa n. condition. state,
opening. mouth. See r'J.+ (~JJ-t LS)u v. brust
circwnstances. Cj (J"",.,.l~ ,(~ .)lSjj). Syn.
open (of a boil, abscess, etc.).+ ~lL n. string
3. )~.
with which the mouth (opening) of certain
objects (i.e. sac, water skin, etc.). is tied. +_ l;l.o/)I') derbare prep. concerning, with respect!
~J.;S ~ / LS v. lock! shut a door firmly. + ~ lL regard (to-"s). Syn. ~~ 4.l.
adj. stuffed! filled to the rim. Cj 1. -t-.+ b lS_
.))u de,d I. n. pain, torment: jJ ~ sorrow ~
jj.-> v. shut! close a door; used also with _
.."s)JJ.) pain of separation. homesickness ~
~ against, on. E.g. ~ I.) ~ ~lS)u I
.~JJ)I.) distress, anguish ....s~ ~ headache,
closed the door on him. + ~ l.;.,s LS _ v. bang!
problem. vexatious situation (cj ~~)~);
knock on a door vigorously. Cj ~b lS)IJ 4.l.+_
malady, sickness. disease: ~ ~)I~ ~ incurable
4..ilS n. door (normally small).+ ~IJLS- n.
disease • ~ ~ contangious disease .'J')IJ ~
doorman. doorkeeper. Syn. ~I~u.+ ......s..;\i$-
external malady (cj ~;.>..,;).- ~.)J""i J)IJ~. 2.
n. lid, top. Syn. ,;-,u)_.+..s:...:.J_ n. leg (of
used in the standard form: IJ)IJ meaning: sad
trousers, underpants, etc.).+ jL.._ n. I.
to say. it is agonizing (that-aS). Cj r.s•.>h+-
threshold (of a house). Syn. 2. "';l:.-l,;. 2.
"sJI adj. diseased (of an animal! plant); sickly.
material serving as a w~dbreaker at the
entrance ofa tent.-~j.).+ 4.l~_ n. allowance. affected by disease(ofapreson).+~.)}p/_v.

something given (as money) at regular suffer pain! anguish. Syn. ~L..:.;,S J)IJ.+ ~­
intervals or for a particular purpose.+ IjIJ- n. adj. suffering. distressed. + ~ L.:.;S / _ v. suffer
I. big gate, town gate. Cj 1. lS)IJ.2. way, pain. labour in distress! anguish, etc.+ ~}/_ v.
method (of thinking! access/approach). (cj fall ill, contract a disease. Cj ~.,.s ~~.+­
~ .,"';":').+ ~_ n. small door/ window. Cj ~..)~I n. tuberculosis, consumption. Syn. I.
LS)IJ .~~~.+ ..~Ij.,!_ n. threshold. Syn. I. ~.+ )JI_ adj. ailing, afflicted, sickly. C.!
j~)IJ ,..,;l.:;...l,;. ~~.+ ~~- = "s;4-!J;I.) q.v.+~l@"I_n.
med. tetanus. + ~ gen. only in a sentence
 277

meaning: as E.g. J~~"r ..;:J.Ju As Gulshan pharmacy. chemist (see &..;L.)u).+ :J;I~gen.
says, or I..S Ao.!lSojJ.]";:J)u It reminds me of the only in ~:J..? :J}~_ v. poison, administer pioson
day when ... + ij....;..]:,..;.~ v. used with ~ (to-..;).+ ~:J},.>I_ v. take medicine.+ ..,;Ij_ n.
meaning: take one's suffering! anguish! pharmacology.+ jL-_ n. dispenser,
distress out on (s.o.).+ ..;~_ n. worry, pharmacist. + .:,.~ _ n. person making! dealing
vexation, problem, headache. in gunpowder.+ & _ n. chemist, pharmacy.
j)o:J drt!7. (A) n. lesson. Syn. .;I.J.+ ~JjI~/_ v. Syn. ..;l>I~. + fo n. pharmacist, chemist.
skip a class/ subject! course.+ ~.J.J~/- v. C.f jL....iL.;O:J.- 4. o~}.+..;~ _ n. pharmacy
teach, give a lesson to; tutor (particular (study/ profession oj).
pupils). Cf oJ&.:.j.J.Jj)o:J.+ ~J.:,j..pI- v. study,
4J~4.e)u dermencele See )~~.
read with the intention of learning; study,
engage in studying (under-..;'14J a private ~.J.J)':J derfin n. I. conscience (syn. ~I:J~-,);
teacher, scholar, Mul/a, etc.).+ ~b I:JI_ v. give psych, spirit (c.f o).J.J). 2. interior, inner parts.+
instructions (to-..;).+ ~I:JI_ v. give a lesson.+. n. psychoanalyst. + 0J4"j';;;$- I_v.
.;,--j"p -
~:J,rS ~1.J0)1 v. learn (one's subject), do psychoanalize, analyze and treat (s.o.) by
(homework).+ o~.J.J/- v. teach (a course/ psychoanalysis.+ ~Ij_ psychologist.+ ~Ij_ n.
subject), teach as a profession. E.g. ~ ..;1S~..s': psychology.+ jl-_ n. psychiatrist.+ ..;jL.._ n.
o.J~~j)o:J What do you do? I teach.+ )o.J/- psychiatry.+ IS- adj. psychic; moral, spiritual.
~} v. take lessons (also fig.); receive Cj ~'-t$.
instructions. ";';..JJu derwl!. n. dervish. Cj ~:,.... + ~ n.
..;j)0:J
1
denJ n. 1. needle, pin: J~~ safety dervishism (practice oj).
pin· ,j L.o.J.J):J ~ sewing needle *j-.J"-"; _ pin o;O:J dere n. valley. Syn. j):J.+ ..s~_ n. feudal
(with ahead).+ ~jL.;_ n. (act oj) repeatedly liege/lord (lit. Beg (lord) of the valley). Cf I.
pricking with a needle.+ (~:J..? ~jL:....,j)u v. prick ~\j.+ ~~_ n. feudalism.+ ..}~_ adj. feudal:

repeatedly with a pin! needle. cj ;:,I";j;O:J -";.J0.r-~ feudal system *_..;}j~-,j feudal estate.
~I:J).+ ~:J~ ~/_ v. stick a needle into (s.o./
4J".I'/')u derebole n. variety of grapes.- Zs";.
s.th.).+ ~I:J_ n. needle case.+ .;I:J_ also 1S;i!- n.
bot. stork's-bill.+ ~I:J;:,I/_ v. fasten! secure ,jWO).:J deretan n. way out, means! way of
with a pin; give an injection to . escape.<~l;o)o~

..;j).i denJ n. tailor. Syn. .J.J;JSJI-t. ~)':J derece (A) n. degree. See I. ~ .,,-!~. Cj

JL.,J)0:J derqel n. particle, modicum, small d.].

portion. Cf ~)~. U4.J0)O:J dereqet gen. only in ,;;~.:,..uo)O:J v. be

able to tackle/ cope (with-..;), be a match (for-
.;.uS)u dergti~ n. cradle. Syn. ~. Cj .5..;'1.
..;). E.g. ~~li,"".uo)o:J You are no match for
~l-)u def1lUln n. 1. medicine, drug, him. Syn. ~lS'..:.~ oj.J.J'
medication: ~1.Jo.] ~ laxative *~w~ ~
(,0)0:1 derem See (,o)u,nI:J.
vaccine, serum. 2. gunpowder. Syn. ':".J.J)~'+

(~:J,rS ~L..)0:J v. l. treat medically, apply luu derya = luoj q. v.

medicine to-..;, dress i.e. a wound).+ .;l>_ n.
*I.I'"L:....,JO:J derinaml n. exclusion, preclusion.
wholesale drugstore/ warehouse for durgs;
Cf )0 ~ .~:J;I.JY. )O:J.
 278

ju dez n. a pronounced form ofIJ""'.) and often r'"........).+ ..5_ n. I. handle, haft (cf ",:;-0);
thus written; also part of certain compound knob. 2. bouquet (offlowers); bunch (of grass,
forms . ." hand = .:-0.) q. v. + :;....J - = :;";-0,).+ lS_ greens, etc.) (syn. ~~. Cf 1. .:;~). 3. pestle.
n. I. workshop, workroom. 2. system, <.;,'".5-..) q. V. + t L..:S _ adj. hom-handled. + -
apparatus, installation. 3. anvil.+ ;I.)LS _ n. ..,AU- adj. ivory-handled.+ jj.)"s" _ n. pestle and
barman (esp. in a
liquor shop). Cf mortar. Syn. ~'"..s;..o.).+ j"s....L n. 1. bunch!
~~4..0.+ o~.JlS- n. establishment,
bouquet of flowers. 2. the. d~signated
permanent civiV military organization. Cf (winning) cap in the game of ';';-.J"j,SJ"j,S q. v. +.
o~""';l> '.i;;..J..i~'.).+ .;!- = .J..;-o.) q.v.+ ~'}­
~.s n. 1. master marble! walnut (in the game of
adj. clumsy, lacking nimbleness! dexterity. + _
marbles or~' J q. v.). 2. fig. tool, means to an
.r-s 1. n. peddler. 2. adj. worked! operated by
end, pawn, eat's paw. E.g. ";:-0,) ..l 4.t ~&.-o.)
hand. + .r--S _ adj. obtainable, achievable,
l...:...oj.) He is a pawn in the enemy's hand. Syn.
attainable.+ (~»-t~jo.) v. be obtained!
2. ":-o.).)b.+ ~.vJ.s_n. handle. See 1. ..s:....o.).+
achieved. cf Vi"'& .:-t.).+ ~'.r--S _n. fiance, ...:..s. n. (act oj) pulling! tearing out in
fiancee, engaged boy! girl. C.! r-t.)L..+ ,-!L._ n.
bunches.+ (~.)~~.) v. pluck! pulV tear out
working capital. Cf '-! L..J'-. + :;,.,. _ = ~.)
in bunches (of grass, hair, wool, etc.) C.! 1.
q.v.
o~l'+ ~'"...s- n. pestle and mortar. Cf 2.
J.Jjo.) dew n. thread: .:w";;'1.S- n. bot. stamen; ~'Jl.i.+ eo.,,&_ = eo~.) q.v.+ .)l...!."s- See
fiber Cf 3. jL; 3. eo~.+..l_ n. vessel: IoS..l-
I •.,1,;:.:...._.). + j L.,. _ n. triangu lar kerch ief
~? blood vessel. 2. string-like extension of suspended from a woman's headdress and
s.th. viscous! elastic (i.e. gum, honey, etc.).+ falling over the shoulders. + o..l.i _ n. conferred
(~.).;S ..JJ.Jjo') v. form a string when flowing! benefit, grant. + ..u-->o..l.i _ n. beneficiary!
being stretched). recipient of a donation or benefit; grantee. + •
~.) dej adj. reserve (ofafund, stoclc,force, J.j = 0.,L,j (a/l forms) q.v.+ v-.u-i- 1. n.
etc.); saved. C.!,;.....~ 10.)oj~0.) 1..5~. manuscript. Syn. j!.t4t.2. adj. handwritten. Cf
.:.o~...u.+ r'J- See j~.) q.v.+ .ll-tJ- n.
IJ""'.) des n. 1. hand. = .:-.) (all forms) q. v. 2.
mutual kissing of the hand (as a form of
used in indiomatic and other compound forms.
greeting). Syn. G.»'"~o').+ ~..1'I0- n. purse,
i.e. o}"....u.+ ~_ n. 1. cloth which a baker
handbag.+ ~~_ n. ornamental rings on a
wraps around his hand when applying rolled
baby's cradle.+ o~o_ n. one-manhandsaw.+_
dough to the wall of a hot clay oven. 2. amount
of raw wool a woman wraps around her wrist r' n. handkerchief. Cf .sJJ""0.).Syn. 2. o.)~.+
to feed the wooden hand spindle- ~ when ..50_ = ..5~0.) q.v.+ eo~o_ n. pol. power,
spinning.+ ..54"j_ n. support beams (in a authority (legal, official, etc) (cf '.)~);
ceiling), girder. Cf .sor...) I .sJjS. + .5..;,.; _ adj. influence, dominion (syn. 4~): . ....;t\,;~~o­
needy, indigent. Syn. I. eo~.). + ...;..;.; _ n. religious! spiritual authority *')IJo~ ~~o_
need, want.+ .J~.u.- = j~o.) q.v.+ ;1.)_= unlimited authority, free hand; full powers_
;I J.:....o.) q. V. + 0).) _ n. coloured cord with a long *IoS~o";..)4t ..,;~o -administrative authority_
thin pad used to secure a baby in the cradle- *IoS~.)b·~~o judicial authority *~..I.i'r.'~ ~~o_
~.+ ..5j.)_ = ~o.) q.v.+ Jj.)_n. small
executive authority *..r-4J;~ ~~o _ legislative
kerchief.+ ~j~_ n. peddler. See I. ;$jo.).+_
authority *oJ!. L;- ~~o - military au~ority ~~o...
j~ n. small temporary and informal loan
*.)b.)>>=-- limited power *)~~~o... proper/
(made to an acquanintance, etc.). Syn.
 279

legitimate authority *.J.I.iI.I.1~"" ~~. _ (see _ fraudulant.+ IJ-'-r-I- v. cheat, deceive, swindle.
':".l.iI~llc..r-'~') *.:"L.;b L-~~~._ (see ~~._ Cj .J.l.ilJ~~.+ "';..ji_ adj. having a nervous
jJ!.~d). Cj u.Jblil~. 2. ability, capacity (syn. I. desire to tamper (with whatever is around!
L.;I."..I,;l-!); aptitude. Cj .J1~JJlJ.+.:"b.:..~.- v. within reach).+ J~- adj. improvident,
authorize, . empower, delegate authority (to- immoderate in spending. Cj 0,)).,>.+ ISJ~ n.
IS). + )..w)'. - adj. authoritative, sanctioned, intemperance/ immoderation in spending,
approved.+"":-"'-;.).J,j~, _ n. authority, improvidence. Cj ""':'j.o"":'~.+ ':"lJiji/- v. reach
administratio,!, governing body/ agency. C.! for (by extending one's hand); touch (see
~~.+ ~)'._ adj. authoritarian. .:"Il ~ .::-ol). Cj .:".).? 1.3)'.+ IS.J.J..W- adj. having
the characteristic of saying much and doing
L-ol desa adv. then, in that case; as it appears.+ little. + .:,,\..:.;A j..!1- See ':"l.r/ j..! .::-0.). + JL; 4.t1-
1S0l- int). now then!. .J.I.i~...s v. go to the toilet, relieve oneself.+ _
jlJ~ adj. free, having nothing to do; idle,
~• .)1 dest I. n. hand. Cj .~ .jjl.J~~
JJjL.,. (under ,;",~2). 2. n. influence, sway, unemployed (see .J~).+ (':"J.J-!jLJ-.,:...•.) v. be
autority. <..:J~~'l. 3. n. skiI1; address, artistry. free, be fi~ished with doing s.th. cj ~

Cj 1S.I.i......fo.,. .~ •.;--•.). 4. adj. same (of a •y...;»I). + '"" lJ 4.t _ n. state of being free/ having
kind, sort, category, etc.). Syn. ~'"-4.. 5. used nothing to do; idleness.+ ~_ adv. instantly,
in expressions ofparise meaning: bravo! well immediately, at once, straightaway. E.g.
done! Syn. ~l;. 6. used in comb. as thefirst ':"~~l He came at once. Syn. 'l'~.,s

element of some compound forms. e.g. ':-l.,.-U.+ .:,,~ Il.,,,,,tf_ v. spruce up; improve
ISj ~O,) • ';'....;/':-'.) • jj..)~•.) q. v. (.:".J..W .... .:-.l v. one's appearance.+ -4.ot- I. see ~~l. 2.
have a hand (in), be part (oj); be disposed (to), adv. by hand (of s.th. delivered). + .:"b 1_ 4d_ v.
have a nack (jor). E.g. '"-4..... ~fi ~•.) .Jjj act regretfuV compunctious (in reference to a
He has a real knack for being stupid. + ..:-0.) mistake made/ an opportunity lost. lit. slap one
':"l.;$ v. begin, start (used with 4.t) E.g. l.? ~l hand against the other).+ )l.J4.t- gen. (act oIJ
)J~ 4-i He started shouting).+ ) _ n. hand mill, renouncing! dropping.+ (':".J..H)')~'l v.
quem. Cj .~2.+ jjl_adj. ~e(see.;..~•.); relinquish, renounce, drop).+ lS.Jb~- n.
not shy.+ JI- n. gruel, thin porridge of flour relinquishment, renunciation. + .:"ll.;4.t1_ See
and water fed to small lambs and kids. + _ ~)'j.u.::-ol.+ .:"L.; 'J'JJd 4.ot1- v. tum down,

O::-'.)JI adv. from hand to hand.+ (':-'.)Jl:;.....l deny (s.o. a request, plea, etc.).+ ~/_ v. tie
down, limit freedom of action! choice; tie
':"l~ v. 1. pass! change from one hand to
(s.o. 's) hands (cj .J.).;$ ~.u~.+ ~.adj.
another. E.g. IS)'''; y.S lJ.... .).? lS.Jjj ~lJl:;....•.)
tied down, restricted. + (':"l~ .. - .. .-.l v.
~ It changed many hands before it came to
restrict, limit the freedom! action (oflS).+ -
me.+ j-iJI_n. handle. »Jl,;. Cj ..>:-•.).+ ;"J1_1
~ adj. under forced residence (in a house,
n. rock-throwing distance.+ ~JI} adj. & n.
town or country). + .;;)' I~ 41 I_v. take over;
belligerent, aggressive; aggressor. + ~JI} n.
seize, sequester, impound (property, etc.). + _
mean(s), instrumentality, agency. E.g.
1S.J~I.JujjJl:.-o.) political means.+ jLt- adj.
i,,$l.J4---4t adj. seized, confiscated,
philandering, given to amorous play/ sequestered. + IS~ _ n. forced residence. + -
flirtation.+ ISjLt-n. philandery, amorous play, Ji4.i adj. wasteful, prodigal. C.f J~'l.+.
dalliance.+ (':"l.;$lSjL;;....l v. philander, play ~)'llj.>ISJ~ 411 v. mind one's own business,
amorously).+ rI- adj. crooked, deceitful, look after one's own interests, be cautious not
 280

to jeopardize one's own.+ J,j~ n. hobble. Cj etc.; meddle/ interfere in; tackle! begin to do
.J..j.k 1~4.l.s.+ Ui- 1.J4/- v. control oneself, (s.th. undesirable). + ;;b.Jo"';;l- v. interfere,
hold back (used mostly in the negative).+..5\;_ meddle in.+ ..5.J't4- adj. dexterous, skillful in
adj. reliable, trustworthy, honest, upright.+_ the use of one's hands.+ ~_ adj. hand-knitted

~4 n. reliability, trustworthiness, honesty.+. (of a sweaterJabric, etc.) picked by hand (of

cotton, etc.).+ ~lj"'-t;;~/- v. have a bad
•.J"':'~.? ;;41 v. beg. Cj ;;.).,,5;:)1.,.....+ ~_ n.
experience, be deceived! taken in.+ ~_ adj.
masturbation (by hand).+ (;;~.".s ~o~ v.
sown! seeded! planted by hand.+ J~- adj.
masturbate, achieve orgasm with the use of the
hands. Cj o~L:.;.JL;.+ ;;I~/_ See .:-.~ slow and clumsy with one's hands.+ ~/_ v.
help (s.o.) obtain! come into possession (of
~i$.+ ;;.).,,5 ~/_ v. thrust the hands into (a
s.th.), help acquire.+ .JJ.J..:.;.....>I_ v. show one's
hag, poclcet, etc.). Cj ;;.).? ~.r..+~} ~/_ v.
cards (in gambling); fig. declare one's
screen! veil with the hand. + ;;1,; ~I _v. press position! intentioDS.+ ....,;.j...."._ n. stinging
on! push down with the hand. Cj ~ ~"" nettle.+ .j.ji-_ expr. of acclaim: well done! Cj
;;l.i.+ ;;L:.;. ~/_ v. I. run the hand over; touch!
.;,-...,....1.:.+ (;;»I.j.ji-/- used only in tlu!formula:
pat carressively. 2. clean! rearrange (i.e. a
~.j.~ (..s)~~ good for him, he had every
room) summarily and in a casual manner.+.
right).+ 4.il.:.ji-_n. tip, gratuity. C! ~.+.
~~I See;;~.?..sp .:: u.+..s~_n.
initiative, first move/ step, an introductory
~ n. handwriting.+ j?_ adj. deluded,
step. Syn. ,.r-. I ':.;.+ (;;.).,,5 ..sP ':. - •.) v. taken advantage of, deceived. Syn. JI.J') •.;.;.
take the initiative/ lead; precede, beat (s. o. at (;;J.H j~.~ v. be delulledl deceived).+
doing s.th.).+ ;;~".s-:.r.I- v. start, begin, ;;.)~ j~• .) v. deceive, chicane, take
commence; initiate, get (s.th.) going. Syn. 3. advan~ge of) + IJ!..J~ n. deception, fraud,
;;J,jI.Ji_b.+ .~.).?~/_ v. resume, start again. delusion.+ ).)_ adj. influential, having weight
Cj .~b~ ••~~j.L...;:';.+~}.kl-v. be (syn . .:-~); rich (see J,j...J.Ju).+ (;;»I)..t.:;....•.)
thrifty with, practice economy in, be frugal v. be influential; be rich).+ ..s)~- n. influence,
with (what one has); hold on to. + ;; I,; .kl_ v.
power, weight (esp. wben baclced up with
send away, get rid of (s.o.); push with one's wealth). Cj u~~.).+ ;;b/_ v. be suitable/
hand (cj ;;l.io~;:)4).+ ~ adj. dishonest,
appropriate/ serviceable (jor-}!). E.g. ..:-.)~}!
unreliable; given to petty thievery (as of a
ul~l.i It doesn't suit me, It does not meet my
servant, etc.). + (;;»I~.) v. I. bel become
requirements; match! suit (one's taste, means,
dishonest. 2. get one's hand dirty.+ ~..:-.~
need, etc.).+ ":'b/_ v. take up seiously, start
;;.)~ v. cause one's hand to become
and pursue diligently. E.g. ;;.a.:;"",~oJb~.)
dirty).+~ n. dishonesty, unreliability; petty
He has taken up studying in earnest; be drawn
thievery. C! ..sj~.+ ~;:';/_ v.fig. take part, to, take to. E.g. .JLo.,J4..tI.)..r-o.) He took to
interfere, intervene. C! ~~ .;;l.i~.:-..) gambling. Cj .... b ~ ':-0.). + JJ.J') _ adj.
;;L.;.;.,l.+ ;;.).,,5;:)45..:;;1- v. have an adulterous custom-tailored.+ ;.;..).)_ I. adj. aggressive,
relationship/ fornicate (with-ji$4.l). + ;;1;;:'; I_v. belligerent, offensive. 2. See )~.~.+
partake of with the hand, use one's hand (esp. (;;.).,,5 ~..).t.::...-t.) v. commit agression against-}!,
with food); take part, interfere in. + ;;~ •.,;;1-
act belligerantly.+ ..5~..).)_ n. pincers. Syn. 2.
v. have one's hand accidentally soiled! stained!
jL..S.+ ..s"....;..)~ n. aggression, belligerency;
smeared (with s.th.); get involved in
unintentionally.+ ;;b 0.,,;;1_ v. touch! put one's encroachment, overstepping.+ (;;.).,,5 ~..)..I:..-.~
hand into (s.th.) and have it soiled! stained, v. encroach, overstep). + .jI.J _ = o}J'""o~ q. v. + -
 281

.:.-Id adj. having accurate aim, being a (o/-;:,.!). E.g. o~li LJ"s;:,.! r=-0~ 4$ When I
sharpshooter.+ .,;}I/_ v. stretch out the hand felt it, I could recognize it.+ .:...;,S- adj. 1.
(jor-j-t esp. in anticipaton ofs. th. handed out); defIcient, indigent, needy, in want. Syn.
hold up one's hand (to stop/ summon). Cj I; ..s..;~~. 2. uninfluential. Cj .:,.~.:...o4.+-
~}.+ v-...:...Jd l - v. have influence/authority (t~ ~~ n. indigence.+ .:....,..s- n. income (cf

do or have s.th. done).+ ~Jr adj. .:.-1;oJ); revenue, returns; gain, profIt, benefit

in:uential, having authority/ weight. Syn. 2. 4f (see ~ljLJ).+ ";.J4$/- v. attain, obtain, come
':"~~~.+ ~j;_ = ~J;..:.-o~.+ ..,..D;_adj. into possession (of) (cj .,;..,..s ~); earn,
. . .
easy to obtain! acquire.+ ~ Dr adj. having the make.- iit->..:.-o~.+~- n. 1. glove (s). Cf
characteristic of fouling! harming anything that 2. 4J~.
2. one who leads a blind person by the
one touches/ undertakes. + ~ or adj. artistic, hand.+ .:,,~/_ v. I. lead (esp. s.o. blind) by
having handicraftsmanship.- ~""+~-.d- n. the hand. 2. reach out (jor-~) (syn. ~...)~..:-o.)
volley (esp. of rifle fire). Cj..s:.J.;.:. • .:,,1)0/ .JJ.,!. .:,,~.}).+ oy.;~/_ v. discharge, relieve (jrom-...J
(~.".s;:,.! ~..;-o~ v. fIre a volley at Cj ;:,.! jJ-.d duty, position, etc. Cf ':".)JI ~ •.:".).} ;D~); desist,
.:"~.,,.s).+..r.-- adj. unskilled, lacking a vocation refrain (from further interference,
/talent that will earn a living. Cj • ..:- D~ 4f involvement, etc. cj 0.J.&.i~ .;.».+ LS_ n. I.
~. Ij 0;L..!..+ ..5»-_ adj. having a light! system of notes divided into a variety of
different tunes. Cf rlM...- \S'}~ • ~. 2. See
gentle touch (of the hand ); nimble, skillful.
Cj ..,..~u.+~»-_ n. quality of having LS'jo.).+ .,,$- 1. n. pot holder. 2. adj. time
gentle/ deft hands. +j.J---gen. only in.+ __ _ consuming, taking up much timet effort. + •

':".J.J-o/ j.J v. win eternal salvation as a reward for ~JI v.I. guide, lead by the hand;fig. help,
killing an apostate from Islam; do s.th. aid (esp. with a loan). 2. join hands;fig. dance
completely justifIable. + .:"lS:..:.1_ v. gen. used (cf IY~~).+ 0~}1_ v.I. read palms,
practice palmistry. 2. save (by cutting down
only in theformula: r.J~~~ unfortunately,
expenses). Cj .:"~.,,.s .:..".,s~4 3. beg. See ;:)1."....
It is lamentable, I am sorry to say.+.Jj.!._n.
washbasin, washstand, sink. + ..,...UJ _ adj.
D~~.} .:,,4..:.-o~ .,:,J.".s. 4. See oy.;~ .:-t.).+.

~"!I v. squeeze the hand (of s.o.); shake

heavy-handed, slow, clumsy; having a heavy
handgrip/ blow.+ .J4..vl- adj. niggradly, hands (with·~) (syn . .:".).".s 4.J~).+ ~41_ v.
have time, be free, have the opportunity (to dol
stingy; closefIsted. See 1. ..5.J.J..P.'.- .:"..Li~..vl.+­
perform s. th.). Syn. .:,,1~.:-tJ.':"~ .:,.\S. + •
;LS n. craftsman, artisan.+ ~;LS _ n. 1. craft,
occopation! trade requiring manual dexterity
V!& 1 = ~4 .:-t~. + ;.$- = ;.$jo.) q. V. + .r-S-
or artistic skill. 2. act of tampering! foolish n. I. guide (a learned and sagacious person).
meddling (with- ~). (.:,,~.} ~;~~ v. tamper/ 2. helper, assistant. 3. gain, benefit. + ~~
fool around with s.th.).+ oi.....s- adj. ':".J.1-t v. be obtained, come into one's

openhanded, munifIcent. Cj o~. + ~.".s­ possession) Cf.,;y..S ":-0,).+ .:"I,r-SI- v. be

adj. handmade (cj JJ.)~o~); artifIcial, occupied! tied up/ engaged. Cf ':"»01 ..s...~. + •

synthetic.+ lJ.lj4.t.:"~.,,.sI- v. draw (s.o.) into 0~1;.$1 v. wihtdraw one's hand (after having
(s.th.) with regretfuV unpleasant consequences; reached out to touch! grab s.th.). + lijd ...J 1-
deceive. .:"b.,......,i . .:"..Lil;4J~~.+ o~J.}I_ v. ':".»-i V. be prospering, be in a position to avail
begin! initiate the first move (against-;:,.! in a oneself of a good opportunity. Cf...:.;".,s.:"li
fight, banle. etc.).+ .:"l;"sl- v. grope, feel one's D~jd'+ .:,,~ 4J _ adJ. having the arms around
way with the hand (as in darlcness); touch, feel (each others) neck, in a mutual embrace,
 282

embracing. + (':"»-I':"~.u..:-o.) v. 1. have the ~.J See ~~...,.:.:......o.).+ .:"l>...:...;:.,J~"';- v. be

anns around each other's- .;.S4t neck; neck. 2. close enough- in a blood relationship so as to
achieve (a goal), find (happiness, peace, etc.). cause impediment to marriage-so that a touch
Cf ~..s .:..IJl.:,,-/.+ .:".))".:,,~ ..J.:-oH. put the will not constitute ceremonial polution.+ ~..,;_
arms around (each other's) neck.+ ~..J/_ ~.J~ v. keep oneself ceremonially pure

•..,..;.))" V.t. leave alone (lit. remove the hands beween prayers.+ &J\-I.)~";I- v. practice no

from s.o.'s collar. cf .:,,~~.jI..,).+ .J"-I~/­ restraint; be reckless/ indiscriminate/ ruthless

(esp. in one's assualt or retaliation).+ 1".)";_
.:,,1.) v. let go, release, set loose (cf ,:,,'))"iI•.J"-I);
abandon, leave. + iJ.-> ~ I_v. touch, feel with
adj. lenient, tolerant, clement. Cf ..s.v-:-',).+
~..J~ - adj. un influential, lacking weight!
one's hand; rub by hand (when washing s.th.)
(cf LiUjlS'j..t....).+ .:"IJ~/_ v. touch, feel with authority. Syn. 2. ':"~~'4 (under ;:.,h+-
the hand. Cf .:".)~ ~'J. + ..;1.) ~ I-v. take up •.)oj"'; adj. untouched, fresh, untried.+ ~_ I.
(i.e. arms) against, reach for (s.th.) with the adj. planted by one's own hand, of one's own
intention of using it against (s.o. or s.th. else). creation. 2. n. protege.+ .:,,~_ 1. adj. picked,
E.g. •. . ~•.;l~u .... b ~ c,;-.') He reached for his marked, nominated. Cf .:"~,,...: 'JI;.,;j~. 2.
gun to use against me.+ jjo..!:.,J/- v. wash one's nominee. Cf .).~L.;.+ (.:".).,5 .:"L...:..:..:.;;-u v. pick,
hands of, give up hope for, forgo.+ ~~:.,J/­ mark, nonimate).+ ,).r.J- 1. adj. fast, swift and
v. touch with one's hand (esp. accidentally).+ efficient, quick in perfonning. 2. n. haste,
.:"L.;~/. v. place the hand on (in order tofeel hUrry. Syn. I~ ,..J~.+ (.:",))"~ ,);,..,:...oH. urge,
the pulse, temperature, etc.). Cf ..,;li..:-o.) hustle S.o.; dol perfonn hurriedly. cf .u~
yI-.+ .:,,;;I.:.'J ~ I_See .:,,;;l.:.oJ ..:-.,).+ ~ ~ 1- .:".)~.+ I.Pri.J- = 2. ,);'.,;........,)q.v.+J...J-n. the
.:,,;;IS~ v. waive to with hand (esp. to signal/ hands. E.g. ~"'..s~jjL..;~,.,;:-.,) He has
call).+ ~.Jj~~/- v. give up, shun, abstain awkward looking hands; dexterity, skill and
ease in using the hands (cf ..r-'')~).+ _
from, quit. E.g. •~.J~ •.,.....)}p..J~.)He
~~ n. hands. E.g. 4t~ "';I-",!" ~4t~~0')
has given up drinking (cf .:,,~:.,J jIJ);
She has lovely looking hands.+ ;:"".J- n. 1.
renounce, disclaim, divorce oneself from,
disavow. E.g. 0~.J~~u=--t,). He has hands and feet. 2. See ;;0";"";;'-''). + ;;''';''.J _ n.
disavowed her.+ 4tL.- = 4tL.jo.) q.v.+ ';";';-.JIJI"- retinue, cortege (cf ~4S); domestic
v. standard expr. of supplication! appeal: I servants. + 1"<I-l,uJ- n. calligraphy. Cf
beseach you!, please!.> ';-.JIJ.+ ~_n. charge, ~.).+ t~J- also ~J- n. mutual
cost (of labour/ service). Cf U ,..:-.~ .... +- kissing of each other's hands (as a sign of
. # See rr-'')'+ ~..;li/_ v. grab by the throat. affection! form of greeting).+ .:,,;;L:..oJ/- v.
Syn. ~.J~ (under~J).+ ~..;li/_v. place strike, hit (as finding one's chance and laking
it). E.g. ;;L..:.'J..sj.>..r-'')o~.u He struck
one's hand on (i.e. to swear by).+ ~..,;_ n. ritual
first, He took the frrst opportunity; used with
ablution before prayer. ~.J.:.;;_m~ ,~.".::....o4.+­
:.,J- at, on meaning: inflict on (as of an
jj.....:.~..,; v. perfonn a ritual ablution before outraged saint punishing a blasphemer),
prayer.+ .:,,\S:....:.~..,;_ v. become ritually unclean haunt! inhabit by touching. (as of a ghost). + _
for the saying! perfonning one's prayer (an ~J adj. swift in striking (of a person). + ._
occasion which calls for performing the ritual
n. 1. set, number of things of the same kind
ablution anew). Cf .:,,~~~....,.:;....•.).+ ~..,;_
that belong or are used together. E.g. ..s4t~ •.)
.:,,;;l>...:, v.t. cause to become ritually unclean,
jj~ A set of knives (syn. 1. rl\;); deck, pack
cause to perfonn a ritual ablution anew.+ ~..,;_ (of eards); carton (normally containing a
 283

dozen or less packs) (cf .J.jJ'~)' 2. group, sailing ship, skiff. >~. Cf 1. !".u4.t .t~li.+
assemblage (of persons/ animals). Cf 2. .r.S.- n. small vic (esp. used by a sealmalcer-
;:J-jS. 3. mil. squad. Cf 3. ~ .},_.,.;;"...~. 4. • 2··
~ ....w- (under....;.. ).+ ..:,.~._ = ':"~"'l q.v.+
staff, assisting personnel. E.g. .J1.;4-.u' I.S~~ .:-.J._ n. fabrication, s.th. made up for the
Editorial staff. + (.J~.;S...:-u v. fonn into a purpose of deception. Cf jJl.+ ...J... n.
j.i~_
group; arrange in sets! packs, etc.).+ earthenware, spout less jar. Cf ~.j.;S'.+;..a.­
also j-i~ _ adj. hamstrung, at a loss, adj. tame (cf J~); subdued, made docile and
handicapped. Cf .,;J.5..S~; looking helpless submissive. + (.J.tJ-I ;"..:-0':' v. be tamed. + ~~
and dejected. + l.rt' _ n. gruop of chums .J,:,.;S;..a v. tame; subdue, humble). + IJ • _ adj.
(boys).+ .J4i._1. adj. pledged, committed. 2. n. reciprocal, mutually corresponding (hence _
garantor, sponsor. Cf Jf~.+ (.J»i~~ ...,.-tIJ' n. reciprocity, mutual exchange of
v. pledge, commit oneself to-I.S).+.~ n. I. privileges! recognition, etc. E.g. ~~~
two-man hod! handbarrow. 2. stretcher.+ _ ~I~.,:, Reciprocity agreement).+ .~IJ'- n.
I.S~' n. sponsorship; security, a garantee: ~ gram. clause: ),:,.J I.S.~IJ'" verbal clause I.S.~IJ'"
.,....~ social security.+ (~.;-SI.S~l v. *JI-i nominal clause.+ ..... IJ... n. gauntlet,
sponsor).+ .Jlll.S~'- v. give security,putup protective glove. + j.i~.Jf _ = j.i~,:, q. v. + -
bail (jor s.o.).+ ..... L:.....;4-I.- n. guarantee ..5jJ4.fJ' See ~~u.+ ~-,llJ._n. gen. (act
(document).+ 1.SJ.j4.f'- n. (act of) fonning a of) supplicating! appealing.+ (.J»i~-,I,:,~,:,
group alliance, pact, etc.+ (.Jl,rS l.S~l v. v. supplicate, ask bumbly from-IS> appeal to.
fonn a group alliance/ pact).+ ~J~'- adj. cf .""";IJ~;:,J).+ '.J"'o-!I,:,.Jf- n. staff, group of
incapacitated, lost, out of action (esp. due to subordinates.+ Jl......Jf- n. halter, See Jl...p.+-
confusion! fluster) (cf '::""'O.lt~); helpless,
.JL...Jf adj. immobilized, incapable ofpursuingl
weak (cf .j.i~~ •.JL....~.~ . .,.,;"...sJ~~
carrying through; at a standstill. Cf •oJ~
.)S.~).+ •.r.;:......- n. constellation (ofstars).+_
~~~~ (under ~,.l).+ J.......sJ.- adj. with
"..k.. n. thong, strip tied to the end of a rein.>
one's hand folded.+ .Jl::-oJ~..sJ'" v. stand
~'-JW.+ I.r.-'- n. small oil lamp.> I"p'". Cf
with one's anns folded (as a sign ofrespect).+
~."l.+ .u'L;..- n. flat, apartment.+ l~'_ n. JliJo _ adj. slightly sloped! inclined (of a road).
spring (coill leaf). Cf 1. ~•.»J.+ ~.,..._ n. Cf o)~J'~..;4-.+ ~-"- adj. 1. at each
group of chums (girls). Cf I~l.+ j~'_ n. other's throat, having each other by the collar.
collaborator, link (in a theft! robbery).-j~.+_ 2. very close (of a place). Cf ..s.......;;.+
JJl' n. stick driven into the top of a plow beam (.J»-! ~~~ v.I. have (each other-.rs~) by
to serve as a handle. + .... _ adj. in groups, in the collar, grapple with (each other). 2. be
sets! packs, etc. E.g. ~L.. ..:-.~...:-ol They very close).+ *~~_ n. alliance/ bond!
came in groups. + ....:.•.l- See ....:..d' + ) J.J-f - connection, affinity. Cf 1.SJ.j4.tJ l..+ ~...r-~/­
n. mil. cavalry detachment. Cf 3. ~~.+._ v. raise one's hand; raise the hand (of-I.S).+-
~ n., gen. (act oj) causing (s.o.) to ~.J~/ v. give up, abandon, renounce,
default.+ (.Jl';-s ~._ v. cause (s.o.) to desist! abstain (jrom-;:,J). Cf .J~ jIJ.+ I.S'"
default! fail to fullfil an agreement, a duty, ~......J~ also ~~J~~ n. pressure groupe
etc.).+ ~_ n. ann wrestling.+ ~... n. (to promote! safeguard an interest). + Jlt- 1.
young girl (8-10 years old).+ pS._ n. young adj. assisting, helpful (hence I.SJ~ n. help,
boy (8-10 years old).+~... n. small, light assistance, hand. syn . ...;.....Jlt. cf ..5.....jS.+
 284

,:,~.r--S ';.J~~ v. help, assist). 2. helper, ~U dega n. .conceit, pretence. Cj ,r-i.

assistant. Syn. ~~~~. Cj ";~D-,L:.+ ~"';.J~­
~u· d~ l n. wheat and barley (standing crop).
n. mil. warrant officer.+ .,;- handed over,
Cj f..$.~ . ..J~. <,:,b"itD~.+ ,:,I~-,- n. cereals.
delivered by hand. 2. adj. pertaining to the
Cj .J~.
hand. 3. n. loan. Syn. rl-,. +..s-..s- n. deception
through false promises.+ (,:,~.J-""',,;-~,,;-~ j.l.u2 d~ l gen. (act oj) tampering! meddling
v. deceive/ delude by repeated promises, with.+ (,:,~...,sj.l.D~ v. tamper/ fool with-.;. Cj
procrastinate, put otT (an obligation! debt.
,:,~.J.J~ • 2. ,:,~.J ';.J~~'
etc.).+ .J~D- n. personnel.
d~ez.ar adj. sick-looking, peaked,
'::"'-D~2 desl n. set, suit (usually used with ~ or
sickly. Cj .;:,>..;.
~). E.g. ~ ;:r-D~ suit! set of garments. syn.
..:.oli. ~D~ dt!.!el adj. imcompetent but roguish,
knavish (of a person). Cj ';~. Syn.
.J.n=--~ destIJr n. 1. rule, accepted procedure/
U~"-I.+ n. artificially/
loS- cunningly
custom! habit. E.g. ~ ';JY-~ 4t According to
disguised incompetence.
our customs. (cj I. -,Lot. L-l: .jl.,;-J); pol.
~u d~ also ~.~ (A) n. & adj. supplicant,
constitution. 2. grammar. See ,:,L.}-J' 3. med.
imploring.+ (':'»-t~D~ v. implore. E.g. .::J.:.tD~
enema, clyster. See .JL.;;.4. commission, act
f":' I implore you).
of giving authority. Cj ,:,L.p.+ (.jJ.tuJY-~ v.
be a custom! practice with-.;~.+ ,:,~.J .J.JY-D~ v. ~.~ d~/e n. cashbox.
give an enema to).+ IJ--I~/- v. ask
JD~ def n. tambourine.+ .jD~_ n. tambourine
permission, take leave.+ ,:,b/_ v. grant
player.+ ,:,I~-...,J/- v. play on the tambourine.
permission (to-.;); authorize, empower,
commission.+.;_ adj. constitutional. ~u defter n. notebook.

*..si..J..-.~ desgit11 n. fiance. Syn. ,:,I.,.$ju. ~u delr n. container, rececptacle, vessel,

utensil. Syn. I. ,:,L.L:. Cj I. ';"'ll.
desl n. plain; open country, rural
surrounding: L,JDj,j..,$' loS- coastal/ littoral plain. ~u dele (A) n. sleyreed on a loom: ,:,l.:..,;-
Cj ..s...,s. ~~.+ ,:,1- also l.,iI- and ~I_ n. shoulder blade, scapula.
soft ground; open plain.+ .JD~-,- n. open ...:,.~ dev n. moutli = rU q. v. + ~J _ adj.
country.+ ~D_ adj. I. rural, off relating to the discreet, cautious. C.! }I J)';'
country, rustic. C.! .;)...:. '''';l:-o~ .~...;S' 2.
*P~ devtll n. train. Syn. 4-J' ~..:..
wild (of a plant! animal). See .;,;.$.+ loS- I. n.
type ofrli~ q. v. 2. See ~~~. *~.~ dever n. place, spot, location. (syn. J.
~); district, region. (syn. ~-,L;).
~D~ det;ba n. creature, a being of anomalous!
uncertain identity; thingamajig (syn. .~ *~u devi n. bush. Syn. ':'D-,D~.+ ,:,l::-_ n. scrub,
~Ip). C.! .J~Dj. tract covered with bushes.
JU· deq n. 1. crease, pleat (of trousers. skirts.
"';~4..S0U der;r:anl I. n. name of a fabulous
etc.). 2. shape.+ JI- n. glue used in giving
animal; odd! weird-looking person. 2. adj.
cunning and resourceful. body to fabric. C.! ~~. + ~I_ adj.
creased! stiffened with JliD~ q. v. + D.,..;I_ [~D~ I
 285

v.i. bow; bend forward. Cj 0-",",\;;;.";.+ ~/_ jo~ del also ~~ adj. female (of the dog, pig,
v. take defmite fonn! shape, crystalize. + -;"'1- bear, etc.). Cj 2. j;.S.+ 0.. adj. female, she-
,;,I~ also ~}-;"'I_ v. give defmite shape/ fonn (always followed by the name ofthe specific
to; crease, pleat.+;1~ adj. having definite naimal).+ ~._ adj. in heat (esp.ofafemal
shape, being in good condition.+ o-",",I~/_ v.I. dog! bitch).+ jl~o_ n. sow, adult female
sift grain a second time. 2. spank.+ ,;,\5..:,.1- v. swine.+ j.u~ n. adult female jackal.+ ~~o.. n.
1. lose a crease/ pleat. 2. lose shape/ fonn, female demon.+ ..s~o.. n. she-dog,adult female
become ambiguous.+ ~}I_ v.I. remain in the dog, bitch. + ft.!.a _ n. lioness, adult female
shape into whitch (s.th.) is creased, pleated; Iion.+ ..s~._ n. adult female wolf.+ ,;,~... o_
bent. 2. remain unchanged (i.e. ofprices).+- n. adult female monkey.+ (i,J-'Jo- n. adult
~} adj. rigid, stiff; fig. unbending, set, female bear.+ ..s..:...-,o_ n. adult female lynx.
inflexible. Cj U J"'"
":'''J.~ delav n. gulf. Syn. -,I~.
Jo~2 deq 1. n. text; exact wording! version. Cj
-.J"Ju delaqe n. gap, breach, slit, cleft. Cj .
.:....:.~I~. 2. adv. full, exactly. E.g. ~U~j~O~
0~.J~ He has been gone for exactly ten days.
~.s .u;.J..s.+ ii-> ~ I_v. cause a gap in,
breach.+ ~."..s~/- v. be breached, show a
Jul deq n. spirit, vigour (esp. ofanimals i.e. a gap, have a slit.
horse). C! ..s~4i. ..N.~ delak n. 1. barber. Syn. ";1;y.-.2. one
uu deqne n. charity (in theform ofmoney/ who massages! rubs down and washes patrons
kind) given to theological snidents of a in a public bath. See .;l.i.+ ~~_ n. barber
neighbouring mosque. shop.+ I.S- n. barber's profession.
.;..3-,-,..I.i.uo~ deqendliq/n adj. changeable, fickle. j"Ju delal (A) n. broker, middleman. agent;
.. ;_;,~ deqiqe (A) n. minute (unit of time). Syn. auctioneer (see ~Ij'" .~I~).+ ~I_ n.
..s.u~.+ "";"j_ n. the minute hand (on a watch broker's wage/ commission, etc.+ ~~ n.
clock). C! ....;..j'~4.... auction house (syn. ";~Ij"'); broker's fIrm..+.
.., n. 1. broker's! auctioneer's profession. 2.
..su dek intj. used to introduce good! evil
See ..;"J"J.~.
wishes. E.g. ~rs..;.,:j~ ..so~ May you never
• I •
recover!. ~.:....;..J I.,..> ..so~ May God protect ,;,.L.i"J.~ [.;,-;.J.~l delandin v.i. leak, seep, ooze.
(preserve) him for you. Cj 2. ';'..!p.~.

,:,.-s.~ degmen adj. minimal, nominal, token. ';'..I.i~.l del.and/n n. osmosis.

Cj r-4.S. <,:,...-S0~4.f.+ ..s- adv. minimally,
~u delb adj. loose, big (i.e. footwear), slack,
nominally.
baggy (of clothes).+ (.J.Vi~.~ v. be loose; be
."..s.~ deger n. resource, ingenuity, adroitness, baggy).+ yj~-,_adj. too big! loose.
faculty, flare. < .)&o~4.f.
. l:;Ju delta (E) n. delta .
..5..:.&.~ degeneg n. force, compulsion. Syn.
.)~..,.Jt.) delubiber n. pepper (fruit! plant): ftJ..s-
..L..~. Cj .)lj.
hot pepper *j.J4...1.S- green pepper. Cj U4.ll:.
Je~ del adj. bold, audacious, brave. C! I.
J..u~t.) deluqel adj. immodest, bold.
 286

..u-l•.) delu adj. zany, clownish, lunatic. Cj v. i. have a furry tongue. + 1.;:- ~ lJ "-i.,)>>i I_also
..sj-: '. + J lS _ n. lunatic/ giddy/ lightheartedly y.)~ ~....J.; 4..t.,)>>-d- v. be left speechless!
silly person. dumbfounded, be left gaping. + ~~ "-i _ adj.
~..u-lu delUv n. pail, cylindrical vessel with a gay, smiling, affable (of s.o.). 2. adv.
laughingly.+ ,,).J.J-i~/- v. let out a barrage/
handle. Cj j;......
outpouring (of normally loud and unfriendly
.u•.) dele also j..) J'l n. quivering, wobbling; talk).+ ~_ n. muzzle used on an ox during
state of h~ving come to' a head (of a boil).+ ploughing (").).;5 ~ •.) v. silence, suppress;
(.,)l......,sjU....J •.) v. quiver, wobble).+ ....... adj. muzzle.+ -,I~_ adj. silenced; muzzled,
pouched (of an egg).-~. gagged.+ )-'~_ adj. alarmist (as of a
~u dele~e adj. having the tendency to scaremonger); demonstrating needless panic
(as of a child making a scene with little or no
adulate/ flatter.+ jJI:- n. adulation, flattery. Cj
provocation).+ ~L..lS"~ A-il- also ")>>i~/­
',)'..J'I<&-:....&-:.....
t.J .. _ .. _
v. falter/ fumble in one's speech (because of
........,•.) delese n. tale, rant, bombast. Cj J. fear, nervousness or shyness).+ ~_ n. 1.
muzzle for restraining a threshing ox. 2. cord
jL.:·oe·i- ......J•.)-'JJ.).
used to tie the mouth of a bleached skin bag-
..s~•.) delek n. zool. marten: ..sJ.~ fur! pelt 1....iL..4JI .jl~ q.v. +.,)>>i -,IJ~/- See r'') ...Ij -,l.;.+.
of a marten Syn. ..s..:...,s. I~').J .,)~I v. gape while talking.+ ~.w.- adj.
toothless (of a person). Syn. .JI..I,~.+ Ji..t- adj.
l...oeJu delya n. I. huge amount! quantity. Cj JJj.
having a wide mouth! opening (of a basket.
2. See = L....)0l q. v. + j.) _ adj. magnanimous,
dish. etc.). C.! I. ~.+ ~t. ~/_See "-ir'')
bighearted.+ ";'.vJ- adj. gluttonous, capable of ~~ lS~.+ ~_ adj. abusive and offensive in
consuming a large quantity of food! drink. Syn.
language. Cj ";'J.,..-i~.+ ~_ n.
~Jjj.
abusiveness. + jl...J _ adj. uncouth, harshly/
denqant n. shameless! saucy! abusively blunt. Cj J •.r-J.+ ~ adj. talker,
impertinent woman. man of words (as opposed to a man of
J....oe.J •.) dent (A) n. guide (syn. J"-il;. cj u-'....u-:;..;); -
deeds).+ ~r n. empty speech, talk much and
directory (of telephone, etc.). no action. idiom.: ..s.....:.-'-' ..... lS" ~l'; r'') Wet on
words, dry on deeds.+ .,).J:.U.; I_See -:";';4J>I')
~u dellnpres. stem of the verb .,).J:.~0l q. v.
.,).);5.+ .,).J:.lj~/_ also .,)t;~/_ v. J. eat with the
rU I dem n. mouth (syn. I. )j); opening, mouth directly from a dish (esp. ofanimals).
aperture, orifice (cj .J.JS .j~. ~~).+ ..s:...1_ 2. live lavishly (on), go quickly through (a
n. mask, veiV (esp. one covering nose and fortune. legacy, etc).+ .,)1.) .~/_ v. get oneself
mouth); fig. mask, disgdise, c1oak.- tL.m. involved (in a discussion! coversation).+ ~_

.,).).;5+ r·.)-,I- adv. by word ofmouth.+ r •.)-,I- n. amount of gum sufficient for one chew (of
~ y...S v. be spread by world of mouth, be gum which comes in bigchunks).-.- ':' .. +.

repeated by one person to another.+ ;1_ adj. 1. '-4lS 1....i.J.?:1 v. I. be unable to talk, become

all (together), offered as one item (of articles speechless. 2. have lockjaw.+ .:,,~_ adj. inept
sold together). Cj ,,;:,S.2. final, defmitive.+. and boring (of a talker).+ ~~_ n. ineptness
").).rd v. begin to eat, eat!drink of-J./; approach in speach.+ -'~_ adj. limp/ slowlflimsy when
with one's mouth U-t).+ ;:)..t- adj. having the talking.+ ";'j>_ intj. well said!, well spoken!.+
tendency to mumble/ mutter. + IJ"~I..t "-i .,)>>d- ... L!.j>_ See ~jA.+ .,)U~ 1.)/_ v. gape, stare
 287

openmouthed.+ ,J.Li~ b/_ v. open the mouth He can't keep his mouth shut. Cj 0.J4-Io.) ~
wide; gape, stare openmouthed. + J ~b - atij. ~J.+ o~J/- v. abstain from excessive
gaping, having one's mouth open (esp. when eating. Cj ~.)~ )..)~. + [.;.,$_ adj. lively and
in a gaze).+ .)b_See I. it.)~.+~I.)/_v.i. graze brisk in talking. + i.;J _ adj. bold and
briefly. Cj .J-'..).J4-l.+ t~b/_ v.i. 1. open up, contentious. Cj ';Iyl..,.m.+ t.) ~ _ n. decanter
begin to blo~som (of flower buds). C.f with a tilted mouth! opening! brim.+ ~/_
v"..u>--;. t~l...!.&. 2. come open, burst (of a t~').J v. direct a barrage of words (by way of
boil. abscess. etc.). Cj ~-,-,..I.)t').+ A,.)- See
insult. rebuke. etc.) against.+ ;),;..s..:~J/- v.
....,....:....t.). + ~JJ.).) / _ v. reduce to silence, shut (s. 0.)
close one's lips forever, pass away. Cj ~.)~.+
~p. C.f ~.)~ ..s...:.t4l.
+ ~..).)_ adj. indiscreetly
~~ _ adj. up-side-down, turned over (of a
argumentative, offensively garrulous. + ~~_
receptacle).+ <I......i_ n. cigarettholder (see
n. offensive argumentation.+ (~.).J ~...rL-'.) v.
o~.)b); mouthpiece ofa waterpipe-.u&..,;;.+_
argue offensively, be insulting! rude!
;:II J adj. shallow (of a dish. utensil). See 1.
slighting).+ ..:......Id - I. adj. adroit and articulate.
Syn. ~I.i-.......J .~IJJd' 2. n. spokesman (see
~. + J...J - n. conversation (gift of! aptitude
for). E.g. "-!o~,,r.j>l;~J.m He is such a
~-l); notable, personage.+ ~Ir n.
bad conversationlist. Cj JJ.).J-'"I.).+ J4-J- n.
eloquence and adroitness.+ ~JJd- adj. not
face, countenace, physiognomy, visage. Cj
inspiring respect! consideration (of s. o.
childish in appearance! behaviour). Cj .)~J')'+ ~J~J- n. woman who grooms
.)~.+ ';0r adj. prone to making ominous! others" by removing superfluous hair from the
pessimistic remarks.+ .).)L...._ adj. listless and
face.+ ~Jju J4-J- v. groom the face by
removing! plucking superfluous hair.+J4-J-
lethargic in speech. Cj i.)~"U.)'+ .il-- 1. adj.
~)'j.1..6 v. squeeze the face with a full hand
harmonious, agreable. 2. n. close friend, chum.
Cj .)d..rl'~dJ~'+..r.-- atij. respected and (as a sign of punishment! contempt). Cj
having his advice sought after.+ ~l;.v-/- v. ~l...i~ ..j~~.+ ~bJ- n. mouth (mouth and
teeth together). Cj iU'+ ~L..IJ.)J- See
blunder, utter (s.th.) confusedly! carelessly.+_
~IJJ.).J-'"t').+ JJ.)J- See J."...t.).+ ~IJJ.)J- n. view,
.)JJ- atij. confident, sure of oneself, poised. + _
opinion, thought (esp. as revealed through
.r- adj. indiscreet! unrestrained in talking or
conversation). E.g. ~ "";~IJJ')"...t') ".,;Iji Find
divulging what is said. Cj .i~.+ .J-'~/­
out what he thinks. + ":'-1.)J _ adv. at once,
~.)~ v. bribe, induce by! influence through
immediately, right, away. Syn. ;?...;.......). Cj
bribery.+ ~""'4~/- v. close one's mouth;
r~.,s.+ ~J- also ..;1J- n. manner! mode of
refuse to talk, remain tight-lipped.+ J4-~­
talking (used disparagingly). E.g. ..sJ!--
adj. tight-lipped, closemouthed.+ o.,...:,I.J/- v.
...s ~"....) Look at the way he talks. + ~.uJ _ n.
have the tongue unleashed.+ t~').J/- v. open
mouth and snout (used disparagingly of
~
one's mouth; open (s.o. 's) mouth< i',) people).+ ~..JlSJ_See~"...I.).+ ..i.;lJ-n. muzzle,
oy..j.).J.+ ~.,s- adj. gen. silenced (~.J.J'i~~.) v. nose and mouth (of an animal).+ ..:...vJJ- n.
be hushed up! silenced. ~.).J ~~o.) v. hush up, face (esp. the mouth and nose). Cj J~'''oU.).+­
silence by threat. bribe. persuasion. etc.).+ .. ~~J also IJ"~J- n. manner of talking;
~J/ V.I. order to be silent, hush (s.o.) up; appearance of one's mouth. E.g. ~J.uJ­
used with j> -self meaning: remain quiet, stay t~l~ May he choke on his words.+ lJ- adj.
silent, keep one's peace. E.g. .:.;..••$'L.i~~sm blusteringly talkative.+ t- n. brim, border,
 288

bern: }:J..S ";'_ decorative hem of a skullcap. 2. iJi-1)o,;.· V. control one's tongue, avoid getting
See ""u~»,". 3.jirst part ofsome compound into trouble because of what one says.
forms. i. e. ~u. + ;;S.;.- n. chat, idle/ light r.~l dem n. 1. time (normally short). Cj •..:.ol....
familiar talk; dialogue. (~~"s ;:;.;.... u v. cbat, •.::...LS. 2. gram. tense.+ ";»t- adj. out-of-date,
carry on idle talk; have a dialogue). a,.;;JAS outmoded, obsolete. + _ "-! _ also I"d _ adv.
<cJi4..i..... ,). Cj oJIJJ~ •..,..~.+ ;:}....~hl.. n. from time to time, every now and then.+ ~',)_
heavy breathing and movement of the mouth adj. I. inconsistent, fickle. 2. occasional,
(of s.o. on the threshold of death). Cj irregular; intermittent.+ ~L:.;S/- v. be brewed
J~":'L$.+ ~.,..s~;:;~I,)1.. v. gasp for one's last and ready to serve (tea); be cooked! done (of
breath, drop the jaws in death.+ ';-1'_ adj. dull boiled rice).+ 1"'')1.. n. beginning! early hours
and jagged (of the edge! blade of acutling (of the morning, evening, etc.).+ (~»II"'')'''''') V.
tool) (oJ,b-i .;~.,) v. become dulV jagged). + _
be (atl around! during) the early hours of-,,;).
,)).j. n. hard and tempered edge (of a steel/
E.g. ~& &.S ~ .},.;.; ~.,)~.,) It was during
object).+ .~,),} ,)).j._ v.I. hone and retemper
the early hours of the evening when I arrived.+
(the dull edge ofa tool). Cj ~~~. 2. review, ~._ adj. temporary (cj "",LS); passing,
brush up (i.e. one's knowledge ofa subject).+ transient (syn. ~u.J"-); provisional, interim. +
;:.:..0 - n. bot. snapdragon. + )lJl.. n. ~gle, ...s:;..uL;.- aliv. every other time, alternatively.
heated argument. Syn. ).:....»t. (~»I ~ lJ.....,) v. Cj LSlS'.+ J'- 1. prep. towards, not long
have a heated argument with-jJ..J). Cj -..; before. E.g.,b-i .)1"';'; ~.,) It was not long
~I.r--S. + ,,?,- See )U,,-.,). + ;"r;"s. - See before evening. Cj 2. 'J. 2. in comb. serving
;:;~b .... u. + &-'J._ n. (act of) mimicking as the adverbial suffIX: -ward. e.g. )JJ~ ~.,)
(s.o. 's) speech. Cj \,I!l-'J.+ (~,),} AS.-'J .....') v. q.v.+ )"'>J'- 1. adj. down, up-side-down. 2.
mimick (s.o.) in speecb).+ ~._n. part of the adv. downward. + )JJ~J _ adv. upward. Cj
shroud! winding sheet that covers the mouth
)JJ~J'J"-I. + ."...iJl- See},.;.-~u. + ~ also ~ -
and nose.+ (~,)~ ~~u v. shroud the mouth
n. a long time! spelV duration, sometime since.
and face for burial).+ ..,:-._ n. cold. See E.g.•.Yo.... ..:. ~.,) It has been sometime since I
~~"'·+JJ.P'- See JJ~~..J.+ ~~JI_adj. last saw him.+ ..s-See ~..... ,).
up-side-down, with the mouth (of a utensil)
3
facing downward.+ '''':',),}~~J'- v. place l"u dem n. blade, edge (of a cutting tool). Syn.
up-side-down, rest with the face/ mouth (of a ~.
container) downward.+ ..:.I J • _ n. sluice; valve,
t Lo.,) demllX n. nose. See ..:.o.uJ. C.! t.L..,). +
stopper (cj ..:.1"...:.4): )S:,flJ..s- safety valve.+_
(~,)"s eG .,) V. muffle conceal! protect).+ _
)'J' adj. impertinently argumentative.+ ";)'J'-
~.Jj\5....:../ V. snub, check! stop with a cutting
n. disputation, impertinent argument.+ ~I~
retort. Cj ~b ..:.o.uJ ..J. + ~ j-.. / _ also j-.. /_
adj. brazenly garrulous.+ ~Ip_ n. garrulity
~b See ~,),} t L..~.
bordering on boldness.+ ~... _ n. gen. (act
of) muffling the face.+ iJ.-4t~/- also _ )Lou dema, (T) n. 1. anat. nerve (cj .$.~): ..s-

~,)~ ~... / v. muffle one's face, wrap up """J~ manly feelings *~"-!.I,)~..s- Kurdish
one's face to conceaV protcet (often used with national sentiment; vein; bed: JL.;..s- water
~ -self).+ .~l.:.;a j-../_ v. open one's mouth in table. 2. stem., vein (i.e. of a leaf). See
an attempt to speak, try to speak up.+ ,,;_ ~...s.)L..,).+ ..L..i"; _ adj. obdurate, inflexible,
unyielding. + ,,;J,j"; _ n. obduracy, inflexibility. +
 289

~JJjt/- v. be moved! stirred (by a sentiment, ..5J.J..I.iu dendfJk = ..5~u q. v.

feeling, act, etc.) E.g. t.viJJ~~"-tI~.;.,s~)lm
..s::.;t~ denik n. single grain; seed (of cereal,
His Kurdish sentiment has been aroused. + •
fruit, etc.). Cf 2. ,jb.+ L. used in comb. as
,j~ )t~/ v. be hard on, treat (s.o.) harshly.+.
part of compound forms, e.g. ..5.;;..s:..;t~ single
~}/ v. have an attack oflwnbago.+ ~adj.
chickpea. f..s..s:..;t~ grain of wheat. + t _ D_ adv.
fanatical, overzealous, radical. + ~.r-S _ n.
grain by grain.
fanaticism, ardent zeal: ~;J~~L.;~
..s::.;t~ deng n. 1. voice, tone (cf .1.,.; .~ ...
ideological fanaticism *jJt.t~';~.r.--S­
.hL.;). E.g. j;4i";";'~"'" In a loud voice; sound,
chauvinism, extreme nationalism. + ':;.vit _ n.
noise, sonance. E.g. ~ li ~u It doesn't
part of the stem of a tobacco leaf used for
tanning.+ ~&t_ n. bot. vascular bundle. make a noise. 2. vote, ballot. ~b ..s:...;t~. 3.
rumour, hearsay (used normally in comb. with
t.L..u dettUl.! n. high spirits, good! jubilant some form of the verb ,j.J.X) E.g. DJ~ IJ~o~ It
mood. < t.L.t~ ...... ,jl~ t.lm ..J. is so being rumoured, ...su~ ..s....;o~ It is

*.,~.~ deman n. concession, privilege, presently reported that, ..:..IJ~..s ~... ..s:...;t~
allotment. There is a rumour that he is leaving. (cf
ojlJL.; •...,..It .A..-..v-). 4. used in comb. as part of
~L.t~ demlln~e n. revolver, pistol, handgun.
some compound forms, e.g. ";'~u . ...,..L.~t~
Cf ~4.i;.- ,j.l.ilki • .:;}~.
q. v. (,j.J.l-t .... ~t~ v. be heard of, have
oJ.I.iL...~ [~u] dellUUldin v.t. 1. fan (afire) information of one's whereabouts known (used
(cf ,j~.J";';;, ..,~.J ~J~), ignite (coal esp. by esp. in the negative). E.g. ~~u \- :~ \j So
using bellows! blower).- ",.;;..uA.!J.Io'". 2. brew far there is no news from him. + ,j~.J ~t~ v.
(tea).-.,\..:.;S rt~. utter a sound, say something. E.g. ..r: ~o~
r~ Say what?; in comb. often used in the
~~.m dempUXI n. dish of chickpeas, raisins
negative. E.g. ..s... ..s:...;o~ ~ You wouldn't
and small rice balls.
believe it! You couldn't imagine.+ J~/­
..;lS"J.Io'"U demakane n. bot. mistletoe (esp. its t""';.J.X v. be rwnourecl/ reported (esp. through
waxy glutinous berries). gossip or hearsay).+ t"';~.J J"j..d- v. spread a
.,~li~u demerqa~an n. firecracker. rwnour, repeat gossip/ hearsay.+ j~_ adj.
having a high-pitched voise. Cf ~D~.+~_
,jlvi~u demerqopan n. peg-top trousers of
n. singer. See ~1..uS.+ ..;.;;._1. adj. having a
thick material worn under l..,...,s (q.v.) for
good voice 2. n. singer.+ ~;;._ n. quality/
warmth or for riding.
talent of having a good voice.+ ;I~_ adj. vocal,
~u [ru] demln v.i. 1. blow, be operrationaV
sonic, phonetic: _~ phonetic letters.+ ,jl~/_
working (of bellows. blower). 2. be brewing
v.I. vote, express one's views in response to a
(of tea). Cf .,.l.iL.u.
polV election (hence )D~ _ n. voter). 2. convoke,
v:;...~ demln pres. stem of the verb oJ.I.iL.u q. v. call together, summon. E.g. I~ ..s:...;o~ ,jL4 IJ l,;
They summoned (the people ofJ the village. + •
liu dena con}. otherwise, if not. See l;,$"';.
DJ._:A~/ v. echo, reverberate; resound, be
~J.I.i.~ denduk~e n. variety ofpomegranate.- extolled loudly and widely.+ ,jld~/- v. shout
;li.... oneself hoarse. + ,jJJ)~ / _ v. silence, reduce to
 290

silence. Cj ~..,5 ..s..;•...:;...+ ;:JJ _ adj. speaking with repeating in a loud voice the words of a
with great confidence. + (.:'u~;:JJ..s..:.J v. speak speaker (as those ofa preacher in a mosque);
yes-man.+ l.r'...r-jAoA/- v. I. raise one's voice
with! be full of confidence). + .;,,~ .).J / _ v. be
(esp. to inerropt a conversation); raise the
heard (nonnaly used in the negative) Eg.
voice, increase the volume (of..s). 2. used with
~L.;.)'J~'J His voice can't be heard. C.!
~. E.g. ..s~ju~ ~'J He sang his best.+..s-
~L.. .).J ..$..;.J; shout, quarrel (with the result of
tonal, having tonality: ..s-~ consonant;
causing one's problem! disagreement to
become known). E.g. ~<I..i.)'J.;"L...,(,;'J It Let's phonetic, of! relating to phonetics -..sjL...$:.i.J
not quarrel.+ ~u. .)'J/_ v. goaded into speech, q.v.
compelled to raise one's voice (due to ..s~u _
denuk n. beak, bill. + .s...:~ n. species
argument! provocation, etc.).+ ';"~.)'J/_ v. of duck.- ..si~.
goad into speech, force/ make (s.o.) raise his
voice. Eg. ~.)u ~'J ~ Stop making me "OJ dew n. I. haste, hurry. <".J4.t. Cj 4.l"",. 2.
raise my voice. + Jj _ adj. loud-voiced. + wL.._ (act oj) running. 3. name ofa ntimbers game.+
(';"J..,5 J.J v. run. syn. ';"J..,5I J).+ .;,,1_1 adj. fast,
n. phonetics.+ 4iljL-_ adv. phonetically.+ }_
speedy, quick. Syn. .;,,4.+ L,,:!-[J.J] v.i. run.
adj. having a hoarse/ grating voice. Cj
JL..~'J.+ (';".J.rI~OJ v. become hoarse (of Syn. ';"J,jIJ
one's voice); become scratchy (of a sound).+_ I"u dewa (A) See .;"L...).J.+ ...;~_ See 4iu...;L...)OJ.
-;;,,5 n. hearsay, rumour, gossip.+ .;"I~/_ v. be
completely hoarse, be lost! suppressed (of )".J 1 dewar n. plack tent made of goat's hair
..
one's voice).+ JI,r-S _ adj. completely hoarse (used by nomads). Cj .)J~ • .:...".;> .jl..!'J'
(of a person). Cj JL..~'J.+ ';"J..,5~/- v. *)JOJ2 dewar n. cattle, bovine animals. Cj
shout to, call out to (cj ';"J,j ..s..:.lt); used also
t'iJ"':"'J'
in the negative meaning: avoid mentioning,
say nothing about. E.g. ..s~~~u Don't rl.".~ dewam (A) n. time, hours, term: -LiIS'
say anyting about it.+ ~L.. .".;J/- v. make a office! business hours; continuation,
maintenance, perpetuation. + (';"J.,s rl JOJ v.
sound! noise. Cj ~L....$..;'J.+ .;"L..~/_ v. be
attend (office! school); continue, got carry on,
partially hoarse/ lost! suppressed (of one's
keep up. + ';".J.rI AoA rl JOJ v. have (school) to
voice).+ JL..~- adj. partially hoarse (of a
attend! office hours to maintain; have
person).+ ~_ adj. having a coarse and loud
endurance/ continuance/ perpetuity).
voice (of s.o.).+ ""'~J- n. news, materiaV
.;"1,,oJ2 dewan adj. having a sheen. See JlJp~.
events reported (witten! broadcasted): ..,..ltJ-
.;,,~ world news *'J•.).J ~ltJ- foreign news .)JU dewr (A) n. I. surrounding, environs. See
*PJL.;"",ltJ- locaV domestic news.-..,..lt. 3. .)L......s. Syn. 3. J.i."li.2. age, period, era. Syn.
..$..;.J. C.! ..,..I,P.J-"lt.+ ..s..:.-J- n. sound (esp. ~. Cj ..:.oLS. u"- 3. used as part ofcertain
used with :.r,). E.g. ..s..:.oi.-o,.$.;•...:;.. Without compound forms, e.g. J."..>J.)JOJ. + .)JOJ.iI- n. &
making any sound.+ ~}.)'J- n. plebiscite; adv. all extremities, from all sides, all around.
referendurn.+ ~L../_ v. be heard.+ ..s..:.0Jt_ n. Eg. .;"l:......J &~jS ..s')J•.L.,;I.)JoJ They stood all
clamour, din, noise. Cj l,,~JI~.+ around the castle. + .;"IJ / _ v. gather around,
(';"J..,5 ..s..:..J~'J v. make a noise, cause a din! cluster around (s.o.l s.th.). Cj o"4i-,-,,,.,s~.+­
clamour).+ ~._ See ..s..:.'Jd:;.J.+ jl's._ adj. ."-";J,j/ v. read over, review (with the propose
of studying, i.e. Koran, notes, etc.). Cj ~
taciturn. Cj JJ.l.I>&.+ '.)'JO-n. person charged
 291

•.,.,....;~.+ ~JI- v.t. enclose, fence, cover providing music for Kurdish dancing.- 4.l,:,b
(wilh-~).E.g. 0.ir-! o,S.JJO~ r~ It is covered ~.

with leather at the edges. Cj ,:,I~ .J.JI~.- ;.,;

o,S'') dey intj. now, then, come then. E.g. lot o,SO')
~J.+ .MJ- n. milieu, environment. Syn.
Ift..s-:.r...,.,o~ Come then, let's begin.+ l..._ intj.
) . . w ..LioJ G. + ':'-:"'..J _ n. neighbourhood.,
well then, in that case. E.g. ':'.JoJ~o;;; ~o,) In
vicinity. E.g. o."...;.:J~~..J.JJOH...J In the that case, you come too.
vicinity of your home.+ ~J- n. (act oj)
~,) 1 de n. village, settlement larger than a
staying around! remaining close by.+ ,:,b ~J-
hamlet and smaller than a town. Syn. .Li~. Cj
v. linger around, stick closely (by-o,S).+ 0_ n. I.
uo!I J U.2. + ",ilS"_See ~Y-,).+ ~- n. villager,
round, circling/ circuitous path! course. 2.
village-dweller. Syn. ~,)~.+ ~~_ n.
course (esp. for training, etc.). E.g. o,SO.J.JIl
uo!\;.....jAl... Teacher's training course.+ (O.J.J'l countryside, rural areas.+ ~L._
adj. & n.
':'l~ V. go around, circle).+,:,b 0_ v. surround, rustic, rural; country people (syn. ~,)~. cj
encircle, enclose (syn. ,:,b ~l;); besiege (see ~':':"'l).

,:,I~ j.Jl...ot.....S).+
..s- n. dish, plate (normally ~,)z de 11. dried leaves left on tree branches to be
shallow and having a rim). C.! I;-'li. used as ani~al feed during the snow season.
Syn. ~ •..tk.
4.SJ u dewke n. species ofblight.+ ,:,I~~/_ v. be
attacked by blight. ~:l dl intj. usedfor driving livestoclc: get!
..:.....JJu dewlet (A) n. I. state. Syn. .JI~. Cj o,S,)1 til also ~~ adj. other. See I. ~.
,-,-.Jl...~..s- aristocracy, family
uo!l.JIjl....J.w:
o,S,)2 di n. gen. used only as part of certain
rule. 2. riches, wealth. See ,:,l...L-.+ ~ _ n.
compound forms, e.g. iJl.J o,Sl4.f 'o,S') ~l.:;a q. v. +
statecraft, the art of conducting state affairs.
) _I I. adj. visible, seeable, in sight (cj I.I.!..J;
.Li4..A4.lJ Ol dewlemend adj. rich, wealthy. Syn.
evident, apparent, clear (syn. I~l;). 2.
)~0.J4.+ (,:,.bI.Lia....JJo~ v. bel become rich; have
presence. < ':'.JH '.JI.J LtH-oi' + (':'.b-i.J~,) v. be
the a~titude/ talent (jor-b ... -.I), E.g. ~~-.I
visible E.g. 0.J~,) 'JoftJ It is visible from here;
•.Lia...-.lJoll,) He has the talent for being stupid.+
be evident! clear; show up, visit. E.g. .J~l~~
..s- n. (state of) being rich.
~ visit us more often. + 0,)) _ n. phenomenon,
'JU dewe See .J4~. an observable fact! event. C.! ~.,.s.J0l.+ o,S,))-
n. (act of) sighting/locating by sight.+ (lSl.J~,)
.JaJO') dewen n. shrub, bush, scrub (syn. I.
':'J.J-i v. be manifested in- -.I ). + ':'l.J o,S,).J~,) V. t.
~ • ..sj.S~); tree stump that has grown new
sight (a prey while hunting).+ JI~)_ adj.
shoots.+ ~~_ n. prolonged futile/ vain
specific, defmed, express. + LS) _ 11.
discussion.
observation tower/ lookout.+ JLi) _ gram.
11.
':"'J.l dewit n. pimp, panderer.
proper name.+ o,S) _ n. I. gift, present. 2.
*.J-LiL.u [~u) dehandin v. digest, convert noticeability, salience.+ (,:,~~ IS.JLt~ v. I.
food into absorbable form. become engaged to by sending presents to
one's bride to-be. syn. .Jl~ ~L.:.:.i. 2. make
J.;.Nl dehol n. drum (esp. a big bass-type
salient! conspicuous! noticeable).+ ,:,b o,S) _ v.
drum). Cj ~~.+ ,:,oj_ also~.,s _ n. drumrner.+
show, be seen! noticeable, appear in a
L;p.:IJ- 11. the traditional drum and flute
particular way. E.g. ~1~lio,S.J~~l.So~ It doesn't
 292
,.;t)

show on him. ~ bl.S"'..)~l ~..J &~l Who turned traditional.+ .,~_ n. tradition, an inherited
out to have committed the theft? + i.~....)I- adj. pattern of thought! action (of religious
salient, conspicuous. Cf Ij"..!.l.: .I~~; specific, practice, social customs, etc.). Cf .:,\;;...\.t.+-
exact, definite. + ~ -(Ii.!-i 1v. see, perceive. See ~ n. & adj. traditionalist; traditional (of a
~.+ e.,~_ [li.!-il v. find. See I. e~...ijl.+~­ person). E.g. o~-1l~~O"';"'; He is a
adj. worth seeing. + .; _ conj. as, for the reason traditional nationalist. + },_~ _ adj.
conservative, traditional. C.f .:-~.,.;jS.+ ~_
that. e~I.J»i »il}"''''; ~ ~l As he had not
eaten anything, he fainted. + l_ n. scope, field n. & adj. ancient times; antiquity; of old times.

of reference. + el_ n. sight, power/ function of ;"l de! n. line (of written! printed words); line
seeing; eyes (see .,~).+ ";e~_ n. visit, call.+_ (of verse). Cf 2. J..;-.
";I.,o~ n. mil. reconnaissance; scouting: -..s&j} .:,I.H~ [~ll deran v. i. hold, contain, have within.
reconnaissance plane.+ .,.;l.._ n. presence. E.g.
Syn. 8. ~}. -;:'I~~ j ....
~.:u.....;~~ Welcome.+ ___ n. face,
coutnenace. Syn. JL..,..,..u. + o..u,.:.... _ n. white i"!~ deTaW n. small irrigation runnels (serving
substance used by women as cosmetic soap.+_ also as a seeding place on it's high edges).
Cj 1. J;.S.+ o"";b/_ v. dig and build up an
.j4...0 n. I. view, scenery, panorama, sight (cf
irrigation runnel. + .:,I~ ~ / _ v. plant (seeds,
) J.,;e., 4). 2. guise, appearance (ofaperson). +
seedlings) in small furrows .
.j} [~ 1 v. 1. see, perceive with one's eyes
*.s1r-~ dirok n. story = .s~. q. v.
(syn. ~); experience, undergo. 2. give brith
to, have baby. See .jlj.+ e""';_ [li.!-il v. see again, ..5'J'!l direg n. column, pillar. See &..JjS. C.f
encounter once more; find (see O~...ijl). )l.,Jl.:.
2 •
.J~~ diyar (A) n. country (see ~~JJ); home (see .i-!~ dn. adj. ash-coloured, darkgrey (esp. of
jl..); region (see ~Jli .~..,.,..). human or animal hair) .

':'~l diyan n. & adj. Christian. Syn. ..:-~~ ..s.;..;ljtl dizantr1 (E) n. med. dysentery. Syn.
.JJJIS. ..s..r.Hj.

~l deba n. brocade. + ~_ n. preface,

introuduction (of a book). Cf (;0.;4-. .,..:...
.J~l debeT n. one day's ploughing; prepared ..5:;..~ dhg adj. unfortunate, hapless. See jjis.
bed for growing tobacco.
OJ-!l dize n. casserole (esp. earthefTWare).+_
..54..~ dibeg n. very large wooden tub used for "';':;>.J.l"'-i adj. hushed up, kept suppressed! in
pounding rice. Cf ..s.;~. secrecy.+ (':'»t"';':;>.Jo~"'-i.jt~ v. remain secret, be
kept suppressed.+ .j~.J "';':;>.J0l"'-i ejt~ v. suppress,
*.s..l,!~ dedik n. anat. spleen. Syn. ;J.;-.
let sleeping dogs lie).+ 'JjS"'-i- adj. restrained
...; ..sl..sl di di ti n. DDT (insecticide). from freedom of movement, tied down (by
.A>1 deT (A) n. monastery. family, financial, business responsibilities).+_
&~ n. small casserole.+ ey,S.,_ n. utensils (esp.
J.~/ der1. adj. late. Syn. ..5:....;0.J~.+ loS- n. of porcelain and earthefTWare): jl...,li..soy,S.,_
lateness.+ ~_ n. history. Syn. .,..tft.o.+~­ Kitchen crockery.
adj. ancient, very old (cf ~ .~);
 293

.;,l-.t~ disan also .~~~ adv. yet again (syn. ~.) demke n. water bag. Cj D~DJ~'
.;,~ .... ); once more, again (syn . •)ll.JJ~)' E.g.
.:.ol",s,n.) dimokrat (E) n. democrat.+..s- adj.
DJD~,.,$~ .;,L.::.....D~ .;,l-.t.) Here we go again. We democratic.
are doing it yet again.
U""'I.J,n.) dimocrasy n. democracy.
~.) d4. n. odds and ends. Syn. ~.J.r.'
~L.;~.) dimunaye n. name ofa children's
... 4l...:..!.) d4.leme n. manner of drinking tea in
outdoor game.
which sugar is first put on the tonge and the
tea then sipped from the saucer. ~l dmrl adj. domesticated. Syn. ~l.o. C.!
j.e.:;......).
~~ dIv n. tail. See &s.+ ';'~D_ n. tugalong,
one who persisently and often annoyingly lJ-t') din n. religion.+ )b_ adj. religious, pious.
follows other. C,f iY-.)4i.
J.!~ tlfq n. med. pulmonary consumption. Cj
j.e~.) dinemo (E) n. dynamo, generator.
~..J~D~)D~.+ (.;,.),.,$ J.!~ v. be consumptive; be
exasperated).+ ... D_ n. (act of> exasperating ~.) dew n. demon, mythological supernatural
(s.o.) by enciting him with s.th. without giving being. C,f rti).)·
it to him. + .;,b...... v. exasperate be enticing
Jot') tlfw n. side, surface, face: .n.....~ This side
(s.o.) to s.th. without letting him have it.
*.n.)""; that side, the next... E.g.IS.P~.)"'~
~~ tlfqlt (A) n. care, attention. See rti~.+. ~ This is not its right side .
.;,1.)/ v. take motice (of-.J).
},-t.) dI.",ar n. wall. Cj .)~. 2. t ~.- I. ~
~.) del = ju q. v.
,~~ •.;,I..4.+ ~_n. burglar's pick.

~~ dil n. captive, prisoner (syn . ..soW.t. < ~.) 4i .;,I.n.) I diwan n. collected works ofa poet.
~}); fig. captive, captivated (see 3. uJ.A.
.;,IJoti diwan n. office, council, bureau. E.g. ..s-
E.g. .s.;~~.) prisoner of war.+ ..s- n.
captivity; imprisonment. .;,I."...,jDJ council of ministers. Cj ,lS~.JI; .'&;,5
.;,l:.-,r-iD').+ ;~ adj. loudmouthed, blustering.
.;,~.) dilan adj. gullible and idiotic. C,f ,'&';;';':'
C,f ~D~.+ ..s- adj. official; ..s-";';' style of
J;S'.
writing used for engrossing documents.
;:,~.) tlflani n. I. swing (esp. ofropel swinging ';'~.n~ tlfwexan n. guest room, guest wing ofa
seat). C.! ......~~. 2. dancing. See ~~.+ house.
(.;,.).J;:'~.) v. play on a swing).

*.5~.) tlflok n. dance song.+ .;,lS_ n. person

singing dance songs. Syn. ~ L.:..

~.) dim adj. not artificially irrigated (of land).

Cj i~ (under J4i4), l. j\SD~.+ .5j)D_ also_
) LSD See ~.).+ ..s-1 adj. grown on land not
artificially irrigated. + ~ _ adj. watered by rain
(esp. ofcucumber).

*..s)~.) dimari n. stepmother. Syn. .;,jDJ~'

 294

a challenge). E.g. ~~~.; Id l:J I feel I can

depend on him'+Wo'~/_l v. I. move swiftly to
perform! carry out, etc. 2. be startled, jump up.
Syn. ~~ Id.+ Wo'-d4!.I} n. awakening; uprising.+_
~ n. gen. (act of) whisking away. (,j.))" r&.ld v.
whisk away, move (s.o.,s.th) briskly and
forcibly).+ ,j~/_ v. I. sweep away, carry off
swiftly, hale off. E.g. ~ Idu&~~JJ&oJl; The

v water swept away the horse. 2. take into custody.

Cj. ,;,,;.J.+ 4.- n. heavy movement! traffic back
and forth. Cj. .4-.Jld~-"L...+ ,j..LiU...1/_ v.I.
j ! n. tenth leiter ofthe Kurdish alpabet.
churn. See ,j"'~' 2. rock (cradle). See ,j..Lio~ Id.+-
1/ !" 1. adv. uesd as first element of certain ,j1S..; 1 v. i. be tugged at! given a sudden jolt. + _
compound verbs. i.e. ,jl.) Ir,j.)..,..s1r~L..ld q.v. 2. ,j..LiIS..;1 V.t. tug at, give a suddenjerkl jolt; give a
used in comb. to form some compoundforms, i.e.
'.)j~ld .~Id q.v. (,j.))"ld v.i. run; flee, run away.
.
shaking (to a person). Cf ,jjjL.:.oJ Ij .+ ,j1S...b./_.
also ~~/_ v.i. be startled, move suddenly as a
Cf 2. ~u~).+ ~JI5.;';I- v. suspend from two result of surprise! alarm. C.! Wo'~ Id.+ ,j..LiIS~/_
ends (ofa beam, bar, etc.). Cf ~IJ~'+ ,j.)},d- V.t. startle, frighten suddenly (usually not
v. pass! spend time. E.g . .)).". Id ,jL..:.j> We spent a seriously).+ ~a....:t:I- See ~~Id'+ JI..,.>- adj.
good time.<,j.)},-tld ;:r..+ ,j.).J.Y.I- v. pass (by- .. 'i4.t spread, unfolded, layed out (of a carpet matterss,
b) (syn. I. ,j»i~-;';); pass (through- ~. over- • etc.). Cf JI..,.>b.+ iio->I- V.t. spread! layout,
~ under-;.jI..{, etc.); pass (of time). E.g. Id ,.)
unfold (a rug, mattress, carpet, etc.) on the
ground or on another surface. Cj. ~ 1.).+ .#_
..:.......:...u..J 'JJ.)j»-! It is ten (minutes) after eight;
n. anything that is laid! spread out to sit on. + ;;1.) 1-
elapse, pass, go by (of time used with since-
I.) .. ~).+ JJ.)>>-I- I. n., gram. past (tense) (syn. v.I. sweep off, clean out and away. Cj. ~L.ld' 2.

JJ.).»-ildu~''): i~uJJ.)>>-I- preterite uJJ.)>>-I-

tear out, disembowel.+ ~b/_ See,j~ Id·+ JJ.)-
*~~ preterite *~t. ~ uJJ.).J.Y. _ imperfect - n. (act of) following! eloping with-u ·+ ~ JJ.)-

*~ L.;b UJJ.)»-I imperfect subj untive *jJJ') UJJ.).J.Y. -

v. follow, elope (with- u esp. ofa woman). Cf 2.
pluperfect *~~UJJ.).J.Y.- past perfect. 2. adj. ,;,,;J;:J.u. + ~y.SJJ') - adj. having followed! eloped
past, bygone. + ~ 1- I. v. expect (of- ~ •from- (of a woman).+ ,jL.;JJ')- v. chase. See,j\,;Jld·+-
,j1~.)1 I. v. accommodate, bring into agreement,
~). C.!,j~~ Id. 2. n. expectation, outlook,
anticipation. Cf ~IJdoJ4-.+ ,j~/_ v. break reconcile. 2. n. compromise.+ ,jjjudl- v.I. move/
loose, get released, be cast loose. E.g. ~ &.;~ rush (s.th.) briskly (over, to- jot); carry off as loot.
l>......; Id~.) The rope broke loose from his 2. drivel chase away. Cj.,j\,;Jld.+,j..Lio~/-v. rock,
hand.+ ,jjj~/_ v. cause to break loose.ljj> move back and forth (as if in a cradle! one's
arms).+~o~/_ = ,j.l....i,~ld.+,jL-- n. check,
<.J..Li~; snatch, seize suddenly (cf ,j..LiI}).+_
restraining stand! act! policy/ etc.+ ,j.)j~/_ v.
,j..LiIr-t. 1 V.t. 1. carry out! perform promptly and
instruct, enjoin, direct, commission; advise,
efficiently Cf ,j~~4.t .,j.)'? JI~. 2. startle, recommend.+ u);___ n. directive, instruction,
awake suddenly (from sleep- p.J).+ ,j~~/_ v.
commission.+ r.:-- n. one who instructs! charges!
expect, consider probable, rely on- ~ (a person commissions (s.o. else with a directive, advice,
or his ability, conviction, etc. to do a job or meet etc.).+ Jlj .)...;;.-- n. authorized agent., mandatory;
 295

dip. plenipotentiary (c./. t-'l::..-).~ .J"'-).+- exhibit; indicate, point out. See iJ1-, iJ~.+­
..sft;.- n. recommendation.+ iJJ:.IS~/- Seel~ JJ-'~ n., gram. present (tense): ~lib..s- present
.;,J:. 1S4....i. + JJ-'';--s _ I. adj. fleeing, escaping. subjunctive. c./. l;;......;:.+ ~..p_ n. texture, fabric,
Syn . .",;'S~ C,f jt-'4l,.)U. 2. n. deserter.+ iJL:.S/- v.i. composition.+ iJL.;J,,-'tJ/_ = iJL.;JJ-'/- q. V.+ ':-t,,_
lie down, crouch, prostrate. Syn.~".sj~. iJ..IY.~,J-' n. period, full stop. Syn. j~.+ iJ\:-oJ/- v. I.stand
·+iJJ:.L:,S/_ v. cause to lie down/stretch.Cj.j~ still; stop, cease moving! doing. 2. in comb. with
~. + J L:.S' - adj. recumbent, lying down. +. j...!, E.g. .::-tJ1UJ.t Just wait and see what I shall do

iJL:.::$/1 v. I.pull, draw; drag! pull along, haul; to you.+ "l;",...,t,,_ adj. enduring; also in the

attract, magnetize. E.g. rL.:.:;Sl ~..;:r:.~ It attracted expression: l.S..:""t:.-JI~I"";' May God maintain
my attention. 2. lay/ stretch out (as one's legs).+_ you in your prosperity; pending, awaiting action!
decision.+..s~,,_ n. break., pouse. Syn.jl~ 'iJ~JJ
iJ~2 n., phys. gravitation: .;,L!;SI~~
.+iJL.:..t,,/- v.i. skake, move in a quick jerky
gravitational force. Syn. ..s~.+ ~_ n.l.dean,
manner. + iJJ:.L..:.tJ / _ V.t. shake, rock, jolt, joggle;
head (of a school/ college, etc.); head (of afamilyl
household). 2. support, prop, stay; brandish, wave (a stick, weapon, etc.).+ ~~/_ v.
fundamentals.+ ~}/_ V.t. I. delay, hold back, I. be accustomed, become used! condition to-
keep. Cj. iJ-'.,} ~ 2. employ, retain (a servant). 3. jJ...J). c./. iJ~ I~ . t~-'.,} ,,4. 2. be trained,
raise, keep (poultry, other domestic animals). become skilled.+ .",;t.._ adj. accustomed, used,
Cj. iJ-'"s,,;:. 4t. 4. observe, comply with, respect (a conditioned.+&Ji ':./_ also iJ~/- v. I. extend
rule).<~)I~:,..;..+4....i}_ n. employee, wage (esp. horizontally between two poles). Syn.~lj
eamer.+ t~I';_ n. transition, passage from one iJ~,.,s. 2. hold out (a child in regard to natural
stage/ state to another. + ..s;l»S _ adj. passing. brief, fimctions).+iJ~/_1 V.t. I.accustom, habituate,
glancing. C,f ~.+ iJl:;~ _ n. transfer, removal.+. make familiar. 2. train, school, coach. Cj ~
n. information, .J.I.ilt6...S1~..sL.S.it-' the
1
iJJ:.lt.....s iJ-',.,s;:ro.+ iJL..:.;-} n. exercise, practice, training:_
media. + iJJ:.lt.J' /} caus. of ~...s I~ v. announce, ;I"t,;4-~L..:.;- basic training. C,f ~.+ I.I.!_ adj.
declare, proclaim, broadcast. +~...s _ v. come facilitating, expeditious. + (J""!I.I.! _ n. facility,
(upon-~)/ arrive (at·~j in time, make it in time; dispatch. Cj. ~.;.;.+ t4.!- n. rug, mattress,
be imparted! communicated. + ~-.s _ n. anything rolled! spread out on the ground to sit
announcer, broadcaster. + .r--S _ adj. I. de layed, on. Syn. ~';,j.+~_ n. I. warp (offabric on a
impeded, held up, hindered. 2. stabilized, made loom). Syn. iJ~. 2., math, chord (c,f 2. ;;;);
steady and enduring. Cj,.,$l~. (iJ»-t,r--5'l~ v. i. be hypotenuse. 3. dash (punctuation mark); line:_
delayed! held up. iJ-',.,s..--51~ v. I. delay, impede, ..,jl~~ ""4...t telegraphic line. 4. crossbeam
hold up. 2. stabilize). + iJl,..-.S' / - See iJl,..-.S' I~;:ro. +_ (wooden! metal used in a ceiling). Cj Il;b. (~I~
:JL.. adj. sweeping, thorough, comprehensive, all iJJ.J---t v. be extended lengthwise and
inclusive.+ ~L../_ v. sweep away, clear swiftly horizontally. iJ-',.,-S'~I~ v.extend lengthwise and
and thoroughly. Cj iJ~ I~. + iJ L.. /_1 v. stop and horizontally).
think, pause for thought, ponder (hence JL-- adj. I 2 ra n. road = ;;~ q. v. +.J"-i _ also ~-.} n. I.
~
pondering, in thought). c./. iJ-'..,s 4JI~.+iJL-} n. messenger (syn. ...--...lt~); emissary, envoy.
idea, thought. C,f .:.ot~.+ "li_ n., gram. pronoun:_ (syn . ..sJ:.L.;,). 2. guide. Syn. ~~-!.+ ..s;4...t- n .
..::-ay-~ ..sJ L.; pronominal suffix *;;~..sJ Li_ guidance. (iJ-'..,s ..s~I~ v. guide, give guidance to).+
independent pronoun * "W ..s"Li _ pronominal ;1.,.1 n road guard, watchman.+ Jt~_n. corridor,
suffix., suffixed pronoun.+ iJ.J..jI,;./- v. show,
 296

passageway, hallway (cf iJ ~I~); narrow strip of ~I also a.;~d n. prescription (for
-. d
land through foreign-held territory, corridor.+_ medication).
):;.,$ also J':;.,$ - n. route, road, way (.ryn. ~-='); )~I/ !adar (E) n.radar (as a locating! detecting
path (see j~-=,),+ U_ also L....,i- 1. n. compass device).
(instrument). 2. adj. familiar, abreast of (.ryn.
Jbl/ !adar n., gram.infinitive.
Ij'JL..:.).+~_[iJld] v. drive, cause to go, set in

motion. Cf V'~:.,J •iJJ..j1 J'd' + 4..., - n. 1. traffic, .~Id !ade I.n. extent, point, degree, limit E.g. I;
movement (of goods, vehicles, people, etc.). "":'j.io ..54-!.~ld It
is fun (only) to a degree.~~.~ld 4.i
C! ~Id .j>""~. 2. pondering, meditation, act of jj~ To such an extent. C!.,,;:. .I;~. 2. adv. in
puzzling! musing over.+ ~_ also~_ 1. adj. comb. with ~ meaning: So, very, extremely. C!
accommodated. facilitated, arranged for. 2. IJ .
departure, going away. (iJ~j" I.f!!l d v.I. help depart,
set off on journey (.ryn. iJ~.,..s isd ~). 2. ~~Id !adiyo (£) n. radio.-~ .iJb:.,J.

accommodate, facilitate, expedite. iJ»I I.f!!ld v.I. be j1d !az n. l.secret, mystery (.ryn.~): I.f!! ~ IS-
well on the way, set out (syn. ~"sis.J ..,).2. be soliloquy * ~ IS - also iJJJJD~ IS _ secrets of the
expedited! facilitated). heart. 2. tale, acount; anecdote (cf iJ~b);
1/ !a (A) n. opinion, view, judgement.+ __ adj. chitchat, social conversation (c.! .....;). (iJ~j" j1d v.
wavering, irresolute, hesitant between choices or tell a tale! an anecdote). +~x _ adj. having the
in an opinion. Syn. j~JJ~'+I.f!!- _ adj. irresolution, power to keep a secret (esp.ofGod).+ .J1d - adj.
half-heartedness, hesitancy Syn. 4S"jJ...,1 d .........,.,..;1 J. +. reticent, secretive, discreet.+ I.f!!..JSJ- n. friendly
iJ»I ;4- ...., / also iJ»I :.,J / - v. support, agree to, go reproaches, mild criticism. (iJ~.rS 1.f!!"",l$'J.iIJ v.
along with (an opinion, idea, etc.). C! iJ~j"~. reproach in a friendly manner, exchange mild
criticism (with each other-..54-! ....J). + j L:.iJ _ n.
!a n. nerve. See .s.d' +~ _ at:(j.nervous, tense,
4
Id
begging for favours, cajolery.
high-strung. + ~ _ n. tension, nervousness.
iJljldl[is)d] !azatI v.i.be ready (esp. when dressed
1/ !a rare enclitic postposition, i.e. Id ""';.., For
up and ready to go). E.g. ~,.jldli 4.iI JJj ~ 'J~~ IJ
instance or.as it is being said! reported! rumoured.
Obviously she is not going to be ready soon.
.;.~Id !apDrt (E) n. report, account E.g.~.lY.ld Cf iJ»I .~ l.o l:.
U-»'~ He filed a report agaist him: IpJJl:IS-
-razan also .~ljJ v. be decorated,
.
weather report! forecast.+ ~_ also n. ..,..v:-- adorned (with- ~). E.g.•~ 'J1j1do.,..s ~ It is
reporter, correspondent.+iJl~/_ v. give! deliver a
decorated with flowers.+ .~~-L:,;,.jld] V.t. clothe
report.+ i.JJ-)..,i/- v. write! file a report.
elegantly and beautify. deck (a bride); decorate,
.u-J1d !atU n. daily allowance of collected bread for adorn. embellish (cf iJJ.i~)·
theological students, mosque servants, etc. with 'JI)d !alOwe adj. decorated, adorned,
the collector crying out::.,J iJ l;,;~.d;:}u IS»' Id
ornamented; beautifully dressed.
~. Pray bring the Feqes-~ (q. v.) allowence and
may God bless you. ..,Jj1d !azqt = ..,Jlj'd q. v.

~Id !ace n. staff, long thick stick (esp. one used as isj1d !aze pres. stem of the verb. iJ1j1d q.v.
a prop). C! ~J4.t. Syn. 'j;;. 4.i~ld !aziyane n., bot. aniseed, anise .

.;,',.jld !azen pres. stem ofthe verb .J4.iJ..j1j1d q. v.

 297

~.•;,I,l !az/ner n. decorator, one who adorns! Cj ~4,j.. 2. name ofa Kurdish dance.+ uZ"LA-
beautifies. n. coincidence, concurrence, accompaniment.
Cj U4..i.;t~'+dlj~. - n. main street through a
(A) adj. content, satisfied (see wk (j.
loS)d !a1i
cf ~); agreeable, ready to consent (syn. ~).
_
bazaar. + ;Sol' - n. straight road. + J~....,. n., anal.
colon.+ ~._ adj. true, real; genuine, authentic.+.
!aje n. service (rendered), help, use, ;';'J' adv. directly, straightforward, undeviating.+_
contribution to the welfare of others: ,",-l.:-IoS- .:-ldJ • See j-> ~I;. +;S;JI- adv. straightly,
Military service • L.~IoS- civil service. (ojld directly. E.g'IoS'iJ.lr.J.Jfl:;Sd~l; I went straight to
iJ~.J v. serve. be of service to-loS)· Cf o~....,. see him.+ 'J'- See ..:-1; (iJ..u-t •..,..:;.-1; See..:-I d
ojl/ !aje n. ridgepole, roof-tree. Syn. 1. ~\S. .y....;~).+IoS- n. 1. truth, candor, sincerity;
correctness, accuracy. 2. straightness. +':-..I"'-:! _ n.
I. adj. right, correct, proper (syn.
philosopher.+...;--..I"'-:!- n. philosophy.
~ ''':-JJ~); true, factual (syn. 2. JI~); upright,
Syn'~~~'+'~..,jj~\S- n. fact-fmding,
honest (syn. J~ld); straight, free from bend!
discovery/ determination of facts.+ ~_ n. truth,
curves! irregularities, rectilinear (syn. 1. ..5.;....,). 2.
reality, actuality.+ IoSW4t- adv. the truth of the
n. direction, path, line, course. C.f •.;..,:...,;....,.jl.,;...., matter, in reality/ truth .
•)oll:. 3. adv. straight, right. E.g. 1oS.;4- ~ .:-101
.::.. y..S It hit him straight in the head. Cj ~~. 4.
..:-1/ !flSt n. right, the location! direction on the
rightside (as opposed to the left). E.g. r=-Id~o~
in comb., i.e.j$.:-I; ,;Sr:-Id q.v. (iJ~.:-ld v. be
My right hand.+ Jlr adj. & n.,pol.rightist, right
correct! true/ factual; be honest; be straight!leveV
even. iJ~~ ..:-1; v. be correct; tell the truth,be wing. Ant. "'.r.~.+ IoSJO;- n. principles and views
factual). + jl_ adj. truthful. Syn. ;$.:;-101' + iJl- 1. n. of the right, rightism.+~J_gen.only in J.:-I;
flat. See ,",-l:-Id' 2. <iJl:-ld i,.>.+ ,",-1- n. flat, level iJ~.J ';-'~ v. massage (s.o.) by drawing together his

place/ ground! surface; strightness.+ .~~/_ v. I. right hand and left leg and vice versa.
sit up quickly from a recumbent position; get on .Jld rave n. explanation, elucidation, expounding.
one's feet (cj iJ L.~. 2. strighten (up), become (iJ~.J 41 J elucidate, explain).+ JI.J _ adj. explained,
straight.+ ri.- See ~Id'+ .~_ n. fact, truth, expounded. + .;a...S - n. 1. one who explains!
certainty, actuality.+ 1oSri.-See ~Id·+. J~­ expounds; commentator. 2. colin. Syn. j~JJ~'
adj. faithful. Syn. ~.+ iJJ.JfI:J.~/- v. prove to
~;.SId !ako! n., math. exercise; practice, exercise.
be correct (o/s.o.); tum out to be true (o/s.lh.).+_
Cf ~ .':-:'jJ'J. (iJ~.,.s ~~d v. exercise,
IN adj. righteous, upright, honourable (o/s.o.).+
practice).
iJ.-;...j;l- also ~jdl- v.I. teW speak the truth. 2.
walk stright.+ JLS- adj. straight, just, virtuous.+_ rid !am adj. I.accustomed, habituated. Syn . .;,i. 2.
•J~~.J I V.I. strighten, put! make straight; correct tame, domesticated. Syn. ;"oI,';...,o~. Cj J~. (iJ»I rl;
(esp.by proofreading); set up on end.+ 'J'..,.s'- n. v. be tamed. iJ~.J rid v. I.tame; induce to submit. 2.
proofreader.+;....$ _ adj. truthful, truthtelling, get (s.o.) accustomed. Syn. iJ~ld'+ J~- also-
honest; frank, open (see ri.1.J-:.l:).+""..;$ _ n. p),! n. politician, person versed in the science of
truthfulness, honesty; frankness. See ~ I."s:..:.l:. +_ govermment! politics.+ \S~)~ _ n. politics, art of
iJl J •p adj. true beyond question, true to the very government, practice of political affairs: _
last detail; straightforward.+ ~-'_ "" j:.- I; q.v.+._ oJo)o~I.S\S~)~ foriegn policy.';>JLiI.S\SPJ~­

also ..5.... n. 1. ruler, tool for drawing lines. domestic policy. (iJ~.;-S 1oS~.;l•.!•• ld v. engage in
 298

politics, practice the art! science of government! ~I" rayic (A) adj. in demand, sought ~fter (cf
politics). +';~_ adj. political, off relating to ..5o;..s'); current, in circulation (see Jlt).
politics.+ L.;lj.;~ n. political scientist.+..:....ilj.;lo!_
~I" raye n. I. dare, boldness, guts, challenge Syn.
n. political science.+ \,$- See \,$;..s';l,!!... I".
J_ .~..r.' 2. scope, powers, authority, range of
'J»""I" ramiJde adj. inspiring, inducing confidence. action! compentence. c.r oj,J,J. «(,)>>-1 ( ... )~I" v.
«(,)J""s 'J..IJ--"I" v. win the confidence of, inspire, dare, have the courage to contend! venture/ try). +
motivate. ..;j4-S/. v. dare, have sufficient courage to
('),/ ran n., anat. thigh.+..5 _ n. woolen! cotton challenge/ contend. E.g. ,:,;~"':;~I.J~ You
baggy pantaloons worn as part ofa man's Kurdish wouldn't dare! C.f (,)I;J'
costume.- ...tk. C.f ;:IIJ;":"+ 4i.:,:....,s_n. Kurdish
~" ribe (A) n. unit of weight (for grains) equivalent
national male costume.
to 25 Kilograms.
('),/ ran n. flock, herd (esp. ofsheep! goats).
; L;........, ribenar also; \.;.....~" n. condensed
('),/ ran pres. stem ofthe verb iJ.!.,i1" q.v.+ ~_ [(,)1,,1 pomegranate juice (used as a sour flavouring in
v. drive. Cf ..,,~;:,J. cooking).- ;~.

JI" raw n. hunting, the sport! activity of pursuing G.; rif n. ice cap, ice field. + (,)1_ [;..::" 1 v. i. freeze,
game. «(,)J,;oS J 1" v. hunt, prusue game for food! tum into ice, become frozen.+ (,).L.il_ [~"l V.t.
sport). 2. adj. hunting. See \,$,JI". + ~ also ;.s _ n. freeze, convert into ice; cause to congeal. + ,JI-
hunter. Syn. (,)IJ~:;'+
45_ n. egg placed under a adj. frozen; fixed, resolved, settled, definite. G~"
hen to induce egg-laying, imitation nest-egg. + &_ (,)J,;oS v. obselVe, heed, respect, comply with-~.+ 0_

n. hunting grounds, place for hunting.+ (,)\.;/_ v. n. path opened through snow/ ice; ground! basic
chase after, pursue by running after, chase to hunt! rule.+ «(,)J,;oS~" v. lay/ establish! set as ground
overtake. Cf (,)L.;,J,JJI" .,j.I.iI;4.J.+ u,JJ"J_n. foray, rule).+ ,j.I.its::.....:. 0_ v. open path through snow-
raid, hold up. (~,;OS u,J,J",J,JI" v. carry out a foray/ covered! ice- covered ground; lay the ground rule.
raid. + ; \S:...:.,J _ n. hunting and shooting. + • _I first 2. lead, take the initiative, open the way, "break
element of some compound words meaning:- the ice". c.r
(,)J""s ~.J.s. ':.- OJ.+ ,J1,;oSo- adj.
hunting (normally followed by the type ofhunt). constituted, enacted, set down. + 0~J.J 0 _ also 0_

i.e. S-:.;J;.s',JI" rabbit hunting.+ ._._ n. gradual (,) L;.,s See (,).LilS:..:. ~".
hunting (down)/ chasing away.+ w:.-!o- n. evasion!
,:HJ" riden n. beard. Syn. ,;....-!.+,.r.-- n. gr
elusion. «(,)J.;S w:.-!o,Jl" v. be evasive with- j.$.J)+_
bearded person; elder.
""LSD n. shooting birds (generally hill-partridge
.Jd ri'l. pres. stem ofthe verbs .:.rJ" q.v.+ (,)1- [~j"l
when watering at a spring).+ \.I""'L..- n. fishing.+.
and ~_ [j;l v.i. rot. decay, dicompose,
\,$ adj. hunting: \,$_~4A; hunting rifle *\,$_..}_
hunting dog. disintegrate. Syn. (,)L;~ .JJY.. C.f (,)l!'J b (under
l
b ).+ .:".LiI_[';J,,1 caus. of.:.rJ"q.v.-.:".Lilj"IJ.+..5j-
oJ,/ rawe n., gram. mood. Syn. .:...:."IJ.
adj. worm-eaten and dried up (esp. ofj~ q.v.).+
4JI" rawe~ke = .s~JI" q. v. jo _ adj. handicapped (esp. by disease, etc.). Syn.
..:..i~.+ ..5,;Jo_ adj. crumbling (from decay!
.r;JI" rawij n. conjecture, supposition, sunnise.
rottenness).+ .J--!- adj. decayed, rotten,
<~JI,,4.t. «(,)J,;oS .r;JI" v. conjecture, make conjecture
as to).+ ..5- n. l. (act of) pacing the floor (as when
decomposed, degenerated. Syn. J\S:;~' c.r .".;.&
pondering an issue). 2. wavering, irresolution. )-tY..
 299

;'j-l I rivl n. large rat having a grey-white colour. ':'--l rist also IJ"-l 1. string (of objects threaded on a
Cf~T."-~' string); length, duration, span: jl,.-IS- age, length
of life (syn . ..,....r.j). Cf jJ--l' 2.hunting dog's leash.
;'j/ r;1.II (A) n. 1. daily bread, livelihood (as given
C.! ~l.J. (':"l.J'::--l v. I. string! thread together. 2.
by God). E.g. .;..I.I.t .:..Jj-l I".. May God sustain you
put on a leash). + .:" -l~...)] v. t. I.spin, draw out and
in your livelihood. 2. stores of wheat, rice, etc.
(often considered a measure of wealth). twist into yams! threads.- ii--l~ ,ii--l..5,?
2. jig. talk too much, be garrulous. Cf ~"" )jj. +_
),Sj-l rizgar adj. free, liberated (cf "Ijl':); safe,
n. I. gram. stentence, clause:JL.Sli u'-
delivered, rescued, salvaged (cf jL..I'l). (':". uulS'j-l
v. be free, be liberated; be saved/ rescued. C.! declarative sentence *,,1.ijJli IS' _ complex sentence
':"»1 ;lj~.+ ':"l.J JlS'j-l v. free, liberate; rescue, save, *~""';IJ4S' u'- parenthetical clause *~)"""IS'­

salvage. Syn. '''''';J.il~. cf ':"l.Jj\.uIl).+ ~_n. & conditional clause. 2. line (string. rope, wire.
adj. liberator; saviour, rescuer; liberating, etc.).+ ~Ij._ n., gram. syntax.
freeing. + ..s _
n. place of safety/ refuge; land of
..5--l risk adj.gen. only in ':"l.J...5--l v. spoil, mar,
freedom.+ IS- n. liberation: IS-IS'~ liberation impair, mess up. Cf.:"I"..5..;i.
front; safety, deliverance, slavation.
.:"lS:..--l ~-l] riskan v. stick, cleave (esp.oJ
':"j-l r;zn n. row, orderly series (syn. 4--l' cf 'jJ--l
grafted plant). C.! .:"LSJ.+ .:",,-r.:,.;s:....--l] V.t.
'JlJ.u); line (syn. 2. ~. cf ,i-l).
inculcate, instill; implant.
S,;lo-l r;~ank See ~lol-l' "IS....-l !,Iskaw adj. cleaved, linked .
.:"I~ [;Sj;) rijan V.i. be poured; be spilled; be shed "J.--l rlski pres. stem ofthe verb.:"lS....-l q.v.
(of blood}.+.Jl- [~~) v. spill, allow accidentally/
unintentionally to falV flow/ run out (syn. ~-l);
'~L:-/ tr--l] ri!anewe V.i. I.vomit, throw up. 2.
shed/lose buds prematurely (of grape vines).
pour, cause to flow in a stream.+ ..54.t ,_ v.
intermingle, intermix, mix together. ,~l:../ ri!anew n., med. cholera.

JI~ rijaw adj. spilled; poured; shed. ~-l ri!tin See ~~.
~j; [~--l) rijtin also ~-l [~--l) v.I. pour/ shed! spill ..s...:..-l risk n. nit (esp. ofa louse). Cf ;r.-..:.+:.;;-
(syn. .:"J.il~); cast, apply (dye! colour for marking) .:"Il V. be infested with nits (of the hair).+.:,,_ adj.
(see ij...;.-l..5...:.'-l)' 2. treat! darken (eyes) with kohl. nit-infested. C.! .:,,~.
See ~-l J~. <.[;.:..-l I" '~-l~'
zr.-l ri!e pres. stem ofthe verb .~l:..-l q. v.
"j; rijd adj. greedy, avaricious (cf ~; miserly,
,;;;:..-l ri!in n. slow mist (rain). Cf J;.'-l ,~.:,;J.
parsimonious, closefisted (syn. J. 'J'J"'; ,,4
-~-l'
..5JJ~)'+ IS- n. greed, avarice; parsimony.
'''':';';'-l ri!enewe adj. causing! inducing vomiting;
-.sJ-l rije pres. stem of the verb .:"I~ q.v.
jig. disgusting, revolting, loathsome, sickening.
~~ rlJem (E) n. J. regime (form ofgovernment! .:"J.iu-l [~J] rifandin V.t. snatch! wrench! wrest
administration) Cf ",-I".;l..oyt..i '1S.r--" under .r--"2. away ifrom- ;:"J); kidnap.
2. order, arrangement; control, management, care.
Cf 2. J'-I-~ , lS'jll. ..5:,j-l rifok n. grip. See~.

:;~ rijin pres. stem of the verb .:"J.ilj; q. v.

 300

~/ rifin pres. slem of the verb~.J,ju; q.v.+ JIJ - rike!

n. influence, power to sway/ affect.
adj. snatched; kidnapped. Cj l;1.,. . .:..~_•.). Syn . .:-•.); domain, sphere, field.
~;2 rif!n pari ofcertain compound adjectives. E.g. ~ '.w~-"; .h>.;;':; Who is influencing him?

i.e. ~.r.) q.v. ~ ";'I.)~.h>; ..J It is not within our domain. Cj

• 1
OJJJ.
*.;;.1; riven n. flame. Syn.~. C.f......;L.
~; rim (A) n. spear, javlin; lance. Syn .•r.;.+ j~_ n.
riq n. wrath, anger, ire (syn.I.I"!'';.w);
lancer.+ ",sjL....,- n. jousting.+ jiJu- n. javlin
obstinancy, stubbornness; spite, rancour (see 1.
thrower.
~). < J.; .w. + ~JI- adj. vindictive, unforgiving,
grudgeful. + J~ _ adj. obstinate, stubborn; ~L...; [~;] riman v. collapse, breakdown, fall. C.f
rancourous.+'J4-i.))~/_ v. suppress/ stifle one's ~l.;.JJ;' + ~.) -t:~.;1 v. t. break! knock down, cause

rancour. C.f .ya..i.))~~.+ J I.)- also A~_adj. to collapse; overthrow, cause the downfall (oj).
spiteful, rancourous. + ..$:.........U _ adj. harbouring
Syn. ~.J,j~JJ';'

angry thoughts! rancour.+ ~»-I~/_ v. dislike, JL..; rima", adj. fallen, collapsed; overthrown.
disapprove of, regard with disesteem.+~/_
t.)~.; rimJlde = t.)~I; q. V.
'J4..,j.»i v. object to, have no stomach for, be
displeased by.+~~~/_See ~.).J",sJ~;'+~/­ ~j~J [jmJJzin n. name ofa malevolent demon!
~} v. be obstinate about, be unyielding against; creature (often used to describe a vexatious and
disagreeable peron). E.g. ~j~.; 4,j~~ He is a
throw a tantrum (of a child).+ ,;;-;}~~/_ v.
constant source of irritation to me.
direct and maintain one's anger/ rancour against,
carry a grudge against, bear ill will towards. +. ~.; rime n. crashing sound (ofs.th. collapsing!
'JC • _:/ v. calm down, subside (of one's falling in). (~.)..rS~.; v. come down crashing, fall
anger).+",sJ"-t._ n. unfriendly rivalry/ discord! with a crashing sound).+ .J'u/- v. be heard
contention. (~.)..rS ~~.; v. contend, have discord crashing down.
with-jW..J).+~~/_ also ~W~/_ v. be ~.; rime pres. stem ofthe verbOJL.; q.v.
indignant, feel otTended, take exception (10- ..J),
~.; rimen pres. stem ofthe verb OJ.J,jL..; q. v.
resent.+~.J,jW~/_ V.I. offend, outrage, affront,
cause to feel vexed! resentful. C.f ~.).J '.;.w. ~.; rin pres. stem of the verbs~.f1nd •.H,; q.v.+_
V.t. 1. scratch! mark with a claw, nail, s.th .
\Jo![OJ.;)
.:..LS.; rikat (A) n. the bending of the torso from an
sharp. or jagged. Cf OJ.J,j\.!.JJ.J' 2. pick (the fruit of
upright position as part of a prayer ritual.<4i~
certain plants). Cj 3 . •~.).J.+ 'J~-£OJ';] v. reap/
.:..LS.;; the complete Muslim prayer. E.g. ':"lS.; JJ')
mow by hand; strip, denude, bare (i.e. leaves from
.),;-5..s-,.,....;..,; He performed two complete prayer a branch); pull (one's hair) out in anger/ distress,
rituals. etc. Cf OJ')'} ..;~u.
)...:.5; rik~ar adj. tenacious, pesistent. Syn. ,..s::.:;...1.)
*J.:..; rind adj. agreable, acceptable, satisfactory
C.fJ~~' (syn . .J,j........J; pleasing, genial, engaging (.ryn. IJ ~.).
as.; rike n. steep moutainside. C.f j~~. ..s..:..; rink n. edible stalk of gundelia.- .}.:S.
~; rike~e n., bot. ribgrass (often used as a .,$..j; ring n. thick smooth syrup. Cf J\.!.j.) .~.+_
paullice to help burst afestering wound! sore).
;:II n. strained honey/ syrup. Cf .:r~.
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OJ-.il$:;d~d] !,inganewe v. complain. !,IIXSar n. face, physiognomy. Cf I.J~~

J4..t,..m; aspect, facade, appearance.+ »5- adj.
-";';d !,inge pres. stem of the verb o~l$:;d q. v.
transforming, capable of altering the form!
~d !,inlJ also ,""d n. avalanche, large mass of snow/ appearance (of).+ 1,rJ..jjS1- V.t. transform, alter
ice. Cf V"tp. markedly the form! configuration (of loS)·

..5":'d !,;nek n. currycomb; rasp. (~~.J ..5-.id v. brush jjd !,01. n.. gen. (act of) sewing together (~~.J jjd v .
a horse with a currycomb;fig. grate upon, irritate, sew together, make up a garment. cf ~JJ.J~)'
rasp).
UjJd !,uz.qe n. edible plant similar to ~-j;J q. v.
j/ !,O pres. stem of the verb~jd q.v.+~_ Ud]
v. i. go, leave, depart (cf ~~); wa\J(.+ ~_ n. ~jd !,ojn. 1. sun. Syn ..iP. Cf Jl:,j\;. 2. day, time
slow-paced Kurdish dance. Cf ~H""+ ~~] from sunrise to sunset; day (consisting of 24
hours); day, time (cf~l5): ~1oS_resurrection
=~jdq·v.
day *0 ~.w.1oS - resurrection day *t~b 1oS-
j/ !,O adv. down (only in forming certain maturity/ payability date. 3. in comb .. i.e.~jd
compound forms).(~~.J jd v. pour forth, empty out ';'~~jr ,:l.--s~jr~~4....A q.v.+~I_ n. the usual
i.e. grain, chilcen feed. etc')'+~JP./- v. go down (time). E.g . .....JJj ~1~jd...J Ealier than usual; days.
(into); sink down, seep in! through. + JI;S _ adj. E.g. JJ ':;~I~jd Former days, earlier times (cf
poured out, emptied out (of a non-liquid).+. ~I).~).+ ",..L J. n. daily allowance/ wage. 2. adj.
~j4.S I v.i. lie down, crouch. See ~J.&j4.+ ~li/_ daily.+ IJI- I. n. west; general direction of the
See~~.J jd' + ;;...:..;, I-v. sit down. See;;...:..;, b. sunset; west, occident (,ryn.IJI.iP); sunset. 2. adj.
j/ !,O intj. expressing grief (normally preceded by a western. (,j.JJ-IIJL.: ~jd v. set, go down, pass below
noun identifying the lost one). E.g . .1J .&Jlt Alas the horizon, (of the sun).+ uo!IJI- n. westemer.+_
my father!.+ __ n. wailing, lamenation. (~.J jd~ .;.l,. n. expr. ofgreeting: good day, good morning.
v. mourn, lament (for- jot). (,j~.".s.;.l,. ~jd v. say good day to- ;:".1).+ .r.- adj. on a
daily basis; per day.+ tJoI,.j.w.l- v. dawn, begin to
j/ !,O n. day (used only in comb.) i.e. ¥~ Ijdt~
grow light as the sun rises. Cf 0~.w.;:".I ~jd'+ ';..J'i-
q.v.
n. only in ,j~."s."J..J'i ~~ v. take the day off (from
j/ !,O n. river. + .Jlt- also )ofJd n. river, stream of work, etc.); skip the day. + ,j.w. '9Jo.J"'oi I_v. emerge
considerable volume, major watercourse. Cf ~j 1
from an eclipse (of the sun). + ,j~Ji .J"'- ~ I_v. carry
('~ . ~t~.- jdtJ\;' on! manage from day to day.+.:-~_ n. I.
yjd !,ob (E) n. robe, house robe/ garment. chameleon. Cf ....s:J;....JL.. 2. sun worshiper. 3.
sunflower. See tjjd ~ J~.+ ';'td- adj. unfortunate.
Od !,ol! (A) n. breath of life, spirit, that which
Syn. ~~~.+ .~~.JI- v. stay up all night, spend
gives life to physical organisms. See I. ~L$ (all
the whole night awake. + .JLS- n. I. day's length!
forms): ~IJtdloS- soul.+~~r.I- v. frighten, scare.
duration, all day long (from sunrise to sunset).
See ~.Jj ' -.;. + ~~ I-v. be frightened, get scared E.g. ('.&~)5 t)S~ju~ I work all day long. 2. one's
(of ~). Syn. ~L-.;.+ )~_ adj. animate, having condition! health and state of being. E.g.~jS~jd
life.+ Jj- adj. proud, pompous, self-important. V'~J4S;"';,iiL.: We are living through difficult
times; sum of essential and environmental factors
f- j.J !,ox n. bank, shore, brim (normally ofa body
'-. (cf )'0/1 »J). 3. age, era. Syn. .... o~.+ iJ.l.....r..JlL v.
ofwater). Syn. ~~. C! tl.Ju. ask! inquire about s. o. 's health! condition; ask
 302

(s.o.) how he is! feels.+ 0y...i1r5_1 n. equinox.+_ bright spot, well-lit place (syn. uotLSI.;,J,Jd); light
0y...i1r5/2 v. be getting longer/ shorter (of days (see..r:- jd)' + 0y...il.J'{ / - v. I. become light! bright.
after the equinox).+~I~_1 n. solar eclipse.+_ 2. become clear/ intelligible.+~_ adj. & n.
~1.r-S/2 v. be eclipsed (of the sun). Cf~l~ ~~ enlightened, informed (cf ~~); intellectual,
.+ 0y...il.J'{ ~ / _ v. see the day break, witness dawn thinker, academic (cj ),Jo;';;~ •..50J'"j. see)S.r-/).+
(meant as an indication oftime). E.g. ~~ ..so"';' ..J i.S.r---i- n. enlightenment; culture (syn.
o,JO»-l~ ~L..jjd We were half way (on our J.v:J....s): ..s.r--l-..s.....Ol age of enlightenment, the
journey) when it dawned.+~u~~/_ v. renaissance period; intellectuality. + O"';l..,S' / _ v. I.
witness! see the sun rise (as an indication ofthe light, ilIumnate. Syn. oy...il} ..sLi,J,Jd' 2. elucidate,
time of the day). Cf 0~l.J'{~ jjd'+ ..... 1.;_ n. explain (jor-j..t), throw light (on).+..s_n. I. light
newspaper, paper, daily journal. Cf .JU.;S' (syn. uSLi,JJd); gleam, glow, brightness (cj
..... l:JL...+~ ..... I.;_ n. journalism.+ ~ ..... I.;_n. uotl.:.!.jd)' 2. clarity, lucidity.
journalist, newspapennan.+..sJ& ..... I.;_n. = ..... I.;jjd
~'+IJ"'''''; ...... I.;- n. columnist.+~~,J_n. date,
l.:.!.J-"_., -rosna
- See l.:.!.-,Jd,J l.:.!.l:.

time at which an event occurs. Cf .:JLS. Syn. ~bJ !fIi (E) n. role, a character assigned! assumed;
),J.~..l+ ,J,J- n. fast, the practice of fasting (as in fimction.+ ~I.w/- v. play the role (ol-..s).
Ramadan). < ,JJjJd4.t.+ ~lS:....!.,J,J- v. forfeit the merit
~jd !ole I. intj. darling child, Sonny! Cj
of fast (ing).+ .J..... ~ J,J- v. break! give up one's
j~ .-:..;S'fo.. 2. n. son, person closely
fast. + ';s,J,J- also ~1,J0,J,J- adj. & n. fasting; one
associated with! descending from an ethnic, social
who fasts.+ ~}/ ,J,J- v. fast. Syn. ~l.J'{ ,J,Jjjd ",,!.+- or political community (as a nation! peaple).+ ~_
~Ir-s / JJ V. go for a stroll to while away the last = I . ..Jjd'
minutes of a fast. + 0_ used in comb. meaning: one
r'j; n. Ottoman, Ottoman Turk: ~ ,Jrjd
l!om
day's (work, travel. etc.).+~.b-'!'O_ n. one day's
Ottomans and Persians. + ..s _ adj. Ottoman, of!
ploughing (as a measure ofploughed land).+~.t­
relating to Osmanlil the Ottoman Empire.
n. distance covered in one day on foot.+.:J1._
also .:J14.A_ n. I. east, general direction of the .~~JJ !oman n. novel. .•h
Cf..s~ .~\,;;.

sunrise; East, orient: J,JJl ~1.. _ Far East ~1.. _ ~~jJ !omantiki (E) n. romanticism .
• .:-Id oJ\.; Middle East. Sw..:; ~1.. _ Near East.
~jd !on n. oil (edible. lubricating. etc.); grease,
2. sunrise.+ 1J"'l;.j10- n. orientalist.+ ..sjjd I.; 0_ adv.
suet (cf..$,J,Jl see ..sJ~): ~~..s - cottonseed oil
every other day. + ~~ ~ / _ v. rise, appear above
~ ..s - cooking oil • ..so,J,Jd..s _ vegetable oil_
the horizon (of the sun).+ ..s-I. adv. daily, a/ per
.~.j..s olive oil .0.;4S..s- clarified butter.;:1,$'..s-
day (used only in comb.). E.g. )~,J,Jl..sjJJ Twice a
attar of rose petals .1.I""~..s _ cod-liver oil.< ""! ~I.;
day. 2. n. daily bread, livelihool. Syn. ."..~ under
~jd' + JL n. J. drippings, fat and juices of cooked
:.i· Cf~IJo~. meat. 2. oil mixed with water.+ ~Il_ n. place (esp.
':"':",Jd !u~te n. twine, string of two or more strands in a country home) where oil is stored; oiler,
twisted together. C.j I. ~ .";.,$. receptacle/ device for applying oi\.+ ~}/_ v.
extract oil (from nuts. seeds. etc.); skim oiV
!O~in adj. I. bright, radiant, having light.
grease.+ ..s~.;&_ n. castor oil. + ~IH~.J"'-..J/-
Syn . ..sLiJ,Jd' 2. clear, intelligible, lucid. Cf .)o!l See ~.,,;..~.+ 0.;4S 0_ n. butter. See •.;4S.
I~l: (~»-I.;,.-!-jd v. be bright; be c1ear).+ uotl- n.
.~I.;jd !onahi n. light; brightness. Syn. uSl.;,J,Jd'
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*..5';';J.! !ondik n. tears. Syn. ~). jovial; humorous.+ (~JJ-I";';';'JJJ v. be gay/

cheerful; be amicable/ friendly with-j..5.u).+ _
..5...;,JJ rung n. new and shorn fleece/ coat of wool.
~~ n. gaiety, cheerfulness; amicability.+ .)b_
Cj u.u>.
adj. unreserved, open and sociable.+ ~IJ/_ v.i. 1.
V"L:.;JJ !onyas n., bot. madder (esp. the root used in happen, occur, transpire, take place. Cf ~L..,.u. 2.
dyeing yarn).+ u- adj. having the red colour of encourage, be unduly lenient (with-4.t).+ JIJ- n.
V"L:.;3J q. v. event, happening, incident (cj .:.oL.~);

JJJ !un. 1. anat. face (syn. J~'J ')-~JJ); face phenomenon (see .:.o~.)u).+ ";"J- adj.
front, facade; surface (front, upper or outer); right shamefaced and embarrassed, sheepish;
side (as of a piece offabric) (cf .nJ). 2. aspect, disgraced.+ (~JJ-!";"JJJJ v. be ashamed! contrite/
angle, facet. 3. face, confidence, courag~ (as shamefaced. E.g. "..ri";"J.:.oJJJ You should be
opposed to shyness/ timidity).< ~L. JJJ.+ Uoi.JI_ n. ashamed of yourself.+ ""';"J- n. shame;
hypocrisy, duplicity, _ pharisaism; dissimulation. compunction, remorse.+ J.).j_ adj. I. embarrassed,
Cj u!L.~.uJ. (~J.J .:.o.uIJJJ v. be hypocritical). c.j discomfited, ill-at-ease. 2. of yellow complexion,
~J.J ~j~ .~J.J ~I.).... + j~JI_ adj. hypocritical, pale, unhealthy looking.+ ~L. J.).j_ v. be left ill-at-
fawning.+ ~JI_ n. hypocrite, dissembler.+ _ ease, be discomfited.+ ~I~a J.).j_ SeeJ.).j
4;1 n. point of view, standpoint, angle.+ u.,ljl-l- ~I~a+ uJ.).j _ n. embarrassment, discomfiture. +
adj. 1. in demand, sought after, coveted. 2. pretty J.)L-_ adj. cool, unfriendly, chilly; glum, sullen.
and desirable (of a woman).+ ~4.t- See (~~J.)L...J~ v. be cool/ chilly with-j&.u).+ uJ.)L...-
~~u.+ ~_ n. area, acreage (in square feet! n. coolness, unfriendliness.+ ~_ adj.
mile, etc.). (syn. 2. ~I~); area (geom.): u.)4.t- honourable, offme character, reputable.+ (r.-JJJ
~ lateral area *.:...:,$ u~ _total area. + _
~JJ-! v. only in the expression:
-:..r. Ift"".:.oJJJ you are
_ ~ adv. & adj. face-to-face, facing, close and truly honourable.+ ~J~ Ift"""JJJ v. be a source of
opposite (each other). C.f ~I~.+ .~»d-~- v. pride (to others).+ ~_ n. honour, good
be brought face-to-face (as in settling a maller, character/ reputation.+ .).,.,..._ adj. chaste, virtuous,
dispute, etc.).+ .y..;J.J-4.tI- v. bring (two side)
having integrity. + (~»-I.)""'" - See ~»-I..r.-'JJJ). + -
face-to-face together, cause (two parties) to come
U.)J.J- n. virtue, integrity, probity.+ ~_ adj.
face-to-face with each other.+ ~J~ n. face-to-
stem, severe in manner, austere.+ ~15..:..1_ v. bel
face encounter/ confrontation.+ u!L.~- n. flattery,
feel rebuffed! rejected! cast off; be humiliated.+_
blandishment, cajolery, adulation.+ (~J.J u!L.~J"
~.;.;IS..:,.I v. rebuff, snub, reject, cast off, be rude
v. flatter, cajole, adulate. syn. ~J.J ~j~.+ ";'J.i,-
n. veil (worn on the face). Syn. 1. ~. Cj (to- u ); humiliate. Cf .y..;J.J ..;..~.+ ~- adj.
rude, uncivil, uncouth.+ ~.r--_See ";'~JJJ.+ ~u_
";'J.i,~~.+ '1'-'.-
See 'I'-'.~.+ ~IJ:.,.I_ v. be overly
familiar with, be excessively freindly/ informal adj. brazen-faced, shameless, impudent.+ .,r-u- n.
to.+ jl.J _ See ':JJJJ".+";'~ _ adj. crabbed, morose, brazen-facedness, irnpudence.+ V"~- adj.
sullen.+ '--:'J...)~ _ n., math. parallelopiped, a prism unaffable, ungregarious, unfriendly-looking.+ .)lL
whose bases are parallelograms. + ~J.J ~ I_v.I. n. side/ outer portion of s.th. facing in a particular
turn one's face to, turn the head towards, turn to. direction, front, facade. Cj 3. .)4.t. I. JJJ.+ -
E.g. ~JJ JiJ~z.s; uJJJ He turned to me and said. .~I.JI v. overcome shyness! reserve, feel at ease.
Cf •y..;1 J ~ JJ 1.;. 2. be kind to, look favourabley Cj ~L.IJ.+ 'JI.J - adj. uninhibited, unreserved.+_
upon, favour, oblige.+ ..;.:,.;._ adj. gay, cheerful, ..;..s 1. n. outside cover/ coating (normally s.th.
attractive); screen, shroud (jig.). 2. adj. sham,
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imitation, simulated.+ (..,~~ ~JJd v. present! L.!!-iIJJd [..,IJJdl !"wanin v.i. look, direct one's eyes
show in a simulated or pretentious way. + ~ _ n. (10), watch, Syn. ~-dl.w. Cf ..,~~ L.:.l..4j.< ~
coating, covering. Cf jJJ~L;.+ ~;/_ v. yield, ~IJJd'
give in, agree (OUI of fear of embarrassment!
'J....;I JJ; [~JJ;l !"wanewe V.i. thicken, become
regard for s.o. else). Cj ..,l.. bJJd.u.+ jJ_adj.
dense/ concentrated. Syn. o~»I""";'
sour-faced, forbidding, having a frowning!
scowling appearance, gloomy, surly, grouchy. J1JJd !.Uwaw adj. planted; germinating, sprouting.
Syn. ~ ~ (under ~), 3. J..;. + (..,~.J jJJJd v. put on
a forbidding appearance, frown, scowl.+.;j) _ n. 'J1JJd !"wawe adj. thickened, condensed: _.;~
frowning! scowling appearance, grouchiness. + .s _ condensed milk.
n. Kaaba (as lhe direclion to which Moslems turn .JltJJd rfibar = .Jltjd under j /
when praying).+ J...L ac(j. jovial. Syn. J.j#-JJd'+.
..:..JJd !ut adj. J. naked, nude, undressed, bare (cf
"'.J.rI~/ v. be on the way, have the trend of, be
~4......; •~jl); unadorned, bare, lacking
changing fori turning to. E.g. ~lt.,j JJd He is
changing for the better; be facing, have the facet embellishment. <..:....u-l,,;JJd' 2. plain, alone, by
front turned in a specific direction. E.g. .u ';JJd itself. E.g. ~..,IJ.JJd~Ji We had plain rice (as
•Jl;.... It is facing the sun.+ ..,L;~/_ v. look to, a meaI). 3. absolute (of math, grammer, etc.) .
solicit and expect (afavour! help, elc.from s.o.).+ E.g. ..:..JJd IS'.J l..~ An absolute number. + ("'»1":"JJd
..,1.r-s.J'J~/- v. turn the face away from, avoid! v. be naked. baret undressed; be unadorned.+
..,~~ ..:..JJd v. bare, uncover. E. g. ~.J ..:..JJd';.;4- He
avert (esp. as a geslure of annoyance!
unfriendliness).+ *4..-.l.._ n. table cloth. Syn. uncoverd his head. cf •..,...;~.J ":"JJd)' +
ft-ofo-.+ ..:.._- n. cheek. Cf ~.,s. Syn. LijS.- •..,...;.... 1_ [~JJd 1 v. t. drain! exhaust (s. 0.) by living
~~.+ 1J".w- n. copy, transcript, reproduction of off of his toil or resources, strip (5.0.) gradually of
(his wealth, possessions. elc.); erode, denude.+
an original.+ (..,~~ IJ".v:.JJd v. copy, make a copy
•..,...;1_ [~JJ; J v. i. molt, shed (of hair,jealhers,
0/-';; transcribe.+ ..,.I.;...w- n. copybook, book leaves. eIC.); got become bald (of one's head); be
used in teaching penmanship.+ ._ n. copy, eroded, become denuded.+ ~I_ n. bare placet
example, case, ilIustration.+ ~~/_ v. have the spot! patch, etc. Cf ..,4jJJd'+ '~»I/_ v.i. undress,
face, venture. c.j J;). Syn. ~la JJd.u. + J._ n. disrobe, take off one's clothes, strip. Syn. ":"JJ;j#-
facet, aspect. + J' _ adv. in the direction of, facing; •..,...;~.J.+ •..,...;~.J/- v.i. undress, strip/ take (s.o. '5)
-wards. E. g. ~b ...;.; J' JJd She sat down facing clothes off. 2. rob, loot, hold (s.o.) up.+ j~dJ­
us. Cf JO.J~'+ ~; j.,a/_See ~;j.,aJ~'~'+­ ac(j. miserably poor. + ..:..~J _ adj. J. stripped and
JI)W....... adj. impertinent, saucy, impudent, bare, completely naked. 2. utterly destitute.+ ._1.
shameless. Syn. r.J~ (under ~\ adj: ragged, straggly, shabby, 2. n. a have-not.
= .,j4jJJd q.v.+ ..,,_ adj. barren, having scanty/ no
JIJJ/ !"wal n. aspect, mien (cf ).....#.Jd); feature,
vegetation (of land).+ .;_ n. nakedness, nudity.4/
facet.
<~JJd'
JIJJ/ !"wal =jIJ'dq·v.
"'~JJ; [~JJdl !fixon v.i. fall into ruin; collapse,
..,I JJd [~JJdl!.Uwan V.i. grow, sprout, spring up and
cave/ fall in, give way. Cf ..,l..d'+ ..,~_ [~JJ;l V.I.
develop (of planls, eIC.).+ ..,~- [~JJdl V.I. grow,
demolish, tear down, wreck (syn. J. ..,I ~ ..s:.:;.;); ruin,
cultivate; plant (cj 4. ..,I~~).+.;_ n. plant,
destroy; bring down, overthrow. Cj ..,.... L...r I.
vegetable (as compared 10 animals and minerals).
..,.... 44j·
 305

J\>.JJd !fJxaw adj. demolished, tom down, wrecked; ~Id 2 !eben adj. poor. Syn. ;I~.
in ruins; overthrown.
.,;.L:J~d J!eblulllxir (A) n. fourth month of the
.PJJd !Il! adj. I. rough. See ",j. 2. pockmarked. See Moslem year.
o.SJ~Jl:..+ .:,,1- [~JJdl v.i. be scratched! abraded! J,.,...:.J~d J!eblulawel (A) n. third month of the
scraped. Cf .J..L.ilf·+ .J..L.iI- [~JJdl V.t. scratch, Moslem year.
abrade, mark, scrape.+ JI- adj. scratched, marked,
IJlId !ebl only in IJlId J...:..~ q. v.
abraded, scraped. + o.SJI- n. scratch, mark,
abrasion. ~o.,? !ep adj. stiff and straight, erect.+ (.J»i~'d v.
stiffen, stretch out. + ~~ o..JI,) V. cause to stiffen!
jJJd !lJl n., bot. orleander. Syn. 4.l1~. . '.
~JJd !lJm n. pubic hair. See .J4.Io.S~.- 3. .J4.I4.
.
stretch out. syn . .J.&.i~).+ o..JO,)JI-
. adv. bluntly,
ubruptly. curtly, brusquely, frankly.+ .:-ldJ - I.
.JJJd !lJn adj. I. watery, having thin fluidity (syn. adj. quite straight, upright. 2. adv. directly,
i ....);
diluted, weak (syn. 3. ~). 2. translucent, straight.
clear, diaphanous (ant. J.;J. cf Jl...); lucid, clear .J"t.j~'d [~Idl !epandin v. tap/ touch flat with the
(syn. 2. v-:.Jd); bright, luminous (see ..S'l;JJ.,?)'+ ..s1_ palm of the hand (i.e. when swearing on a holy
book).
adj. bright, luminous, well-lit. C.! I. J~.+

(.J»! ..S'l;JJ.,? V. be bright! well-lit).+ c.,I!\Sl- n. bright 4.f.0d !epe n. tapping, clatter (i.e. o/horse's hoofs).+
place, well-lit spot.+ ,,,,,,,,,~}'..s1_ v. illuminate, . . n. continued clatter.
o..JO,)_
brighten, lighten. + ~ _ n. illumination, light ~•.J r.epel n. team, number of persons associated
(also. jig.).+ ''''';»i..s1- v. become clear, (o/water together (esp. as one side in a match). Cj ~.+_
which has been made murky/ muddy); become
IS' n. field, court, area of sports.
clear/ lucid! intelligible (for-j-I.~).< .JJJ.,?JJ
IJ4-i»!.+ ~ - See ~jd'+ ..sfti- n., gram. 41d !ep1!ge n. much travelled road.
apposition.+ IJ4-i~}'/- v. illuminate, elucidate; uOd 1 !et n. gen. staggering motion, (act of)
enlighten. Syn. I",.,...~}'~IJ'+ IJI~- adj. and n. passing.+ (.J.J.1-/U1d v. got pass through- IJ"'~ •
iIIiminating, informative, enlightening; one who
by- b . .. 4.t, through- L:.i). E.g. .J.1-/U1d OJlftJ He
en lightens. + o.S- n. I. clarity, lucidity, distinctness.
passed through here. Cj V'~~.+ .J~~ U1d v.
2. translucency; dilution, state of being diluted.
cause to got pass through, extend through. E.g.
j;JJd !,Uwil adj. wild (0/ animals and plants). ~~od 1~'JJ4.t Pass it through the other side).+

..s'JJd !uwek n. plant (kingdom, world, species. .JI- [~odl v.i. work, labour; be exhausted.+ .JJ.L
etc.).+ u'lj- n. botany. also I"";.l.il_ [~Id 1 v. cause to toil, get hard work
out of. E.g. IJ"-: ':;0.,..": ~jd c.,I!l~...).) ~ He makes me
~Id !ebet n. hideout, blind, screened stand (where toil all day long.+ JI- adj. exhausted, hard
a hunter awaits his prey).
wor~ed. + .J~J"i / _ also .J1 ~ / _ v. stagger, move in
~d !ebeq adj. whole, complete, entire. Eg., jfrks. C.! .J.).,/"'I G.~.+ ~".s/_See~".s U1d.J4.l·+-
Iy-~ ~ 4J~I.,? ~l.... I haven't seen him for a whole ~-3dJ n. gait, manner ofwalking.+ V!- = .Jl;I.,? q. V.
year.
1
uo/ !et n. train, sequence, an orderly series of
.J4-I0d !eben adj. celibate, living in celibacy,
related thoughts or events. E.g. '''''''''~}'r-I~'d
bachelor (see ~~j). Train of thought.
 306

':;"0/ !et (A) n.. gen. (act of) returning! rejecting.+_ ":"';'0./ !ext also ~o./ n. I. silver ornament for
o.,...;~.,sl v. give back. return; reject, refuse to animals (bells. etc.); equipment, furnishings Syn.
acknowledge, submit (to)/ acquiesce (in). J~l;. Cj __ o~ .J.-,..,J4S. ~..;_saddlery and

harness • ..5.JJ-1"; _ trousseau • p..; _ bed and

o~o./ !etewe n. family tree, geneological diagram.
bedding. 2. bandolier consisting of one or more
j~o./ !eca[ also ~o./ adj. poor, destitute, down- belts around the waist and torso and supported by
and -out. Cf I~ .;Ijo1...a.+ ..;_ n. poverty, straps over both shoulders. Cj .Li..,s~. + _
destitution. .Li~";'J n. caparison (for a horse).

~o./ !ec[ adj. worthy, deserving, fit, See .;,~L:.. "';;'0./ !exte adj. sturdy, durable, well-built. Cj
...s~.
~o./ !!eceb (A) n. seventh month of the Moslem
year. .;,w.../(~o./J !exsan also~./ v. come up,
~./ !efe[ n. fruit preserve/ jam. arrive, occur/ happen (to-j......t) almost
unexpectedly.+ .;,~_ (~./J V.I. make happen!
..5aJ~./ !ere[ek n. line of ancestry, root, origin come about, cause to materialize/ take place.
E.g., o.,o},.;. o~ leSaJ~./ ~ He traced down his
Jl..-H./ !USIIW adj. formed, materialized; godsent,
origin, fig. He denounced his origin. He cursed his
entire ancestry (cf ~); heredity.+ ..;_ adj. coming up unexpectedly as if sent by God (of s.th.
desirable. opportunity. etc.).
hereditary, genetically transmitted.
":';'0./ !exne n. criticism, faultfmding, opprobriwn
r-0./ !e!!m (A) n. mercy, compassion; clemency.+
(cj 2. ~4oi); breach, rift.+ iJ..-;.;';I- V.t. breach,
(';'J,H (4.A) r-0./ v. have mercy/ compassion; feel
violate, break.+ ~_ I. adj. critical. 2. n. critic,
compassion! affection for- j....S4.l esp. with
annotator.+ ~}UJ/- v. criticize, fmd fault with,
relatives).+ .;,1_ adj. copassionate (ofGod).+ ~/_
castigate .
.;,~~ v. show mercy to, be kind to.+ ~_ n. God's
mercy/ compassion.< I.".;."",,-o./~~ under~1 .,.,~o./ !edli = JJ~I./ q.v. under 1./.

q.v.+ ';'»-tUJ ':;"0- v. have God's mercy. E.g. uo./ !ede n. common fund subscribed to by
~~p-SaJ.:;..,,-o./ May his soul rest in peace. theological students; fund, swn of money set a
.JP.,L: aJ~o./ the cry of one serving water in a part for a specific objective .
public place meaning: God's blessing in him who jo./ !ez. n. vineyard.- ~.+ 4oi1_ n. tax levied on the
drinks water.+ ';'~.Jli~.:;..o_ v. send blessings to (the
annual y~eld of a vineyard.+ Vo'~/- v'. prune
deceased).+ ~o_ adj. the late, deceased
vines.+ aJ_ n.. bOI. nightshade. Syn. o./oj4.l..",.;.+_
(indicating respect). E.g. "",,-o./...s.i!Lt~ The ~o n. species ofivy.+ .;,1.,0- n. vinedresser.
late Shaikh 8ayiz.
Ijo/ !ez.a (A) n. consent, concurrence,
':;"4>0./ !e!!et (A) adj. comfortable, restful. E.g.
acquiescence. (.;,.J.r! Ijo./ v. normally used in the
-';4>0U..s~ My place is comfortable; tranquil,
negtive. meaning: to disagree, refuse to consent
calm.+ (';'J.Joi~o./ See o~l. Jl;. .;,~.,s ':;"4>0./ see j>
tot approve of. E.g. ~ ~..; I'ljD./ I don't want
.;,~.;-S ':;"--0./).+ ..;_1 n. tranquility, calm. E.g. you to go. + .Li... _ adj. satisfied, content (with- ~)
~I~ ""4>0./~ Sit down quietly, simmer down. (syn. ~LJ); agreeing, consenting.+ ..;.Li.... _ n.
2 satisfaction; consent, approval, concurrence.
",,4>0./ !e!!eti n. funnel (for pouring liquid). Syn.
4.u:;· Ijo/ !ez.a n. looks, facial expression! appearance.
Syn. I . ...s::..-;;.+ jl.; _ also ..,...;"J- and .;,I} _ adj.
 307

insufferable, unpleasant looking.+ (':".w..:"I,)'lj'" v. horse)'+'~.w.I_ v. I. go out, be extinguished

become insufferable.+ .:,,~..,.$ .:"I..J'IjO" used with y. (esp. oflive coal). Cj .y.;I1,S'. 2. melt (of snow on
meaning: be a bore/ paint irritant! wretched, be a the ground).Cj •.,...;Iy-. +..5e...J~ _ n. Kurdish style
cause for dislike). . .
of mixed dancing'-~H~' (':"l..,.$ ..5..J~'" v.
~Ij." rez.aql n. name ofa species of yellow grape.- dance/ perform ..5J~.,,).+ ~_ adj. pessimistic,
-..s.;. glum, fatalistic. Syn. ~l~.+ ~.H- adj. wearing
black (in sorrow).+..Jl; _ adj. having a dark
.;~" reura n. battle, action, engagement.- Jr'j~
complexion.+...,.;_ See~.+.""';.Y:I- v. look
r' j.". + IS - n. battleground, arena.
dark! blakish (often ofa distant object).+ .:"Irs Il/_
J....i." rezJl (A) adj. mean, beggarly Syn . ..5J J?. Cj also':"'--J~b/_ v. turn black! dark; become
sunburned.+..5_ 1n. I. pupil (of the eye). Syn.
JJjJ" reju n. c~arcoa\. Syn. j.oJ.,;.. ~. 2. Negro, member ofthe black race.+ )L
See J~''''+ '''''':'l.JI- v. I. write out, fill in (a
_/ resm (A) n. picture. See .,~.
manuscript); cross out (writing). 2. See ~'"
_/ resm (A) n. I. ceremony, form. 2. fee, tax, '~.Y:'+ »-5- adj. indiscriminatingly harmfuV
due.+ .:..~_ n. formalities.< ~ . .:..L:.-'''-':;j4S ruthless.+I.F'..? _no speciesofgrape.--..s.;.+",L1/.
o~L:.-''''+ I.S- adj. official, authorized, forma\.< n. net-like sack made of goathair cord used for
..,-,~
carrying chaff, hay, straw, etc. 2. often in comb .
with names of separated! offshoot sub-tribes.
:.,_" resen adj. I. thoroughbred, of good stock (of E.g. .s:...:..l.u~ offshoot sub-tribe of the Jaf. 3. n.
animal); highborn, of noble descent (cj .:,,1J4J~. cwnmin seed. 4. n. variety of black grapes.- -..s.;.+
ant . .J4-O"l;). 2. genuine, bonafide, veritable. -J.S. adj. darkish in colour. Cf ..J~".+_
~~ n. blurred vision; momenta
:..~" resin n. puberty.
,;.." rq I.n. adj. black (syn. ~);jig. dark, gloomy,
-
sightedness. (':"l,rS.s.....:.:.., y5.....,:.,0., v. see blurred
.
images, see stars, be dazzled (of one's eyes); see
bleak, disastrous: -~J" dark day, day of gloom things, imagine, fancy. E.g. ~~~J.s:..:.."':"J~
and disaster. 2. in comb. e.g. J~" .~w'" etc. You are seeing things). + .;....:. j4S _ n. mixture of
q.v.+ (':".J.J-I~'"
I. be black, in colour; be
V. cummin and fenugreek seeds used to give special
gloomy. 2. fall from favour, come down in s.o. 's flavour to bread.+ .,L.._ n. blacksnake.+ jL.. _ n.
estimation- J~~'+~.J";'" v. blacken, smudge, pitched black tent. Cj) J'l •.,l ~ •j;;~. + ..,..",,; _ n.
sully with s.th. black. + JI- n. I. characoal ink, outline, draft (cj ""'~JJ" •..5...:...,,); contour,
black ink. 2. See ..;."I.SJL.:.+ .,r-I- n. blackness; profile, delineation.+ o.S..r--"- n. variety of black
black place/ spot (cj ~l,S;....)\j"); spot of earth grapes.- -..s~. + .:..JJ"J - n. & adj. (the) poor and
surrounded by snow; indistinct distant object downtrodden. Cj ..sj.,;.":".,,.+ Ift'"'J_See J~"'+.
(see~L...,l;).+.;;L..I~.,r-I_ v. have one's eyesight ~J adj. purple(oftheface).+.:"lrs~tJ.!.!.J-v.
seriously weakened (due to age, disease, etc.). jig. turn purple (with rage, from lack ofsufficient
Cj.;;u I~ .,r-I.;,.,s.+ JJj4- adj. piebald, spotted! breathing); turn black and blue (of a bruise,
blotched with black and white.+ JLt _ adj. wound, etc.).+ ..,sJ- adj. second rate, low grade,
blackish.+ ~_ n. mobilization, leve en masse. mediocre.<...,s;....:..,,~~.+o_ flfSt element of
Cf...iLl (.:"~.rS~,, v. mobilize, marshal, certain compound nouns, i.e .• ~'" t'iJ""':"o" '
muster). Cf ':"l.J .,It..;.+ '»t- adj. grey-black (of a ?tc. q. v. + 4' _ n. occasional strong northeasterly
 308

wind (lit. black wind) (syn. ~~~); gale '.J"-.:<J'J I am about to freeze to death.+Ji.,iJ-
(see~,.;.).+ )J'..t....:.j,.,>.-adj. barely educated, adj. empty and bare (of a place); dry and stale (of
bread}.+._' See4Jo~"u.t..i(under Ji.,i).+J._l. n.
merely literate.+...s8<I.H_alsoju';s._n. mass, the . .
body of peaple as contrasted with the elite. any prominent bone: j.ijA..: ..;.Jo _ kneecap ..;.J._
CfJ'Jl.o~.+,;,I...i~_H _ n. large family.+ )~._ n. ...:-; thoracic (dorsal) vertebra *~ ..;.J. _ arch
elm.+jl.)._ n. species of eagle.>jl~.+ot....iL..;,,;_ n. bone (of the foot) * r:..1J ..;.J. _ shin bone (tibia).
variety of basil having large dark leaves. 2. adj. gaunt, haggard, starved· looking, being all
Cf ....;L..;,,;.+ jL..o_ n. year of drought.+ .5._ n. skin and bones.+ JL-.- _ n. kind of poisonous
preliminary outline, sketch, version, rough draft. + snake.+,:,._ =,:,IJ.~ q.v.+~~.... /_ v. dry up and
~} .50. v. draw up a draft, make a preliminary harden, become brittle; turn stale (of bread}.+_
outline (o/-..;).+",Ji....:,I}o- n., med. typhus. ,.u;~...... adj. dry and hard, brittle; stale.+~_

C.! ",Jiot....il}.+ ,:,W"...."..._ n. lukewarm Muslem.+o_ See 1. ...JAJ.~. + ..; _ n. 1. hardness, solidity; stiffness,
;:,.. n. 1. caterwauling; mating of cats. 2. twelfth rigidity. 2. See ~.~ ~»tl....
month of the Kurdish calender. Syn. ,:,~~.+._
~'J reqs See l.o--.Cf~r:J4A·
t'~JJ n. cattle. Cft~JJtjJ'ot.+,:,I,r$~/_See~~
,:,I,r$ b.+ ~- n. iris (of the eye).+..;_ n. blackness. u./ reqe n. tortoise. Cf ~ .~.

Syn. ~L:.o~. • •• ;.J reqite n. lumbago, muscular rheumatism!

stiffness.
(A) n. machinegun, automatic gun.
Syn . ..ijJo.J.... ..5.~ req n., bot. root: ~.s::.u..;_ fibrous roots; math.
root; vein (cf I. J l.o •.).+,:,t""sI.)/_v.takeroot(of
..s...:.../ n. envy, jealousy. + ':'~..r.;:r./_ v. be
rt!!.k
a plant); fig. become fmnly established (in a
envious of, feel jealousy towards.+,:,_ adj. place! position).+ "':"";J- n. roots.< ...:....pS.~ ..J.+_
envious, jealous. j. n. 1. race, stock. breed. C.f ~.,;.~ under
l
~t~ rt!!.tne n. rope connected to the curb chain u-t •.5~J'~I~. 2. gender.+.:-J"-'...i'- adj.
used for tying a horse. C.f 1. ~. racist; bigoted.+ ~~._ n. racism; bigotry.+_
jj~j. n. anthropologist.+ ..;jj~jo _ n.
);;';t~ reftaT (P) n. behaviour. See 'J'')'}' Cf .5.t..ilot.
anthropology.+ ..;jo _ adj. racial, ethnological;
..;.~ refe n. shelf. C.f 1. Jt"} generic. + ..; _ adj., math. radical.
~.~ rej'isk n., anat hollow/ back of the knee. J...o~ rem!. n., gen. geomancy.+ .~}/_ v. practice
* ..:,o~ rev
pres. stem of the verb ~'J q.v.+ ~....[..:,.~] geomancy by using artificial configurations of
sandi earth. + ,:,1 ~ ~ / _ v. surmise, speculate,
n. escape, flee, get away. Syn. ~lA ju.
conjecture.+ 'JO} _ n. geomancer.
J'd req adj. hard, solid (cf ~J; stiff, lacking in
"";I~.~ remedane n. species of millet. Cf.,:,jp
suppleness (of the muscles); stubborn, unyielding
«J'~.w.J.s). (':'.J.J-!J'~ v. solidify, become hard; 1. jlS'.
stiffen. ,:,.),;S Jo~ v. solidify; stiffen, cause to stiffen .;,I,j.....~
!!emeum (A) n. Ramadan, ninth month of
and stretch out. Syn. ,:,~,;S .....J). .
. + ,:,1- adj. hard, the Moslem year; month of fasting for
stony (of the ground, etc.).+ ~I_ n. hard ground; Moslems.- ,:,Ij-..'~ ~~ •JJ')j~
uncultivatable land.+ (J"'!I- n. hard place/ spot.
~~o~ remekt adj. mediocre, second rate.
Ant. ~l.o.J4-i.+ ''''';.w./- v. freeze to death. E.g'';';''J
Syn. ~:,:...~.
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ji..o'.} !emen adj. fleeing. See .w~. (from fear. illness) (cj .:"lrJ~ l~.j); fade
(see.""";~).+ .Y~- adj. pale, ashen.+~_ n.
r!i".} !ene n. toil, laborous effort, travail. E.g.4i
adverb. Syn . .:"L...;j.Jl:.+ .:,,~~/_ v. I. be
.:"L.:.~ •.}Through laborous effort.+ .:"I-tr-w •.}]
messed up/ disarranged (of the colour ofs.th.);
v. i. be angry and disillusioned, become estranged!
tum pale (see.:"l.S#~..s..:.•.}).+~.} il/ _ also.
despleased (with- ~).+ .:".l....,jl_[~.~] v. t. offend,
. . ~/ v. drawl mark with colour, cast dye/ colour
hurt (the feeling Of-jl), alienate. E.g. ':".;.>4J~l
for marking: layout, arrange, design, formulate.
~.r-- Don't alienate him.+ JI- adj. alienated,
Cj .:"I.:;.~) •.:"L!;s" ~ •.:"L;ll u''''''':''';-.}.+ ~-.}_ n.
estranged, disaff"ected.+ ':"l.)'"!/_ v. toil.+ ~~ 4i- one who casts dye! colour for marking; designer,
adj. having toiled in vain! spent one's efforts planner.+ ~-.}_ n. design, outline, blueprint.+ J.iJ-
uselessly.+~~~~_ n. futility/ uselessness (of
n. freshness, youth and vigour (esp. in a gir/)o Cj
one's efforts/ loil. etc.).+ A- n. & adj. toiler; ;,...,..L;.+ ~-.}J- n. colour and texture (of afabric.
toiling; labourer (esp. an agricultural worker).+_ etc.).+ JJ.}J- n. one's health (as reflected in the
~A n. occupation ofagriculturallabourer.+ )l_ face). E.g. .»i....:...;~~JJ~ •.} He didn't look
adj. oppressed, burdened.+.:"ll/_ v. toil, plod, healthy.+._ also;.r.- adv. probably, it is likely,
labour, struggle. Cj.:"b "iW';.+ ~'l_ adj. & n. perhaps, maybe. E.g. ~...; .5..:.•.} He probably will
toiling; toiler.+ .:"l~;S'f- v. suffer trouble, drudge.+ not come. Lr""~ ~ .s....;.~ perhaps you know
;JJ - adj. suffering, miserable, afflicted. + j.}' _ adj. him.< .5..:..H4i.+iJlS#~/- v. change colour, look
having toiled in vain. + IS"'.J.}' _ n. fruitlessness of wan! sickly/ pallid.+ .:"Irs~/- v. change colour,
one's toiV labour. tum pale.+':"l.l'-oIJ':"t...;;./- v. change colour
J.j •.} 1 rend adj. gay, blithe, cheerful; humorous momentarily, look different suddenly (of a
(see ";.;.> ~). person's face! expression).+ v-t.- adj. colourful,
full of variety/ interest, pretty, attractive. Cj .:"I.?'!".
J.j./ rend n. land in a riverbed! stream exposed
after flooding subsides. .J.~ !ew n. I.march, pace, tread. 2.rate, pace, tempo
. (of movement! progress/ development. etc.)
• .J..j•.} !ende n. grater (kitchen too/); plane
E.g. ~~.»iL.;~"'''''''':'''''; ~.J •.} Rate of economic
(carpenter's too/).
growth. + .:,,1_1 adj. I. smooth, thorough and
..s..:.•.} !eng n. I. colour, hue, tint (syn. 2.~); dye uninterrupted, flowing. 2. loose (of the bowels)
(cj 4.1~).
2. form, way, manner. Syn . •~. Cj ~ (cj iJ~">:-). 3. explicit, distinct, clear. Cj.;~l
. 3. in comb. as part ofcertain compoundforms, I~l: thoroughly learned! memorized (of a
e.g.• .:".JYI:~~'~
. .. •..,.;~.~... etc. (':"»t..$..;.;... See lesson. etc.); (.:"..t.1-I iJl J'.} v. have loose bowels;
&5.:..;. ':"l~ ~.; v. colour, dye.
Cj ':"l,j "'&.).+ )_
..
also )l _ adj. coloured, hued, pigmented. + 4J1_ n.
- know thoroughly. iJl~ .:"I J •.} v. learn thoroughly,
know comprehensively. + ~I_ adj. eloquent
name of a multi-coloured bird.+ .:".l.il ~ •.}] v.t. (syn..:-Ir.l); skillful in composition and style.+_
colour. See iJl~ ..s...:.•.}.+ JI- n. watery and slightly ~~I n. art of good style/ composition (in
fermented conserve of black grapes. Cj J\;.j.>.+- writing); eloquence. + ~I_ adj. visionary, marked
..s..:.•.}JI adj. multicoloured, variegated (cj~I-'J~l,; by foresight.+ ~I_ n. vision, foresight,
); technicolour.+ ~_ adj.. chem. bleaching imagination.+ iJ.J..jI..[.;,-;.J•.}] v. scare away, drive
(agent/ powder). + ~/ _ v. I. fix colour (as in away and disperse. + •.J4.i.l.iI..[~.J •.}] v. untie, cause
making colour/ dye permanent). 2. take form, be (shoe string, drawstring, etc.) to come loose.+ ...;1_
set, have a defmite/ specific direction, course, etc.
n. (act of) sending! dispatching! accompanying.
Cj ~,j;-.+V'-!4..t/- v. lose colour, turnpale
 310

(iJ~",s ...;1.J'd v. dispatch, send, forward (.syn. iJ~Jli); JI.J'd !ewa/ n. lad, boy, youth.
refer, direct, assign to (c.f iJ~Jl:-); accompany,
;;I.J'/ !ewan See iJl.J'd c.s>Jd'
escort, see off (to-l;). E.g.~",s r...;I.J'd lSJ'~ ~ l; I
escorted him to the gate.+ •.,..,I-liS.J'd] also [is.JI; ) ~.Jo; few! n. situation, condition, circumstances.
•~. v.I. be untied, come loose/ undone; Syn. .J~ • iJ.b-"l:.
disappear into the hem (a drawstring). 2. wear off,
~.JI; rew!en = v:.J; q. v.
pass away (0/ sleep/ drunkenness. etc.); disperse
and clear up (0/ clouds).+ ~I_ n. I. fluency, J.J'd rewq n. link ofa chain (Syn. 2 . .,.j.:.); hoop (of
facility, smoothness.<~I.J'd4.t. 2. <,""I.J'd,""L..J'~' a barrel); metal collar (on a prisoner).
+.:..._ n. 1. gait, paces. 2. pace, tempo, momentum; ~.Jo; rewneq n. glamour, splendour, elegance,
degree, extent, measure (C.! 2 . .J'd) 3. current, chann. (iJ~ ~~.J0d v. have charm, be graceful
general tendency/ movement! course.+ Jl;- n. and attractive (o/s.th.). E.g."'-t,",,~.J'H'S~';'I.J#':
behaviour, conduct. = .Jl;,;.;.+ ~_ n. flock. Syn. iJIJ . It is pretty, but has no charm.+ ;ll- adj.
Cf. '.J';'+ '.J'd- n. 1. cycle, course! series of events glamorous, splendid.
or operations that recur regularly and usually lead
back to the starting point. E.g. iJ'w.jI,j'.JI;.JI; life
laid tell" adj. unconstrained, unrestrained, free.
(iJ.J.J'/ I.,; v. be free, lose restraint).
cycle. 2. wheel (also fig.). C.f 1.~.+':"':'_n.

character, temper, natural disposition (.syn. '':''':'J'''' .HOd rehber = fo-Id q. v.under Id2.
..s4..j~); behaviour, conduct (.syn. ;ll..,s).+ .JI.~­ iJl~OJ rehwan adj. ambling, having an easy equine
adj. civil, civic, public, communal.+ ~_ adj.
g~it. Cf. iJl.Jo/.
natural, inborn, innate; characteristic. + ....s_
~od rehen n. sewer, sewage (.system). Cf. .J1.;..j.
procession.+$.J_ n. herd (o/horses/mules). C.f
2. iJld •..;.s.+ iJl.,&.J- n. herder ofhorsesl mules.+_ .w....; !ehend n. dimension, scope, extent. C.!
• n. I. flock, herd, group (o/people! animals). ;I»t •"'-tl;.
Cf.~jS. 2. mil. battalion. Syn . .J.J.J'/l;.+J._adj.
..w....d rehende adj. vagrant, lost, astray, gone
grazing freely and without an attendant (0/
animals). + ..L......io _ adj. nomadic (.syn. ;4->JS); (often used disparaginly). C.f o~. (iJ.J.J'/ o~o; v.
go away, get lost. E.g . .J.J'/ o~od (Thank God) he
migratory, migrating.- ..L.J'.J'dlS.J..:.lL,..+,r--U'd] v.
run away, flee, desert. is gone.

1.J'd !ewa I. adj. legitimate, authorized (cf. ~.J.Jl); .J.;.'d rehile n. downpour, heavy rain. Cf. .....;;J .4i.

fair, reasonable, justifiable, permissible (cf. ~); -iJIJ~'

right, proper, correct (morally or based on iSd re n. I. road; way, pathway (.syn. ~.J); path,
reason) (c.f I. ~I; '~.JJl). 2. n. effect, import, way, course (o/life, conduct, thought. etc.); sake.
weight, influence. Syn . ..$..;-.. (iJ~ 1.J'd v. I. be 2. first element 0/ some compound forms, e.g.
morally proper/ justifiable also used in the .
...5-;.J. '~J' etc. q.v.+ ~_ n. air, abnosphere.
.
negative. E.g. ~~.:. ....:..9 "'-t '"" ISI.J'; what you are Syn. ~~o,i.+ ,iL.,.- n. I. course followed, path
doing is (morally wrong) not justifiable. 2. have entered upon, procedure/ policy adopted. E.g. r':'
effect! import, carry weight, 0/ s. o. 's word!
,r-uLi ~ o,i~-d We shall not deviate from this
opinion, etc. Syn. 2. iJl",s .r-)'+ ~/_ v. view as
course. 2. rule, order (c.f ~~); system, structure
proper, consider justifiable, approve (of-I,j). +_
(see .J,./-..J. + .sj~_ n. teaching, doctrine, school of
..;...... also ...r- - fairness; legitimacy, lawfulness,
throught; idiology.+iJlJ-.tf- a/soiJlJ""l;.r./- v.
legality.
 311

understand, figure out, fathom. Cf ~~~. +. ;.,L..j. n. grammer.+ ";L..j_ adj. grammatical.+_
IJ-'--{li v.I. cover, pass over, complete (of a )LS n. I. career, life work, vocation. 2. procedure,
distance) E.g. 1oSr.;" L....s&':'-.J ~j; ~ ~ We covered method, workplan. + .:...,.5 _ also.;;,Ja5.S _ n. chance,
the distance in three days. -~; .z.,.s. 2. block, bar, happening, coincidence, casuaV incidental event
check + }~_ n. traveler, journeyer, voyager, or circumstance. Cj .;;,yt.-.S:j4A. < u.,.5.;-.J 4.t. +-
passer·by.+ ;"l.".....s IoSl....d- v. know about, have ~.,.....sl also ~~ n. agreement, accord,
knowledge (in), be familiar (with). CI ~Ij.+ .;41- settlement. + ~.,..s I _ 2 a/so ~.,.s ..5 _ v. J. come to
n. guide; instructor, educator, perceptor. See an agreement. E.g. ~.,.5~; li~ Jli..J They came
~I;.+ ,",,~I.;4I- n. guidance, leadership.+;.,I.)~/_ to an agreement among themselves; got agree/ be
v. deviate, stray (from a course, stand, etc.).+ .,r.:i- in harmony (with- j...$'..J) E.g ...54.t. j...$'..J .5..:.0; JJ') r":'
n. principle, convictions, persuasion, belief (of a ;.,.,.5li.$.;-.J These two colours don't go together. 2.
person). Cj ;oJLt, W-.J.+ ~J;r.I- v. intercept, be brought about, be made possible. E.g.~ ~
stop and confront, engage on the way; waylay.+_ u.,..s ..5..;-.J OJ 0""; He made it possible (Cf I. ~
* IJ:!L..Io..-i"; n. impossibility, hopelessness. ~l..A); happen, occur by chance. £.g.uJ.5.$.;-.J IJ
Syn.~~ Cj..,.~.+;,,~-""";I_ v. be .J.J-/ ~.,..J .,..; ....s It so happened that he was there. +.
conceivable/ thinkable/ imaginable/ possible. + G.- ":';J.51 v. fmd oneself in, happen to go to, pass
n. track, course, line. Cj 1oS4..t..+ ~_ n. 2. line, by/ be in the vicinity (of ap/ace). E.g. ~-.J)~":'
row, orderly series (of ants, etc.) (Cj o)lJ..J); 'JL..i ~.....,;.,.5 If I happen to be in that
colwnn of march. <~~-.J. 2. train, neighbourood. + L.$' _ n. road; way (See J. ~); way,
locomotive. Syn. p •.w.........:.. 3. narrow path. course, procedure: ~l; 1oSL.$' _ railway * ~ 1oS1$-
See~; ...s......)~. (;"l.,rS ~-.J See ii-4t 4-.J)·+~­ proper/ lawful way * ..::-1; 1oS1$ _ right path. E.g.~
ii-4t v. form line/ row/ colwnn; crawl back and 4.t.... ~..) There are three ways (courses ofaction).
forth between two points (of ants).+ .;41 ~/_ v. Cf ~p. 'JJ)',). (;.,~ L..,(j-.J v. have a way/
cause (s.o.) the inconvenience of coming! means (of doing s. th.), be possible; have access to.
traveling (jor s.th.).+ ).)_ n. 1. rear guard. E.g. 'J')JJ~ ~ ~ l$:.i-.J There was no way for
Syn.~..)~~. 2. sanction, backing.+IoS)I.,_ n. me to get inside.+ ;"l.J ~-.J v. make way, allow by
warrant, judicial writ; grounds, justification.+. clearing the way. CI ;.,1., ~-.J).+ .~p 15' _ n. that
;.,1.,1 v. allow, permit, let, give permission (to-~) which paves the way, mobilizing factor. + ;.,1., 15'_
(CI ;.,1.) 'JL..); make way, allow passage (Syn.~-.J =;.,I.,~; q.v.+;.,LtJ l5'- n. open road, highway;
;"l,?).+ )~..:.ll/_ v. set out on ajoumey, take to the transportation (ministry, bureau, dept. oj). + J _ n.
road. Cj .M~~;.+ JI).)- adj. permitted, I. highwayman. See Ol~. 2. obstacle, stumbling
sanctioned, allowed.+ IoSjj.)- n. methodology.+_ block, barrier.+ ~JI- v. block, obstruct, bar (a
)0.) n. one who permits! sanctions! approves; road! passage of s.o. ors.th.).+IoSJ-n. highway
mufti, official expounder of Islamic law. + J'r n. robbery, brigandism. Syn. lJ:!0l~.+ ).»S _ n. path,
course, progress, current. + L.. _ n. priciple, basic way, one's route/ course.+..5'_ = L$.;-.Jq.v. ~/­
truth! law/ assumption. Cf ~-.J.+ JI.,rSJ';- adj. ~..JI also ~J-:.sJI- v. cut off the way of (s. 0.),
streamlined, improved, organized and made more barf block the way of.+;.,~~~/_ v. lose
efficient. + _ _ adj. furrowed by running water (of one's way, be led in the wrong direction, take the
land); having runs (ofstoclcings,fabric etc.). (~; wrong way/ passage, etc .. + ;.,1., ~ ~ I_v.
;.,~~; v. become furrowed; run, become mislead, cause to lose the way, lead in the wrong
unravelled in lines.+ ;.,lj_1 n. guide, scout, sleuth.+ direction; confuse, cause to err. + ;"-'-'"1 ;"JJ ~ I-v.
 312

lose one's way, proceed in the wrong direction, ....J~-.I !ixole n. intestines, bowels, guts: 'J~­
take the wrong way.+ I.J~.} I.JJJ;.,J/- v. cause (s.o.) the large intestine * ..s:....;lt- the small intestines
to lose the way.+ .J4t.;,\;I- v. show, guide/ lead (to C! ~ *'JJ~ - intestine. + ~ .j.il JlloS - the
a path, course, etc.). Cj.J4.t~~.;.+ It_n. road duodenum. + appendix. ,.;..,s _
sign, traffic sign, signpost. + uo! It _ n. guideline, set
• I •
~-.I !t!T. n. respect, regard. < ;-.I~ .+ ),) _ adj.
principle/ procedure.+ ..,;~_ n. guidance (esp. to
respectable, dignitied.+~}I_ v. respect, esteem,
the right. course or path). (I.J~~ ~~..; v. lead
have regard (for-loS); maintain (self-:,.» respect
(s.o.) on the right way, guide.+.:r-"-.W _ n. guide,
(C!~} I.JI~ :,.>}.+I.J\,;;.,J/- v. treat with respect!
one who leads! directs another in the way.+_
deference.
~-.W n. (act. oj) guiding! directing; depiction,
illustration, portrayal. (I.J~.} ~~..; v. act as guide ~..;
• 2 •
!ez a1so jJ-J n. I'me; row+..5 _ n. custom,
to-loS).+ I.JI~I.J~/- v. show (s.o.) the way, direct, convention, practice.+ IoSJ\S' _ n. discipline, control,
guide (also fig.).+ I.JI J - n. highway police.+ I.Jlu- conduct. + ..... \; _ n. regulation, principle, rule. + ._
n. stage, point (oj aut~ority/ maturity/ ranlc, etc.).
= I.JL,. J\$:.;-J q. v.+.:-I';J- =~';J .:..1.; q.v.+ ~":'J- n.
E.g.f.J4.$';;" ~l$'..s.J~..5"'t.;..;~,~.tSHe has
I. whereabouts. Cj ~. 2. line! course of aciton,
reached the stage where people are making fun of
modus operandi. Cf. 2 . .d~.+l.Jl.}I.JJJ/_v.lose him.
one's way. Syn.l.JJ.1t I.JJ);.,J ~J'
jJ-.I r!z n. I. row, line, string, queue, file. Cj 1.
L-.I !iya (A) n. hypocrisy. See .:.oJIJ)J .uo!L.~.w.+- .:.-.; ..r-.> 2. ~. 2. gen. burst of fife (from a
J\S' n. hypocrite. .• machinegun). 3. respect. See~-.ll.(I.J~j.J-.I v.line
up. I.J~~ jJ-.I v. arrange in a line! file, line up, form
jL-.I !iyal n. Iraqi coin equivalent to 200 fils; name
of a persian and Yamani coin. into a row! queue. + ~ / _ also ~} / _ v. i. form a
line/ queue, line up. + ~ _ n. game of noughts and
rft-l~ !iyalism (E) n. realism (the concepti
crosses. Cj~~.+I.Jl~;.,J/- v. machinegun,
doctrine oj).
direct a burst from an automatic weapon against
I.JL-.I [~J] !!yan v. relieve oneself, evacuate the (s.o.).+ ~};.,J/- v. win against (s.o.) in the game
bowels (of animals, also in a derogatory way for of ~jJ-.I q. v.+ ,_ n. used in comb. meaning: chain
people). Cj I.J~.}~.
(of mountains), row (of chairs, etc.), series (of
~-J r!poq n. matter from the eyes, sty (Syn. 2. articles, etc.). E.g.I.Jl:.....-~~ "';LS~ ,~..; The
~); dried up nasal mucous (C! r4-). mountain chains of Kurdistan. .
-II''';.•
IJ..-..., !8..al
~.. .
n. pIece, d
fra gment,shre d .+ __ arj.in
jl:..-.I !ital n. soft dung. Cj &~.
fragments, in shreds. Syn. 'J'..t. 'J'..t., 'J .. 'J .... (jl;-.I
~-.I r!f adj. set wide apart (of teeth). Cj u!ol.:.. I.J.J.J-i jl~..; v. be in shreds.I.J~.} jl;-.I jl;-.I v. tear into

j~-.I r!fal =j~G'; q.v. shreds).+ ..5j_ also..5jJ G~-.I _ adj. fragile, brittle,
easily breakable; flimsy, implausible, poor, feeble.
a,,.,,,-.I
oI... !el!ane n., bot. basil.<"';W-.l~J Cj
I.JI;-.I !izan only in I.JI;-.I ~~ and I.JI;-.I 'iaS q. v.
';'Ol~. + ...L..,;s' _ n. wild basil.

~-.I !ej 1. pres. stem of the verb (j..;,.; q. v. 2.part. of

t:'-J !1x n. dung. See&~. C! ,J,l....~.~
certain compound forms.+ JI_n. cascade, rapids,
..J'..t.~.+ I.J- adj. adynamic, peaked. sickly.
chute. Cj & lJ • .,j'J,;.-. + ..5 _ n. 1. mouth (of a
river). 2. spout, lip (ofapitcher, etc.). C! },;J.+-
 313

oJ. n. plentifulness, fertility. See 3. ';"';'-1-' 2. having a goatee! pointed chin beard.+ oJ~ _ adj.
~. < oJ';;-.r-t. heavily bearded.+~l;/_ v. shave one's beard;
give (s. 0.) a shave. + ";-'j.J _ adj. having a full and
,LS~~ !.ijgaw n. & adj. fool, person lacking in
judgement! prudence; foolish, ridiculous. GlS~..; closely trimmed beard.+..s.....)~_See 2. ~--l'+

oJb-! v. be a fool, act foolishly. CI oJJ,} JlS~~'p).+. .;,u.. n. ridicule, derision, mockery. Cj .,;jlS.
(oJJ.;S:..r.~~ v. ridicule, deride, mock).+ ;b_
..s n. foolishness, nonsense, absurdity.
adj. bearded. + ~..;.) _ adj. long·bearded. +JJ.)-
'J';~ rej' n. coal. See ).vJ~. Io..i~ adj. baving a forked beard'+'j}t J 'J-J-
•~~ r.eje
n. ratio, rate; math. proportion; adj. having beard flecked with grey.+ Ift"'- I. n .
percentage.+ ~_ adj. relative, proportionate, elder, senior member (of a community, ruling
proportional. class, etc.); spokesman, mouthpiece (Seeo:-l,l'm.
Cj ..r.-.;4-). 2. adj. having a white beard.+ JlS-
..,..;~ r.is I.
n.thickness(ofthreadlyarn, etc.):J....s-
= JL.S'~~ q. v.+~_ adj. baving a thick full beard.+.
nape, scruff of the neck. 2.pres. stem of the
~.r."":'L. adj. having a salt-and-pepper beard.+_
verb ii--l q. V.+ JI;- n. yam (of cotton, wool. etc.).
j...;-J n. hair of the face (lit. beard and
CloJ6......f 'JJ.J.J.+.- n. prolixity, lengthiness,
verbosity. Cj '';..;J. mustache).+ JJ- n. fringe, short straight! twisted
threads hanging from cut or raveled edges (as
..r'~ r.is n. thread., string; yam (see i""~)': idiom. those ofa towel, "';L.~.~ .etc.). Cjj~~.+_
..s~ ~ .J.»-IoJL....;~ We are back to square one.+_ • n. 1. fibers ofa root; hot. secodary root. Cj ..s./,
..r-'~J n. drawn out! tediously prolonged talk! 1.)l-u. 2. gram. stem. E.g.oJL.~..s"":"~ Verb
argument! account, etc. stem. 3. racial origin. 4. only in fo..s_one's
.J l...j~ r.isman only in oJ L....;~ J oJ L-l;. children.+ r-' - adj. exterminated; obliterated,
destroyed; extinct. (oJ~ r-'-:"~ v. be
I"......,~ riswa adj. ignominious, discredited,
exterminated. oJJ,,$ -I-":"~ V.t. exterminate, destroy,
disgraced. + oJ~ I.,.....~ v. be discredited, become
extirpate. Cj .J.I.il;..,.u 'oJJ,} k)'.J 'oJJ.r. Jt;.J.+b.-
ignominious. Cj oJ»I..5.,.,.. 'oJJ,} I.,...~ v. discredit,
oJu"s" v. take root (of a plant) (See oJl;"s" b ..s'-l); be
degrade, humiliate. + ..r- _n. degradation, disgrace,
flTDlly established (Cj oJ.)jI))~b).+ Vila ;tH- v.
disrepute, ignominy. C.f ~.,.,...
feel afflicted! troubled! harrassed! tried (by s.o./
.;..~ r4. n.beard.Syn.~J-l Cjj;-'<'~~4ioJ»I: s.th.).+oJt.....;;.;.H- v. overburden, try, afflict,
idiom. 'JJJ;S "':'..r.- l..!,l; ~ ~~ (lit. I have not harrass.+ ~._ adj. I. forced, compelled, coerced
acquired this grey beard in a mill), I was not born (lit. dragged by the beard). 2. See -I- ..:..~. ~ a..
yesterday or I have been around 4-i ~ .;...~ oJJ..,-S v. force, coerce, compel by physical
~~ ~ J.i ..s"';l!. ~.»4 o"':".w Once involved means).+ ~La/_ v. need a shave (of one's beard);
against one's will, one must try to keep pace with begin to show hair on the face (See oJ.)'} ;'') »,").
the reguirements.+ jl_ n. fiber, nap, fibrous
~~ !.iqne n. bird drooping (Syn. ~); sty (See
texture. CI ~~.+ jl_jl_ adj. having its fibers
unraveled. (oJ~ jL:...~ jL:...~ v. become unraveled J.n-~).
(of fibers. nap, etc.).+ ..5.;JI- n. tarragon. Syn. ..s..:,~ r.ek I. adj. straight, lying along! holding to a
.:u>~.+ ~lt- n. species of yellow grape.-;;;-.+_ stright course, rectilinear (Cj I . ..:-1.;); even,
~ adj. having a sparse beard (whose hairs/ level, smooth (Syn.l. ~ .~). 2.adj. on good!
bristles are few and far between).+ A- adj. friendly terms. C/.:.!l: .l,.4;. 3.adv. in an orderly
 314

way, properly, correctly. E.g. ~b..5.-;;-! Sit ~o,JJ-! rtweie adj. skinny, scrowny, raw boned. Cj
properly. (<.J..!.J-i.$.;-! v. I. be straigh; be even. 2. be ~ •jl.J~; dwarfish, undersized.
on friendly tenns with-j4.$4J).+~/_ v. I.
<.J0,JJ-! rtwen n. root of \J"'I.,;-! used as purgative.
arrange, put in order (Cj ~I~jl...); regulate, adjust;
organize, arrange ifor- ~), help bring about. 2. ~-! rew' n., zool, fox.
mediate, go between (to introduce two persons,
help transact business, make a deal, etc.).+ .i~­
I. n. organization, organized body/ concern!
group. E.g. <.JlSo~ft~o~";~.i~..) United
Nations Organization 2. adj. arranged, orderly;
organized.+ ~_ n. composer (of music! lyrics,
etc.). one who arranges! makes preparations (for a
party/ meeting, etc.); organizer (Cj ~...iI... b).+-
4,jlp adj. organizational.+ ~"..s/- adj. See-;,s-l
~~. + ..s:.;...J - adj. well-arranged, neat and orderly
(of s.th.); well-groomed, impressive (of a person's
looks, dress, etc.).+ ~..J- n. neat and orderly
arrangement.+ ~_ n. I. good order, harmony,
regularity; evenness. 2. good relations, friendly
tenns.
4J.;..:...-! r40le n. starling (bird).

J.--! rtq gen. only in J=.i.,i--! adj. soft and slimy.

..5....-! rtk also ~ n. pounce, fine sand used as a

blotter:<.JL...t~~_ mirage, delusion*<.JI.J0-l~­
quicksand. Cf.r:. + )j - also <.Jl:;...- n. sandy place,
sandy waste. + <.J~. _ n. I. pounce box. 2. sandbank.

.:.;-! rln =,;;..~-l q. v.

.:.;-![-;,s-l) !yin =<.J~q.v.

.s..:..~-! !,Inge!.ing n. grumbling, persistent

utterance of discontent.+ (<.J~,rS .s..:..~-! v.
grumble, mutter over and over in discontent).+_
~ adj. grumbly, inclined to persistent grumbling.

\J"'I.".;-! rewas n. species of rhubarb with an edible/

fibrous stalk and rough skin.

"'--!0,JJ-! !.iwe!.iw n. grumbling. See .s..:..p-!. + ~_

See~p-!.
 315

nerve.+ ';'l.;S .:.olj v. dare, venture. syn . .;,I)..J).+-

';'lr,/ V.t. unnerve, deprive of courage. Cj
.;,~L-)'.+ .;,~/_ V.i. become unnerved, lose
courage/ one's nerve. C1 .;,L..)'.+ )l_ adj. daring,
bold. See .:.olj4i. Syn . ..$~ .

.:.ol} 1.Ill (A) n. gen. personage. See 2 . .:.olj4i.

~Ij 1.IlC n., chem. vitriol; shoemaker's black.

zax n. alum.+ JI- n. I. alum (a solution oj). 2.

See IJ4..ib Jl;.lj. 3. fig. grief, sorrow. See. I)~
, : eleventh letter of the Kurdish alphabet.
~.+ .;,bJI- v. burnish, polish.+ IJ4..ib J I- v.
ZIIJ. suffIX meaning: child of, i.e. 1})'I.I~l: q. v. feast (the eyes on-4i), gratify/ satisfy (the senses);
l. n. used as part o/some compound/orms. E.g. take/ feel plaesure (in an eyemy's misfortune).
~jij q.v.+ ~4i_n. birth register, official record of
~Ij z.axo n. I. overcoat made of angora. 2. town in
births.+ l_1 n. I. suffIX meaning: child. E.g. lljl~
southern Kurdistan.
q }'. 2. in comb. E.g. r.JJ-Il1j n. native land. Syn.
,:;~.+ Il_ only in certain nouns denoting a
.:u->Ij z.axonalso .t.>lj n. basement (syn. ~Ij).,j);
cave used as a shelter for flocks of animals.
rille, i.e. ul)'1o..i q.v.+ Ij_ I. suffIX meaning:
grandchild. 2. name of a Kurdish dialect. + _ [~j ) J~lj ZJIXfj, n. cave. See .:.oyS...:...;.
~ also ~ _ l;;j) v. I. give birth, calve, farrow, ~Ij z.:axe, n. watercourse/ stream in hilly country.
pup. whelp. 2. be born (esp. o/animals) C.f..J C.f ~lS' '.J~~'
_~.5....tb.+ .,jl,;_ also JL.i_n. identity,unityand
ll} 1.Ild n. food. See I . ..S"I..I.P.
.::onsistency of personality.+ J_adj. having given
:-nh (0/ a/emale animal). C.f .;,~jL:...+ ;;jJ- n. )jl 1.Il' n. mouth. See I. rU'+ (';'l,?)j v. voice,
~ propagation, procreation, breeding.+ (;;jJlj enunciate, articulate). + 1_ adj. talking, speaking. +
_';,....5 \'. propagate, procreate, increase by JI- n. idiom; idiomatic expression; convention. + _
~).+ L... J - n. mixed flock of ewes and IJI n. terminology; glossary (see ..S'~~).+ IoSJI-
z:lbs.. goats and kids.+ ~_ n. birth, (actl adj. idiomatic.+...:;._ also ",;IJI- muzzle used on a
~.x.as oj) bringing forth young from the womb. threshing ox.- I. ~~.+~-See~u.JDj.+­
: ..' ~.JJ-I.5....tla.l.+ ~_ n. birthplace, place of r See r-- u .+ loS_I adj. verbal, stated, said. C12.
~ origin.+ ,,-!_I n. offspring (used only in the r.l4i.+ tJt- n. complaint. Cj )tlS:.-.
~.J:Se: "'! lS:..-..., rS"-!4i.1j (lit. I have child in my
) } 1.Il' = Jlj (all/orms) q.v.
~I I lAill represent two (i.e. in a game when
~ is Jhortage 0/ one player).+ ~_ n. birth )/ 1.Il' n. dice (jor games).+ L.._ n., math. cube .
.::l:rtit1cate. C1 ~Ij. Syn. I;;" .
., .... , zibtlu also IJ~oj n. cooperative, joint )} 1.Il' suffIX denoting: field, place abounding in,
cmerprisel society/ etc. CjjIJIP, i.e. ) ) ; q. v.
.;.., =- n. daring, courage, guts, nerve, boldness. j)j zaro also .Jj)j and ..S'j)j n. child. Syn. jL:...+_
C,f ..,$!Ijl:.< I . .:.olj4i.+ (.;,J.1i ... .:.o1j v. have the guts! ...; n. childhood.
 316

I}j Vlre n. gallbladder.+..5I~_ adj. terrified, familiar.+ (':'.IJo-ul...e.i1j v. be informed, have

petrified, shocked. (':'..u-t ..51~I)j v. be terrified. knowledge 0/).+ ";;~_ n. information.
Syn.~;.;). intelligence. knowledge. news C/ lSI,;. + ~.) l.!-
adj. informative, enlightening. educative.
"';'Ij VII n. gen. faint. (':'l.} "';Ij v. faint (often used
illuminating. + Ii-! -£,:,Ij] I v.I. know. perceive, have
with jl). C/ I~I;JY.' ,:,~'pv!.;-4.l. knowledge (00. <~Ij~. 2. think, believe.
,:,1~lj zaleran n. saffron. + ,,; _ adj. having the presume. <flj-t IJ . 3. used in various expressions.
colour of saffron, orange. E.g. ~Ij r'J,jIy...,j ~ All of a sudden (quite
..;Ij zaq 1. alsoJ-...iJllj anct..S:...J.,S1j n. noise made by unexpectedlly) • ...,;lj,:,~.P~-;.;LS By the time we
many children (when plaingl crying). 2. See ";Ij. came to realize what was happening. ~I~ '''''' ~....
You can't imagine '-"'Ij.... ,.;,;.;. ~ He dido't feel
jlj Vll adj. dominant, prevalent; domineering.
anything or He didn't realize what happened to
Cf ~ • .:-:.s ~ (,:,J.1-t jlj v. be prevalent; ' . +..;,-t- 2 n. knowledge. erudition.+ ~_ n .
hun
dominate, sway, hold sway, prevail (over-ll;l-4t).
library.
Cf~.,..s ;4-.+,,;- n. 1. dominance, ascendancy,
,:,I} [lSj] ZIDI I. v. i. only in ,:,Ij -;.; q. v. 2. See ~Ij.
prevalence; domination, upper hand. 2. mastery,
consumate skilV knowledge. Cf,,;~ .~Ijl;l,':'. 1"lj Vlwa n. 1. bridgegroom. Cf 1. ..5»11.2. son-in
r-'Ij Vllim (A) See ;ll;jj .;lS:....~. law; brother-in-law (in general denotes the in-law
relationship of a woman's husband to her close
rlj VIm n. wound (syn.~...r.); uIcer;fig. wound, blood relations).+ ";";-.}_ n. son-in-law residing in
injury.+;1- also ;ll- adj. wounded, injured. the home of his wife's parents.
Syn. ;I~...r.. (,:,»-I;I ..... lj v. be wounded.).+ ,,;;ll- n. IJlj 'Lawe n. Mercury (the planet)
state/ condition of being wounded.
"-!I} Vlye (A) adj. gen. lost; dead. (':'JY. 4!lj v.
JI} zan I. pres. stem olthe verb ~Ij q. v. 2.first perish, be lost, die. Cf ,:,l....... + ':'l.;S ,,-!Ij v. give
element of certain compound forms, i.e. ,,;;4ilj away).
q. v. 3. n. gen. only in ':'l.} ,:,Ij v. think, reflect, hold
.J4!lj z.ayele n. 1. wailing, loud lamentation.
an opinion (on-,,;). Cf ~Ij .'~l.} ..I'!'I.+ ,_ I. adj.
Cf ,,;;lj .':'I~ .,:,V. 2. plaintive notes (in music).
learned, erudite, educated (cf }"J.,,;j'~). 2. n.
scientist; scholar (see ;~Ij).+ ~,_ n. learning, ,:, l".i wan = .:" L.j q. v.

scholarship, lore.+ j',>_ adj. curious, inquisitive, J"'.i z.ibir adj. rough. having a broken! uneven!
interested (s.o.).+ ,,;jl~_ n. curiosity, interest, bumpy surface (ant. IJ"'.uJ); harsh! disagreeable to
inquisitiveness. Cf 1'J!--'+ ,,1;_ adj. known, the touch; coarse (as compared to fine) (see ":":'.)l.
common knowledge. C/ "I..... li. (':'»1 ,,1;lj esp. in Syn. J. v!JJ;)' (':'»-1 J'.i v. be rough; be course .....o
the expr.li"";'j It is widely known! readily ':'l.;S v. cause to feel rough i.e. the hands).+ 1_
accepted! recognized).+ ..::-_ n. knowledge, See ;1.i"S;,,-.+,,;- n. roughness; coarseness.
learning, erudition (cf ";)JI.,L..;j~); science,
(A) n. trash, garbage, rubbish.
study.+ ;~_ n. & adj. scholar. savant,
~"";I;--.+..r:- also ~.) - n. rubbish collector.+_
bookman.+ ~_ n. university. C/, lS.L:j~ .lSjS
LS~ I,; •...;~ ~".. syn. ,;>.;Ij + .... l.i -=-_ n. treatise; .:"b n. rubbish bin, garbage/ trash container.

dissertation, thesis.+...;.-_ adj. pertaining to G..i z.ir n. tick (esp. of the type infesting cattle).
learning; scientific.+ ;~_ adj. informed, abreast, C/ "';&.
 317
J.i

JJ zir n. heart (see;:)~); hearts (in playing cards). »-t A"j;.j zirt~boz I. adj. & n. oafish, big, clumsy and
slow- witted; lout, oaf. Cf C'jJ~j.
i z;! adj. barren (ofa tree). Cf~.
..sn zirk adj. unripe, green and rough (of a melon,
~} zi! adj. used as a prefIX denoting: step-, pseudo-
etc.). C.f 2. ;:)lS'. Syn.~.s~.
+ ..s.J~- n. step-father. Syn. t)~ tJLt.+ Ift - n.
stepbrother. Cf ~JLt.,;I,J"'i .~b .,;1.;1.+..5..;..,;.- n. I"Jj zirm I. int). boom! E.g. I-"'Jtj I..i .,;lJ.,s' I";.j Boom!
stepsister.+ ~_ n. wife's! husband's he threw him (on) to the ground. 2. used in
stepmother.+ J.J.Jj""";'- n. wi fe/ husband's st comb.+ u"-sJ- adv. noisily and unrelentingly (as a
father.+~I~_ n. stepmother. Syn.,jjt.Jlt.+~_n. manner of striking s.th.l thrashing away at s.o.)
E.g. u~ .,;I~u.,s~;.j He really thrashed away at
stepdaughter. Cf Ij~~.+ ~_ n. stepson. Syn.
him.+ ~~.J- n. loud and repetitious un q.v.+ t_
2. ~."..JjS, 2. ~t.Jl;.+ I"L.o~ n. one's paternal/
n. boom, booming, thudding! deep hollow sound.
grandmother's brother.+ .".st_See~..,....
(.jJ;-S--n see~u __;.j)'+I";jt_ n. continued
l zi! also tn
intj. denoting a clinking sound: booming! n. rough play,
thudding. + :.sJjt _
c1ink.+ t;.j_ n. child's rattle (toy). Syn . .u~.+_ boisterous and roughly vigorous game/ horsing
~~J n. loud and prolonged c1inking.+ pt_ n. around. E.g. ~ j ~n",:,;.".s They got into a rough

continued clinking sound.+ ~La t_ v. be heard boisterous play. (.jJ)":.sJj uJj v. play rough, carry
ringing, produce a clinking sound. on a boisterous game, have a ruckus in fun).+t_
4 j =:.sJj~;.j.+,j~:.sJ'- v. go offwitha
.jl~jl[;:sp] zi!an v.i. be interrupted! spoiled! broken
boom, boom.+ ,j.I.i~:.sJ.- V.t. strike, trash at.
(of one's sleep). Cf t~JD~.-,jJ.jlp:.sJ p.+f.JJ-
Cf ,j.I.i1."....... ~ under ~.
L;...uJ v. t. cause to be interrupted! spoiled.
adj. I. clever, smart (l}'n . ..s•....u);
.jlp2 [;:SpJ zi!an v. I. be discredited, fall into
attentive (see L...J.J.J. Cf .:.....j). 2. clear (of water,
discrepute (of one's nmne, prestige, etc.). E.g.1..i
esp. when left 10 stand in a receptacle after
t.Jlp ";.JL.; ";JIJ4.i He (his name) has completely suspended matter has sell/ed); clarified, strained
fallen into disrepute. 2. echo, spread, become (of butter/ oil). (,j.JJi~;.j v. be clever; be c1ear).+_
known (of news, rumours) (cf t~»U~).+,j~­ .~I kJ..i;j] v.I. become clarified, become limpid
LJ.;...uJ v. cause (s.o.) a bad reputation, discerdit (of a liquid). 2. begin to get light, wear on (of
(s.o. 's name). night). E.g. u.".s~:.sJ I"p '.J4.! \$.;..~ .".:., lJ I went
J1;j ziraw n. I. anal. gall. 2. fig· courage.+ .j~.;I/ _ to sleep only when it began to get light. + ':"..j.J-
v. terrify, frighten. Syn. ,j.I.il.Jji. + ~ _ adj. adv. very bright, quite clever. + .,; _ n. cleverness,
terrifying, frightening.+ ,j~/ _ v. be terrified, be smartness; alertness.
filled with horror. .j ~;.jkJ..inJ ziringan v. i. tinkle, jingle. +
}p zi!aw adj. fallen into disrepute, discredited, '.Jt~;j] v.i. I. ring, buzz (of one's ear). 2.
disgraced (of one's namei reputation). tinkle continuously, produce a prolonged tinkling!
ringing sound.
~~ zirt also.;;.j n. state of being wide open and
~.J~.,$.;;.j zlringuhu! n. loud and prolonged
gleaming (of the eyes).+ ~~ t_ v. only in.J~";';;.j
tinkling! ringing sound .
.;,;~ be wide open (ofs.o. 's eyes), be wide awake.
..5.;,;.j ziringe n. tinkle, a ringing! tinkling sound;
~.i; .....
.:-- = u.f! q. v.
buzzing (in one's ears).+.s...;;.j_ n. continued
 318

tinkling! ringing.+ ~u/_ v. emit! produce a .,,~...J.i zitinrkaw n. pus (esp. when yellow and
tinkling sound. Iiquidy). Cj ~.
~~'j.,,~ zi!.Uzengiyane n. spangles and beads. '~...J.i zirlwe n. I. chirping sound (as that made by
Syn . .".".J.J.Y'.,:;.... crickets); twittering (of a bird) (c.f.4.S."v.). 2.
.;,.LilS.".".J.i LJ;S'.".".J.i] zjrlikandin v. chirp. twinkling. See '~...r:.+ ~...J.i- n. contiued chirping!
twittering.+ ~L../_ v. be seen twinkling; be heard
4.S.".".J.i zirlike n. weak and delicate chirp ofsmalV
chirping.
baby birds. Cj 45......J.i. + ..s.".".J.i _ n. continued
.;,l:-j z/stan n. winter.+ 0_ a4J". wintery, of! relating
chirping.
to winter. E.g. ",l;.-j~ Winterclothes.+ )."o_n.
;S.Jjl ziri n. armour, mail; armoured vehicle.+~j;_
winter resort; winter quarters! residence.
ad). armour-clad, clad in mail. + ,;I ~ _ad). armoured Cj )~--,l..+..s- = ",l;.-j q. v.
(of a vehicle, plane, ship, etc.).+ r-- adj. anti-
armour (of a weapon).
..:...tj zJJt n. patch; asphalt, bitumen. Cj~.

;S.J.i zlri n. sea. = Iotj q. v.+ .Jlt- n. seaside, land *.J:..:jj zlving n. cave suitable as a dwelling! resting
place. Cj u~.
bordering the sea; seashore (cj O.;).+~­
See ~Io.j.+ .;,1.,,_See .;,1."Io'j· zit n. stomach. See..5- (allforms).+ JJ- n.
ventricle (of the heart): ~..s- left venticle..s_
;S.".Jj zirwi n., bot. saltwart. See~.
* .:-I.J right ventricle.- j~ .
..s•.J.i zirek adj. walleyed.
.?j zikr (A) (act! ritual of) rememberance (esp.
.;,L...J.i ziryan n. strong northerly wind, gale. Syn . the rhythmic repetition ofa religious formula as
~.;. an act ofrememberance ofGod).(~.J.Jj v. recite
a religious formula in remeberance ofGod).-;:J1.
'jI...J.i zirize n. small chain. Cj~j.
~l.~.
~...J.i ziri!k n., bot. lotus (tree). Cj 1,$.).
).s'j zigar n. voluntary communal labour. See.p
.;,.Li~...J.i ~..)j] zirikandin v. scream, shriek, j •.". Cj .J~.
shrill; shout! yell loudly (at-I~~). Cj .;,.Lilftl.
Jj zj/ adj. huge, immense, enormous (in size! bulk!
.;~,.".,s......J.i zjr1kuhlir n. loud and prolonged dimension! extent). Cj r~oj ".J.".5 .~. (';'»tJ.i v.
shrieking. grow, increase in size.+ .;,~.? Jj v. fig. overstate,
.s.......J.i zirike n. shriek, shrieking sound. (~.J .s......)j v. exaggerate. E.g. .:.lS~ Jj .JJj ..::....:. He exaggerates a
let out a shrieking sound; fig. be terrified (see lot.+.:.~_ adj. big and awkward in stature (of
~jj). E.g. ~4.S 4S.w...J.i..su May terror strike your s.o.); clumsy. + :r->- adj. big but uninspiring, tall
heart. + ..5.-.....)j _ n. continued shrieking! but unimpressive! indecisive.+ ~_ n., pol.
screaming.+ .;,L...~~/_ v. begin to shriek, start superpower, extremely powerful and dominant
to cry out! screech (from pain, terror, etc.). +~ /_ state.+ ..s _ n. hugeness, enormity, immenseness (of
.;,.LiL- ~ v. cause to shriek! cry out (esp. by size! dimension! extent). Cj ,s.'.J.".5.
torturing and inflicting intense pain on). Cj)jl.:.
.;, ~j zj/an n. violent wind! storm. Cj .;,\0.) .l,.4..:.'';.
.;,b. + ~l. / _ v. be heard shrieking.
 319

. .
...AJj z)lf also .jJ.iJ n. J. tress, woman's lovelock rU,,-/,+ ~..)~_ adj. sharp-tongued, having a sharp
(hair): J~ IS - ringlet. C.! -:wJ4.. 2. sideburns. and assaulting tongue. Cf ~..)~o~. + ~..)~ _ n. sharp
Syn . ..s.;~~. and assailing language. + ;; L...:.;S .I0~ 1 _ also~~ 1 -
;;L.;,;. v. stick one's tongue out (at- ~).+ ;;Ir adj.
~j z)lfmc n. name o~ a bitter herb;fi!. only in the
eloquent, expressive.+ ~I~_ n. eloguence.+ ;;Ij_ n.
expressions:·...,.-! .:.-.:.i.l
• '.). .... or .:.,,-a....:i.I.
; r (:..--'.1
May it tum
linguist.+ ~Ij_ n. linguistics.+ ;;lJ.,.,.../ _ v. fail to
bitter (poison) in your mouth. (;;~.J ~j v. eat as
control one's words, utter in advertently. Cfro~..J
a derogatory reference to s. o. 's eating).
;;IJI.~.+ ,r.- See ~u.+ ;;15..:,,1 - v. lose the power
..s:Jj zilke n. variety of yellow grapes.-;S;.
of speech, be unable to talk (esp. on one's
..uj z)lia also..Jj n. slap/ blow with an open hand deathbed! due to sever siclcness or strain). Cfro~
(on the face. the ears or the back ofthe neck). ~ oI,j.JJI:.+ ~..,r-:..- adj. sweet-spoken, discrete
Cf~~~.~jS'~. Syn·41.lj4~·+~L..~/_ and amicable in language. + ;;»-I..,;.,i _ v. learn
also;;I~~/_ v. slap (s.o.) with the open hand. language. E.g.~ftilJ"".J.J.I~lo.j I am learning the
Russian language.+ o~I.JI- v. regain ability to
~..u-Ij z.iIJlbiya n. kind of pastry.
speak, have one's tongue loosened. Cfo~l.J rU
;;L..j ziman also ;;L,j n. J. anat. tongue: ..s..J~IS- .+ ;;~J.,sl - v. exhaust every argument (with), try
seed of an ash (tree) believed to have medicinal to talk (to) at length without effect, do one's best
properties· LS IS- bot. borage. 2. language. 3. in talking (to- j& "-'). E.g. J.u-
..J.bt J.,S' flo.j I tried
comb. i.e. V".u-I;;L..j.~)';;L..j q.v.+*v--jl- n. my best talking to him. + ~)' I-v. J. begin to talk,
grammar. Syn. ;;L..,ii....J.+ jLt- adj. argumentative; prattle (of a child). 2. become brisk! snappy (in
disputatious.+ ISj~- n. altercation, noisy dispute.+ tallcing to others).+ ;;I~/_ v. become tongue-tied;
v--..r-I- v. cut out the tongue (01).+;;.JJI:~..r- ~I _ v. stammer. + ~;.L n. orator.+ V"..u-I- adj. smooth-
only in the formula: ~~..r- ~ flo.j May my tongue tongued, ingratiating in speech. + ~..u-I _ n.
be cut off (said in assuring s.o. else that s.th. will ingratiating! flattering manner of speech. + •
not be divulged or disclosed). + ~ _ adj. offensive/ ;;JJ-/..s.....:..J.J 1 See ;;»-1 J.,.S ;; L..j. + 0_ n. 1. tenon
biting in speech. + IS~~ _ n. offensive disposition in (wood joint); valve. 2. needle (on a buclcle);
speech.+~1 _ v. silence, compeV reduce to indicator (on scales. etc.). 3. tip of a cigarettle
silence; bribe, induce to silence by bribery (esp. one rooled from paper). Cf •o~ 4.:.J
(cf ;;~~ u.,s:..u).+ i~- adj. silenced; bribed.+ oji.L.;.+ a...J'"~ 0_ n. anat. uvula.+ LS 0_ n., bot.
Ui-1.l4- SeeUi-I.l4.;.;.~u.+ .J1.l4-adj. eloquent, bugloss, oxtongue. + ~ ;;'IS _ v. regret having
vividly and movingly expressive.+ ~ _ adj. not said s.th., bite one's tongue in regret.+;;I.JO_n.
given to abusive/ foul language. Ant. ~lo.j.+_ philologist.+ IS- adj. oral, spoken. Cf lS)j (under
~L; n. nonvulgar/ nonabusive disposition in ;lj1).
speech. + ~ _ adj. lisping. (;;»-1 ~L..j v. lisp,
J.,.oj zimriq See .J~'
speak with a lisp). + ~ _ adj. abusive/ offensive
in language. Syn·,"'··~7·m.+jlJ_SeeJo~.....:J.+ r- u.J.J.r"j zim!Qt (A) n. emerald (stone).+ IS- adj.
emerald, having an emerald green colour.
See ~o~. + ;;'iL.;..5...:;i I_See ;;»-1 ~ ('o~. + ~ _
Cf j.J4- • ..s.......s.
adj. pungent in speech, caustic, stinging in one's
remark, language, etc.+ ..;;..;._ adj. friendly, ~j zime n. 1. ramrod (of afirearm). Syn. __ .2.
affable/ cordial in language/ speech (with- j..,S'..J bradawl.
others). C.! ";;;'-.3.+ )~_ adj. articulate. See I.
 320

.....~j. zimherir (A) n. intense cold of the 40 days grow, diffuse (cj.:".JJ-i ;jj •.:".Li"- I.J"-'j; win the
following the winter solstice. Cj .:,,~j 1oS~ majority (0!-1oS).+ ftt- See~ ;jj.+ ':"J.P.~/- V. be
under~. late for, miss (in part! completely); take longer
than expected! necessary (ofs.o.).+ ,; _ adj. more,
~j zinc n hut (made o/twigs/ reed mati mud).
greater; further, additional. Syn. 2.,;....-.. + ~..J _ n.
C!tjS· most, the greatest amount! number/ part.+ #_
~j zincir n. chain (heavy and long). Cj . ..s~:;5 adj. & n. voracious, gluttonous; glutton.
Syn. ~.uJ~O:l .~", - -w • 4;.+ 1oS#- n. gluttony. (;jj
Dj-I~j. (':":I~ ~j v. chain, fasten! bind! connect
.:,,~~ 1oS# v. overeat).+ .:"Ij_ adj. crafty, cunning,
with a chain). < ~j J .;:;5. + D_ n 1. ridges; linear
series of crests; number of units forming a chain!
artful. C! .:.o~. + .:,,~~} n. propagation:~':":1,}_
series. 2. fig. chain (of thought, argument, etc.); ..I.iD~ propagation with grafting· J~ 4-i':":I,} -
chronology.+~/._ v. form a chain! line of propagation with cuttings·.ii~ ~ ':":I,,-S-
connected units. + ;b 1- adj. having ridges. + t I.!.._ propagation by seedlings· ~ ~ ':":1,,5 -

n. chain of mountains. + IJ/. 1_ adj. chronological. propagation by grafting.+ O.Li~DjJ_ adj. abundant,
abounding, plentiful.+ v-JJJ/- v. talk too much,
* 1oS;L,.I.Lij zindebari n. continuity, sequence,
chatter, talk incessantly. E.g. ~~ ;jj Shut up.
connection, flow. Cj 4.l"'I J I:I;4I.
Syn. 2. ~J'+~- n. 1. majority. Syn.4-i;jj. 2.
~~D.Lij zindemani n. survival, continued See loS;jj. + loS - n. numerousness, largeness,
existence, subsistence.- JJ.t.:....,i. greatness (of quantity/ number/ extent, etc.).+ Vt-
n, econ. inflation.+ ;~_adj. inflationary.
*1oS.Lij zindi n. insect. Syn. J.Jft.t. Cj ;DJ":'~'
;j/ lOr n. coercion, duress; force, compulsion;
"';';j liner n. rugged and impassable area! spot in a
mountain;fig. impasse, deadlock. oppression; tyranny (see r~)' Cj .U.L I;jj
1~.LiL-~.+.:"I_n. wrestling. + j~l_n. wrestler.+.
jj lO n. name of an herb.
IoSj~1 n. westling match (.syn.loSj~I..,J4>; struggle.
';-'jj lOp adj. big, bulky, sizable. Syn. D;~. E.g. ':"~~4.-.t~IJ/..iL..,.iI;jj struggle for power.
Cj;.,.;J...J.... (':":I..$loSj~l;jj v. struggle, strive).+.:"I_
lui lOpa = ~ q. v.
~J v. wrestle (with- j..$aJ).+ ~~ ;.,tf- v. feel
j~Jj 'lJIXal = j~JJj q. v. pressed, be pushed into a comer/ to the limit. Syn.
':".JJ-i Jl;~. Cj 1. .:"I.r.$~.+ ':"~J.il - v. press,
;jjl lor I. adj. much, plenty, lots. E.g. ~""1oS1;4;jj
He has a lot of money. Syn. D). Cj ..s.;J..!. 2. adv. assail, harrass. Syn. ~.... ~.s.:..;. C!":':I..$-..,J ~
~.,..s (under~I).+ ....;~_ n. gymnasium.+ ;1:1_ n.
very, exeedingly, greatly, intensely. E.g. D?-~;jj
& adj. tyrant, oppressor; oppressive, tyrannous,
He is very weak.+ .:".J.1oI( .... );jj v. be much/ plenty;
hardhanded. Cj ;~~. ~I~ under ~3.+ ":'1;1:1_
have much. ':":I~ ;jj I v. increase, augment.+~_
adj. dictatorial, despotic, totalitarian, tyrannical.+.
adj. offensively garrulous. Cj jl,..l...;~.+ ~_ n.
~I;I:I n. compulsion, constrain, coersion. E.g.~
garrulity, talkativeness. (.:,,~~ ~ ;jj v. talk to
~D;I~;jjloS;jj Under great coersion'+IoS;I:I_ n.
much esp. when going beyond the limits of
tyranny, despotism (.syn. r~); arbitary and
decorum! respect.).+ 4-i- n. majority, greater
number/ part, bulk, plurality: J L..:.;.J loS _ great! despotic government rule etc.+ l..-(~:- ,.adj.
compelled, forced; wronged, encroached ~pon. + •
overwhelming majority. (':".IJ--I ~ ;jj v. bel
constitute the majority).+ .:".Li.... 4-i- v. increase,
.:,,~,,5-..,J v. compel force; wrong:- ~nsgress/
 321

enchrouch upon the rights of.+ ~_ adj. .JJj zii I. adj. & adv. early, oti' relating to/ occuring
powerful, mighty, forceful, strong. Cf ~. +~_ near the beginning of a period of time; soon,
* adj. invincible, incapable of being conquered! early; instantly, quickly (syn. 2. I~. cf
overcome/ subdued.+ ~t_ n. compulsion, JJ~.Jt~4.!). E.g. tJJj I.=..-:.;. It is still early.~lt ....
coersion, force. Syn . ..s..;.St~ E.g. ~..s.;:.:. »-"~ JJj Early in the morning.I.JJJ~~~~~J.JJ He
;S)l...; ~ t.JJj Not everything can be done by quickly enterd (the room). tJJj L; while it is still
force. early. tJtJJj.u Since long or From long ago.r....
I...iIJJj Soon or Before long. 2. intj. quick! (.:,,-'-"! JJj
.:..Ipj zu!at n. maize, Indian com. Cf ~ l:..~. +_
v. be early; also in the expr..... .J.JJ Hurry! .:,,~,j JJj
..L..,;5't n. wild maize.
v. make haste, hurry. E.g. as J.JJ Hurry up!).+_ .... _
..5.JJj zurg n. foothills. Cf~~.+.:.."i~J-n. rough adv. very quickly, as soon as possible. + ,; _ adv. &
broken hill country. adj. sooner; earlier (than-aJ). E.g . .:..~,; JJj ~J~ aJ
L.;.pj ZIl!na n. pipe (esp. a wind instrument with a It came earlier than yesterday.+ jtr n. variety of
movable mouthpiece-...:,~ q. v.). C! .jL!.-:. early red (dark) grape.-;s,;.
,;..,,1t.+ ':"t~_ n. piper.
;:JL>JJj ziixal n. charcoal (also fig. denoting
ty.:....)jjLjj] zorinewe v. comfort, cheer, solace (i.e. blackness). Syn.j,.,)...>.- j~JJj 1.Sj.S.+ .:"b_ n. coal
a crying child). C! t~~,j J'-".J. bin. See .:"Ij»,~ .

.:"Ijjj zozan n. mountain resort; summer quarters JL>J.JJ DhtIw n. 1. pus, discharge (esp. the
(cf},......:..J~). phlegmatic subs~ance from the respiratory
passage) (.syn. r~. cf~. 2. fig. bitterness,
r'Jj zuqm n. frost, rime.
displeasure and rigour (caused by a person!
adj. bastard, illegitimate; fig. circumstances). + ~/ _ v. experience
unscrupulously clever (.syn. J~). + .... 1_ adv. in an bitterness! hardship, suffer severely (at the hands
of tJt ... .:-t~ .... or ..:-.~aJ).+.:"J}~/_SeeJ~JJj
unscrupulously clever way.+ ..5t_ 1. adj. freak,
ii- .::.+ jJ"':'~,j_ v. cause (s.o.) suffering/
defective, abnormal: JJ~...,...st- misshapen
hardship/ rigour.
(defective) acron. 2. See ;:Jj./
.J..L'1;JJj L;,..IJJj] zii!andin v. cry fretfully.
:Jj/ zol also JiJ.i n. thong, narrow strip of material
(i.e.leather) used for binding/lashing. ;J.JJ;JJj zii! zii! adv. earnestly, really, in full force.
E.g. .:"V 4.!~,j..;-oJ pJj ;J.JJ She really broke into
:Jj} zoL See jj)J~.JDj.
tears.
fiJj zulal adj. limpid, pellucid (o/water) (.syn.
..5.JJJj ziirk n. wild parsley. C! jJt.;aS. i.S)~.
2. -s';.;j); serene and clear (o/the voice).
';JJj zii!e n. worrisome cry, fretting (0/ a child).+_
-iJJj zu!! =.......,jq.v.
.JJ.JJ n. fretting accompanied by a loud drawn out
• .Jj zum also r jj n. group of tents. Cf jL...:.t;.+ i.S- (child's) cry.
adj. local, confined. .:".l.ilS'J.JJ L:;..S'J.JJ] ziikandln n. whimper, cry in a low
.,S..;j) zong also J~jj n. stagnant water (in a plaintive and broken sound.
IIIOTSh/ land depression). Cf t'jj~.+j.- n. soft iSJJj ziike n. a low plaintive and broken sound.+_
ground. ..5J.Jj n. continued as.J.JJ q. v.
 322

J"'J.Jj VI",;r adj. offended, angered, vexed, put out. v. take the trouble, bother (oneself). E.g. ':"",--oj
Syn. ..i-'J. C.f ~ "J~' (,J~ J"'J.Jj v. feel ...:.;s.... Don't trouble yourself; toil, struggle.
offended, be put out, be angry with- VJ· ,J~.? J'J.Jj
..sr->'j ze!!;r, (A) n. med. desentry.
v. offened, hurt the feeling of Syn. ,J~~;:J~).+..s­
n. displeasure, annoyance, irritation. o~lj zaire (A) n victual, supplies of food (esp.

J"i0j zebr (A) n. I. force/ power (coupled with

that which is kept at home). C! ~.J.Jjl;.
influence/ decision! resolution). < .)'""""I0j 4{. 2. harm, 1~lj zede n., gen. damage, impainnent. + .;I ~ _ adj.
injury. Syn. H'+ ":"-OH..o/_ adj. harsh, severe, impaired, marred, damaged (ofs.th.).,J.JJo/.;I~I~lj v.
rigorous (of s.o.). Cf .;.;,.,;, .;I~)jj , )lS:....~.+~1 _ be impaired! damaged. ,J~.;S I~oj v. impair, mar,
,J';';'~& v. inflict harm on, cause injury to.+ .;I~_ damage. C.f ,JI~~,J~.
adj. authoritarian, oppressive, hardhanded. + ..s.;l~­
Joj ze! also;,j n. gold. Syn. ,J~l;. C! ~~.+ I,)J.)-_
n. authoritarianism.+c."~_ =C'jJoI...oi1j q.v. VJ/- n. slave bought with money.+..:...iS"_ adj. gold-
,J~.;Sv.t. coerce! force(s.o.)+ ..$..;oj.J- n. omnipotent
plated. + ..;..s - adj. gilt, covered with gilt! gold.
show of force! power! authority. + .J.Li1»- ..$..;'j.J _ n.
(~.,.s..;-..sJ'j v. gilt, plate.+ ~_ n. plating!
show force! power! authority; have atest of
gilting with gold.+ )~_ adj. inlaid with gold.+_
strength.
,J~ See ;l.$;.~)lj.+ ~I_ n. goldsmith; jewler
,J.Jijo~j zebreqQn n. egg. See~.
(see)IS~.,.s').+ ...;;..;J..:.o- also..s~o- n.
,J~lj zebQn adj. distressed, weak, helpless. C! professoin! art of goldsmithing.
ft.,~ (under;.r.\ + ,J.JJo/ ,J.JJo/0j V. be distressed, feel JO} ze! int}. I. repeated suecessively to induce a
weak and helpless ,J~.? ,J.JJo/0j v. humiliate, render donkey to bray. 2. rubbish!, nonsense!,
helpless.+ ..s- n. distress, state offeeling weak and fiddlesticks!.+ ,_ n. bray, braying.- ~.+ ~l._ v.
helpless. feel elated! exultant and express oneself
accordingly (said mockingly ofs. 0.). + Lr. ~Ij] V. i.
zebella!! adj. big and strapping. C!
bray;fig. get out of hand (ofs.o.) .
.i,;.t~;j .;:J.J.J4J~; harsh, crude, stem.
I)oj zera (A) adj. very little (amount! quantity),
~j zeben also ~4{oj adj. thicketed, covered with
little bit. Syn. jUd .
thickets and coppice. C.f I.~.+ I~_ adj. lavish,
profuse. < 1~4{oj.J)li· Cf. .JL:.;l.

~~Ij zePO! n. abnosphere (syn. L.;....I); weather ':",",,"1)0) zera'et (A)See;:JIS".:..:.s.

(.ryn. Ip.J.Jl;). .";I)lj ,erani n. anat. knee. Syn.;;~ .

.......oj ze!d also "';Ij n. gen. only in ,J~.? .......,j v. soon, ~)o) zen;! n., bot. safflower.
feel faint. C.fo~I).JJo/'
~)oj zerd adj. I. yellow, of the colour yellow: pale
':"-..-oj ze!!met (A) n. & adj. trouble, bother, (cf.Y~IJ) 2. in comb. as part of some
burden. Syn . ..5~. C.f.;lo/; difficult, burdensome, compound forms i.e . ..r.J.J~)0) , ....;~ o~)oj q. V. (~)I)
hard. Syn.h~,IJ"';.,J. 2.,J1;S (,J.J.H':"",--ojv.be ,J.J.H V.i. tum yellow/ pale. 2. harden and tum
inconvenient! a trouble for-~; be difficult).+~1 _ yellow, of cereal grains as a sign ofripening.~)o)
,Jb v. give trouble to, cause inconvenience to. +_ ,J~.;S v. boil slightly, blanch, parboil. 3. n. brass
..r.? adj. toiling, struggling. C.f ~oJ'+ ,Jl.:.;!I- (metal). Cf~.+ ""......JI- n. greengage
 323

(seeo,)jOj01t,.l~); apricot (see ~4l). + JI- n. 1. ..5J o} urk n. the green peri carpi outer husk of
bile. Cf Jljj. 2. serum: ~"";'ISJI,)- blood serum.+_ walnuts (used as lipstick).- :;~
J~ alsojlS_ atij.yellowish.+4S'_also.tS:;.JOj See
~jDj t,s>j] urkin v. wither, wilt. Syn. ':'»I~'
&,)Joj~.+ :JjjJ_adj. blanched (ofvegetables).+.
j»- J n. 1. youngsters, children. Syn. ;:Jl..:..-. 2. ..$jOj urg n. skewer having a round head with small
expr. denoting variety and richness of colour: chains attached and thrust through the cheeks by
bright, multicoloured., colourful.+ .s,JJ- n. 1. med. dervishes as religious exercise.+.:,I,),;.;...J/_ v.
jaundice. Syn . .:,Wo';;';. 2. amber. 3. yellow thrust a skewer- ..$joj through the cheeks as a
markings on the beak of young birds. + 0_ n. 1. religious exercise.
twilight. Cf ~o,)Joj. 2. name of a fish. Seeujoj :.ergal n. footwear woven from goat's
,-","",L.. 3 . .J~\S1)~. 4. speciesofgrape.-~,;.+o_ hair.- J'9.«.
-t-t. n. last moments of evening twilight. + 0~ 0_ n.
turmeric. Syn. 2. o~.+"";-'> 0_ n. smile, beam,
.;Jij";-!oj Ze!fleqate n. unfldged nestling. Cj .:S~.
soft and quiet laugh. Syn. I. oj{.- 0"...;L:;..+ 0r..i 0_ n.
a species of wasp (smaller than the yellow jacket
and having a yellowish! metallic colour).
Cf.JIJo,)joj.+IS~o- n. name ofaplant.+ .J~- JJJoj zera n. leech (also fig.).+ ~}-..;/_ v. apply a
-
= "",.JbJOj
-
q. v. + Io..lo _ adj. I. pale looking and medicinal leech to.+ .?_ n. one who treats others
emaciated. 2. See J~,)joj.+ J~o- See JlSJOj.+D_ with a medicinal leech.
J L.... n. species of yellowish poisonous \SjJJ.JOj :.erar' (A) n. lavatory. See":-'')Jl:.
snake.-JG.+...,....L. 0_ n. carp (fISh of yellowish
~o-!oj :.erebin n. magnifying glass, lens:lS_
colour attaining a large size).+.JIJD_ n. bald-
oJo~J~ divergent lens· ISJ~IS- crystalline
faced hornet. C.! 0J-V- .s..:.~.+ .:,lrs;:J~/ _ v. tum
lens· 0~';';;;"";'1S- reading lens· :,J;JJJJJJIS-
pale (cf 2. .:,lSp-'); yellow.+ JI~~ _ adj. pale,
biconvex lens ;:J4J l.i 1Sj-i~ IS - convexo-concave
pallid; having turned yellow.+ ~_ alsolS- n.
lens oJo~j$ IS- converging lens.
yellowness.+......:,!_ n. yolk. yellow (of an egg).+_
~ n. gold ornaments ifermale jewelery). Cj .:.uSojoj :.ereket n. name of an herb.
J..:..>. L..)oj :.erya n. Sea: J.oS~IS- North Sea.r0jlS- The
~,)Joj Zerdest n. Zoroaster.+ IS- n. & adj. Black Sea· .:-1-!oJl.iIS~IS-the Mediterranean
Zoroastrian; ofl relating to the Zoroastrian sea· J-V- IS - the Red sea ~.Jj.,J IS _ The Capian
religion. sea. Syn. 2. :.sJ;'+ J~- n. seashore.+ -t-t.- n. seaside,
.s..:"j;O; uneng n. crown. coast. + ~ _ n. small sea; lake (see &jj,). cj

.,j~,J; I uri (A) n. envelope. -tj,,;~).+.?- n. pirate·+IS'?_ n. piracy.+,:,IJ_n .

- , sailor. mariner, seaman.+ ~IJ- n. seagoing,

..J~,J:'- uri n. apptitude, bent, inclination.<"';joj "-/. seafaring, navigation.+ I,S'"'!- atij. sea, maritime;
~~,J:' zerqi adj. marked by excessive display of naval: -IS~ naval force.
colour (of s.th.), bright, gay, brilliantly colourful.
Cj ..$..;,o.p 'S.:,o_t
~oj zefti n. gendanne in Ottoman times. C.!
~~.,:,IJ-~ .
..5~~:.1 "erk n. pot; bowl (syn. r~' cj ..,..Il).
 324

Joj zeq adj. staring, gazing, wide open (of the .jL..oj zeman (A) n. time. See 3. cPo .;l$'jj;. C,f
Eryes). Cj~. < 0~~.J Joj ~ )4; glaring, .:..LS.
conspicuous, manifest (syn.;I~ .;~~); garish,
.(,O)L..oj zemawend (A) n. feast, merry-making
flashy. + .j~....s L:. Lo.,; / _ v. stare at, look at with
party/ ceremony. C,f I.,$!~' ..s:.;~l; (.j~.J .(,o)Looj v.
gazing eyes. c.r 0-'",;:",; )4·+ .jJJ-I)~~/- v. be
have a feast! party/ celebration).+ .jl.;.-s / -
clearly visible, be conspicuously in sight.+ 0_ n.
See .j~.J .(,0) Looj.
stare, an act! instance of staring. C,f 2. 0j./'+!S0_
vJ~)4 v. look open-eyed; be fully awake and J ..... oj zembeq n., bOI. lily.
staring.
..54..l..... oj zembelek n. hairspring; mainspring.

~o..:..ujl zemzeme n. singsong, chanting.

l""';;Oj zeqfim (A) n. an infernal tree with exeedingly
~o.,;...u/ zemzeme n. hen. Syn ...s:...:.....;J'.
bitter fruit;fig. used in the expr.: ~1""';;Oj 4i May
it taste as r"';;Oj (ofs.th.eaten). ..5o;.»I'0j zemli,ek n. nozzle, spout. C,f I. 4..l.uJ.

.:..LSoj zekat (A) n. alms tax prescribed by Islamic ",..I.eolOj zemlle also j.-=....j (A) n. straw basket
law (normally distributed among the poor and the (normally made of palm leaves) having a cable
needy). Cj o...,:.i;~.+ .jl~/ _ v. pay and rope handle. Syn . .;..5 ~. C.! aj4i'-.
distribute .:..LSoj q. v.
~oj zemin n. earth, ground (c,f !S)oj); floor, base;
Joj zel n. bot. reed.C,f~lJ;papyrus.+)LS_n. territory- ~ territorial sphere (cj ~oj~).
reedy swamp/ marsh. Cj ,J lJ..:, jj. I . .r-S,J l;. +_ C.! c\...j • ..5L.;. .~. E.g. ~oj !S.Ho} Face of the
U;))O n. sedge. earth.+ 0_ n. atmosphere, climate, condition.
.,;'2oj zelate (E) n. salad. C,f 4' _ ' : . ;•

I" ~oj zelam I. adj. huge, immense, of great size. l;oj zena only in l;oj)lp q. v.

C.! 0;)..$ .j»"~. o~. 2. n. guy, man, fellow. c.r ~~oj zsencej'il n., ginger.
1')~'<I"~ojo»-t.+-;.sl- n. footpath, narrow path
suitable only for pedestrain. c.r -;.so} ~.
J0..l.,joj zendeq n., gen. courage, wits. Cj 0;)).
Syn . .:..I{+ .j~.r. / _ v. frighten! scare (s.o.) out ~f
o""';.(,~oj [.;,;Jojl zelandinewe v. host! treat (s.o.) at (his) wits. Syn. .j.(,Uj.i.+ oJ»,: / _ V. be scared out of
the exprense of a third person one's wits, be frightened. C,f oJL...; 'oJl~;4i 0;,J).+-
O)"';~oj trl0jl zelanewe v. live off that which is not ;I~ adj. brave, courageous. Cj IJ"',;';.
the result of one's own efforts (normally used in
.j.t.(,oj zendiq n. atheist, misbeliever.
comb. with 0)0 .. .;'-4i).
..$..;.ojl zeng n. bell. C,fJ......i.+oJl~~/_v.ringa
a..loj zele (A) n. unintentional error/ slip (of the
bell.+ .pJ,J- n. caravan bell (normally consisting of
tongue). Cj ..J~ (.j~....s ..Joj v. commit an
one big and several small bells)~ different size
unintentional error).
bells hung on ..5a..lu,,>Po q. V.+ 4..l,J)- n. I. small
I"0j zem n. slander (esp. behind one's back), secret bell. 2. rattle. C,f 4l~":'.+ ;I~ a..l))_ See!S;L..
vilification. (.j~.J roj v. slander/ defame (s.o.) in his ;b."j~oj.+4~))- n. name of a plant.+_
absence. ..j~~"J,J,J n. clinking! jingling jewellery.+_
J)) adj. tinkling, high-pitched, shrill; falsetto.
 325

..$....;o} zeng adj. dark. pitch black. dim. Syn. *.)L.oj zehar also ....o~ n. monster. Cj l,s-o.).+ .;~_
s.....)lJ. < ..5:.;oj •.,....:,. adj. monstrous, dreadful, grotesque, hideous.

:J~.j zengal n. gaiter (esp. one knittedfrom goat's ""oj zehr n. poison, venom (.ryn. )~): ~ "i-.. IS-
hair). c.r ";IJ.j~.
lethal (fatal) poison (supposed to be extracted
from a plant)· ; L.. IS _ snake poison (see 2.
~oj zengul n. drop. See..5;:.;. ';"'~.).+ _ _ adv. .)~o....oj). (oJ.)~ .,..oj v. eat used in a deprecatory
drop by drop, dripping. manner). E.g. ...s.,..oj ..:u.S..;li Come on, eat (have
.;~oj zengeslire = 0.)>>- &.:,..:.. q. v. your poison).+ .11- n. poisoned drink.+ ISJI- adj.
poisonous, venomous, noxious. E.g. ISJI....o~lS.)l.o
~ &':'oj zengeqil4.e n. chopped firewood.
poisonous snake. + ).) _ adj. poisonous, venomous.
;,y;5..;Oj zengen n. kind of mattock with long picks. + .)~ 0_ I. n. snake poison. 2. int}o poison! (as a
"';~oj zengyane n. small multicoloured glass contemptible reply to S.o. 's call); also in the
expr.:.- ::.:..;L..o.....oj ~ May it tum into snake
beads. Cj JJ.)~'
poison (as an imprecation) (cf oJ.).} ....oj).
"';oj zene n. name of the Arabic graphic symbol
.;.,L..oj zehman n. cemetery. Syn . .;.,l:...pS.
(sukun) for vowellessness ofa medial consonant.
.;.,~oj zeytun (A) n. olive:- ~jd olive oi\.+ IS- adj.
olive green. C.f j~ •..s..-.s.
':".JOj zewt (A) n. I. seizure (forcible! il/egal),
usurpation. 2. curb, check. restrain. (oJbI':'.JOj v. oJ~.j uystan adj. having been recently delivered
be curbed! checked! controlled. E.g. ~li';'JojrJ.t I ofa child. Cj .)I~.- ;:ll..2.
can't restrain him. oJ.).} ':".JOj v. seize, usurp, extort. ~oj zeyn (A) n. intellect, mental ability
Cj ~}I..I"-~':-t.); confiscate.+ i,.S- adj. (syn. ~&..;i. cf ..,.so.;'..:;); memory, recall. (see
seized, confiscated. ~I).- o~p-.+ oJb / _ v. pay close attention (to-o).
~Joj zewen See .5';';.- ";1""';..,5. Cf~~'+';"JJr adj. smart, having a sharp
mind, intelligent. Syn . ..50r'...J.(oJ.J.J-IoJJJj-i.0j V. be
,sJoj n. land, field (cj ...st.. 2. rbl); earth,
zew;
ground (.ryn. ~oj): .)4J0d IS- rocky (rugged)
quick-witted, be intelligent). + .,.;..,s _ adj. dull-
witted, weak of intellect. (oJ.J.J-I ~~oj V. lack
ground· .;.lS'~IS- salt marsh (swamp)·IS-
intelligence). + IS';..,$ _ n. lack of intelligence/ sharp
oJl.o"""; soft ground.- oJ'9.;S' • ISJoj.;"-.+j... ~ 4.i /-
wit.
oJ~...s v. fig. dig the earth with one's hand (from
pain, suffering, etc.).+ ~_ n. periscope.+ ii:;- n. ;;j I zi n. name of the eleventh letter of the Kurdish
land surveyor.+ oJ.)~ ..;:,.;./ _ v. prepare the land! alphabet.

soil; fig. pave the way ifor- ~), facillitate the is} zi n. major river/ tributary/ stream. Cj ;\.tj;.
, -
development! promotion! espousal (oj).+ ).)_ n. 2 . .5~ under ~- • r~' ~t.). o.)~ under~.
landowner. Cj ..5#..-..fo.)o.).+ oJd- n. harrow
;;} zi n. genital orifice of a fermale animal.
(cultivating implement).+ oJ.)~.:.....:.s / _ v. till the
soil, cultivate the land. C.f IS.)IS:.:....:S.+ Lr""li- n. ;;/ zi pres. stem of the verbs oJlj and ~Ij q.v.
topography.+ )jJ- n. farmland (cf~; country ;;/ z.e n. behaviour, conduct. Syn. "":'Jod' Cj 2.
estate. ).)~.
 326

i,sj 6 zi also }';...i n. I. piping, trimming stiched in ":""...i zit adj. J. alert, sprightly, intelligent-looking. 2.
seams or along the edge of clothing, slipcovers, erect, standing, pricked-up.+ 0~.JY-/ _ v. look
etc. 2. stripe (as an indication ofrank. length of alert! sprightly. + .s _I n. pimple. Syn. 4...i.
service, etc.).
..sj zI n. variety of evergreen thorn used for hedging.
&.:...} zltke n. minnow iflSh).- ,-"",I.. .

C! ..sj.sd~. ~..) zix n. fine gravel. Cf ~ • ,"". + iJ10 _ n. gravel

covered area.
.JL...i liyatir adj. more, greater, being in excess (of
...J). C! ~~jj. (,;"-,-,",, .JL...i v. be more than-"". -L,j...i zid n. abode, home, residence (cf jL.); tomb
E.g. 0.,..., o.JL...i ....~ This is more than that.+ .J~ (cf ~ rJ.H.J- n. country, homeland. Syn.
,;,,~.J v. further increase, add still more. iJ~. + ,;,,1.Jo _ n. guardian of a tomb/ shrine.

~L.....i ziyad adj & n. more, excessive; more, ';...i zir. also doj n. gold. Syn. iJ~L;. <~J;...i4.l.+-
additionaV greater quantity, number, degree or .:..iLt adj. embroidered with gold.+ ~L.S­
amount. (iJ-,-,"" ~L...i v. increase; be in excess of-4.l. See'~odoj under dO/+ ~_n.. bot. butterc~p.+_
,;,,~.rS ~L...i v. increase, add to, raise! increase in ~ adj. golden, made of gold. Syn. ~.,.,:JL.;.+­
intensity, strength, degree, etc.); wax (of the .;.~ n. girl with the golden shoes (character in
moon).+ 0_ n. increase, increment, addition; a well-known Kurdishfolhale).
excess, extra, overplus (cf ;;~). + ..s»-H _ n.
yl"';...i urab n. drain; sewer., sewage (system)
overeating, groging, gluttony. (iJ~~..s~ o~L...i v.
(see iJAAod).
overeat, gorge oneself).+ 4.$!.Jdo- n. immoderation,
excess, exceeding normaV appropriate bounds. +_ "':'1J'...i ZJ'rav adj. slim, slender; delicate.
.$0do n., bot. side root.- .$0d.+ ~_ n. excess. ,;,,~I........i(v;-t...i] zlr.andin v. scream with! emit a loud
Syn. I.Il ~ q. v. piercing voice or sound. Cf iJ.t,;I~.
uo~L...i ziyaret (A) n. visit (see ~o..lt~); pilgrimage. 0J'...i zire n. cummin seed, jeera.
(iJ~~uo~L...i v. make a pilgrimage (to-..s). Cf4t
iJ~uo~~).+ \5'_ n. place of pilgrimage; shrine.+_ 0r...i zir.e n. loud! piecing scream or sound. (iJ~.J o........i
v. be frightened to the point of screaming. + ........i _ n.
iJ~.J..::-o~..s v. kiss the hands (of..s)·- iJ~.J (iL..
continued0r-'...i q.v.+';"jjL-~~ / _ v. inflict
,;"L...i ziyan n. I. loss, disadvantage, lapse, forfeit. 2. stinging pain on, cause to scream (from pain).
harm. injury, damage. (';".J.H~iJ~ v. be harmful,
..50.r...i zirek adj. intelligent, bright, clever, smart.
have a damaging effect. ,;,,~.J,;,,~ v. suffer/ incur a
C! ~. o)~JL;. (';"»I..50J'...i v. be intelligent).
loss, be at a disadvantage).+ ~_ adj. harmful,
damaging, injurious, ruinous. Syn. iJL...i 4.t.+~ / _ ,;,,1.Jo.r...i zlrewan n. spy, secret agent. Syn.IJ"'»""~.+­
,;,,1~/so';"jj~..s~/ _ v. do harm to, damage, injure ..s n. spying, espionage. (iJ~~ ~1.JoJ'...i v. spy
(cf ';"jj~..s~;ljL.;); bring loss upon (s.o.).+ )5'_ o.Jo~).

adj. malicious, vicious, malevolent. + j~ _ adj. ';;-t...i zlr.in pres. stem of the verb ,;".t,;I........i q. v.
rapacious, voraciously destructive/ harmful.
.i-'...i zlz adj. annoyed, disgruntled. grumpy. Cfod~
I.Il L.....i ziyayt also..s~ L...i n. excess, superfluity,
J'J.Jj •. Syn.~. (';".»i":"'...i v. be annoyed).
surplus.
4...i zlpke n. pimple, pustule. Cj .sj~. ,;"I..:,.....i zizan also .... I..:,. . .i n., bot. darnel.
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 327

.J""; ziq n. squeaking.+ ,j..,t,jI-L;,;L..iJ v. squeal, make a ,-""",,,ljJoJ n. biology.+ ~~_ n. survival (act!
shrill cry/ noise.+.JJI_ n. lapwing (bird).+,j_ a£9. process/ condition oj).
squealing.+ -!~J- n. loud persistent.u....i q. V.+ D_ 1oSJ.:.i..i zindi n. vermin.
n. squeal, a shrill sharp cry/ noise. + ~..iD _ n.
JLr-..i dnhar intj. beware!; also in the expr).y.J..i
continued squealing.+~uD_ v. be heard
squealing. .ILr-..i ~- Beware, a hoodred times beware!

.5......:; zik = J.I..i (all forms) q. v. J-'..i ziw n. silver. Cj 2.4.1»'.+ Vt- adj. silver, made
of silver; silvery (in luster) .
..S'I:f......i zikzak (E) adj. zig-zag.
Iy..i ziwa n., bot. lily. Syn. ~Dj.
•
~ .
!..J zil l.adj. & n. high-pitched; shrill note, treble.
2. n. bell (esp. door, electric, alarm, etc.).
Cj ..s..;Dj. (,j»-l J.....i v. be shrilV high-pitched).+ D_ JD"';..i zewer n. ornament, that which lends grace and
n. high-pitched ringing sound. beauty.
~..i Zll!!ece (A) n. twelfth month of the Islamic
lunar year.

:r..i zin n. saddle. Cj ,jt.uS. (,j~'? v-..i v. saddle a

horse, etc.).+ ~.H- n. decorative saddlecover.+_
JJJ~ n. saddler.+ JJ- n., topog. col, pass in a
mountain range.

::L:....i dna!! (A) n. fornication. (~.,rS c.L:....i v.

fornicate).

)J...:....i zlndan n. dungeon; prison cell. Cj 4i~~.

+ .h. - n. dungeon guard; jailer. + loS _ n. dungeon

mate. Cj 1oS~.

dndu adj. alive, live, living; lively.+_

'~.J.J4 v. come back to life; be revived!
reanimated.+ Dj4i~.?_ v. revive, bring back to life,
reanimate. Syn. D~..,t,jlj.J.Jol'+ DJD~ - a£9. revifving,
exhilarating, enlivening.+ ~'-!_ n. vitality,
vigour.+ o.s!-- n. state of being alive, life. Cj,jl,U.

•...:.....i zinde (P) adj. I. lively, energetic.-IoS~ the

prophet Khidr (believed to be immortal and to
appear to help deserving persons in distress). 2.
used as first element of some compoundforms.
i.e'JDJ'~ q.v.+;:J~- also.pS~_ a£9. burried
alive. (,j~....sj~~DJ...:....i v. buryalive).+;:Jl.._adj.
house-kept (esp. of livestock). C.f )l...+ JDJ- n.
living being, creature, organism. Syn. )..,t,jL,$.+-

•
 328

premature labour pains.-.;,I.it~. + )l_ adj.

painful, hurtful.+ ~)'/_ v. be in labour, have
labour pains.+~._ n. stomachache,
bellyache. Syn. ~.+ ~_ n. headache.
Syn ... "::;4-.

JI.ioJI.i jawejaw n. din, a welter of conf.Jsed!

discordant sounds .
.;,;..;I..,;J.i [~...,;J.i] jUewandin v. agitate, cause a
commotion. Syn . .;,.l.il;';':'.

•.,.;J.i jHewe n. commotion, agitation, excited

movement. Syn . ..,..~l:, C.f 'JI.il:.

.i J twelfth letter of the Kurdish alphabet. ) ••.i jimar n. arithmatic; counting, computation,
calculation.> ;L.»,- .;L.~~.+.Jl- [ft...o.il V.t.
).i jar n. poison. See ~.j (allforms).+ ~I_ n.
count, number; compute, calculate. + .l_
liquid poison; poisoned drink.+ 1oS.J1- adj.
See 'l;L.~.+ *..5~_ n. calculation,
poisonous; toxic.+.J4.i_ adj. & n. antitoxic;
computation.+._ n. number, numeral; figure,
antitoxin.+ •.I.i,u_ n. nicotine (esp. as a deposit
digit: ....:,jJl:IoS- composite numbers *~IoS­
in a pipe).+ ,-,"""L._ n. fish poison (used to
cardinal numbers *~ 4..t loS _ rational numbers-
catch jish).+..$..;,•.i.J- n. strife, bitterness and
*IJ!';t." loS fraction *JI J"'; loS - integral number
conflict! dissension which accompanies a
particular situation; ill will. (integer) *~ loS - mixed numbers 1oS-
*";""',ji- prime numbers *~llloS _ non-prime
..5).i jark adj. perennial (of a plant).
numbers *'~~IoS- relative (comparative)
jl.i jaj n. aromatic herb used to flavour cheese numbers *.ll-loS- simple numbers *.r-t~IoS­
E.g. 1oS.i1.i..s.,.:.i~ chesse flavoured with .il.i. irrational numbers *1oS:"..; loS - ordinal number. +
;IS - n. calculator. + c.,rilj. _ n. arithmatic. + )'.-
..5.iI.i jajik n. gum. See·- ":':.
n. accountant. + 1oS~. _ n. accounting,
.;,LS'l.i k,Sl.i] jakan v. i. be creased! wrinkled! bookkeeping.+~._ adj. numerical.+ ;Lt- n.
crumpled (of clothes, etc.) (';'-lXG.""=:); wilt (of accountant. + loS; 4 _n. accounting.
flowers) (see ';'-lX~).+ .;,~_ [.:,;sJj] v. cause to
wrinkle; cause to wilt. •...;...i jimlre n. arithmatic (subject! science oj).

.JLS'lj jataw adj. wrinkled, puckered (cf G.""=:); .;,.i jin n. woman (c.f .:.o.,)L..:); wife: .;.".5 1oS-
wilted. senior wife (in polygamous society)loS-

4.l1.i jale n., bot. oleander. Syn. ~~. *..r:--'JL..; second wife (of three) *..5~IoS­
junior wife *j~loS- (see.;,»J~) *i"L..IoS-
.;,I.i jan n. 1. pain, ache (syn. 1. )jl: .~);
(see.;,.i.;.oL..:). E.g. ';4-~.i A middle-aged
spasm, colic. 2. labour pains. <~)' .;,I.i. (.;,I.i woman.+ .;,1_ n. women, womankind.+ ~L adj.
';'-lX~ v. have pain, be aching . .;,~.; .;,I.i v. have I. womanly, feminine. 2. of! relating to
colic/ paroxysm; hurt, be painful).+ ~~~/_ v. women, female. E.g. ~\.;.i~ women's wear.+_
become painful, begin to hurt; experience ~I adj. effeminate, unmanly. Syn . ...L..;l:.+ jlt-

..
 329

See j~.+ .j~_ n. stepmother. Syn. ,:,jt-,~.+ IJi - * .j.~ jn n. event, occurance, happening.
n. brother-in-law, wife's brother.+_ ........ _ n.
.:....,.".u.~ jeqnebut n., bot. balanites, a tree
exchange of girls (i.e.sisters) in marriage.+ (,:,~
bearing bitter poisonous fruit;fig. used in the
,:,~.?,:,~ 4.i v. exchange women in marriage (as following expression: .:....,.".u.~4.i.Jl.?:) ~l
between two families! tribes, etc.).+~4.i/_ Make life miserable for or..:.....P.:..~.~ (also
,:,~ v. marry a second wife (of a polygamous shortened to.:..."p ...:J.~ or ...:J'.i) May it tum
husband).-:.s."......+v.-I~/_ See,:,L.:;. ,:,~.+_ into poison in your stomach (said
..s..:.~ n. sister-in-law, wife's sister.+ ":-jJ_ disparagingly ofs. o. who has eaten s. th.).
adj. licentious (of a man).+I.S}~~-'- n. J'"'.i jet n. first milk produced by an animal
intermarriage between two tribes! clans, etc. +_ after giving birth; colostrum. E.g . .s.~~ It
jL...-, n. wife and family.+ ~~-'_ n. married is unpleasantly lukewarm (like J'".~) (of
couple.+ I.Sl"';""-,- n. matrimony, married life.+. drinking water, etc.).
L..:... n. queen. Syn. ,:,~L.:,.+ ,:,L.:;./- v. take a * ,.;}.~ jegirti n. copy, duplicate. Syn. V"'J.Y-'-'d'
wife, take a girl as spouse, get married.
Cj ':'l,,5 .""..:.. ,':'l,,5 •.)L....+ ~_ n. femininity, r'~ jem n. meal, repast (syn. 2. ,:,L;); serving,
womanliness. helping; instalment, repayment.+ U»-t- adj.
ravenous after a period of abstinence (esp. due
."....;~ jinew pres. stem of~ -£,..;~] v. hear.
to il/ness).+J'"_ n. an amount of yogurt set
Syn.~.
aside to be churned and made into jl q. V. +':"_
n. butter obtained from one churning. + u~._
=u~.~q.v.
,:,I-,-,~ juwan n. tryst (cf 2. ,:,~j; appointment,
date, rendezvous. < ,:,I-,-,~ 4..i~ under rl. +~/_ ,:,.~ jen 1. pres. stem of the verb ,:,......~ and ~.~
,:,Il v. arrange to meet (s.o.), set a rendesvousl q. v. 2. second element ofcertai'! compound
appointment with.+ U _ n. place of nouns meaning: player, i.e. ':"~";"l q. V. +
appointment! rendezvous. ':'l_ [,:,.~) V.t. 1. chum (milk, yogurt, etc.). 2.

.)-,-,~l jlJr n. room, chamber: ,:,I~ I.S- guest play (a musical instrument) (cf 3. ,:,Il:);
perform at! strike up a good tempo (in
(reception) room *':'l}~L;I.S_dining rooffilS-
dancing). 3. rock, sway.< ,:,.......i;:; .,:,......~Id. 4.
*4J.-.i- bed room. Syn. 'l';:. C.! .s?-i.+ ,:,1- n.
put, insert, thrust (into- b .. . 4i). E.g.......~I.S~~
season for living and sleeping indoors (at the
end of the warm weather). + ~j_ n. Il..S"."l,; '-t He put his finger into the water. +_

compatrment, bay, berth.+ .-,._1. n. interior, .J-![.JI~] See ,:,....;.~.

the part within, inside. 2. adv. inside, in! into ~.~ jeng n. rust (on metal as a result of
the interior. E.g. rJ..W '-"')J-'~ 4.l I was inside.+_ oxidation; on plants as a result of fungi,
:.s See •J'.)"'-'~' mildew, pest, etc.). C.! I . .)"-t.+)_lalso)l_
.)-,-,~2 jur also -,-,.).,,-,~. 1. n. uppermost! farther/ adj. I. rusty, affected by rust. 2. rust-coloured,
reddish- brown, ferruginous.+ I.S-,I- adj. rusty,
upper end. Syn. -,-,~. 2. adj. upper (esp. in
covered with! affected by rust. + ~} / _ v.
Village names as compared to-,-,)~ -lower).
become tarnished (of silver, etc.); rust.+:) /_
Syn. 3. 'S~.+.jJ.... _adj. superhuman.
,:,b v. be attacked! infected by rust (esp. of
~-'J~ jiifi also..s..:.JJ~ n. hedgehog
 330

plants, i.e. cereal crops); become rusty.+~_ growth. Cf ISjl,.......i. + "uiL.- adj. developed,
See 1S.J~Dj.+ ~~ ~ 1_ v. rust, form rust. evolved; manifest. C.f JJ~.J.:...s. + ~t._ adj.
evolutionary, developmental.
.JL5..;Dj2 jengar only in .J~DjlS~" Figs of the
best quality. "";.j jir I. n. bottom, base, underside. C! I. j.
2. prep. under, below, beneath. C! .J.J)"';'-' 3.
J~Dj jenga[i adj. having a lapis lazuli blue
adv. under, in! into a position below, beneath
co lou r. Cf..;-'-I:. .~. 4. n. Arabic. vowel point for i (kasra). 5. in
comb., i.e. ~L.";.j q. v. + (~~.J";.j v. hit below
the mark! target in marksmanship. C.f 2.
~Dj jehr =)j (all forms) q.v. +~_ adj. ~~.J.JA- ,I. ~L.S:.;J.+ &Ji,.....;.jL,./- v. put under
poisonous; venomous. (one's) aegis/ protection! patronage. + ~I.J"-I- n.
*";-I~...j jihevdani n. experience, training, threshold. Syn. I. jL..J.~' 2 . .;\;....1:..+ .J.J.Jj.J•.J"-I-
background. adj. having only the white visible (of the eye).
(~.lJ-u.J.Jj .JD.J"-I "';.j v. have only the white
-;.sjl Je n. name of the twelfth letter of the
visible).+ ~_ n. footstoo\.+ ~~_ n. saucer
Kurdish alphabet.
(esp. thatofatea-glass).-.J~.+ ..,I,~_also..
-;.sj2 ji n. I. cord, string (esp. one madefrom
.JIM adj. suppressed, smothered; subdued.
twisted animal intestine); chord: .s.;u IS _ vocal
C.f i~.L~. + ~ - n. gen. regimentation,
chord (cf 2. j"-!I" under 1/). 2. tendon. control, discipline. (~~..,.s ~"";.j v. regiment,
ISjl ji also iJo'.j and ~101 n. life, being, existence. subject to order/ uniformity; organize rigidly
Syn. I..J l.!.lot· Cf ~V)."s . I. ~~. + IS) _ adj. for the sake of regulation! control). + ~ _ n.
life-supporting. +.JL adj. vital, cardinal, regimentation, reduction to strict order/
uniformity.+ ....s~~_ adj. servile, enslaved,
fundamental. C! .s..:.;. + ~ _ [lSj] v. i. live,
lacking an independent spirit.+ ~_ n. chin
exist.+ )..L..i_ adj. I. alive, living. 2. robust,
strap (on a helmet, cap or as a band! string of
healthy.+ 1S)..I...i- n. health. Syn. c.r-.J.J~'+­ beads holding in place a woman's cap). + ~~_
yl; n. biography.
n. room! floor on the ground level. C.f.~~.Y­

ISj2 ji pres. stem ofthe verb ~ld q. V.+ ~I }[lSj] ..s...:..~. + iJ.-> I_v.I. worst, get the better of,
v. i. live, be alive. < ~ , ~ 10.P ~. + ~.l.il_ L;".j] defeat, beat. C.f ~~ jlj. 2. put in dept, cause
v. sustain; keep, support, provi~e with to owe, burden. + lS'.J.~ _ n. floor beam of a door
subsistence/ livelihood. E.g. rZ~"'; v-o .JL.;:"- I frame often serving as a socket for the door
have been supporting (providing for) him for pivots.-4......i.~J.+..::-.~_ n. & adj. I.
the last three years.+ D""';.l.il_ v. revive, subordination; one that is subordinate (in ranlcl
revitalize, enliven. + •.,...;L I. v. be revived, duty/ office, etc.). 2. subject, dependent. (.,;.j
become active/ flourishing again; have a new ~~"s .:...-.~ v. subordinate, place in a lower
lease on life. Cf D.,...;I.l.t"i. 2. n. revival, order/ class to-IS)'+ c.r-o~- n. subordination;
awakening, rebirth. + ..,-;1- adj. vital, subjection.+ lo'j- adj. sub-sea, under/ beneath
fundamentally concerned with! affecting life: the sea.+ I,$!lo.j- n. submarine. + ~.j_ I. adj.
~1-U"'"I.w.; vital organ· ~I-IS.JL.~... vital underground (also fig.). 2. See,",..:..~....j"";,j.+_
statistics.+ ).J- n. position! station in life,
~.j n. cellar, subterranean vault. C.f
mode of being, situation. Cf.~..,J.. •.:...)~
.Jj...>lj.+ .:r--J- n. saddle blanket. Syn. 2 .
..s:..;1~. + .;;L._ n. development, evolution,
 331

..--$J.JI.;.+ ~- n. pillow. See V'~'+ J.JL..... - j.od.j jilemo n. hot! glowing ashes.
n. small tray on which boiling samovar rests.+
1..I"'1....,s - n. slip (female undergarment). + .);.s_
n. footnote.+ ~j4.$/_ V. I. fail, be beaten!
worsted. 2. fall in debt, lose/ owe money.
C.f •J.j.;4J "';j '-I ~»-i' +.J.Y j4.$ - adj. & n.
worsted., beaten; loser. + "-'L. _ n. tenant
occupying part of one's own house (esp.
people lodgedfree in a basement in return/or
performing light). + JJ _ See JJ},..>. + • _ n.,
math. denominator. + p. _ n. floor covering
(anything rolled! spread out on a floor to
serve as a mattress or carpeting). + .)"-tojJ.-
adj. turned topsy-turvey; completely thrown
into disorder/ disarray.+ (~.v-t.)"-tOjJ.';j v. be
thrown into disorder.+~J....s ~.jJ.';j v. tum
upside down, ransack, comb.).+ JJJjJ.-
See ~.jJO';j.+ .J.- n. position below, place/
part! section beneath. < .J."';j .u. + ~l,;oJO- v.I
undermine, erode, undercut; ignore.+ ~_ adj.
lower. E.g. V'''';j""lJ Lower floor.

,r'j fir I. sensible, understanding, prudent, sane

and reasonable (ej).~_..:.~ .~ ___ ~);

competent, clever (e.f ..s.,,:; .~~). 2.

well behaved., displaying good manners. + (,.j
~.v-t v. be sensible, be sane and reasonable.+""j
~....s v. look after and entertain, a child.
e.f .j4..JJ,j ""j).+ .....1_ adv. sensibly, perceptibly;
intelligently, cleverly.+ ."........»1/- v. be
comforted (esp. 0/ a child when he stops
crying).+ ~_ adj. logical, rational, reasonable.
C.! ':-JJJ)S(underJU1).+ ........ I~_ adv.
prudently, wisely, astutely.+ ~_ n. logic,
system! principle/ mode of reasoning. +_
.~J,j/ v. comfort and try to stop from crying
(a distressed child). + .u.s _adj. well-behaved.,
good (esp. 0/ a child).+.;_ n. sensibleness,
good wit and resource fullness; reason, rational
ground! motive.
~j J'4.ik also ..sj..j n. hedgehog. Cj ~»-,.
 332

Jl,.L.. sabaq adj. awesomely spacious, ghostly in

appearance (of large. empty house. etc.). C!
Jl p .

~.J.l- sabren n. billy goat, male goat two or

more years old. C! ;"ji • .$aj.
;"-'..1-IL... sablin n. soap: ~j~u- low-grade
(loundry) soap made of animal fat *~I~ u-
shaving soap * ~'d u- high-grade bath!
everyday soap made of oil *~L.."":'u- high
grade (laundry) soap.~b;:r.~.u;"-'..1-Il-.­
s the thirteenth letter of the Kurdish
~.+ .11- n. soapy water (often with little or
alphabet.
no suds). C.f JU..s.+ ~_ n. soapmaker.+_
l-I sa I. adv. then, therefore, in that case.
~ n. soapmaking (the production 01).+ u-
E.g. ,J-I.Jr-l,.L.... Let's go then. uOll- Now
I. adj. soapy (in smell. texture. etc.). 2. n. a
then. ~ 1.1 4S l- Therefore, in that case. Cj species ofpigeon.- .;jS.
~. 2. n. pellucidness: ;"l~ u- colour! shape
,;-,l- sap n. stack of winnowed grain. C.f
of a (girl's) neck (as an indication of beauty).
3. in comb. as part ofcompound nouns and l;l..!. .jJ.... ;.,L..p.
adjectives. i.e. ;lSL..q.v'+';""d-n. incomplete
~l- sapfte n. I. ceiling. See~. 2. top,
sentense.+ JLS _ adj. plain, lacking design!
peak, summit. Cj ~~. Syn. &'..;.,J.
ornament, undecorated; pure, unadulterated. +
.,;I)S_ adv. plainly; innocendy.+ J.S- n. bare .:.L- sat n. while, time, hour. E.g. ~l­
nountain. + ~_ n. smooth! polished staff or ~.J~..J A while ago. C.f .:.lS 'JlJI.+ ~'J'­
pole.-~.+ jL..._ n. & adj. cloudless sky; adj. opportune, favourable, timely.+ u- adv. &
clear, c1oudless.+ C! .u~l-. (;"l..$jL..l- v. adj. hourly, per hour; momentary, brief.
clear, become cloudless (of the sky).+ .u~_
n. ;.,lJl- satan n. drawers, underpants, short. See
cloudless sky: jL..l-~_ cloudless and clear 0--..;.:1.
sky. +cS! - n. clearness, pellucidity.
~l- satme n. slip (of the tongue); stumble, trip
l-I sa n. shade, shadow. See ~.+ .:.l,.- n. I. (in walking! running):;.,L...j u _ slip of the
arbour, bower (built esp. to provide shade). tongue.+ ;"l}'~L- v. slip, utter through in
C.f J(,..s .tll~. 2. hangar.+ ~_n. patronage,
advertence (of the tongue). E.g. l}' u~L..~L..j
protection, favour: aegis. E.g. Il";'; ~~ l-.u It was a slip of the tomgue on his part).+ ;.,b/_
Under your patronage. Cj ~ .0.4d. 2.
v. stumble, trip. Syn. u"~~~.
reason, cause (usually in comb. with of or by-
'.1 ... oI.t). E·g· •.Gu~L..oI.t Because ofyou.+ Jb- .;jjL.. satore n. large knife. C! jJ~ .:1;$.
also J'~- adj. protective, affording
~L-I sac n. griddle (in theform ofa round. thin
protection! patronage.+ .s...:..JJ~- adj. useless and COrIVex sheet of iron used esp. for baking
to others, of no service/ favour to others (of a bread). E.g . ..r.-L...~Li Bread baked on a
person).
griddle (as compared to oven-baked). idiom:
""~..r.-L.. ~J& fall into poverty.
 333

:\.} sac n. teak (wood). ~.)L- sa,d I. adj. cold, having a notably low
temperature. Ant. i~. Cj.~. 2. adj.
:: ~L.. sa~ax (T) n. fringe. See ~-.l '1r..
indifferent, perfunctory, apathetic (cj. '..k~
::~L- saflex (T) n. golden ornaments ~~; unemotional. 3. n. negative (of
decorating a woman's plait. Cf ~ ,~. electricity).+ (.J»-f~.)L- v. be cold, have a low
temperature; be indifferent, act coldly
~L... sa~ma n. shot (esp. 88's): _~..;;
(toward-j..SI..I). Cj. t"':'.bi ~.)L...+ i.J~.J _ v. chill,
shotgun. BBgun. Cf ..u.,s ,..54. make cold C.f 1. .J.I.i1~; tum cold (of the
tL.. sax = tL.. (in allforms) q.v. weather). + .J1- n. sunken summer house (esp.
one having a glass roof and running water);
.;.;.L.. saxt n. work! make/ fabrication, mannerl cellar (see ~tj)~). + ~I_ n. cold, low
source of how or where s.th. is made. Cj. )S.+ temperature, C.! 1oS~.) L-. + t""':'»d _ v. I .
.JL..o- n. building, structure, edifice; become/ get cold. E.g. '.Jt»-f ~.)L..i.u4!~ My
establishment. Syn. ~. + t _ adj. & n. forged, tea became cold; cool off, lose interest!
fraudulent; fabricated; forgery, fraud; enthusiasm. 2. die (generally ofwounds/ after
fabrication, falsification. Cj. j.)~. (.J~.J c.>L.. v. a long illness). Cj. .J~~.+ ."':'~.J/- v. cause/
forge, commit fraud against, lie to- j..S1..I); allow to become cold, cool off; cause to lose
distort.+ ~t_ also .)U"t_ adj. fraudulent, interest! enthusiasm.+ r-.J- adj. quite!
crooked, deceitful.+ ~t_ also IoS.)LS 1_ n. considerably cold. very cold.+ i~.J- adj.
fraudulence, deceit. lukewarm. tepid. Cj. ~~.+ {i.J~.J i P .J~')L..
v. make (i.e. bath water) lukewarm! tepid by
• .)~L.. saxli, n. clearing, track ofland cleared
mixing the hot and cold).+ ~.,.u iP.J- v. catch
of wood and bush; glade.
a chill due to a sudden change in temperture.
..;I~L.. sadani n. variety of yellow grape.- ~.;. C.! .J»-f ~ ~. + • - adj. irrigated in autumn (of
rice).-.jt~ '~ft.+ .).wA,jt- See 0~.)L-..;L;
~L.. sad;, n. bed, small plot of planted land.
.)~.+ .J~.- n. colic; expr. indicating
Cf~~~.
annoyance and anger when replying to s.o.:
•~L.. sade adj. I. solid, uniform (in colour/ plague!.+ -r-:-.-
n. coldwar.+ ..;.- 0_ n.
substance! character). E.g. 4!uL.. 1oS.).b- It is refershments, cold beverages.+ 1oS- n. /. cold,
solid red. 2. plain, simple, uncomplicated (cf coolness. Cf L..~. 2. indifference, apathy;
"';;J\;); innocent, naive, artless (see ~JL..). strained relations.
Cj. )SL- under L-I.+ j~_ adj. obvious,
~j.).)L.. sa,donya n., bot. geranium.
transparent (of a person).+ t~~.J/- v.
oversimplify, present in too simple a form. .......)L..' sarme n. name ofa plant.

1oS~ L- sam (E) n. sadism, extreme/ delight in .......)L-2 sarme n. decorative stitching (esp. on a
cruelty.+ ~_ n. & adj. sadist; sadistic Syn. saddle).
.)L...J.)L.. saruma, n. strong odour, stench! stink
I.)L- sa,a (A) n. level ground; wasteland, desert (used with ~_ smell). E.g. ~ 1oS.)L...J.)L..";J.t

(see .J~l:-i).+ (.J~.J I.)L.. v. level, flatten, tum into .:..1. It has a strong stench.
wasteland. Syn . .J~.J ~).+ ~_ adj. desert- t.)L.. sa,e adv. tomorrow. See ~~.
dwelling, inhabiting the desert.
 334

~L... sa!e} adj. healed (of a wound). Cj veracious, reliable. cj 1. ..::-I!. (\J.J..t'it,L.. v. be
\JJJj~;S.+ (\J.b-!jJ-=,L... v. heal, return to a well; be honest! reliable).+ 0~.J..t'i1- v. I.
sound state. Cj o"-';.J..t'i~.+ \J,))'jJ-=,L.. v. heal, recover, convalesce. See o"-';.J..t'i~. 2. be sold
cure, remedy; fig. give satisfaction! bring (of goods); be concluded! transacted (of a
tranquility to someone's heart or mind, bargain, etc.); settle (on ~ a business as a
normally used with ~~). result of bying out), receive (a contested
award, contract, etc). 3. be confirmed!
L... 1 saz n. music (cj I. jl-,I; •..;I~); musical verified, have the truth! accuracy/ reality (of
instrument.+ ~_ n. music band; orchestra s.th.) established or proved (to-j./). cj I.:h~;o,).
(see ;~~JjL..).+ \Jb/- v. enliven, increase 4. be established against- I,)~)
as guilt!
the appeal! excitment-of.+ \JI~,)- n. concert, accountability/ responsibility (of a crime, debt,
musical performance.- ..s:..... I;.+ \J1,);"J/- v. etc.).+ 0-,"':'')),1- v. I. sell, dispose of (goods)
play music. E.g. -.Lot;"J j L...;Sjj..j' Play some by transaction and selling; buyout (a partner
music.+ _J.i_ 1. n. musician. 2. adj. also ~jL..; in business); decide (in favour of- ~). 2.
verify, establish the truth! accuracy/ reality (of-
garrulous, loquacious. See j~. + jl-, I; -' _ n.
"s); prove (to-j./). 3. impute (to), charge (with-
music, melody.+ J~4.M-,- n. orchestra.+ J-
b ... ~).+ r.J- adj. sound, well-built, well-
I')"..... See L:J,,> •J~.
made; unimpaired.+ ~~-'_ adj. safe and
L-2 saz n. & adj. agreement, harmony; sound, perfectly well! unharmed.+ "s- n. I.
adaptation; harmonious; adapted, adjusted. + good health. 2. soundness; honesty, reliability.
(\J,)...,s jL... v. I. fix, stuff (a pipe), fix, perpare
JL•..I sal (A) adj. smooth. See "",.vol. 2. clear,
(tea. coffee, etc.); arrange (jor-"s), help bring
unclouded. See \JJJ! (\J,))' JL.. v. make smooth;
about (see ~~..). 2. persuade, bring over
make a clean sweep of).
to agree. Cj \Jb"",~.+ \JU;SjL-l v.i.
2
materialize, come about, be arranged (Syn. 2. JL... sal n. flat stone used in the game of
..;."A.S .5..;-=,); be ready (esp. ofs.o. perparing to v:;.;WL.. q.v.+ v:;.;L...- n. game in which the
go somewhere). E.g. ;SjL... L;;... It takes him contestants attempt to roll a stone ball by
throwing disc-shaped stones at it; points are
forever to get ready; be in harmony, get along!
measured by distance (in feet) to which the
agree (with-j~.J). Cj \J~."s.+ \JJ.iU.)....iL..l v.
ball can be rolled.
I. arrange, plan, facilitate, help bring about. 2.
harmonize, bring into consonance. + ;4S _ n. ;';L... salo n. container, receptacle, vessel;
one who arranges/ plans/ perpares for (s.th.), envelope.
arranger. + "s; LS _ n. arrangement, act! process ~L... saq n. nasal mucus blown directly from the
of arranging. + ;l.S'- adj. good, sweet, potable nose (sometimes as an expr. of contempt).
(of water); wholesome (esp. of the climate).+. (C.f r-4); liquid! loose bird dropping (Cj
A adj. facilitating! planning (jactor/ agent! ~-=,).
etc.).
j,;JL... saqo{ n. pannier used for transporting
3
L... .faz suffix forming compound nouns, i.e. grapes. Cj ~;4.I.
jl......>w.~q.v.
1,jL... saqe (A) n. 1. alms, charity. 2. sacrifice.
L... s,,:! adj. I. healthy, well. Ant. ..;~..; .t,L..L; <I,j L.. ~ \J.J..t'i.
2. sound, free from flaw/ defect; full and well
developed (of walnut- ;,..;,.,!). 3. honest, ,;S'L.. saqo n. bare mountain. Cj t~ .,,;).
 335

:l ~ sal n. 1. year: o~ l: IS _ next year. j L.....: IS _ v. be filled with awe, be overcome by fear. Cj
.:"L...~.+..5L;_
adj. awesome, dreadful, creepy,
the current year.) ~ IS _ last year • .["".1S- leap
year ....j\.j IS-new year • ...r.~IS- year having frightening.
a mild winter.~I)JIS_ fiscal year •.JJJ.»/IJIS- .:"L.L.. saman n. wealth, property, fortune (Cj
last year * ~I..i IS _ year of the Christian era, 1S.Li.....J JOJ); asset; resources: ~4#: IS _ warlike
A.D .•OJL...IS_ ordinary year (as opposed to a stores, arsenal. ~.JJ"" IS _ natural resources..
leap year).- jL... "':"oJ' <.JJP." 'iL.. 41. 2. in comb. * JI"":';;"""'JIS
frozen assets.+)J_ adj. rich,
i.e . ..;'iL... .... L;jL... q.v.+.:"I_ n. & adv. former wealthy, affluent. Syn . ..I.4...oJJOJ.+w- n.
times, previous years, formerly. + ..;1_ 1. adv. treasury (public, other).
yearly, annually, per .annum. 2.adj. annual; one ..s:;,;..oL.. samotk n. apparition, phantom.
year old (See ~oJ ..lL..). 3. n. charity given on
See~L.J\;' Cj~I.:..oJ'
the first anniversary of someone's death.+_
)oJI n. annual income.+r-- n. anniversary. 6J,;..o L.. samote See 6J,;..o W4t.
Syn. 0j.t..i1~L...+)~_ adj. bearing fruit every ... L.. same n. 1. understanding, meeting of
other year. +_ 4-i _ adv. year by year. +~ _ adj. minds, common view. 2. sympathy, support,
annual, yearly. Syn. 2. ..;'iL....+ oyt...iIJ4S _ n. understanding. Cj liL..
anniversary. Syn. r.L... + ~ li _ n. calendar; .:"L... 1 san n. short for sultan and used as the title
almanac. + 0_ used in comb. to form compound for some tribal chiefs who where originally
adjectives and adverbs. E.g. JL... JJJ ~'­ feudatories ofthe Shah ofPersia.
Two- year old dog.+ J\; 0_ n., phys. lightyear.+_ .:"L...2 £v... OTIJ"] san only in comb . .:"L..~ v. rise,
.)L.. li 0 adv. every other year, once every two arise get to one's feet. + ':"J _ L:,.;.-] only in
years. + j L...J 0_ adv. from year to year; once comb . .:".LiL..~ v. caus. of.:"L..~ q.v.
every year'+~Jo_ adj. oneyearold.+L.o_
.:"L..3 san n. parade, publici troop procession.+_
adv. for many years: jL..lSL.o _ for years and
~ v. organize a parade, hold a procession;
years. + IS- adj. & adv. annual, yearly;
annually. assemble, congregate.+ .:"IJ/_ v. review/ inspect
(troops).+lL n. parading ground.
; "'iL.. salar n. head, chief, leader (of a tribe,
etc.); commander (of an army) (C.f JO.LiL.p). .:"L} san n. fashion, style, manner. Syn.~.
<;':iL..L;-.+ IS- n. leadership, chieftainship. C.f jI";':'.

.........
" salme n. name of a plant (possibly the sana adj. easy, facile, effortless. Syn.
early purple orchis) . .:"L..l:. +....,A- n. ease, facility, effortlessness.
..:..~~ salor ad). sensible, prudent. See .....j. santim n. 1. silk thread'-~..JJl:. 2.
See~~L...
sam n. awe, dread (inspired by fear,
authority or a deity); phobia. Cj IJ"~'< ~L.. 41.
(.J~~L.. v. have a phobia; be imposing!
sansor n. watchdog, monitor;
awe· inspiring. + ':"J.."...s ~ L... v. dread, be
censorship.
apprehensive/ fearful (ofA-J).+)J- adj.
imposing, impressive, towering.+~J/_ v. JL... saw I. n. sheen! lustre (of a cutting tooll
weapon). C.f bJ _. <.:,,~ JL....l. 2. pres stem
g.i\·e in to fear/ apprehension! awe. + ~;:"J /_
 336

of the verb ~JL... q.v.+iJb/_ v. give sheen! E.g. ~.;,~4,- I go every/ in the morning.+_
lustre (to-..; a cUlling tool! weapon). Cj ~ adv. tomorrow, in the morning. E.g.~4.:­

iJ~.J ~)oj..... o~. +Lr--L.,l...] See iJ.»-· .:.......!~ JJj He is coming early tomorrow.
Syn . •,} l... , ..;.ij..o.
IJL...' saNla n. & adj. infant, baby (C/' ;:JL:...
A-I.J.iS); very young animal, suckling (Cf~); L;- sipa also ~ n. I.the military, armed
small plant, young shoot (Cf I"L.-';).+I,$!!_ n. forces. E.g. L;-..;~ Military might; army
infancy. (Syn . .J....:...J 'JJ~~)' 2. in comb., i.e. ) ~l.. L:-
IJ L..
2
saNla n. touch (sense/ feeling of). q. v.+"';~_ n. barracks. +~Ir n. mil. strategy,
E.g. o......i..;IJl...lt feels rough. science/ art of military command. Cf
ft"1...:--.+) ~L.._ n. commander-in-chief.
oJl... saNle n. flock oflambs.- tJ4.t. Cf •..I.iL.~ ,~.,.;.+L..S_ n. army camp,

)oJL... saNler n. boiled, dried and cracked wheat military encampment. +~ _ adj. occupied!

(cj ~-¥); dish prepared from cracked overrun militarily (iJ~"s.r-5Lr- v. occupy
militarily, overrun with an army. Cj ~~
wheat.< )oJl..~""....,J ',}'J'-,,;4fU.-t4$ ,.;,b',,$.+
~"s.+..;.r-5-n. military occupation.+~ 1. adj.
~."..s - n. person hired to pound and crack
wheat. military, of! relating to soldiers! arms! war. 2.
n. soldier. See jL..;4-.
j'JL... saNlel n. wooden frame used on a pack
animal for transporting wood. ~L;- sipat adj. off- white, yellowish, greyish!
blueish white. Cj..,r.-.
~JL... saNlilke adj. simple, unsophisticated,
naive, ingenuous. Syn.ul.... Cf~. iJ~)L;- [;...:.... ] sipardin V.t. entrust, assign,
charge; confide. E.g. ~)Lr-.;,~~4...t They
~L... sahi adj. cold and dry (of the weather)
burried him (lit. They entrusted him to the
Cj L..J4- ..s:..:.JJ. earth), 1"~~I...>4.,I I leave you in God's
iJ.A l.. syklon (E) n. cyclone, tornado. keeping, good-bye< .;:. :.: 'J1.I..i:. :; (under
•~2) .
~l.. sayle n. gruel (food). See 4.l..uJ~.
'~)Lr- siparde adj. entrusted, committed.
Lr-l.. saytn (E) n., math. sine.
E.g. ~ 1...>..;u)L;- God be with you, good-
siba (A) n. early morning, only in..;_ bye. Syn . •~~.
iJ6...JL...lit. early morning rising ofthe virtuous.
~)l:-- siparish also ':""':''}L:- n. 1.
E.g. ~~~J.t-';6...JL...";~I"<I..t Where are
recommendation; message, errand. 2. mission,
you going so early in the morning? assingment, duty.
";4,- sibay n. & adv. morning; morrow. E.g'JJ~
V"L;- also V"~ sipas n. thanks, gratitude;
..;~ The day after tomorrow .•},..;;..;4,- expr. of gratitude: thanks. (iJ~.J V" L:- v. thank,
Tomorrow evening ...;~~ In three days express gratitude (to-..;).+ ..;)~_ n. reward, esp
time'JJ~";4,- In a day or a two.+".....:._adv. in the apr. I.) ... ..;) ....... L:- 4.l As a reward for.+
tomorrow night:.,...:....;4,- JJ~ the night of the )5' _also )>>5 _adj. grateful, thankful.
day after tomorrow (Cf J4 .~ ·u~)."..;...;~-;.,...

three nights from now.+ iJLi- n. & adv.

-.;L:- sipane (E) n. spanner (tool).
morning(s); in the morning, every morning. .r.- sip;r n., zool saker. C/I jl,. ,,;.I.,...
 337

J.:- sipll. n., anat. spleen: J'.J.J.J~ loS -fig. ~I.J See J~.+.;,lrs~/-v.tumpale.+jJ!I­
hanger-on. n. whiteness; white mark, spot, place, etc. +_
.:...;4- sipl.ot I. n. dog. See J'..... 2.adj. ritually ~ n. whiteness .
unclean (as a result ofhaving touched a dog). .Jl;... silar n. I. rest, calm, tranquility. Syn .••.);;
See J "9S.
rl.JL.:. 2. cover, disguise, cloak, pretence. (..,l;;...
..1.:- sip~ adj. ungrateful, unappreciative, ~.,rS v.cover up, pretend, disguise).+.;,~/_ v .
thankless. Syn . ..5";' ~ •.;,I~ (under;.i).+ jJ!_ have no rest! peace of mind, be excited!
n. ingratitude, ungratefulness. agitated. + ~.J I-v. be calm, control oneself.
Syn.~.J •.);;.
J~...i.n- sipuz/ndlJ adj. alive and kicking.
silllrxlDrt n. top part of a Kurdish
~..I.n-' siplJrk n. white (of an egg) Syn.~ .

.J"-;- slper n. J. shield. Syn . .;,li1.;. 2. parJpet of

a trench (mil.), breastwork. Syn. O.Jl;... sitare n. roof fence made ofa low brick
~'-~.Jl;-. enclosure often with holes for viewing!
ventlation, e~. Cj "'I""';..,$'.
~ sipend n.,bot. rue.
sitav n. I. sunlight. See .JlJ.... 2. ray,
.;,~ slpylUl n. sheep. See~.
beam.See~.

~ sipir I.pres. stem of the verb ~.Jl;-. See .;, l;;...1 sltlUl See.;,l.. j.I...
2. ~'+.JI.J_See u.Jl;-.
.;,1;...2 sltlUl n. suflixforming nouns ofplace,
t l.::!-:- sipenax (E) n. spinach. i.e. .;,~..uS •.;,\;...j~ q.v.
~ slpene n. I. White: ~ 1oS- white of an ~l;;... also ~\:.- silayf!t n. praise,
egg; albumen * J4u- white of the eyes. 2. commendation. laudation. (';'J.."...s ~l;;... v.
light! glow (of down). Cj .5.:.}. praise, commend).+';'J...,;,j-.pI_ v.sing the praises

~ sip' adj. white. Syn.~p'. (';'»I~ v. bel (of-loS)'

become white; be blanched; tum white/ pale fljl.,;.- stratij (E) n. strategy, grand desing; plan
(syn. .;,1.r-J8... I.R""")' <I.R""" J4 .';'.J.J-I c.r.- .J.J~
of action. C.f ~I~~ '1oS~...f:-~ .~.; .~....
';'J,H.+';'J.,rS c.r.- v. whiten; blanch (almonds,
elc.).+ JI- n. ceruse (as a white cosmetic *.;,I~ silran n. lay, ballad. Cj .hl,; .J~...
powder).+ ';'J,} J~ v. powder (the face) with ""I»!. +j;,o _ also .;,lil...=- n. ballad singer. +..,!J_
ceruse. +.Jlt- adj. whitish, somewhat white.+_ n. record, disk, phonograph record. Syn . .;,1.J"'l.
''''';»11 V.i. fade, whiten. C.f ''''''~.+)J_n. ~ silk n. name of an herb.
white poplar.+.J_ n. f1l"st glow/ ray of dawn.+_
.;:- sto n. neck. =~ q.v.; testimoney,
)5 adj. whitish. See.J~.+IoS.JLS_n. plaster
evidence. +.;,IJ/_ v. testify, give evidence.+_
work.+ '~J,} 1_ v. I.whiten with plaster.
)...)4 n. muffler. See~.
2. tin-plate, reline with white metal (esp.
kitchen copper utensi/S).+..s _ n. variety of ';'.JY-. siliin n. I. pillar, column (Syn. J'o.J!J);
yellow grape.-;;~.+......J4S"_ adj. of white column (of writing). 2.math. perpendicular.+_
complexion.+ ..S ..L n. species of oak-gall.+_ o See ..sJjS.+ 1oS- n. verticality, quality of
being vertical/ perpendicular.
 338

..5y.:- siterk n. desk. table (normally usedfor iJJ.ilv- £0;....,.-] sirpandin V.I. whisper (to/ into
writing or reading purposes). C.! ft.. the ear of- IJ ... ~ "-i). < ~.

~J':'- sile!/tni (E) n. & adj. sterling. ;~.".....,.­ sirplihli! n. continued and loud
whisper.
r&;..... silem 1. n. cruelty, bestiality, inhumanity,
harshness. 2. adj. difficult, hard, tough. Syn. ~ sirpe n. whisper, an act! instance of
2. .:,I.,s' .)Jj.). (':'JJ-!r&;"'" v. be difficult.).+),._ whispering.+";,,..,.-_ n. whispering. (';"...-~
also 0-4J_ adj. brutalized, treated inhumanly, ':'J.J->' v. bel be heard Whispering. E.g. ""V- P
tyrannized.+":-}J_ adj. sadistic, cruel.+ JLS'- 4.i~....... They keep whispering).
adj. cruel, brutal, inhumane, malevolent. +_
~.,.- sin adj. stem, severe, austere. Cj.
IoSJLS n. systematic and continued cruelty/
J.i"; •~-JJ/.
brutality/ oppression.+ ':'J~;:,J / _ v. brutalize,
suppress, burden (esp.by the abuse ofpower/ ~J"" sirq,t also ':':"JJ"" n. nature, the material
authority). Cf 0.,...;J.iL..P.". world and its phenomena, cosmos; nature,
disposition, temperament (Syn. ).;;.io;).< }~
*..5j.l.t;;- sillvlok n. mole (insect).
~J""'+JLS- n. naturalist.+IoS_adj. natural, off
J.;:... sitll n. rectangle.+IJo!_a4i. rectangular. relating to/ concering nature; innate, not
acquired; characteristic: 1oS-~,.....sJOJ natural
.5..:..;;- Siting n. hornet. See OJ»'" .$..;,..:.. phenomenon *1oS-..,;L.l... natural resources.
rt'" sic n. tick (esp. on livestock). C! .;.5. ..s.:..,. sir4k also ..s.:.J.,. n. tears. See~).

J~ siclJq n. sweetmeat of grape syrup, ..5.,... sirk adj. jittery, skittish (esp. ofa horse)
starch and nuts (often crystallized on string) (Cj. ~.1"--'); coy, cleverly affecting shy/
Cj. J»",~. demure reserve (of a woman). (cf -ili4.t).

Jl..~ sicemar n. species of viper snake. Cj. AS.J""" I sirke n. vinegar: is.; loS _ wine vinegar
Jl..o~. • .Jl..oJ 1oS- old and deep-seated rancour.

~ si!!r (A) n. sorcery. See .J.JJ~ (allforms). AS.,.2 sirke =~(allforms)q.v.

J~ sixar adj. unsuitable for cultivation, fJ!,AS.,... sirkeyi n. multicoloured silk scarf Cpart
unarabe (of land). offemale head-dress).-~.JJ'-.

~ sIxef n. vilification, insult, bad word(s). 4.,. sirinrik See AS~~.

See~.+.:,IJ/_ v. utter insult! vilification. JJJ.J""" sirlJd n. hymn, anthem, paean; patriotic
.:,1..1... sidan n. anvil. song. Cf "';I;.;$' ••:l..,:;....

..rJJ.~) sirlJ! n. revelation (theology);

.,- si! adj. numb, torpid (C! ."....i";); hibernating.
inspiratoin. C! LJ..;,.+ .;u:;.d- v. receive
(of snakes, bees, etc.). (iJJJ-!.,- v. be numb.
revelation; be inspired.+ ~b/_ v. inspire, impart
Cj. ~..i~ •':'J.;S .,- v. benumb, cause numbness,
inspiration! sublimating influence (to-4.t). Syn.
(by cold, anesthesia, etc.) C! iJJ.ilj";.+ y.$_
~.J OJ.."..IJ.
adj. causing numbness! anesthesia. + loS _ n.
numbness.
..rJJ.,.2 SirlJ! n. Angel Gabriel.

YJ"" sirb n. lead (metal). Syn. ~jJ.pJ. OJJ""" sirwe n. rustle, gentle whisper (esp. ofa
breeze).
 339
- - ,:,...;IJI."..(,:,uo."..]

c~ sifta/! (A) n. frrst sale of the day. See

.;.!.I?
':"JOr sirewt n. calm, rest, relaxation (in a
person). (.:I.I~':"JOr v. See';";JOr).+~.}I­ ~ siftlk n. lowland, plateau between two
See ';";JOr'+ (.)- [JOr] v.i. be calm! restful; sit mountains. Cj. jjJ ,.;.!.oJ ,~.
still, simmer down (esp. of a child). Cf.s.;;.~
.)- siJir (A) n. zero (cf j\,;.); nothing (See~)
.J.l.h>·
o"i- slfre n. cloth! mat spread on the ground for
a meal. Cj. (.)1.,;.. +.r _n. species of beetle. Cj.
.ftlL.....- siryalivn (E) n. surrealism.+ ~_ adj. ~;JlJ.+~- n. head waiter.+JL._n. species of
surrealist (ic). snake believed to open its body to catch its
food.
r....- n. glue. Syn . ..sJ;...,,=.-...:. Cf ~~.+_
sir~
adj. & n. haphazardly performed,
........J ..5.A- siJik also ~ adj. easy, facile. Syn. ,(.)L,.L:

randomly constructed! put together; shoddy ..5»--.

work, poor workmanship. Syn. ~~.+~_
J~ slflir adj. not wearing a veil (ofa woman).
adj. gluey, glutinous, sticky, viscous; colloidal.
.;....i.... sifel n. faithulness, fidelity, sense of
;.r..,- [..-] si!ln V.t. wipe, clean! dry (with s.th.
loyalty/ attachment.<~. «.)~..:M.A... v. be
sofi).+ OJO- v. wipe off, erase, mark off, scrape.
faithful, have a sense of loyalty (also in the
C! 0,...;J.iI»S.
negative).
1..;.- siza also 1j4- n. punishment, penalty; .u..., slv =....LJIIi q.v.
severe/ rough treatment:;;.:..~ ~_ death penalty.
Cj. }jL;.+.:r....:.;e/- v. suffer punishment; be Jl1... sivale n. sheaf. See~.
badly treated; be tormented, agonize:+ .J.l},i.I- ...s:.:..a... sivnik n. broom. Syn . ..s.-s.
v. receive a punishmen't/ penalty.+(.)b/_ V.t.
punish, inflict a penalty on; treat severly, hurt .,.SJ.t,L sivur; n. squirrel. Syn. 0'»-.
(See(.)b;l.iL;).+h_ adj. worthy of punishment, .5- sik n. J. stomach, abdomen (Syn. OJ.$);
deserving a penalty. +.r- _ adj. penal, of!
belly (See ..$JJJ). 2. pregnancy; unborn baby.<
relating to/ involving punishment: ..r--.;L..~
;';.J.J-i.$..:$- 4...i, (;,;~.5- v. be pregnant!
penal code.
expecting. ;';J.}..s.- v. have a pregnancy, bear a
sij See [.i.
child. Cj. ;';.J.J-i:JL:..o).+ ;,;1 '::/_ v. have a
__ sist adj. slow, slow-paced, slow-footed stomach ache.+ •• ::_ n. stomach ache Syn. ";Ij
(C! ~); lackadaisical, lacking spirit! zest; ..5.-.+;,;IJJ4...i/_ v. gormandize, eat greedily/
lax, remiss (Cj.r';'~~; passive, inert.+..5o_ without restraint. Cj. ;';J},..> JJj.+r.- adj.
ad). soft, lacking firmness! compactness
(esp.of ground).+~_ n. slow-footedness,
pregnant, expecting. CI IJ"'JJL.,; ,..s.;L..ooJ~
(under ~I). (;';.J.J-ir...5.- v. bel become
slowness; languor, lethargy, torpor; laxity;
passivity. pregnant. ;';J.;S.r..5- v. put in a family way,

..:...r..- sift adj. closely woven! knitted (Syn. r. 2); make pregnant (esp. by seduction! force).+_
dense. compact (C! ';L..!.). «')J..H..:..i- v. be ~.r. n. pregnancy.-;,;~ J!.teJ.+ .J~/-I v. have
closely woven; be dense).+j,;....J_ adj. very diarrhea.+;,;~} n. med. diarreha.+;iJ_ See
dense. ~JJJ'+JI~J- adj. ravenous, having a huge
appetite.+ iJ:,.........J/- See;,;~..s:..-I.+J.i-
 340

See.JI;»--.+iJ~»- _ v. lose one's child.+_ j.... sil. n. 1. startled movement. 2. (act of)
.J~»- adj. bereaved (esp. by the death of flinching! shrinking from s.th.+ (.:,,~...sj.... v.
one's child).+ ~ll0.,....J/- v. cadge meals, flinch! shy away from- u,J, avoid).+ - [rJ...l
sponge one's meals from others. +..st..... adj. .~. v. shy (esp. ofa horse); be disconcerted
congenital, existing at! dating from birth (of a and taken aback (cj. .5...-); flinch (see j....
defect, disease. etc.); innate, inborn, intrinsic.<
~.J) .
..sl.S:.-u4.i~. (iJJ.H...st.S:.- v. be congenital;
be intrinsic).+y.- ..... li/_ v. gorge, eat .J"J- si!.aw (A) n. 1. salutation, greeting. Syn.
voraciously:+lj.J- n. pregnancy (used esp. r~4-. 2. extra quantity added gratuitously to
when referrin~ to the frequency ofa woman's tip scales. 3. speaking terms (only in •..,.,.:.;1..
pregnancy).+..Jj_ n., anat. ventricle.+o..u,.:. 0_
. .
.J"J- q. v.).+ (iJ~.J.J":J- v. salute, greet, say hello
n.diarrhea. Syn. iJ"J.~.j. to-;:".J).+ .~I~/- v.I. conclude a ritual prayer
with the prescribed salutation. 2. add e:ctra
~lS:.... sikala n. grievance, complaint, expression
quantity of s.th. sold to tip the scales.+ ~L._
of distress/. resentment! grief. C.! ,u!..JS'
n. corrupt form ofthe greeting expr. salamun
• .Lij 1$. + (iJ~.J ~ lS:.... v. complain. showl air one's •Alaik: peace be upon you (uesd by a person
grievance, normlly used with.:-~ 4.1- aginsl, arriving among olhers).+ul_" n. prayer
about).+ ..,.li_ n. formal/ written expression of (normally said in reference to the Prophet
grievance or complaint; petition (jor redress) Muhammad).
(cf U)l$'}~). ...L..J.... s~il.e only in ~.,.LL n. jewelry and
~lS:.- [j~l sikal1n v.i. complain, express ornamentation (esp. when used excessively by
grievance/ discontent.
women). C.! ~.
*.f.- siku n. wharf, pier. ...AJ..., silf n. pulp (as for making paper). Cj. ~.

j>.... silcil. n. ember. Syn.~. ~ si!.q n. variety of chard! spinach beet: u-

u.J~ without any relatives whatsover (used
~ sikur n. neck (of an animal). Cf ,~
figuratively to describe a solitary person).+_
J.... .JI n. stew made from chard and meat.- ua
r'»>- siklJm n. physiognomy, face. Syn.)~~. .Jl.il.....
c.r jl...U. siJing (E) n. crane; hoisting gear/
.5- sike (A) n. coin; mintage.+ iJb;:".J/- v.I. installation .
mint! strike a coin. 2. fig. be rich (lit. as if u»!- siJort adj. idle, jobless, unemployed. Syn.
striking one's own money). E.g. ;:".J .,.,s;...~..:
I~..: It looks as ifhe mints his own money.
r..L.... si!.em pres. stem of the verb . •~..L.....
~.5- slkenceb'n n. oxymel (as a mixture!
syrup made from vinegar and honey or sugar). ~•.,..L- siJewece n. mouth and throat disease of
sheep and goats.
J- siJ n. piece of excremint (esp. ofhuman!
dog's feces). Cf ~ 'IJ"~.+ .;4.i.»l ~)l-/_ v. ~ siJIkon (E) n. silicon.
die (used disparagingly). Cj. iJ~r' ~l4- sOlman' n. 1. onyx (stone). 2. local
version of the name of the city of Sulaimani
(ya).
 341

sim n. hoof. C.f t~"J~ (under ~1).+ ~l;_

1 adj. having a sparse and unkempt moustache.+
r- .:.....J- adj. having a waxed moustache.+ o_n.
also ~I~ _ n. farrier's rasp! file.+ ;I~_ adj.
catfish.- ~l..
hoofed, ungulate (of animals). + j;S' _ n. (act of)
pawing. (.;,~......sjjS:.- v. paw, scrape! beat upon V- sin n. species of winged aphis (esp. one
with a hoof.).+ .;,~:,S- = jjS:.- q.v.+ ~.Jj_n. attacking wheat and barley crops.).
hoof of a small animal (as compared to that of (f-- sine n. cymbal.
a horse, etc.).
J~ sineal n. margin. the limit below which
r-2 sim pres. stem ofthe verb tJ.!.- q. V.+ .JI.J-
activities cannot be continued under normal
adj. pierced; boved, drilled.+ j_ n. cold
conditions, limit: ~Lt\S- upper limit .\Jt~\S-
chisel. + 0_ n. ramrod; cleaning rod for small
lower limit. Cj 2. jJJI.f"o-:, 2. ~l;.+ .Jlot-adj.
arms.+ ..50_ n. drill (tool).+ \Jt- [1"""'] V.t. pierce
marginal, close to the lower limit of
(an ear, etc.); bore, drill, pit. C.f ~.J~. qualification! acceptability, barely covering
(cost, need, etc.). Cj ;I~jJJI~.
4.,j'J l- simarte n. emery: -\Sj4.t1S' sandpaper,
emerypaper. J~ sineaq (T) See J~\S.iJo~.
Jl- simaq n. sumac. Cj I. ~.;. .J~ sineaw n. grey squirrel. c./. o..u.-.
OJL;.- simpare n. paper Syn. yulJ. ~ slncJJ 11. lows (treel fruit), zizyphus lotus.

~ simJ n. buttocks, rwnp.-.$..:,S. Cj tl.lS'.+ ~~ ,illeAq n. stake used in the game of

.;,l;L-.J_ n. the buttocks and the rear upper part ~~ q.v.+ Vot- n. game in which one
of the thighs.+ .J.P.t- n. anal. sacroi1iacjiont. player tries to throw his pointed stake so as to
make it stick in the ground while knocking
.;:,S.::-- simitkor n. tunnel. Syn. ~~ ,~."s'. down those of his opponents.

r- simi! n. noise, din. Cj I . ..s:.:u.+ _ _ no ~ sinelri n. variety of grape suitable for

hubub, hurly-burly, much noise. C.f ~.Jlp, making syrup.- .Jl!,j~.
Syn.~~~~. .a.;.. sind = ,.s.;.} q. v.
..&- simqe n. unploughed strip of land used as
.;,1.1.:..-.sindan also .;,~ n. I. plant disease
a rice paddy.- ojo~. characterized by swelling! excrescence
nodules (in melons, cucumbers, etc.). 2. fig·
.:..,;S.- simkot n. small wooden ladle used for
plague, bubo (used disparagingly).+ \S.J1- adj.
drinking .J\;;....l. q. v. Cj ~.
attacked by excrescence (of certain fruits),
J.- simll. n. small blue wild hyacinth (esp. the nodulated.+ .;,b:.)/_ V. I. be attacked by
fragrant bulbs worn as a neckJace by women excrescence, grow nodules. 2. be afflicted with
or used as incense in clothes). the plague! bubo. E.g. I~ \S -wS l:.t.J .;,I.a.;.. May
the plague be upon him. (lit. Maya bubo grow
•..;,j.- simore n. zool. squirrel.
behind his ear).
-b- simJJm (A) See r..u- \Slot. .s..;1.a.;.. sindank See .J~.
__ simil n. moustache; wiskers.+ ~~_ adj. roJ:- slndim n. hobble, shackle (for a horse).
having handlebars! a long moustache.+ ~/_
C.! ...I...io~.+ .;,~rS roJ:- V. hobble, fetter (a
~~ also .;,;;I.;.J/- v. trim moustache.+~_ horse).
 342

JJ~ sindliq also J~ (A) n. box, case, ;-3 so n. (act! state of) burning (only as the
chest. Cf. ..:.....S~ .""";.,3.+ ~_ n. small box! second element in certain combinations. i.e.
chest. .;..-Jt q.v.
~l sing n. anal. chest, breast. Syn. ~.< tI.,... suwax = t.1"... q. v .
.:,l.;.,s" ~.+ D~~b/_ v. force one's way
},..... suwar I. n. horseman. Cf. D)"...: ~~..;_
through (a crowd) to get to the front. Cf. ~-!J
':'.v&-l..; a sorry/ shabby horseman. 2. adj.
.:,IJ.+ DJ.JDj_ n. name of a bird (possibly the
mounted, astride (0/-";). 3. adj. born feet
yellow hammer).+ .:,I;.,s"/- v. beat one's breast
first.- ':'-tH ~IJ.,J. (':'.bI)"... v. I. ride, sit and
(in grief or w!'en calling down a curse upon-
~ s. 0.). + U.,J~D _ n. sternum. + j ~JD _ n. kind
travel inion a conveyance; mount. 2. overlook,
rise (above-IJ~), afford a view of. ':'J.})"...
of jump perfonned while playing ..5..:.y.S q. v.
v. give a ride; help to mount).+ ~_ n.
~2 sing also...:.... n. peg. short stake.+ b/_ accomplished horseman. Ant. },.....D,w..+ D_ n .
.:,l.;.,s" v. hammer/ drive in a peg! stake.+ ~D_ cavalry (cj DJ~j: r.:}D';":''';- chess pieces.+_
adj. frrm, anchored, riveted, motionless.+ j$t_ .:,~~..; v. fig. be an incubus (on), be
n. clod! lump/ mass of earth or clay. Cf. insistant! importunate (with- ..;), breathe down
..s.;.Js.
(s.o. 's) neck.+ ~ n. riding.<U)"....Iot.
.JJY- sinlir n. border, boundary, frontier,
jl.r- sewaj n. dispute, controversy, discord. Cj
borderline (syn. I. j~ •.:,...:..,.s cj I. t:J1;);
..$.;4 •..;~-! •..$.;..::-l: .";,;S'li.
limits, confmes: Jj.;.-DJ"; _ political
(intermational) boundaries *~...r-i..; _ natural t!.r- swIl,! n. palster (esp. a mixture oflime.
(physical) boundaries.+ )J_ adj. limited, water and sand, or ofmud, used for coating
walls. roofs. etc.).+ .:,IJ/_ v. plaster, overlay/
characterized by enforceable and prescribed
limitations; having a boundary/ border; Ltd.+. cover with mud, plaster, etc.

.:,IJ/ v. border, put a border on.+ ).-tJ- adj. ;:I1.r- suwaf. n. begging. (iJ~.} ;:II"... v. beg, ask for
delineated, described! indicated clearly. Cf. alms! charity).+ .;4- n. begger, pauper.+..;.;4_
JI.} .J4J. n. begger's profession, begging .

J~ also JJJ"":"'" sinliq n. box, chest, case: ..;_ ..sJ1.r- suwalk n. dugout drinking trough (esp.
uy.S~~ public institutionl fund for small for dogs).
saving *.:,lyiJ..;_ phonograph, record player JI"... suwale n. bundle, fagot. Cj ..s-~.
(syn. ~I.J).
u.,J1."...- suwalet n. potsherd, potlery/
~y.:.- sinewber n. bot. pine (tree. nut. etc.) Cj earthenware fragments.
~lS'. .;1"... suwane n. gen. See ';I""";..,s'.
jJ!':- sineyi n. name of a variety of grape.- ~.;. ~ supa = l:- (all forms) q. v.
.;..-1 so n. eye of the needle. ~ sopa n. stove, heater.
;-2 so n. name of an aromatic herb used to V"~ supas = V"l:- (all forms) q. v.
flavour cheese.
ftt.,... super See 2. .;4:-.
 343

sote n. heathen, atheist, irreligionist. Cj iJ~»- sorinean n. name ofa plant (perhaps
)lS'. the hermodactyl).

,~~.,- sueade (A) n. rug. Cf ~p .~ll 'J.vil... .»- sore n. 1. stranger, outsider. Cf •• ) p
....;~ .~IJI~.+ .»J.J- n. relatives! folks of
~.,- suede = I~ q. v.
one's spouse.
~.;- soxte n. theological student (more 1.I"l.w- soryas n. name of a plant used in
advanced than ~ q. v.) cooking.

0';'.,- suxre (A) n. corvee, forced labour. See »- soz n. burning emotion! desire/ feeling: ..s-
J~' Cj 1»--. jJ zeal. Cj ~~.+iJl- [~.iJ.wo) See iJt...l.Jo"".+..s-
adj. emotional, dominated by/ prone to
...;...,.- suxme n. waist! bolero-type jacket (with!
emotion.~(under~ ).
without sleeves) worn by women; sleevless
vest-like jacket worn by men under the ..tk "';Ij;.- sozanf I. n. gypsy dancing-girl. 2. adj.
q.v·-iJ~4J.,...s.J~ •..5jfo.jS· daring, venturesome (of a woman).

..... I~.,- sudab n. bot. rue. ..:..•.u;.- souet adj. strange, singular, peculiar,
queer, quaint (.syn. J!--); amazing, astonishing,
o~j- sode n. soda (water); sodium bicarbonate.
remarkable (Cf ';;-}...I.Jo""J--)
.~~j- sodiyom (E) n. chem. sodium.
.j;.- soze n. I. small gust of wind. Cj 'iJ~
..,>I..I.J"'" surahf n. decanter. Cf .s:..Jj~. ;:11..":'. ~.t 2. tune, air.

t. 1»- also t'»- sorax n. whereabouts; trace, ~ sod adv. tomorrow. See ~~.
vestige+ (iJJ.Ii"; tl»-- v. to be unknown, ofthe .j;- soje n. forced duty, involuntary task. C!
whereabouts of s.o./ s.th., have no trace.+_ J~ .1';'.,..,.
iJ~.;-S / v. attempt to know the whereabouts of-
1.1"";" sos n. bran. Syn . ..5~.s; husk .
..s, trace, follow in order to find).
S-;:j
_ .. -~~.,- sosiwpolitik (E) adj.
";1»- Soranf I. adj. of/relating to the Soran
socipolitical.
district. 2. n. long pointed shirt-sleeve. See
..;l;i";. ,,;;,;;,u..;.. sofeqite See .~.J'j.S.

I ~p- sU!;Ju!e
n. name of a bird depicted as ~j- soreti n. mysticism; life! condition of a
stupid and scatterbrained; fig. used in the sufIl hermit.
expression: Ip-p-..I-tlj"-tI~,J-!lj He is ~j- soft n. mystic, dervish, sufi;+.s:..J_ n.
scatterbrained. quietist .
..5;.;.- sork n. med measl~s. Syn . •~....u-" ~j- sov n. dearth, scarcity, paucity. Cj •..:..ll
..J.;..,- surgf n. bolt used to fasten a door/ ~4S.+ J~- adj. scarce, in short sopply. Syn .
window from inside. "";~I~.s.

-....;"..- surme n. silverI gold thread; fabric iJlS'.,- sukan n. steering wheel.
woven with silver/ gold thread:..s...:...J..s _ See
J.;- sol n. slipper.- .J~'+ .J.JJ~- n. slipper
-"'~.J.+ :,J-}- adj. heavily embroidered with
maker Cf .J.JJ~.J~'
-.....,... q.v.
 344

j;...l sol adj. salty. See .;..,.... JI»- suwaw adj. worn out; dulled beyond
repair.
j;...2 sol See jj..o.,.::.i-.
.:..»- slit n. hole in the ground over which a
."j"~j..o solav = ~'J»- q. v.
hunting trap- ~.; is placed .
•"';J:J~j..o [~j..o J solandinewe caus. ofthe verb
J\.;»- slita, adj. vagabondish, leading the life
•"';'Jj..o q. v.
ofa tramp. Cf I,$fooofooo.
. .
."';'1;.- [;)j..oJ solan ewe v.i. smart, feeV have a
~\.;»- [~»-J sQtan v.i. I. burn, scorch, be
smarting pain. Cj •.,.;lj..tP.'. seared! blazed. 2. be void! nullified, expire (of
.u;-Jj..o solsole n. young! small scorpion. Cf a date of the validity ofs.th.); be eliminated
(i.e. in a par/our game. etc.).+ ~l.. [V;;»-J V.t .
..s...:..•.'-'~ .jjS'JL..~.
. . I. burn, set on fire, sear, scorch. 2. eliminate
(an opponent in a game). + 'JO- [~.v-J v.i.
.uj..o sole See .uj..o.JL..fooo.
feel a smarting sensation, redden, be inflamed
L..;- soma n. mark, indication, proo( sign. Cj (of a part of the body).
~4.t '':''':''.JpI- .~L:..ei.+ ~- n. brightness,
.J\.;.o- slitaw adj. I. burnt;fig. keenly interested
light: J~";- eyesight, light of the eyes.
(in), burning (jor-j.t).>~\.;»-. 2. eliminated,
J:Jj..o sond =.L:j..,... q. v. void, canceIled.+ 1,$_ n. burn, injury/ damage
caused by burning.
.$.;,.,... sunge n. chance, opening. See .:...,jJ'~'
..$.;»- slitik = ~»-q.v.
~j..o sone n. duck. Syn. I,$.i.....
~»- sQtIi n. ash: ofo.l,$- cigarette ashes. Cf
~.,- sunet (A) n. Islamic traditional law: 1,$_
~.u'p. See ~.;»-.
~~ sayings and doings of the Prophet,
later established as legally binding precedents. j.;»- slitel See )~.;»"",

",.,- Sun' (A) n. & adj. Sunni, orthodox j~';»- slitemer.o n. charred piece of wood!
Muslim; Sunnite, of! belonging to the Sunni tree trunk! etc.
sect of Islam.
~.;»- sQtemen' n. fuel (as wood, coal. oil.
.0- su aslo ~»- n. advatage, benefit, avail, use; etc.).
profit, gain; usury, interest. + (.:.U~ ~ ~»- v. be
..;.;»- sliten' adj. inflammable, combustible.
advantageous, have benefit, be useful. E.g.
4.t"";I,$~»- .... .:. This is of no use).+ ~~;I'p/- v. V;;»- sQtln adj. burning, incendiary.+ JO_adj.
practice usury. Cf ~b » - ' oI....t. + »> _ adj. caustic. Cf~ .
usurer. + ~~ _ also .w.........~_ adj.
G.»-l sli~ n. comer, point of intersection (i.e. of
advantageo~, beneficial (cf
two streets) (cf ~»J .~); external angle,
profitable.
point where converging lines! edgesl sides
~I»- [;;»- J suwan v.i. be rubbed smooth; be meet (cf 2. ~jS').+ Jb_ 1 adj. comer-shaped,
stripped, become damaged (of screws. teeth on angular.
a tool. etc.); fig. be worn out, try hard (With)
but often to no avail. + ~~ _ [vi....ll- J v. t. rub G.»-2 sli~ n. fault, blame, transgression. Cj
smooth, strip; break in (an engine). ~IJ\.;'.::...:.i .0\,;)'.+ (~...lIt (~) G.»""- V. be at fault!
 345

blameeworthy).+ )b} adj. blameworthy, slightly reddish complexion. Cj Ji)>>-. +-

culpable. Cj )l,;I..,lJ. ...,..,s adj. roan (of the colour ofa horse having
red muted with white). +..r.-'" _ adj. fair-
~»- slirer n. porcupine. Cj ~.j •~l.
skinned. Cj J\;;....!.od.+......;..,..,- n. name of a
t~ sUx n. frost. See rl..,j. plant. +;)Lt •_ n. name of a small bird. +~ ._

~»- slid also»- n. advantage, benefit, avalt, n. name of an herb used in cooking. +"" • _ n.
use (.syn. ..s:j&. r-i); profit, gain (.syn. cti'j Y. species of willow.-~ C.!f..rI'.p-!.+j~.-n.
cj »-).+ (~»-t~~»- v. be advantageous, red onion.-j~.+I,j._ n. sand fly fever. Cj
~.-lJ. +;I,:~t_n. giant plane tree.-)~. +_
have benefit, be useful. E.g. ";,.Sl»-~~4,
~ This is of no use whatsoever).+ ~_See ~L.~. n. pilei heap of harvc!sted and
.I.i<t...o~»-. + .I.i<t...o _ adj. advantageous, beneficial winnowed grain.-~L.p.+ jlH_ n. species of
(cj ..s.1s ~); profitable. eagle.-jb. +IS";-d'- n. red fox. +.s.;u._ n.
Brahmini duck. Cj lSi...... +..,..L..- n. large
)..,.,.} sli, adj. /. red (in colour) (cj jli); burnt
fish with a slightly pink colour found mainly in
(of bricks). 2. resolute, bent, determined ( - the Tigris, Euphrates and their tributaries in
~. Syn. 4. ~. 3. only as an element of Southern Kurdistan.+.jj....o._ n. bald-faced
certain compound adjectives, i.e. ')>>-"'~ hornet. Syn..J,..,.~).j.+.J,..,._ n. species of kite
..,1)>>- •Ji)>>-.+ (~.vu»- v. /. bel become red (bird). Cj .~.pS.+ ..,I.J '-"_ adj. fried; baked
2. be resolute/ determined.+ ~~.J)>>- v. J. (of pottery).+~I;&ju/_ v. I.blush, become
colour (s.th.) red. 2. winnow. C.! iJl.J ~).+_ red in the face (from shame, confusion.
..,1 n. I.rouge (cosmetic) - ~I)li. 2. variety of fatigue, heat). 2. tum red, acquire a fresh and
reddish colour (of fruits. etc.).+.J,p._ n.
. red grape.-~.+ ~~~ /..,L v. use rouge, apply
name of a flower.+~_ also IS- n. I. redness.
rouge to the cheeks. Cj ~~~ )>>-.,;.1.+..,..,1-
2. resolution, determination .
..,~ n. makeup, cosmetic used esp. on the
face. (iJl.J ..,~..,..,I)~ v. make up the face)+_ )>>-2 slir n. feast, celebration. +~I_ n.
..,Lt adj. reddish, tinged with red.+~_ adj. ofa celebration (esp. of a wedding or
circumcision). C.! j"f!l!. .~I)>>- ~4>.+.,;I_ n.
sorrel colour (of a horse).+ .~.bI/- v. I.tum
fee taken by a tribal chief! village headman on
red (in anger, annoyance, etc.against..;:,J).
the occasion of marriage and other
Cj ~1.r!j..IA)>>-. 2. be done (ofs. th.fried).+_ celebrations.
-4-i adv. blunty, frankly.+ ~'-~b/_ v. flush,
d»- slir n. I.rotation, revolution, turning
glow brigthly.+~L..:._ n. variety of red
around a centre, gyration. Syn. 2. 4>~. Cj
grape.-~......-i. + J-i- adj. having a ruddy
Jp. 2.(act of) twisting and spinning in a dance.
complexion.+)LS'_ adj. reddish. Syn . ..,lu~.+­
Cj L.~. 3. cycle, circulation: ~L...jIS- life
.~~.J/ v. I. fry. 2. bake (brick. pottery. etc.)
cycle 1r~~IS')~IS- arterial blood
'''':'~.J)>>-~ .•~~.J )>>-;:,J j.i-. 3. leave a
circulation ~~~ IS- venous blood
red mark (on the body due to hitting. biting.
circulation.+~I_ [~d»-) v.i. revolve, rotate,
exposure to sun. etc.).+c.:;..,s _ adj. chestnut (of
tum round; gyrate. Syn. ~~p., -~Id»-j.....+­
a horse's colour). Cj 2. .;.;..,s.+~ _ n. I.variety
.J-L.'I [~-d»-) caw. of ~Id»- q. v. +.~-Lil_
of raisin.- j.v-:;... 2. variety of rice with a
L;-d..u-) v. spin, whirl (Cj ~-Li~~); take!
reddish! rusty tinge.- cti..r.'+ 4.l4S"_ adj. having a
show around.+ •..,.....;1_ [~)>>",l V.i. I. revolve,
 346

tum round. C. f. .;,t.~. 2. wander, go about ..5.v- suk a4;. I.light, not heavy; easily
aimlessly, ramble.+ .;,b"..r.l- v. set rotating! digested, light (oj/ood); wholesome (o/waler)
revolving, gyrate. C.I 'y.i..l.il.p."..'+ IJ~},>I- v. (Cj ;l$'jL..). Ant. 3. IJ"';;;' 2. easy, facile (Syn.
take a spin; rotate, revolve.+ IJI~/- v. dance, .;,L..l;); simple, not complicated. Ani. .;,I} .;I.,,~.

spin and twist while dancing. Cj .V'~... 3. shoddy, cheap, undignified C.I 2 .• "-!~

.;,~...s L...... + ~} I-v. surround, encircle. + 4S' _ "''''~JiLt (under ~\-..5.J.J-~4-J. (.;,.w...5.J.J- v.
n. orbit. + .;....:.....,.s _ n. surroundings, environ, I. be light. 2. be easy/ simple. 3. be cheap/
contemptible. 4. In comb. i.e. ';'»-t..5.u-;Lt
milieu. Cj ':":".J;""~'
q. v . .;,~~..5.J.J- v. I. lighten (the weight! burden
,."I;.u- sl1rawe a4;.dissolved by soaking and o/). 2. cheapen, degrade.<.;,~.J ..5.J.J-'p).+)i-
rubbing (esp. 0/ dried curds _..5.-:...s prior to = ..5.J.J-;~ q. V.+ '.,,';»11_ also .y.i~.J I_v. abate,
cooking).> •."..;.J.J-. subside, decrease in force/ intensity (0/ the
rain, wind, storm, etc.). Cj .;,~.J ~.P.+ Ji"'-
~1o.J.J- sl1rhll! n. headman. See .,..)'.
adj. discredited, disgraced, scandalous. (..5.J.J-
'~...).u- n.med., measles.+ IJI~~~/- v.
sl1rlje IJ.J.J--i~'" V. be discredited! disgraced!
contract measles, coloq. get the measles scandalized.+ .J1~;4S'?-J- See V.,$.u-.+.j.-
4...).u- sl1renrik also ~"').J.J- n., anal. adj. rather light; easy to carry/ pick up/ handle/
esophagus, gullet. Cj &I~.pJ. tackle, etc.+ ~_ =~.v- q.v.+~_ n. I.
lightness (0/ weight); wholesomeness;
suzan v. i.burn. See.;, LJ.J.J-. + simplicity, easiness. 2. cheapness, lack of
.;,~ - [~..i.J.J-l caw. 0/.;,lj.J.J- q. v. dignity, shoddiness .

~j.u- stiune a4;. strained, having solids! pulp J..u- sui n. gutter, gargoyle. Syn . ..5:....~. + ~I_ n.
removed (o/some/oods). I. waterfall. Syn. &JLJ .;~."l;. 2. tap, faucet.+_
4.,,1 n. flow of water issuing from a gutter,
..5.;.j.v- stiz.enek n., med. gonorrhea.
spout, etc. Syn. 4S'."IJk ......s:....~.
Cj..5~l;.

..J..u- sl1le n. tent peg! pin. +~r n. icicle .

..;.j.v- sl1z.enl n. padded mat taken by women
See.;..tk.
to the changing room at a public bath.
..
o.);.u- sujin
n. tape needle, bodkin, drawing ~..u- sulln n. bud (flower). Syn. ~,>.
awl, packing needle. Cj ~j)'~. +IJI~ _ n. bodkin! sun V.t. rub; cause(s.th.) to move
tape needle case. with pressure and friction along a surface. ~

IJ".J.J- sUs n. weevil. C.I ~j.lll. ';'.u-~ •.J.J.J-.+ 0.,,0_ [.J.J-] v. rub continuously;
soak and rub as to dissolve (i.e. ~ q. v.);
.....J.J- suse n. I. gossip, prattle, tittle-tattle. 2.
sharpen (esp. with a whetstone) (Cj ~
scout, reconnaissance, spying. (.;,~.J 4.M.J.J- V. I.
,."..;~.J).
get wind o/_~.
~I suwe n. grief, sorrow, distress, affliction
UJ .....J.J- sl1sell n. black goat with a brown
(Syn . .;.";~); unsatisfied 10nging.+o""';»II_ v.
face.-~.
die of emotional distress. Cj ';'~~'+":'.J.P.I­
; L.,,--.J.J- sl1semar n. species of ,."...J~ v. feel sick at heart, be grief-stricken.+_
lizard. - ..s::.t;..; L.. ;I~ a4;., grief-stricken, sorrowful.+~;1~ _ n.
 347

mourning, customary exhibition! period of "-I':")~ sebaret be prep. due to, because of,
grief for a person's death.< D.,....)~..,.......,;..tP. on account of, owing to. E.g.JJ"'''-i~D)~
(under G,.2). D~y$;4-...s..;V It is on account of his own

"..»-2 suwe n. view, vista, sight.+~ _ horizon, efforts that he has succeeded.
range of perception! view. Cj.:,...l;. ~ sebr (A) n. patience. Syn. v;lJ'p-. Cj. ~;;.
(,jJ.J-i~ v. have patience. ,jJ~J14- v. be
..,J....:......;.- soyteli adj. uncouth, uncultivated in
patient. Cj ,jJ}~ 4S.;;; .~J ~I)l;).+ V'J;,)/-
manner/ behaviour. C.! v~~'
v. be patient with; give a chancel opportunity.
;..,..- suwer adj. salty, briny, brackish. Cj~P E.g. ~~ L.; D~;,)~.ftA- Give me until
. (,j.JJ-i;..,..... v. be salty, have a salty taste.;..,... tomorrow.
,jJ,} v. make salty; rub/ sprinkle/ preserve with v)~ seblJrt (A) n. patience under
salt. Cj.,jJ",s-;,s.,..;.'+J1- n. brine+~_ adj. misfortune; also as an expr. ofcondolence in
seasoned with salt, salty. + ~ D_ n. salted dish the formula: ~I.I.t ,jl:....,)~ I~ May God grant
of curds and herbs. + ..s.",.J D_ adj. very you patience.+ V'u/- v. be relieved, have
brackish, unpleasantly salty.+ v- n. saltiness. one's anxiety/ sense of loss or misfortune
mitigated.
~."... suwlske n. rock partridge. Cj. iY. '.J~'
,jJ.X4- seb(;n n. strong hot wind, simoom.-~ .
...:-;."... suwisne n., bot. lily of the valley. Cj.~J'

~..,..... suwend also ~-"""" n. oath, solemn ~ sebeb (A) n. reason, cause. See J.;..
calling (upon GocI), assertion! attestation of Cj..;~.
the truth or inviolability of one's words.+ .}~_
~ sebet =.;~ q.v.+,:.,-::_ n.
n. one who is commined! sworn to another or
others on a common issue/ objective; basketmaker.+ ~j_ n. small basket.+ D_ n.
associates to an alliance, league, etc. E.g.~."... basket (normally made lIf reed! straw). ~yn.
,jl}~ The Allies.+ ,jJ}"'/_ v. swear (by_"-i), 4-iV· Cj. ~..tY. .~~ .4...I.t..i-P.' .~.t"l.
take an oath, vow. + v;l"';' / _ also v;lS / _ n. +;J.J"'-"-i D_ n. name of a game.
sworn alliance, association! affinity.+ ,jIJ/_ v.
~ sebel n., med. ectropion, eversion of the
administer oath (to-v); put under oath, make eyelid.
(s.o.) swear.+ V'j4S/- v. fail to honour an
~~ sebil n. pipe (smoking device). Cj. DJ.i~.
oath! assert the truth of one's words.+r-S_adj.
(,jJ.....s~ ~ v. fIX! prepare a pipe for
punished for breaking an oath or having sworn
a false oath.+ .;15.;.,$D _ n. kind of mock trial by smoking).+...,.--:;:_ n. pipemaker.+ .»-->_
ordeal. See~"--.+.iL-- =~.+~_ n.
pipesmoker.+ D_ n. boiler union (pipe fitting).
--__ swine n. large earthenware basin.
C.f4 'Djj$.~. ,j4~ sepan n. casual reaper/ harvester of crops
hired generally for a certain share in kind.
~__ suwir (E) n. switch, switch bunon
C.!)~JD)J.+ v- n. reaping for hire. (,jJ,} ~44-
I electricity. etc.). Cj WJJ.
v. work as a ,j44- q. v.)
__ sebat (A) n. constancy, fortitude,
,j..... 4~ ~~] sepandin V.I. impose, enjoin,
steadfastness (of opinion, action, etc.).
make prevail (upon _ b ~ "-i).
. 'vJ.i"J.J~. .
el )jjS.;
 348

..s,J,j 44..0 sepanm n. sheep dog. ~ sexu! n. excrement before discharge. C.!
~~ sepik n. wooden implement used in
t::'..; •J.J. + <Jb - n. excrementary cavity.
tightening the knitted fabric of a tent. ~~ sed I. n. hundred, one hundred. 2. adj.
~~ seple n. thick flaps of dog biscuit made of hundred. 3. used in comb. with numbers to
bran. indicate percentage. E.g. .;~ ..s~4..0 or 1~4..0..J
.;~ Fifteen percent.+ <JI- I. n. math. three
..J~~ sepole adj. feebleminded, insensible. See
digit numbers. E.g. ,,-!1,J,jb~ ~ It is in three
;;'.5.
digits; hundreds. E.g. '.J'~..... ..s.J~j~ <Jb4..0 He won
..>:..:J...4..0 sepenk = J.:... q. v. hundreds of dollars. 2. See ..s~4..0.+ -..il_ adj. &
n. centenary. + D_ n. I. century. E.g . ..sU4..0..J
.5..;4..0 setik n. name of an aromatic herb.
V!L..~ We are (living) in the twentieth
j;~ setil. (A) n. bucket. pail (wooden! metal). century. 2. era, age, time. See 3. t~·+ r-'-
See~.~. a/so ~. _ adj. hundredth; raised to the
.~ secde a/so .~.,... (A) n. prostration esp. in hundredth power. + t... _ See t...~~. + ..s,,-! _n.
prayer with the forehead on the ground.- ~. & adj. one hundredth.+ ..s- adj. metric, off
+ <J~JI/- v. prostrate oneself (be/ore-j/J4.t). E.g. relating tot based on the meter as a standard of
measurement; of a hundred denomination
L..:. ~ '~r. ..s'~4..0 He prostrated himself before
(note, paper money).
the King. C.! .~ -..iJP..
..s.Jl4- sedn n. & adj. long-grained, fragrant and
..s~ selLen n. name of a ~ IJ.... q. v. high grade (ofrice).- ~......
~ selLen (A) n. copper utensil slightly "';'~4..0 sedef (A) n. shell, mother of pearl.
deeper than the dinner/ flat palte. Cf, ';"'IJ 1•
~ se, I. n., anat. head; head (o/sheep, callIe,
~I sex! adj. I. hard, firm, solid (cf I. JtJ); etc.). E.g. .,..... ~ ~~ Fifty heads of sheep;
tough, capable of enduring strain (o/s.o. or head, top, the upper! higher end. E.g. ..J..s;'-
s.th.) (cf ~); severe, harsh, rough (of
4.!,.s~ Its upper end reaches the ceiling;
weather) (cf 2. ';'J.Y); rugged, rough, jagged
end, tip, point(s) which mark the extent of s.th.
(0/ a road, mountain, etc). 2. exasperated, E.g. 4.!,•...;J ~~ One end of it is here . ..s;'-
annoyed, vexed. See 'JJ.Y. (<J.tJo' ~4..0 v. I. be
~~ fingertips. jL-..s.J'- New year; one
hard; be tough; be severe; be rugged. 2. be
person! member (0/ afami/y, group, etc.). E.g.
vexed! exasperated).+ <J~.,s ~ __ v. anger,
<J~)Pw -..il~ ~ This is a family of four. 2. n.
vex. + ..sr.$~ - n. temperance, moderation,
cover, top (see ';"'U;,-); mouth, orifice (see I.
leniency.+ ..s- n. hardness; toughness; severity;
~.~) 3. n. in comb. with ~ or o.S:.:! meaning:
ruggedness.
once, one round, etc. E.g. r-~..s.i-t..s.;~ I
~4..02 a/so~L. Sal See .;:..;......J;'-. went for it once. Cf, .J~ •.:.n,rS. 4. n. the
<J~ sextiyan n. I. soft leather.- ~~.Iarge Arabic vowel point Fatha. <.J.;t.J;'-. 5. as one
piece of soft leather spread under ~ q. v. when element 0/ some compound verbs, i.e. 4.t
making bread at home.- <J~.J <Jl;. <JI~ .J4..o '~.J.s;,-. D"';~.J;,-
q. v. 6. first element
of some compound nouns, adjectives and
<Jb?- sexJ,dan n. cloth on which food is adverbs, i.e. -..il~ •..:-I~ • 41.J~ q. v. {.J"-
served. Cf, ~.,;;.... L..4!.".... ~.J v. I. tilt, incl ine (of unbalanced scales). 2.
 349

pass over a target, hi~ above the mark (of a plenipotentiary.+ ~Lt- n. surcharge.+ ~b lt/-
shot) Syn. 2. ~l~ aJ.;.;. 3. flow over (of v.i. shake one's head (as a sign of
liquid).+ ~I_ adv. from head to toe, from stem disapproval).+ )It- n. I. additional load, extra
to stem; all over, from one end to the other, weight (added to a normal load). 2. in the
from cover to cover. E.g. ,.,Ir.~ b J»-' 4t ~I~ apr.: ... \,$o)\.uI-- meaning: in addition to;
It is covered with red from stem to stem, furthennore, besides, moreover. 3. adj.
1"I-rJ ~1;4- I searched all over.+ ~I_ n. additional, extra, excess.+ jLt- n., mil.
ceiling. Syn. ~.+ .,1;1_ n: extra pieces of soldier.- lo-. Syn. jWlt.+ A.i~jlt- n. barracks,
laundry added to a washing already in building used for lodging soldiers. Cj \S~. +
progress. <.,1;1;4- ~.Jl~. Cj .,1);.+ IjI_ a4;. \,$)U'jlt- n. military service.+ Jjlt- n.
free, independent, unrestrained. Cj •~ garrison.+ ~jlt- n. draft, enlistment.+ -
lljL.: .~.;4-.+ ...r-1jl- also \,$lljl_ n. freedom, ~JLt n. profession! status of being a
independence. + L-I_ adj. extraordinary, soldider.+ ).jlt- n. capital (city). Syn. ~~.+
unusual, out-of-the ordinary. Cj 'jl..w...; aJ ..,..Lt- n. topic, subject, theme (of a discussion,
)'l~.+ .;lotL-l- aliv. extraordinarily, argument, etc.).- ..,..Lt. C.f 3. ~lt·+ ...,llt- n.
unusual\y.+ ~L See ~l;o;4-.+ ;:'-1_ n. surplus, excess (cj ~~); balance.+ jlt_on.
headache (also fig.) See .....:.;J'-.+ ~I_adj. pinion feathers. >jlt.- v--i.+ ~lt- n. roof (esp.
bewildered, perplexed, confused. Cj .,I~. the flat rooftop ofa building). See ~lt·+ ~lJtI­
(.J...I.rI ~I~ v. be bewildered! confused.+ See .Jln ".J~ .J"'o-.+ .,I.JrI- a4;. slain.
~l.J ~I~ v. bewilder, perplex, confuse. C.! slaughtered (of a person or animal). + iT--li I-v.
~..I.iI";';'~;4- Syn. ~..I.i~~).+ ~I_ adv. slay, slaughter, butcher. Cj jj....;..,$.-
openly, forthrightly, frankly. C.! .:....I~,J.+ ~L ";jSJL:..jS.+ "';...it- a4;. rambunctions, wild,
n. chiefs, the important people; leaders, impetuously \,$""""';...it-
energetic.+ n.
leadership.+ ~I_ I. n. top layer, level; skim.
rambunctiousness.+ 4- See j~.+ b;d-
2. aliv. from end to end; totally, entirely,
~..I.iI.J4-i See .Jl~p.;.J.I;4-.+ l»-l_ n. event,
wholly. C.f ~I;<I-.+ \,$;4-iI- a4;. generalized,
happening, occurance, experience (cj .,b.,.,);
undifferentiated. + ".;1_ n. poll tax; ransom. + _
life history.+ ~lil~_ n. biography, written
JI n. I. lavatory, latrine.< .,1;4-4.i.J..1l!". Syn.
history of a person's life: \J""..u-i'p\,$~lil»l­
J~ •.:....u.,L:. 2. small pool/ pond fonned by a
autobiography.+ ~l;-S rJ.-il- v. humble
spring.- J..;LS C.! j~.+ l).,.,I_ n. genesis,
oneself, lower one's bead to (s.o.) in
origin, fonnation. C.f l;0;<l-. Syn. 3. ~I.,~.+_
humiliation! submission! guilt! fear.+ J..il-
~L: See ~L:;<I-~~~.+ "';"~-="';"lrI­
~..I.ilJaJ v. nod as a sign offollowing! approval
q.v.+ ~~_ n. capital, head ofa pillar.+_
of s.th. being said; nod successively in
.~4.i n. upshot, conclusion, eventuality. Cj bewildennent, regret, etc. + 4t1 _prep. related
..rJJ~O)l.+ ~I ':;1_ v. have/ suffer from a to, affiliated with; given to, prone, di~possed
beadache.+ ~..I.iL.::;.I- v.fig. cause/ give (S.D.) a to (normally used in comb., i.e. •,.,":J.S4t;A-
headache, harrass (esp. by talking to).+ 4 .:;_ .P4t;4- q. v. (~...I.rI ~ yo- v. be related to/
n. headache (syn. )A.M .;Ij); vexacious situation, affiliated with; be leaning! inclining toward.
baffling problem (syn. \,$;-'-!l)U).+ ~_ n., E.g. ~wl; ~;4- He leans towards that
dip. highest ranking representative of one group.+ jl;4..t- adj. uncovered, having no lid!
country in another; ambassador cover/ top. (of a receptacle); roofless, open-
 350

air.+ ~_ adj. independent, showing a desire one for one (exchange. barter. etc.).+ "u~ 41-
for freedom and absence of constraint; pol. also ~~_ n. exchange of sexual relations
independent, not subject to outside control. between two males, mutual sodomy. Syn.
Cj I. JI-iL.: •..:-......,- ("'J.J-I~ v. be ~.:;;~lS.+ ~_n. I. best! most favoured part;
independent, have independence).+ ~~_ n. lion's share. 2. chapter (ofa book. etc.). C.f
the quality/ state of being independent; ~.+ ..,~~.);;..;~/_ v. be led/tricked into
independence: *~~_..;.:,~ declaration of ruin, trouble, loss, etc. >~ •.)L;.u.+ ~D.)L;.u4l/_
independence *~41-lSjJ) independence day ..,IJ v. dupe/ trick into loss or trouble; lead into
*~.r.JIJ oS- independence of judiciary.+ - misfortune/ fatal mishap.+ D.J"-j.s~- adv. in
D.JD.JL...; ..,.~"'-i autonomy, internal self- large flakes (of snow), cats and dogs, very hard
government. Cj I. ISJI-iL.:.+ D.JD.)DJ~_ adj. (of rain) E.g. It is raining cats and dogs. C.f
always on the go, get-about (as compared to .....ft.l.- ..,I;l'-i.+ ..$..;4.tj$41- See ~4.t.J--.+ -
stay-at-home).+ "".J4.i-
n. lintel.+ -i~- adj. of ~41 adj. troublesome, turbulent (o/s.o.);
unblemished reputation; justifiably proud. controversial, given to controversy.+ ~~_ =
(..,J,ti -i.J4i.?- V. have an unblemished reputation; ~~ q.v.+ ~_ n. refrain, a regularly
be truly/ justifiably proud. E.g. rJ~ ~ ri.J4u4- recurring verse at the end of each stanza!
I am proud that I am a Kurd).+ DyjJ,j -i~/- V. division of a poem.+ "u~- adj. having a
I. raise one's head; be a source of pride. 2. husband who has remarried (of a wife).
show up again, reappear, recur.+ IS-i~- n. >"u~.+ ~- n. hood! canopy for a cradle.+
high reputation, honour; justifiable pride/ self- ft{- n. prime mover, supreme planner, brain. +
respect. + .JD?-i _ perp. only as the first element {£4- n. the cutting! pulling out of grass or weed
of some compound adjectNes and adverbs from a rice paddy. Cj)~ (..,J,j {£L..)4.. v. cut!
meaning: toward, in the direction of.+_
pull out weed from rice paddy).+ 4- J. adj.
}~.JD~ I. adj. upside-down, topsy-turvy,
entire, the whole/ total. Cj I. ~~. 2. n. the
upended. 2. adv. downhill, in a declining!
descending manner. ("'»-I}~.JD.)~.J4- V. be
whole lot, bag and baggage. Cj .:....:.s.+ .j~_
n. foreman! head of gang of labourers. >"J~. +
upside-down).+ D.J....;J,ti)~.JD~- V. tum upside-
'~J,j ..,~/_ V. kill by smashing the head (as of
down! topsy-turry.+ D)~.JD;4-I- n. declivity,
a snake).+ .J~- n. folded hem/ waist which
downgrade, slope, dip.+ .).J.Jj.JD~- I. adj.
uphill, ascending, rising, acclivous. 2. adv. holds a drawstring.- ~?D.Li~.+ ~ _n. I.
uphill, upward, in an ascending manner favourite 2. umpire, referee ("'»-1 ~..)4.. v.
("'.J.,.-u.J.Jj.JD.J4iJ'- v. be uphiIl).+ .).J.Jj.JD~­ be/act as an umpire. E.g. 41 ~~ jj You be
D~J,ti See D.,.....;J,ti.).J.Jj.JD.;4i.+ ~.).J.Jj.JD~- also_ the referee. + ~~ _ n. outward! surface layer; a
'.).J.Jjt.J~ n. acclivity, upgrade, upward slope. small piece at the top: V"L~u IS _ news
See .J'.).J....... + ;.j.JD~- See },;. .JD.)41..J4- (all headlines.+ ..;~_ n. rectangular piece of white,
forms).+ ..s;.j.JD.;4i- See t)~.J'~~'+~- gauze-like fabric resembling a mantilla used as
I. adj. uninhibited, having no feeling of head scarf! cover by women: ..soU..w.""":'~_
inferiority/ embarrassment! reservation; free, scarf decorated with sequins.+ ~...,._ adj.
not boud! restrained (cj I. JI-il;. I. )S-i;). 2.
bareheaded. Syn. ~.J.J;.)--.+ ~_ I. n. either
name of a male person (..,~ ~.)4.. V. be extremity/ end (of a series or row in which
uninhibted; be free).+ ..;-~_n.
uninhibition, units are side by side); math. extremities 2.
lack of reservation! fear; freedom, lack of adj. placed! situated at- ...J the side end or
restraint (cj I. ISJI-il;).+ .)4..41- adj. straight! extremity.+ {£)~_ adj. contradictory, contrary,
 351

inconsistent.+ oyt..ib li~- v. dispute, argue, extemporaneous, off hand, extemporary.

contest. + ':'.J.J-oIli~ - v. be contrary (/0)/ E.g.I~~yI--~")~JJ He gave an impromptu

inconsistent (wi/h).+ .:"l:.-oJli~- v. stand in speech. 2. itinerant, afoot (of one's job,
business, etc.); wandering, itinerant. (,;..J ....
contradiction (/0), contradict, dispute,
challenge.+ r~~- n. jewelry (often gold) ,:,~~ v. I. dol perform offhand. 2. frequent the
worn by women above the forehead! over the lavatory esp.becouse of diarrhea.+ L..- _ n.
bangs. >r~~. Cf ..sJ~yI-i (under ~4).+_ selected part of packed fruit placed at the top
..:.;.~ n. manager, director (cf ';'~J~); curator, (of a container, box, basket, etc.).+ 4l;_adj .
custodian.+ ~~_ n. management, function! from top to bottom.+ },> ~l;_ = 4l;..,.... q.v.+_
duty of taking charge or directing. Cf _ ~ See 2. ..,......;1..,.... + ~l..; _ n. barber. Syn. I.
I. ~';'~J4 (,:,~~ ~.;Jw..J"" v. manage, direct, ~u.+..;~l;_ n. barber shop.+ ~l;/_
v.
take charge of-~- Cj ~;lSJo~.~J"io';~ have! receive a haircut.+~l; _ n. I. collar beam
':'~A.+ 0;'-;- n. I. heading (of inscription, placed above an arched recess! niche in a wall.
headline, title, etc.) C.! ..,..L.J4-. 2. adj. 2. string attached to the mouth of some grain
bags _ jl J~ used to sew it up afrter filling. +_
foremost, high. preeminent. 3. n. spade (mark
on playing card). C.! o~.+~_ n. j~ n. loose end of thread (when wound on a
I.,mil.sergeant major. Cj.;J~.-~.+ .;J4..;- spool).+ j.; _ adj. selected, chosen (ofs./h.)+-
n.(actl movement of) rolling down from a ~ n. funnel. Syn . ...;~o..., 2 .4.vi.+4o;-'J'- I.
height (,:,~..,..s.;.U....;4-- v.roll down from a n. surface layer ofa roll offabric (usually not
height)+ ...J~_ n. (month of) November.- much in demand). 2. adj. the entire, the
whole.+~"._adj. hot-tempered.+~..,._n. thin
2. ~~.+ ~~_ n. tip of a finger/ toe . ..,....'-I
layer/ skim on liquid: ..:-L....s- thick. creamy
<~..J...,~~.+o~~- n. window head
top layer of yoghurt.- ,r;..,..+ O.LI~ _ n. head!
(usually a wooden beam built into the wall
above).+~_ adj. pedestrain. Cjo~~ leader of a group of bandits.-'?-;...} .o~~.+_
.<~JI-.+ ~- adj. refractory, headstrong, ';.,jA,j See ';.,j~ ~.+ .J»-~ _ n. baking room /

stubborn+ oJ.... ~- v. jig. think twice, waver, place inside a house; bakery.-,:,~..$,:,l;.+L:;/_

hesitate.+ ~_ n. stubbornness, refraction, ,:,~ v. lose one's life in (the interest oj)/ (for
intransigence. (,:,~..$ ~~ v. be stubborn, act the sake oj). Cj,:,~ L:;.+ ,:,~~~/ _ v. I.
intrasigently).+ oJ"-iI~~- v. contradict, indulge in; be constantly occupied with. 2.
visit (s.o.) too frequently/ incessantly. 3. See
oppose, dispute. E.g. 0~1~"';1.SP~~..;4- He
.Ji- ....~..$.Ji-. +~_n. I.group leader. 2. mil.
is contradicting himself. + ,:,....1JA-ib ~ _ v.
general. Cf ~yI--. +J..:; - n. guy-rope of a
subdue, reduce to obedience, curb, bring under
tent.+~_ n. protective cover on a mule
control. + ,:,1Jft.;-- ~ _ v. be reliable, be
sadlle.- ,:,l;,.uS.+ r~- I. adj. all (of), the entire,
trustworthy/ dependable. E.g. ':";~l; ~..s..,....
the whole. Syn. ..sL.~. 2. n., math. total. Cf
He is not reliable.+':'»1 ok- v. be involved in,
3. ~~ .-,-",,~.+j~~_ adj. extremely busy/
become entangled in. Cj ,:,~ ok;4-.+ok-
occupied. Cf...s;..~,jlJ.J4-.+~- n.
.;.,L.; v. take on seriously, tackle (a job,
bedspread. +~_ n. intrecourse (esp. of a
lask.e/c.) vigorously and singlemindedly; take
(a road, direction) and follow. + ':'»1"; 0k- v. married couple). (,:,~..$ ~ ..,.... v. have sexual
be fully and willingly at (s.o. 's) disposal. intercourse). C.f ':'..t.H~J.J~.+ J4- gen.
Eg. "-!...,...; o~rJ"-;";j....! I am yours to SeeJ4.J~.+oJ4- n. springhead,
command. +~ _ adj. I. impromptu, fountainhead; source (of a river, stream, etc.)
 352

(Cf ji.JlS); source, origin (Syn.l. -s'J~' I .•~. ' condole, express condolence to_4....I.;:"J.
C.f .:.00~ • JI~). + ~ _ adj. rash, reckless, Cf.~ji-~4.i~ (under rl).+U4.>- n.
adventurous.+ ~_ n. recklessness.+ ~_ n. heading (in a copybook). C.f •.t-'.;I-. + p-
(act of) leading a line of dancers from the right n. catnap, doze (';'J.".s~~ Seep~
end of the line.> ",.p-- -"..s!l~"'+ ~.p--- n. ';'.LilS:.-:.).+.;,.LilS:-:.~/_ v.i. catnap, sleep
one who leads a line of dancers.+.;,l..!;S~_ briefly, take a nap. Syn. ';'J.? ~~ J~'+ j..;>_ n.
v. lead a line of dancers (usually from the right chief of a group of nomadic tents; head of a
end and moving counterclockwise).+ ..sk-I. cIan! large family/ household. > ~ + yb_
adj. kneeling. 2. n. kneeling position.< ....:.;l. = Jb)L.. q.v.+ij.....> IJ/_ v. hang the head,lower
..sJ.:e' .1"'-.+ u ~ - adj. devious, roundabout, one's head (in shame. embarrassment. etc.)
obliquitous. (';'»1 u.J4': ;4- v. be devious. G~ C.f';'J~ ~ ;4-.+ }J_ n. 1. head, chief, leader;

';'J.".s~.J4': v. act in a roundabout way)+ 4- n. mil. general officer. 2. name of a male

highland, elevated mountainous land (Cf person.+..s}J_n. chieftancy,leadership.+.;,b/_
.;, \:....-j..,s); heights. + ~ _ n. borderline, v. I. pay a visit (to_.u. ;:"J); go and take a look
boundary line, line of demarcation (alsofig.). (at_~ esp. tocheclc/examine) E.g. .u •..I.t';.s.;4-
C.f .)~ .j..!"'--.+}JJ4.-._ n. person 4! ';.sJ.uo&.iljt.;,IJ.r.- Drop by S~an's and see if
commissioned with the supervision of a he is there. 2. strike the head (against_.u. ;:"J);
boundary line.+ .;,w,_ n. upper floor! story!
used fig. in comb. with J.;4I.u. E.g.~.vl~l;
secti~n (of a house. building, etc.). Syn.
J.J4-i.u 1J.,s;4- J.? He has gone too far and shall
4.,j~lt. Cj .;,li.),j.+ ij.....>/_ v. I. elevate, raise,
regret what he has said (c.f .;,b;:"J ;4-).+ IJ/_
lift up. Syn. I. ';"---r-~' 2. bring success!
.:,,\.; v. sacrifice oneself, give one's life/ head
victory (to-..s), cause to win. Cf ~~ ;4-.+-
~/ v. raise and place (on_.I"'- board, (jor the salce of -..sJ~.u).+J~.u.;,b/-v.fig.
do the wrong thing, say the wrong thing and
bac/c, top. etc.). + ';'J}";' / _ v. bring calamity!
swallow one's words.+ .:".LiI"..;IJ/_ v. bow!
death (on_..s), prove the undoing (of) (often
lower the head (i.e. to avoid s.tk hanging
superstitiously related to inauspicious birth low); defer, yield, submit (to_~ another's
i.e. birth of a child and death ofthe parent
wish, will or opinion).+.;,~ b/_ v. comb the
shortly thereafrtet). + .;,I~/_ v. hanker/ long
hair. +JJ.)J _ n. (act of) tacking! basting
(jor_~.;:"J. lit. have one's head itch for) E.g.
(clothes). (';'J.? JJ.)J;4- v. baste, tack'-';'JJ.)J.+.
';.s~ ...sJ..Iu.)~~j.j You also have a
jJ n.• anat. cardia.+.;,,,,;.. ;:,,JjJ/_v.fig. take
hankering for it. C.f ';'J.? J.,j •.)l:.+ ~ji-_1. adj.
pleasure in, derive satisfaction from, feel a
intoxicated, drunk (Syn ...:--..); enraptured,
sense of gratification, rejoice in (the setback
elated (Cf 2. ~~;4-). 2. n. formula used as an or reverse of one's enemy/ a result that
expression of condolence E.g. ~ji- uji-..s;4- mirrors one's true sentiments). C.f ~:,,> ~
May you be preserved; expr. meaning: Thank .;,~.+ ..sa-!-jJ_ n. loose cover for a sitting!
you (said in reply to another's remark: .:-.J sleeping mattress.+ .....;lSJJJ- also ..5JJ J- n.
~:,,> well done or ~:";-u well said. (;4- elegy! lamentation recited by a professional
.;,~~:,,> v. become intoxicated, be drunk; be woman mourner. + .rl..5JJJ _ n. professional
. .
elated. ';'J,rS~:,.;. ~ v. cause to become female narrator of an elegy.+ .ujJ_See ~~
intoxicated, get (s.o.) drunk. +~ji-_ n. I. '.J"'o-iJ}:.;l;.+ .....;~jJ_ n. room in the mill where
drunkenness, intoxication (Syn. ~); elation grain is stacked ready for milling.- .~I)lt

(Cf ..r~;4-). 2. condolence (';'J'? ~ji-;4- v. ~L;.+ .)u_ n. visitor.> I . .;,IJ;4-.+.JJ.? .)u/_ v.
 353

I. save, rescue (often used with ji-_ oneslf). quarter, region. Cf ~U o~~"'" o~~.+ ':"':';oj_
E.g. ~.J6~ uji-IS.J'- Save your own skin. C.! n. reproof, censure, reproach (~~~ .:...:.;.j.J'- v.
~~.;OS JU ~ J'-. 2. germinate, show/ appear reprove, reproach, chide). C.! ~I.,; 0 4JjS.;4-<. + ..
above the soil (of seeds. bulbs. etc.). Cj j.J"- 1S.J'j n. territory, an undetermined
~-,-"".+ l$Jo~- n. wooden beam built into the geographical area.- lS.Joj. Syn. ~.j.J"-.+ -
wall above a doorway; Iintel.+ ~~Ju/_See <I-i~oj adj. territorial.+ ~J.j- n.
~L..;;aJu.+ ~~Jo~/-
v. stick the head out, territoriality.+ Vo--'J- n. saddle cover,
attract attention by raising the head; show saddlecloth.+ JL..~- n. census, enumeration of
above ground (of a seedling).+ ISJU- Syn. popUlation. (~~~ JL.j;4.-
v. conduct! carry out
~Jo~.J"-.+ ~o~_1 n.cuff(aspartofasleeve. a census; count, tally by heads).+ ~~JL.~/- v.
glove. etc.)+ ~~2 adj. dominant, ruling, count heads; hold a census.- 2. JL.l:.+ .,,;...~_
controlling; core E.g. ':-'~.J'-lSo.J4j4J core also o~~_ n. census taker.+ ~L.i~_ adj.
culture.+ ~I:..-t~_ adj. in labour (of a woman).- effeminate, unmanly.+ ('L-_ adj. baffled,
~}~I~+ ..:......~_ n.. I. mil. corporal. Syn. confounded, bewildered, dismayed, perplexed.
u4"j..J.J~.
2. leader of a group.+ L$!~~- n. Cf ~L..p-.J"- or' (~»I('l...;4-< v. bel become
command, authority.+ ~.~_ n. top/ first on baffled! bewildered.+ ~~.;$ ('L...;4-< v. baffle,
the list (of a name. item. elc.).+ Ju- n. I. seal, confound! bewilder).+ ..... L.._ n. exclamation
closure that must be broken to be opened. Syn . mark: !.+ ...,.-1-._ n. bafflement, dismay,
..u,.... 2. initiative, first move.+ ~IS.:..Jo~/_ v. be bewilderment.+ ~~J~/- v. submit (oneselfla-
tampered with by having its seal broken; be ;:n>, save (one 's) head by yielding! excluding
soiled, suffer an initial damage.+ iJJjIS.:..Jt~/­
oneself.+ c.r.-- I. n. old lady whose wisdom
v.I. break the seal. 2. take the initiative,
and counsel is sought by other women. 2. adj.
introduce, lead! bring in esp. for the first time.
grey-headed, white-haired.+ ~.v:-- n. capital,
Syn. ~~.;$ISJ4.< ':.- .~.+ ('o~_n. time, moment
head of a pillar.> I. ~.v:-.+ 0;;:'-_ n. foresight
(esp. one already elapsed). Cj 3. tP. 01.
(on a firearm).+ .:...:.~_ also ':"':'.J..r'- adj.
uLS' ouL...+ ~.~_ adv. sometime, on one
supernatural, unearthly, transcendental.+ r--
occasion. E.g. ~4.l ...S:;"m.J"- Sometime
n. stumble, trip. Syn. G..w.+ ~~r.r-- also r--
ago.+ ..,.....~_ adj. transient, momentary,
~b v. stumble, trip, slip.+ ~I.,.-_ adj.
transitory; provisional, interim.+ ~Ir adj.
beggarly, supplicating, entreating.+ ~L.l»--'/­
honest, trustworthy, reliable, upright. Syn.
v. be astonished! amazed! aghast. (cf ~4-
..sJ~ll·+ ~Il- n. honesty,
trustworthiness.+ ~..I,jL..:.'.J 1/_ v. shake one's ~.J.J-I); wonder, marvel. E.g. l»--' I"';'ISJ lS 4.l ('.;4-<
head. Cj ~..I,jlJ4.l.J'-.+ ~.Jrn. minor proof, ;:,:;......; I marvel at God's work.+ .JL.l »--,- adj.

small evidence (cf &.I.t); trace, minute and astonished, aghast (s.o.).+ 1J'-l.J.J-- adj.

often barely detectable amount! indication. + _ astonishing, striking, breathtaking. + ..5J.J--

adj. untroubled, unworried, at ease; relieved
':".J.Jl adj. bareheaded, having no cover on the
(of heavy load of work. responsibility. etc.)
head.+ ';"l- n. maidservant. See ~'JlS.+ JOr (~-'-"" ..5J.J- .;I- v. be untroubled, be at ease; be
adj. hardheaded, obstinate, willful.+ ...si0r n. relieved of a burden. etc. Cj ~»I..5»--,)~.+
hardheadedness, obstinacy.+ lS.;!j- n. pretense, ~~"..s ..5»--?- v. unburden, relieve from
outward show, play-acting.< lS}j.J"-4..t.+ _ anxiety. responsibility. pressure. etc.).+ _
.:....u-Jaj adj. bald-headed.+ ~!!.....j_ n. territory, ..;J.J- n. lack of worry/ trouble, sense of relief
 354

(from pressure, burden, etc.), peace ofmind.+ ...... u. + o"...;li ,_..l.3

. _ v. cover with a lid! top, put
~_ adj. fortitudinous, having the capacity cover on (s.th.). C.f o.J4.ili~.+j\:j-adj. busy,
to outlast! survive (misfortune, danger, etc.).+ occupied, active. Syn. ..5..."p. (';"J.1'I $; ~ v. be
..;->___ n. the capacity to outlive (misfortune,
busy/ preoccupied; be distraught. ';"l...$jl:i ~
peril, etc.).+ __ See ~~4.t.+ ~o~_adj.
v. tie up, occupy (s.o.) and cause to become
casual,
perfunctory, superficial. E.g. distraught).+ JLJ-
n. busyness, occupation.+_
~o?-?-~~o~ in a perfunctory way.+_
......"'j,U also J.a _n. money paid in purchase of
~~ n. vagrancy, scummy disposition, a trade name/ for taking over an established
behaviour, etc. (';"l,...s ~~~ v. live the life business premise. + ~jJ _ adj. bare-headed.
of a vagrant.+ ..;.J"--- n. & adj. vagrant, Syn . .:..JJp--' + jj.J - n. 1. shoulder piece of a
irresponsible, scummy.+ ~_ n. comer (of a shirt! dress. Cf~. 2. head nightguard for a
street block, edge ofroof, etc.). Cf 1. G.»-'+- residential area. Cf ~ol>.+.u.ul- n. variety
.Jo~4.tL...:. n., dip. consul-general. C.f .~Lt of purple grape.- ~..,;.+ ,;"I.,....u- n. cemetery .
.Jo~4.tL.:..+
) ..:._ n. home base (in games).+ ,;"l.:._ < ,;,,1.ft4.l ~ -....i.JP.+ ,;"....."5I.,..u- v. comply with the
n., anat. upper part of the back and customary giving of provision- o~ ~ (~. v.)
shoulders.+ ~_ n. (act of) beating down!
for the festival of Ramadan.- ,;"....."5I.,..u. + ~.u4l_
humbling! vanquishing.+ (';"l;-5.;;$-:.~ v.
See .J"--.u-ij4-.+~L..J4l- n. fee paid to the
break, beat down, supperss.+ i~- adj.
Mulla for writing a charm! amulet.-~"";.+_
repressed, softened.+ ~_ See ,;-li.+ p:.._ adj. .J LS n. superintendent, foreman, overseer. +-
ashamed, humiliated; feeling guilt (towards-
~..)LS n. superintendence, office/ jurisdiction
.J--.. 1.J4.t). + (';"J.J--i';;-':'.J"-- v. feel/ guilty/
of a superintedent. + ..;)5' _ n. (act! function of)
sheepish . .jl,...s p.-:.?- v. look humiliated, act
superintending! directing. + ~LS _ n. spring
ashamed. + .s~ _ n. roofless, secluded
(esp. as source of water frequented by a small-
enclosure in the courtyard used for summer
i.e. village-community). C.f~LS.+l,...s- adj.
bathing. Cf ~L..4..>.+ ..;.;;-.:._ n. (feeling of)
transcendent, passing beyond, exceeding. +_
shamel guilt! disgrace; sheepishness.+ • ..5,;..:._
';"l~2 v. transcend, got pass beyond, cut
n. bathroom. + .- : '. _ ad). bedevi led, harassed
across.+ ~~Il...$ _ n. command; leadership,
be harassed. ,;"l;S.-: .~
(';".J.J-i"::';"":'.J"-- v.
v. bedevil, drive frantic, harass, confuse utterly. administration, direction.> Ol...$~. +4-i ';"l,...s1-
Cf,;"~I";"':'~.J~.+,;,,I";':"I- = ,;"I";':"~?­ o~~ v. put (one's-j.» head in a noose, get
q.v.+ ~_ adj. cursed, iII-fated. (';"l...$ ~_ v. (oneself) into deep trouble.+b .. 4-i,;"l,...sl- v.
put on mourning; used esp. in the enter, stick the head inside. E.g. 4.t~~j4-~
formula: ..;4 ~ ':".J-- May misfortune befall L:...jJ JL... I would have to swallow my pride
you (as an expr. of disapproval and (/it. I would have to enter the home of my
reprooj).+o..;..J_ n. provisions (esp. grains)/ enemy).+ ~jS 4-i';"l,...sl- v. dispose of, cause
money designated for each member of the (s.o.! s.th.) to disappear without leaving any
family and distributed among the poor on the trace. + -:'l...$ I-v. first part of certain
occasion of the Ramadan feast. + ;1"";- adj. compound verbs meaning: indulge in, give
exalted, proud, ennobled (';"J.J-/;I"";?- v. be free rein to, comply excessively in. E.g ...;.J"-
exalted. E.g . .;,,-t ;I"";.J-- May you ever feel oJ4-il}~ ~jl...$ He has indulged in drinking;
proud and exalted). + ,;"U _ n. lid, top/ cover lay the head (on-j4-); put one' mind (to-~).+
(Jor a utensil, jar, box, etc.). Cf ....;.;>.J0l.- .J"--~l...$l- v. pick on, nag, pester; bring
 355

pressure upon. E.g'r.;J-'~.;J-~ Quit adv. victoriously, triumphantly; seccessfully.+.

picking on me.+ .~~~/_ v. ponder, think! ~ adj. restive (of a horse). (Cj .::..»-,,);
consider sobrerly and deeply, deliberate obstinate, headstrong, forward (Cj ~ .)~).
(about- VJ). Cj '~~~.;J- 4.t.+ .~~ - n., mil. (';'J.J-i~.;4- v. be restive; be obstinate).+.
commander, commanding officer; leader. C.f ....;~/ v. I. stick one's head through, look in.
I. I~ •.;, ~.;J- ')~.;J- •..5j.;J- ••.).,..5 .;J-. +-
Eg".J •.)""j4t.~r.;4- I looked inside. 2.
;,.S adj. retiring, unassuming, humble:I,$';'s_
indicate, denote, suggest, point to. E.g. ~~
L..•...I;.b Shrewder than appearance suggests,
~~..)"-: ':<';;4- His coming (presence)
deeply but unassumingly aware/ alert (jS' .;4-
suggests agreement.+..,..:.;? _ n. restiveness;
.;,~~ v. appear humble/ unpretentious; look
stubbornness (';'~~..,..:.;?.;4- v. act in a
withdrawn! retiring! nongregarious (often used
refractory/ stubborn manner).+ .;,1.;-5 _ adj.
with j..-> - self). + I,$;,..S _ n. humbleness;
drunk. Syn . ..;~~.+ ~}/_ v.I. materialize,
withdrawal, retiring look! attitude.+ J"9S- n. I.
come through, be successful! realized.
capt cupola on. a lantern from which the Wick
Eg. '::"}":''';.;4-.;,L..s ."....;»'.;5. Our meeting did
protrudes. -~. 2. crown of a hat! cap. + r.;lS -
n. (act of) fastening.a door wi~ the use ofa not take place/ materialize. (Cj ~,,~ .;4-);
mortise and bolt.> rj.JS· (.;,~~ rj.JS.;4- v. lock! have effect, be felt, have impact, be of use.
latch by passing the bolt through the mortise Eg. .::...? ....; 1,$.;4-'::""" ~ P Whatever I said
Cj jj.-> 1~).+.::...,5 - only in .;,~~.::...,5.;J- v. had no effect. 2. provide with a roof, build a
top over; cork. fit (a bottle) with a cork.+_
subdue, beat down, crack down on, check.+_
.:..:..,,~ also c.:..jJ _n. story (often true) of a
i?-;"s adj. checked, subdued, constrained.+_
person! people (C.f.::..L...;4- 4.t); s.th. told for
~"s adj. suppressive, stifling. + .).»5- n.
the purpose of illustration. + j".S _ n. initial,
bran! chaffi' husks left in a sieve.+~) .)'jjS _ v.
early, first (fruits, results, etc.); the first
sepaarate bran! grain husks by sifting.+ .)L.jS_
serving (of freshly brewed tea).+~.,s _ n.
n. 1. chief of a group/ federation of nomadic
tribes.-~...;S. 2. president, chief of state (ofa
leader, guide, pilot. + rs - n., zoo!. vulture.
Syn . .j~.s .s.)~. + ~.)..$ _ ad). capable of
republic).+.....:.jS _ n. reproach! rebuke by
sacrificing oneself (indicating love! affection!
implication. C.f ~.j.;4- .~I".;.+ ~.,$_ adj.
loyalty).+.;,I~.)..$ _ adj. confused, helpless and at
bewildered, perplexed, stumped, mystified;
retarded! weakened in the spirit or psyche (i.e. a loss, shorn off and powerless (';'..I.Joi.;,I~.)..s.;4-
of a child through forceful interference! v. be at a loss, feel helpless . .;,~~ .;,I~~ ~ v.
domination). (.;,~~;.,$.)~ v. bewilder, perplex; leave powerless! at a loss).+ ~byU'_ n.
retard the spirit of). + I,$~.,$ _ n. perplexity, helplessness and solitude.+ r.)..$ - adj. eager,
bewilderment. + G,....5 - See G,....s:J.... + ,r..s - adj. avid, keen. intent (Cj r~~); high, tipsy (Cf
\enturesome, bold.+....;t;..S _ adv. venturously, ..;~~). (';'.J.J-{r~.;4- v. be eager/ keen; be
boldy.+ ~_ n.venture, daring! hazardous high).+~~_ n. eagerness, keenness,
undertaking. + J.--S _ n.crest, sumit (of a design.+ )j4..L See '.)"&.;4-.+ '.)JJ _ I. adj.
mountain). C.f ~"J.+UJ.s _ n. bridle. superior, higher, uppe!, major. C.f ~L,.. 2. n.
Cf J~'.JL..;,J.+~"...s/- v. I. triumph, gain leader, head. Cj ..5j.)~. + f.,$ _ adj. harangued,
\ letor): succeed, come off/ tum out well. 2. go harassed by much talking. C.f f.,$. (.;,~~ f.,$.)~
41· climb. Cf IJ.--> .;4-. +.J.Y.Ju _ adj. v.harangue, pester/ harass by talking too much
.. iCtorious. triumphant; successful. + "";I.J.Y J.s- to s.o.).+.;,I~/_ v. pass. of2.~})~q.v.+_
 356

~ n. I., mil. captain. Cf ..s.:,~~. 2. top/ evidence of standard exactness); gummed (of
upper branch (of a tree).+ ....L adv. around, bottles, containers, etc.). + .::-...u _ adj. drunk.
during, about! close to the time (oj). E.g.4J J'" See ~~~.+ ~ _ n. drunkenness. + ...;;-_
n. I. sample of script used for practicing
..:..U ~~"-I He came during the morning.
penmanship. 2. model, exemplar.+ .... l.i.!.t... _ n.
Cf J ..... o~.+ JL..:;; 4J_ adj. self-immolating, self-
gift! present which a groom gives to his bride
sacrificing.+ •.S)jJ"-l- adj. suffering from the on their wedding night.+.:,,1J ...;;-/_ v. teach by
constant trembling! twitching of the head. +_ example, train through the use of a model.
..f...-:....J n., mil. division commander. Cf Cj..:"I~I~~.+..:..~~~_ n. (a) head over
O~)';'-.+ .:"J.iu......l/_ v.signal! nod with the head. heels jwnp/ movement! fall, etc. Cj ..J.j';.+-
Cf .:"J.iL.:.0J 1-lJ"-' +.:"L;~ 4J_ v. cover the head ,:,1J..:..~."l~ v. turn head over heels.+.:,,~_
with mud (due to anger, grief, etc.); be adj. principal, first; chief, key, dominant.+_
damned. E.g., - _:;;,.J 4J..:..~ May damnation
,;;...- n.tablccIoth.-:;;.-, .:"1,,.....>.+ ~H­
take you. Cj ~~4J.+ihi4J_adv. anew, n.tadpole. Cj I. J;.i. + o~ _ n. species of
again, once more. Cj. '.JLup.+.:"I~Lt~/­ snake.- JL...+ ...... L;_ n. address (on a letter,
v.shake one's head (normally in disapproval,
paclcoge, etc.). Cj. ';'~JJli.+ ,:,li/_ v. I.head,
annoyance, etc.). Cj. .:"J.iL.:.'J IJ.J"-.+~/­
depart, set out. 2. part of certain compound
.:,,~..s.;; v. be confused! disconcerted. CfJ'" verbs. + ."...s..:;,,,s "-i ,:, L; / _ v. expose (oneself- ~
.;,1";....::..~.+.:,,IJ..5...;J~/- v. confuse
(esp. by others) to danger/ difficulty/ mischance.
distraction or interruption, cause (s.o.) to Cf ,:,~~ ';~'+_""li/ _ v. I.lay the head on. 2.
err. + .;,I,J."'> ~ / _ v. be mildly interested in, go
pick on, pester. Syn.~ .... ~)'~.+ o~li/_v.
for. E.g. ":';~...,..;J":".J"-~jJ oJ~J
IJ It seems I. cover, place a top/ cover on. Cf ~~ IJ. 2.
that you also are interested in it.+ .;,I~ ~ / _ v. drop/ lower one's head forward; die (See
l.strike the head against (s.th., i.e wall) in ,:,~....... ).+ Jli- n. family/ last name, surname; title
ecstacy (of dervishes).-V'~~;:)~. 2. visit,
(of a person). (See JL.;jli. Cj. JliJ4.i under
pay a visit to. Syn. .:"I~~'+':"~Ju~/_ v. J"-i~.+<l..iISJli_ n. present given to a midwife on
know about, understand; make/ figure out.
the seventh day following delivery ofa child.+
E.g.~L;.J'J...,..;J~J"- T can't figure itout.+.
,:,~. =':"~JoJ"- q.v.+~:;_adj. ashamed;
':"J.;oS JOJ ~ / See ':"~J'~ ~ J"-. + .:"J.i"- ~ /-
sheepish. See~~.+*~_ n.fate and
v.distract, harass, stir up and confuse.+~/_
divine decree," that which happens by such a
.:,,1";;' v.be distraught, be confused and agitated
fate/ divine decree.+ ..,...~_ n. (act of) editing
by doubt. Cj .:,,1.5;:.......+ .:"J.il";;'~/_ v. throw
(';'J~...,..~ ~ v. edit by preparing an edition!
into confusion, cause to become distraught.+_
directing the publication of).+ J"-~- n.
i,;....:.;.J adj. distraught, agitated by doubt. +. editor.+ ..,-~_ adj. editorial, of! relating to an
oJ"':'J)'~/ =o~~)' J"-q.v.+~L._n., econ. editor: IS-IS~OJ editorial staff.+ ~~_ adj.
capital. Cf ~L.jOJ. Syn . .:..:; ~.+ )J ~L._I. n. quiet, manageable, peaceful (esp. ofa horse).
capitalist. 2. adj. capitalistic; practicing! Cf.;...;$~.+V'".,s...:,/- v. fail, fall short, be
advocating capitalism. + IS)~ ~ L. _ n.capitalism
unsuccessful; be defeated, lose (Cf ,:,J.il-lj~).+­
(as an economic system).+ lS)l$~L.- n. econ.
~".,s.... adj. ineffectual, abortive, unavailing.
investment.+ ~L..._ n. recollection, memory,
Cf -l~'+ J- I. adv. apiece, for each one, per
remembrance.+.....J..._ n.mountain plateau!
head. 2. adj. each. E.g . ..:..".,s J"-i ,:,Le;IJJJ J.J"-
tableland. Cf ~.+ ~_ adj. sealed (as
They each received two.+ V./J- n. I. top and
 357

botton. 2. name of a children's disorder/ chairmanship.+ ~."sJ- n. the head and face
illness. (~~.J 1ft JJ"- v. turn! search from top to (the look! physical appearance oj). CfJJ~
bottom. E.g.~.;S .;,.IJ.J4-r~JL.. I searched the .:..o.,.S'.+ jL.. J - n. all one's worldly possessions.+
house from top to bottom).+ »-tJ- n. vowel r J - /. adv. continuously, for a whole period
point (of the Arabic script).+ .J4-iJ- adj. of time and including everything (of support,
sufficient. just right in quantity,adequate, quite aid. etc. provided for others). E.g.J.i~ JJ~
enough (~.v-t.;4lJ - v. be quite sufficient). + - J.,..s r"";> '-I .s..; ~ JJ~ For two months I fully
.t.i~J I n. time, period, days. E.g. b o.t.i~ J J"- J.J supported him. 2. adj. continuous, persistent,
During that period! those days. Syn. r'~J~. unbroken. + ~.."....J _ n. I. expr.announcing a
Cj. .:..oLS.+.t.i~ J- 2 n. (loose) ends/ parts, etc.+_ player's intention to cannon on! aim at the
jack-~JJ-'" as well as the opponent's marble-
~ .t.i..... J also ~.J.t.i..... J _ v. tie up loose
~ hoping it will hit at least one. 2. fig.
end's and make ready. Cj ~J.J OJL..I,;.+~;...,.,_
~ n. looks/ appearance as reflected by a
implied! indirect critical remark! reflection.
(~J.,..s ~JJ-'" JJ~ v.throw/ aim for ~JJ-'" JJ~
person's headdress; head with adornments (of
a woman).+ :.,.....,.,_ n. sheep's head and trotters; q.v.).+JJ- 1 /.adj. upper, uppermost; upper,
dish prepared from sheep's head and trotters. northern (esp. in village names). (See 3.
~'-t 'J..uS"'-t). 2. n. place/ location farther from
Syn. ~4 --J.5. C! ~,~.+ ~.,.,_
the entrance (as a seat for a guest, favoured
n.headgear. Syn. ~l!.. Cj JO~.+J~J-n.
friend, etc.).+ J'J- I. n. lord, master. 2.
physical appearrance (of the head antiface).
adj.august, exalted, honourable; sovereign.+_
Cj J L-..,..u 'J L...>J-l. + ~JJJ oJJ - n. inclination,
~J'J n. augustness, sublimity. 2. sovereignty,
appetite, desire (~J.J-I;rI ~JJJUJ~ v. have an
inclination toward! appetite for).+ I.I'""~J- adj. dominion. + l;.....oJ _ fL chief architect, strategist,
intermittent, coming and going at intrervals, founder.+._ n. 1. tum. See .;.;..;. 2. math.
not continuous.+ ~L...iJ- adj. more than enough, numerator. 3. adj. middle-aged. C.!.J« ,~.
enough and more, plenty. Cf.;41 J.J4-. +_ 4. first element of some compound verbs,
~L.J also ~J- n. dealing, intimacy, nouns and adjective, i.e. ,:,J~ OJ"- ,oS.JUoJ"-
personal contact (with)/ knowledge (oj). GJ"- q.v. 5. See ';A-~~.+ .:..oLA_ = .:..o~~
q. v. + .:..0J.JjID _ n. I. stick! firewood charred and
~~ ~L- v. have dealings! contact with-
burning at on end. Cj D~jS. 2. miteor;
;J...S.J, have personal knowlege of).+ .:..o.,s~J­
fL physiognomy, face (often used Leonid.+ Jr.D- n. bridgehead, advance
disparagingly). E.g. 0Jd~ ~.,s.... JJ"- Damn position. + .:..o~D _ n. clue, evidence tending to
his looks).+u";~J_ n. advent, coming, arrival head toward a solustion.+ l..;D_ n. I. start,
(normally referred to as an omen! portent). beginning, comencement, inception; dawn
Eg. ~~'-t~u";~JJ"- His coming was not (jig.); introduction (of a book. etc). 2. head (oj
auspicious.+ ~J- n. personal appearance a marching column)(hence I.,I!.I.;DJ"- adj. frrst,
(often denoting a distinguished appearance). initial; jur. of the first instance, i.e. a court;
primary, elemintary, i.e. a school, etc. C.! 2.
< l-:- J.J4- '-I. + ~~J - n. wherabouts, trace/
1.,I!.'~L.ol,;.+ ~l..;o_ n. peeping, brief but
c!\·idence (of s.o. or s.th. 's presence, path,
r?lC. ) ......5j_ n. person at the head, the presiding
repeated looks! peeps.+ (~J.;S;rI ;:"s:;1.;';A- v.
~n; head, leader (See I.I J •• :;); president, peep/ look repeatedly at). + ~. _ n. wooden

.:hairman: chief (See 3. 'J.,..!). Cf ,o~.JJ~ head of a hand spindle- ~. + .do _ n. arrow

_-;~_.- ..;~lSj_ n. headship; presidency, head.- ~1J4$J~.+ ~»>._ adj. inauspicious,

 358

fraught with awe/ misfortune (esp. of child ~~6 n. conclusion, decision! deduction
who looses one! both parents after birth).- reached after deliberation. Cf '~~D;lS
.jJ}">yI-. Cf ~JJ~'+ ;.,J..,...>6_n. vertigo,
~~..;.+ -;;~. _1. adv. headfirst, headlong. 2.
dizziness, giddiness. + ~.,..s -:.r.:)"'>~ _ v. be
adj. being in a grave situation! serious
dizzy; jig. have a dizzy confused state of mind difficulty. (.j~ -;;~D _ v. fall headfirst; have
(esp. due to constant.yetfruitless search).+_
serious difficulty; be gone said disparagingly
..5.JJ J6 See ~6_ .+ Il-adv. in addition (to- of s.o. whose departure is welcome.+ -;;~ D_
.s), furthermore, moreover. Syn . .s6;\.v4..0.0.+- .jJ.;-S v. entangle in a grave situation; send
~~6 n. starting point.- .:-~. Cf ,\;DyI- away, get rid of.+ ..sJ.;"";6_ n. dump, place
J;.JJlyI-.+ ~~D_ n. spearhead (alsojig.).+ jl- where refuse/ other discarded material is
adj. wandering (esp. of an animal); rash. dumped. Cf .j1.Jv.+ ..J.5ftj._ n. fire bowl of
reckless, venturesome (cf ~~).+ IJ'j~D- n. hookah- ..J.5ftj q. v. + J~ _ perp.
jirst element of
recklessness, adventure. + -;;~D _ n. way, course, many compound adverbs, adjectives, etc.
route/ direction (in which one heads! travels. < meaning: toward, in the derction of. Cf
IJ-;;~D.J"-~.+ ~.J:"'-;;JD- v. intercept, stand in .J6~.+ )JD- n. basic elements, chief
the way of, stop/ interupt the course of. + ,:,ja_ ingredients.+ )"'>JD- = .iPJo;4ol- (all forms
n. & adj. able/ competent lady of the house; q. v.).+ ~_ n. tribal chiefi' head.+ ;JJ~.J~- =
resourceful, seasoned. + .j~D - = .j~~. + ;J.J~JD~ q.v.+ ";jJD_=)j.J6.J"-'..J'I- q.v.+ -
..;1,-.- See ";I~..}. + -;;dJ.J-D - See ;.,J.,> D~. + - ;LS'JD n. 1. affair, business, concern (often used
~. n. the pipe bow\.+ ~_ adj. stubborn, in .comb with 4-i and J.i-). E.g. .s;lSJD~ 41 j-/-
obstinate. Syn. ";6rJ.'4S.+ ~6_ n. (act oj) D~J.i- Mind your own business. 2. mandatory
opening and repairing a tobacco bale (DyI- power. + ~-ILS'.JD- n. mandated territory;
.jJ.? ~ v. repair and rerrange tabacco in a jurisdiction, the limits! territory winthin which
bale).- ~J.Y.+ D;;"'_ n. coping (of a wall).+_ authority may be exercised.+ ..,;LS'JD- n.
~~,uD n. detachable pocket clip mounted on a mandate, mandatory rule; charge, custody and
pencil. >~~,u.+ ..:s.:.,u6_ n. brass/ iron bowl the taking care (ofs.th.) (.JJ.J .s;lS.J'~ v. take
mounted on a long cigarette holder for tobacco charge of-..,; be a mandatory power over).+_
smoking. + ..5._ See ;'jjS~. + ..5D} I. n. head.
1
J';sJ' n. legal guardian (of a minor).+ ;;.IJ'-
See ..5j;~. 2. adj. jirst elemint of certain adj. forming a natural/ artificial incline (of a
compound forms, meaning: prime, principal, road, highway. etc.), downhill (.J»I;;.I.J'~ v.
first in rank! authority/ significance. E.g. be downhill).+ D~.JO_ also IS"..,...;JJ'- n. slope,
J'.,j •.,$'yI- Prime minister. + ~._ adj. primary,
declivity,downgrade. Syn. D)">JD~_+ .J~J­
essential, fundamental (cf ~D~ ,..s..:,.J).+.- adj. & adv. upside-down, overturned, topsy-
IJ"""'..;.,$ n. ropes end.+ J""- n. tough fowl (when turvy. (.JJ'? .J~'J.J"- v. tum upside-down,
cooleed). + ..5;4-'> 6_ n. deathbed, the last hours overtum).+ ~~D.J- also .J~JD- adj.
of life, one's last leg. Cf }'l..;Le$.+ .:-.u..... D_ vanished, having disappeared completely.
n. l. scraps, remnant (of cloth) (cf. .;.;.-/-); end (.J.J.J--t~~JD.J"- v. vanish, fade, disappear.+

piece of I"J..... q. v. after it has been cut. 2. that .jJ.;-S ~~JD~ v. cause to vanish/ disapper).+_
which is taken in excess of what is agreed to/ OJD 1. adv. upstairs, t%n a higher level, floor
boughti given . .C.f ..5"';.,>L;.+ ....;.,>.;.06- = position. 2. adj. situated on another floor,
.;.,s..;..;~ q. v. + j L;._ n. long, narrow rug (often upper. 3. n. upstairs, the part above the ground
floor; upper position.+ .r-'..JD- (J'..J .....J"-) n.
placed at the head ofa room). Cf ~.+_
square-shaped cloth (normally of calico) used
 359
I.J"-

to cover dough after kneading.+ ~_ adj. cold or frost; be numbed, be frost-bitten.+_

regular, common. Cj jS-,li.+ u.-....r-~/- v. raise -'J~ft adj. damaged by cold; frost-bitten.+ UJi-
the head, look up.+ .:,,1~;:Ju/- v.i. show first adj. clear and frosty (of weather). + ..1o~Ji- adj.
signs of ap~arance/ presence/ existence. C! noiceably sensitive to cold, cold-blooded (of a
':".J..I-i 1-4~.+ .w.. _
n. leader ofa group (esp. of person).+ .:,,~},.;./_ v. be chilled! exposed to
dancing dervishes).+ ..s.:.~_ n., mil. colonel. much cold weather.+ ..1..;--,_ n. bitter cold,
C.! ~?-' I. J.l?-.+ ':"~J-u':"I..:.;A/- v. severe/ inclement weather. Syn. o~~.+ ..io-,- n.
generally in the phrase: ~J'- -' .:" l;;. ~J'­ early autumn; seventh month of the Kurdish
':"~ft
rack one's brains, stretch and strain one's calendar roughly September 23- October 22.
imagination/ tought! thinking, wonder what to serine n. I. close and careful look!
dol say next.+ ~_ See 0-'0..,......+ jLt- See examination. 2. attention, notice.+ JO~- n .
.J....,......+ .:,,~.;5jS:;.;.~- v. lie low,keepone's observer, an interested spectator/ onlooker.
thoughts to oneself; stay out of and keep one's Cj j....;..- •.:"I,JI"';';.+ ~r adj. noteworthy,
counsel.+ ~};:Ju:;.;.~- v. leave home for an notable, remarkable; significant. C! •).,t.;L.:.
unkown destination, depart secretly without ..s....:.}.+ .:"L..:.;Sl~/- v. attract atention, be
returning (often compelled by shame. guilt.
noteworthy/ noticeable. E.g. I:, rJ:.JA- Jjj ~o-,o~.J
fear. etc.).+ .:"L.:.,!/- = .:,,1 .:'..,..... (all forms
q.v.).+ .:,,~~_ v. normally in such
:.,.:.;s.; His behaviour attracts much attention.+
.:"b:..,J/- v. look closely at, examine (cf. ~JJJ
express ion as: .....-' l;;. -' &';J'- I have made up
0""';»1); pay attention to. + • _ n. a close look.
my mind and shall not change it. It is a course
from which I cannot retreat + ~_ n. lifetime, IJ.JA- serwa n. rhyme.+ )~_adj. rhythmic.
duration of one's existence.+ ~_ n. pillow.
Cj ..:.jS.~ (under ..::..;1).
-,-,..,.....2 serli n. bot. the common cypress. Cf.
':"0-'OJ l:.
'J~ sera n. I. government offices (normally
including that of the head of unit, i.e.
.:"•..,..... seren also .,t.;•..,..... n. medium-meshed
governor). 2. mansion, palace. Cj ..s..:..jS. sifter/ sieve. See ..s.:.~.

..,...I...~ serab n. mirage. Syn . ..5J!.4!.. Cj ~I~ .;.;....,..... serq n. the plough (farming implement) .
under ~4. C! ~.JY': .

:I-!~ ser.ac (A) n. saddler. See -'-'J.t.:..,j.+ .,;~_ n. ..LJ'- serile n. name of a small bird. - j......
saddler's shop, leatherwork shop. ~t._ seat n. l. watch; clock: ~4!.~- cuckoo
~ serbedo n. name of a plant believed to clock *...J~ ~ _ chime clock ..::-.~ ~ _ wrist
be an antidote for snake/ scorpion venum. watch *).J-:t~ ~ - wall clock *J.;'..i ~ _striking
..5J
-. serk n. intention, aim, design. Syn . ..iL:.;. clock *~.JA-~- table clock *.:"li,r-S ~_ pocket
Cf .. :...... +~_ adj. wilful, deliberate, watch. Syn. ~~LS.- .:"b '-i •.:,,~.;5 ..5;.s. 2. hour
intentional. Cj ;lSj L:.; . (unit of time); time (as indicated by a
timepiece). E.g. ~ •.,t.;~~t._ What is the
~J-- serma n. cold, cold weather, coldness. time?+ ...;:_ n. watchmaker. See ..iL.~~lS.+­
Cf ~~JL-.<liL.J_4J (.:".J..I-i L...,..... v. bel feel ft-.oj n. the hour hand (on a watch! clock). C!
cold; have/ catch a cold. cf..;;} ..::.......~..).+_
:"~J-i/ v. be affected! damaged! destroyed by
 360

.::..ili,,- sexlet (A) adj. 1. distressed, bothered, the body). 3. queasy, ticklish, chancy, unsafe
perturbed. Syn . ..s...;d.). 2. uncomfortable, (of a situation) «(.).t.W.::...u.... v. be out of order;
cramped (in one's seat, place of residence, be crippled; be chancy. E.g. ....u.... IS;lS'He is
etc.) (.:u~.::..Jt-... v. be distressed; be in a ticklish situation.+ (.).)."s.::...u.... v. broken
uncomfortable E.g. ...~"-~~ My place is down, put out of order; cripple, disable).
uncomfortable.+ (.).)~ .::..Jt___ v. distress, ;lS'...... sekar n. round, shallow reed basket used
bother; crowd, cram, press close to-~) E.g. for transporting fresh figs. c.j "'~ .
...s.... .::..~...... ~IS~ Don't crowd him).+ IS-
n. distress, disquietude, concern. Syn. ~.j.).
(.)lS".... [~.... l seknan See (.)lS".... I.).
~"- sed (A) adj. generous, open-handed. Syn.
o.);ip. :,$40- seko n. I. bench-like plaform made of
beaten earth! masonry; dias, podium, rostrum.
(.)li___ sefan n. chain (of mountains) Syn.
Cj 1. ~.... ~. 2. base, station: ..5a.:..J.r..s-
o~j.+ (.).)_[~] v. range,setinachainl n. missile base.
series.
.::.."s.... sekut See .::.."s....J.J'-.
IS~~""" sefbendt n. hedge, fence! boundary.
c.j 0; It.... ~~.... ..$__ seg n. 1. dog (alsofig.): ~I.JA..o~IS- watch
dog J\j~ IS - vagrant *JI; IS _ hunting dog_
..,;.;...... sefte (A) n. stack,orderly pile/ heap.
*(.)1; JLi IS also *(.)Ir IS _ shepherd dog, sheep
«(.).);5""';';...... v. stack, arrange in a pile).+ i?- dog *;UIS- rabid dog *;L:.PIS- large,
adj. piled up.
powerful watch dog found in Pizhdar. Syn.
1
;,u40- SeIer (A) n. second month of the Islamic ..5:,...-S.- ~.) .;:J.:;.S. 2. in comb. i.e . •;l....$....
lunar year. ..,A,$'___ q. v. (.:".J,J-i..$-... v. fig. act! behave
;-.i......2 seIer (A) n. journey, trip. Syn. ~. mischievously or in an impish manner).+ ISJI-
«(.).);5";-.i...... v. go on a journey, make a trip).+_ See Jjs-....+ YLt- n. word of abuse!
~ n. obs. general call to arms. See ~o;. vilification: son of a dog; also as yl$.... ~....
dog son ofa dog.+ ;~_ n. sound thorough
v!;iU.... seqaqu! n., zool. pelican. beating! thrashing. (.:".))' ~; L-.t.,$.... v. give a
!"U___ seqam n. setup, order, disposition, sound beating! thrashing to s.o., make to run
layout.+ (.)b/_ v. organize, put in order, the gauntlet. Cj .:"bju~.+ v!J4>4I- See
arrange.+ ~JI- v. be consolidated, become ;l-..t.>...$.....+ ~_ n. young strong hare/

stable, take order! form. Cj (.).);5" ~.+_ rabbit (iit. one which exhausts a dog).+ ;l-_n.
fabulous ugly dog-like monster (used also
~J adj. consolidated, secured, formed. + r-S-
disparagingly in refere"..ce to s. o. ugly and
adj. consoliadated, secured. + 1S.r--S _ n. insufferable); gorilla.+ J'L n., zool. otter.+_
established organization! structure of society,
order.
;..UJ n. howling of a dog. Cj ;0,;..... + ~L.._
n., zool. sea dog (a species ofseal).+ ..$;u- n.
JU,,- seqaw n. glanders (disease attacking diehard, one who resists against! escapes
single-hoofed animals). hopeless adds.+ ~~_ n. life of misery,
,::".u...... seqet (A) adj. I. broken down, out of woefuV agonizing existence. C.! ~;.... ."u"s.+
order (of a machine, appliance, etc.). 2. lJ- n. bark, barking (ofa dog). Cj ~&>. 0;oJ'
crippled, disabled (ofaperson, animal, part of
 361

+ j l.i 1_ n. distemper, contagious virus disease adj. riding singlet alone. + IS- n. solitude,
of dogs. (,jJY- 4A jW..... v. have distemper;jig. quality/ state of being alone Cj ,",-~.
used describing a person in a disparaging
.J4-.2 selle n. open waistcoat with long sleeves
way).+ ,jIJI- n. one who looks after! tends
worn by men over a I~ q.v.: ~»-I.S­
dogs.+ ~IJI- n. duty/ occupation of looking
embroidered waistcoat wof!1 by women. Cj
after dogs.+ ..;;...t- n. rascality, mischief-
"';'.,-. + J.J.)~ - n. maker of.,,;;,M.... q. V.
making.
~..... sellenet (A) n. 1. style, luxurious mode
,:.,l.S4-. segman n. foot soldier, infantryman.
of life, grand manner of living. E.g...J
Syn. I~~.
~~ b.:u..;~ He leads a luxurious mode of
~..... sela (A) See ~......,s:.;~. life. ~1d~"'" He lives (dose things)
) "ll4-. selar adj. dignified and graceful (of a in grand style. 2. sultanate, sheikhdom.+ ~/_
woman).+ ~J- adj. graceful and inspiring ,jb V. lead a showy/ pertentious life; behave
respect (of a woman).+ I.S- n. dignity and ostentatiously.
grace (in a lady). SJ..... selk n. 1. bulb, edible root; heart; bar,
."ll4-. selam (A)n. 1. peace (as aformula of cake; ball, chunk. E.g. ,jJY-L...~..... A bar of
greeting); salute, greeting. 2. peace. See ~l:. soap. j~.s:...J..... onion bulb.- I. y.-.+ ;b_ adj.
(~~ "J~ r v. salute, greet; say "salamu bulbous, having a bulbi edible root. + ..::..J£JiI- =
alaykum" to-~ when meeting! visiting s.o.; u.J~.Y- q.v.+ ~._n. a whole cheese (when
give a salute to-Ji) See ~.J.hr "J...... + .~b/_ made into a ball or large round-shaped
chunk).+ j~l_ n. onion bulb; whole onion
n. conclude (prayer-~..,;) with the perscribed
(see SJ..... l.Sj~).+ ;~._ n. head ofraddish
fonnula.+ I~..w-/_ v. return (s.o. 's) greeting,
(normally ofa large white variety).+ ;I;';'~I_
reply to a salutation; return a ceremonial
salute.+ ~.J.)IJ/- v. salute ceremonially.+ "::"1_ n. beetroot.+ ~_ n. (head oj) turnip.+ ~lS_
adj. safe, unharmed; protected, secure. Cj n. heart! head of lettuce.
JI~...)~ .~. (,j~.::.-"J ___ v. be safe/ .:,u....... [~) selman v.i. fare, get along (with-
unharmed; unharmcd; be secure; also used as j....S-.l). E.g. ~li 1.L-.4S"J.,.S'-.l He does no get
form of greeting. E.g. ~..::..u"J4-. May God
along with anyone. Syn . .:,~...sj4A.+,j~ [~)
protect you. ,j~.,s..::..~ "J___ v. only in the
v.t. prove, establish the truth! validity (oj);
greeting formula: LS...;~ "ll4-.I,;. May God accept as true. ~;.;u.....Ji ..:,;.;u.....~.
keep him safe).+ "';,_ n. safety, protection.
. ~ sef!nke n. name ofan herh .
~ sell 1. adj. solitary, alone, companionless.
~ selmener adj. convincing, persuasive,
Cf ~ (under·~i) •...;~Jj. 1.~. 2. n.
valid, plausible (of a point, argument,
unit, single quantity, thing! group regarded as
demorutration, etc.). ~;.;u...... C.f IJI.,..,.....:;.
a whole. (,j~.;j___ v. be alone, have no
companion).+ .:.J;;J- adj. having no one, J-.l4-. se/ef n. group, cluster, gang. Syn. 2.
completly alone. I_I gen. used only in comh. j.t....;S. Cj ~ . ~I~ • j.J.
meaning: lone. + r"J'j'_ n. lone traveller, single
r-.l..... selem(A) n. forward buying (purchase of
figure (person).+ },...,_ I. n. lone horseman. 2.
agricultural produce esp. standing crops, in
 362

advance of delivery) (;;l.J t".u4..0. v. transact the •.J.... -- semere also.;4..0~ I. n tribulation,
forward purchase of a crop. Cj t".u4..0. ~;;b). vexatious/ agonlzmg. experience (C!
...s~~). 2. adj. strange, unusual, notably
.:..I.,.J-- se[ewat (A) J. intj. hallelujah!, praise!
out of the ordinary (syn. J!.- ).+ '.]1,:,1;.$1_ v.
used in reference to the Prophet Muhammad
tell of (one's) troubles (to-J..t). E.g. ...s'.;4..0-
with the following invocations: .:..1,J4..0. )j"- •
'-"~J.-If'j-> tell me of your trials and
•.:..I~I ~,Jl....s~ .~~ ~~ ...s;~l.u
tribulations .
.:..1-,.u4-.- ~ ~ ...s.J..u--i. and the Arabic
formula: r-L-' ~.uJI~. 2. n. blessings.+. ~4..0. semen n, bOI. clover.

;;b I v.I. utter an invocation by praising the .I.i.... ~ semend n. rogue. Syn. jL$J.s.+ .5j_ n.
name of the Prophet. 2. count one's blessings. (act oj) tying the other end of a leash to a long
E.g. '.I.!:.,1 ~1.,.u4..0. Forget that and count your stick in order to keep a dog at a distance.
blessings. (;;~......s .5j.l.i.... -.. v. keep a dog's movement

~__ seOqe (A) n. inborn disposition, good restricted as in above;jig. used in comb. with
the phrase: ..$4..0..5.-,. E.g. ~j.l.i.... 4..0. ..$4..0..5'-'
taste in! sense of doing things, adeptness,
elegant manners. ~~.+ .Jb- adj. adept, ~ Keep him controlled as a dog on leash or
adroit, skillful. hedge him with restrictions.

~4..0. seOm gen. only in ~-.,L L. q. v. '-".... __ semen; n dish prepared from freshly
sprouting wheat and flour (prepared esp. al
l.._ sema n dance, dancing (esp. a performace the time of jJ?"'; q.v.).+ .;,Ij"";_ n. ceremonial
of which twisting. and jinger snapping is a preparation of '-".... 4..0. q. v.
part). Cj ~H"- .;;I~.p.,...... (;;l....Sl.. __ v.
dance).+ .J4S- dancer, (esp. belly dancing).+_ ;;.I.i~ [~l sendin v.I. take, obtain, get,
'.J&...S n. name of a small bird. Cj 1. 4Sj.J>I procure. C! ~.J.J'-'. ~.I.i-..:.,1. 2. buy,
'.J",Sl..4..0..+.s _ n. dancing 10Wlge. purchase. See v.-.f.+ '-,'- v. recover, regain,
take back (from-:.,1). C! •Y;.l.i4..0. }t .
.J'-'L.o4..0. semawer (E) n. samovar.
j •.l.i4..0. sende[ n., bOI. sandalwood .
..:...__ semt n. direction, course, line, route.
Cj j~~ '-"';~ .)jl;.~ . .;.;..,;.~~. ~I; routine ""•.l.i4..0. sendel! n. stool, chair. Cj 4.S"".;.,$ •",,;"';-.j.
pattern, practice.+ ;;1~-..r..I- v.t. routinize, ..5.:,~ seng n. J. rock, stone. See l.;4i. 2. weight
establish a routine/ pattern for. + .J _adj. given (syn. ..,-..nJ .~; measure of weight
to/ preoccupied with routine/ formality/ (normally metallic or rock). 3. jig. weight,
procedure.+ .J~- adj. routine, conventional, significance, importance. Cj J..:..J ..5j}. 4.
standard. only in: ..s~ J..:.-.. acid test, crucible,
.J.,y...-- semtUr n dulcimer (musical severe/ crucial test (';'»-1 ~..5.:,__ v. have
instrument).- .J.,y...4..0.-'jL.. weight! importance).+ ';'.I....L [~_l See ~
;;.l.iL(;~.+ u:!1- n. comparable weight, amount

.
';.»-"--
.;.;.-.
semlJre also.J~ n. zool. sable. Cj
equal to the weight of person! thing. E.g.
~.I.A ,-,,~L.;.;; u:!L(;~ He has your weight in
;;.»-"-- semlJn n. bread baked in a loaf. Cj gold. Cj ",-L-.nJ.+ ~I;....;_ See ~l;~..,..,..+ _
;;L; ••ftJ.,$ .~I.,.u. ..r.1~ n. stone masonry. See ...sdIJ...; .~l;l.J~.+
;;b Il/_ See .;,~..5.:,~~.+ .;,li:.,1l- v. give
 363

weight to, attach importance/ significance to.+ bargaining, negotiation! transaction with
.:"Li l.J4-lJ- v. press down by covering with important good! bad results: 1oS;U-1.S.f-o
stones! other weights.+ ..s..:.'~J- n. interesting! Bargaining table.
conspicuous! striking quality.+ ..5»-J- adj. ..II.,...... sewale n. sheaf(esp. of wheat). Cj .j~.
equalized, balanced, stabilized (lit. weight,
effect, force, etc.) (':"l.J ..5»-~ v. equalize, b~1 sewda (A) n. I. whim, fancy, obsession.
stabilize. Cj ':"l.J j.i"J\; under \;1).+ ~»-J- n. Syn. ~.,>. Cj ~...s::.j&. <ll.,.....J"- ~~. 2.
equalization, stablilization. + ~._ n. breastwork, melancholy, gloom.+ ).)_ adj. obsessed,
improvised! temporary fortification. Cj disturbingly preoccupied.+ .]4--- adj.
J4:- .~I,;.+ ~~._ v. build breastwork.+_ searching, looking, anticipating. Cj .I~""':'

,..r-''J'n. fortification.+ ~}~._ v. establish L.4J''''-t .jlly..i.+ (JI.} adj. melancholic, gloomy.
(oneself) solidly, get entrenched, place
Il~2 sewda I. = 1.)"- (all forms q.v.). 2. n.,
(oneself) in a strong defensive position. Cj
'JI~--"':'»>: (under G.2).+ )_._ adj. stoned med. pellagra. + (J""""!..2. adj. suffering from
to death. (':"l.J )_~"- v. stone (s.o.) to death. pellagra.
C.f ':"l~ .:"I~~ 'l.J4-l.+ ~_ adj. clement, j~ sewz n. & adj. green; fresh, green, new (as
dignified, of a deportment commanding compared to dried, canned. etc.); covered with
respect! deference. 2. heavy. See 1. LJ"'..ul.+- green growth. foliage. (':"»-1 j~ v. sprout,
.:"I} J ~ adj. dignified and self-respecting. greminate and begin to grow cf .JIJJ~);
materialize See ~}.1"-; bel tum green. Cf
..;~__ sengeld n. big flat elliptically-shaped
.J~.i..J"l.-':-'l.+ .Jl~ j.,....
v. colour// make
(ofbread).- .:"li.
green; parboil/ scald dried vegetable before
~~ sengelqo n. fig. devil, person of cooking; establish, bring about Cj .:"li..:.o~.+
notable energy, recklesness and dashing spirit. ~I_ n. vegetation, greenery. + I" - n. forward
Cj.:,,~~. buying of farm produce (slanding vegetab~es,
fruits, etc.) in advance of delivery. Cj r..l-
~ sened (A) n. deed, document, legal paper.
(':"l;-S I"j~ v. purchase farm produce in
Syn. 2 . ..II yU.
advance of delivery). + ~LS _ adj. greenish,
senew adj. serious. grave, solemn, somewhat green. + ..1& _ See ~ \S"j.)"-. + ._1 adj.
critical. having a desirable fair and light-tan
.- ~ senyar n., comm. buyer. Syn, )~..f. C.f complexion. Cf ..s..:..#.+._
2 n. greens, leafy

)~1). >,:".I.HI-. herbs; fresh vegetables.+ ~~._ n.

greengrocer.+ 1.J4-S".-
n., zool woodpecker
.~ sener n. manure (as refuse ofstables/
(bird).+ l..$D- n. grass.+ }JD_ n. grassland,
barnyards). Cj &~. See ~..,..+ ~_See
grass-covered steppe.+ ~'JD_ adj. grassy,
~ ...... + LS_n. place where manure is piled!
abounding with grass.+ ..:.oIJl- n. green
collected. Cj ...sJ;...,;.~.
vegetables.+ ;:s- n. used as afemale person's
. - s~a also Il~ n. (act! occasion of) name meaning: the girl with the fair and light
bargaining! haggling over the purchase of s.th. tan complexion.+ 1oS- n. greenness.
(~;S I~ v. bargain, negotiate with-j.u..l over
..:.ol:i.)"- sewqat n. gift, present. Syn.IoS~l.tl.
a purchase). + y.S _ also ~ _ 1. adj. given to
bargaining. 2. n. bargainer.+ 1oS;U _ n.
 364

~ll.,...... sewqatl n. basket made of palm leaves adj. cynical, sceptical. + p _ n. spectator,
with a handle. See .Jbp. Cf. ..s.,...... onlooker. Cj ~..}.

j.,......1 sewl n.. bot. cockscomb (.syn. ~.u.,j.,,5'):­ ,j1;.!4- seyran n. pICniC, outing, excursion;
,jl..lp..s graceful and elegant young woman. sightseeing. Cf ,j1,rS. (,j~.J ,j1J!- v. have! go
on a picnic; go sightseeing). + ,y...S _ n.
j.J4-2 n. oar.+ ,jb;:"J/- v. row, move!
sewl
picnicker; sightseer. Cf Jt;;...:.&.+ lL n. picnic
propel by means of oars.
ground! location .
..s.J4- sew1 n. large basket, pannier. Cf •.;~
~.I"-t.
~- sey/ak n. sand. Syn. r-l.
,j1..J:!4- seywan n. large field tent. marquee. Cf
..5...-.y- sewlk n. jug made of fired clay. Cj
.jjS.~.~.
.:.0.,,;> 'J~~ ·jL..;.'l·
tJ!.-- sey1 also.l.,!_ (A) n. Saiyid, descendant of
~ sehm adj. terrible, awesome, terrifying,
the prophet Muhammad.
imposing. Cf. ..s1:...1... •~,;;.
• I
~
se I. n. & adj. three. 2. pres. stem of,j1...2
j~ sehol n. ice (ice cubes, frozen water). C'/ q.v. 3. used in comb. forming compound
~ ')4i' D.)~' Djyt.j.+ ,,1_ n. melting ice; ice nouns, adjecives and verbs, i.e. jl~ 'G,"""";"
water. Syn. ,,1)"-1.+ ~"-I_ adj. freezing, very q. V.+ 'J~- adv. thrice, (jor) the third time. Cf
cold: ~"-I-o,S'J"'-"~ anarctic circle.+ ,j1~4i- n. .).o,,~.+ jlt- n., athelt. hop-step- and -jump.
tenth month of the Kurdish calendar: Cf jJ"-io,Sjlt (under jlt ) .j~,,~.+ jd4i-n.
2

December 22- January 20.+ .....;~_ n. ice

med. quartan. fever (a form of malaria).-
factory. l;"j~. + ,jb J'J4,j _ ....d _ V.1. pronounce triple

~ sehlJ (A) See .J.... (all forms q. v.). divorce, divorce irrevocably.< J'J.;. - ~~.+

.~.t..t. n., anat. lumbar region! vertebra.+ o,S~­

~""4-1 sehend adj. unyielding, troublesome,
n. & adj. son ofa gun, rascal, knave (cf. ~jJ);
unbending; pig-headed. Cf J'r-l'IoS'.+ o,S- n.
rougish, impish.+ ~_n. tripod.+ ..u-I~_n. name
pig-headedness.
of a thorny plant.+ .J~_ n. prism.+ 4t~_also_
~~2 sehend n. shade (.syn. ~); shady
;:r. = l;;- q.v.+ D~_n. I. clover, trefoil. Cf
place! spot.
J'~' 2. clubs (playing cards).+ ~_ n.
1.I.,!4- seyda n. professor (academic title); three-step Kurdish dance.- :.;~..... + Jb- n.
teacher, educator. (cf. l;;.....,;..l..).+JLS"_ adj. three stringed musical instrument. + tJ!.l; _ n. &
professional, authority, adept.+ ~_ n. adj. trident; triple, threefold.+ ~_ adj.. math.
knowledge, learning, erudition. Cf o,SJL:,;lj. cube, raised to the third power.+ ~';.r:- adj.
J!4- seyr I. adj. strange, surprising, singular, energetically, with great vigour and
enthusiasm.+ }K- n. the twelve days
incredible; funny, curious; remarkable,
ineresting. E.g. b ..s""lJ!4- ~ Something following ~ q. v. +4.iS.p.- adj. tridentate,
strange happened. Syn. ':'O.J»-. I. Io.i~. Cf having three teeth! heads! protrusions.+ .)~_

'J.uS'.jL;. 2. n. look (the action oj) looking. n. gallows, scaff'old.- ~1"j4A,<,jb.)~.J.

Syn. L.:.l...; (,j.l.t-lJ!-- v. be strange; be funny; Cf. •.)b}~.+ ..sd~- n. a species of thorn.<
be remarkable ,j~"s J!4- v. look at, view, ..sd~' + o,SJ'~ - n. room with three windows in a
watch).+ I) _ n. name of a flower.+ J"';~- row.+ Io.i~jjd- n. food prepared and distributed
 365

in the ceremonial of the second day after a ~. '-:;:,1 we sat down to it with a will and
death. (iJ~'? ';l$~,j.r-- v. observe such ceremony appetite (esp. offood).+ ~_ n., gen. only in
(on behalf of-j....I s.o. deceased).+ I~JJ- n. I,,/""t~~ "'~ the inveritable third time
period of three days (recognized as the (superstitious belief that things happen in
customary mourning period following a threes).+ iJ~.?"":';:,IJJ~J- v. not to hesitate/
funeral).+ ...;1.:,;..)- n. point of divergence of
waver/ be irresolute, act promptly/ at once. + _
three roads. Cj .; I.:,;..)..u~. + .;;.$j--J _ n. name of a
";';'IJ adv. three times a day (esp. conoting the
game closely resembling tic-tac-toe. + _
three meals or time of); all day long. + ~_
~"'-!- adv. four nights from now. Cj
also ~.. _ adj. third.
~;;"';',.,.....-4i.+ G.JJ--'- n., math. triangle:",_
~~..tP. isosceles triangle ....s::..-lt~"'­ ~ 2 se pres. slem ofthe verb iJL.. 2 q. v.
scalene triangle .~J..t-''''- acute - angled ..,-1 si n. & adj. thirty.+ I;~_ n. the thirty equal
triangle .'i~JJ--''''- obtuse - angled parts into which the Koran (Quran) is divided
triangle • J l.:-I~.JJ-' '" _ right-angled triangle • without regard to chapters.+ .;b JJ~ J- n. the
•..5.-4S'4!'" equilateral triangle.- G..JJ-" Cj complete set ofteeth.- iJl~ .
...:..:,S.+ "';4-- n. oats.+ ~_ n. only in: "'-
1J""""2 sf n.. anal. lung.+ iJl-Jl;- n., med.
;~ period of eighteen days immediately
pneumonia.+ ~J- n. pluck (of an animal).+
following the vernal equinox when the wether
was believed to follow a regular cycle of six c.i':~ J- also ~1).~.J- n. seller of broiled
days each of wind, rain and sunshine. + ~.:.._ pluck.+ ~.J.JD- n. sore throat.
. ~':"_and .....:.._n. Tuesday.+~...,s_ n. I. S t n.wl'ld goose. < "
~.c.f ';""
.1 ..

a three-legged frame! arrangment of three

stones used to support a cooking pot. 2. l:- siya adj. black (.syn. ..;.J); fig bad,
triumvirate, group/ association of three. + _ unfavourable. E.g. ~~ Bad luck. III
Ij~ n. name ofa species of water vegetation. fortune.+ 1;4- adj. ill-fated, unforunate,
+ LL n. name of a version of !"U.... q. v.+_ doomed. Syn . .J.IJ 1;4-.+ t!j- n. name of a
~l$ adj. plouhed after sewing (of land). Cj plant.+ ju,.J.J.i- adj. extremely black. Cj
~l$JJ~ . l;l~ "~;'~JJ'- LJ-o-lS'.+ ':":,S_I. .J.IJ'+ jL-_ n. bad year (esp. a year of
adj. triangular, having three sides! comers! draught). Cj jL.. ..s:.!..J.J.+ jL.._ See jl-!IJ.+-
angles. 2. n. tringle. See G..JJ-"+ ~lj':":,S­ iJ.JJ n. goat (esp. black). Cj .Jj.I.+ .;L..~_ n.
also ...,..;Ij"':":'s - n. trigonometry. + 4~ _n. kind of Kurdish (Hawrami) song.
cap with three flaps formerly worn in the
Hawraman area. + ..s:...J _ n. three - tined ;l:- siyar I. adj. assistant. 2. n. helper,
hayfork. Cj ~.+ ...!.vJ- I. n. amulet apprentice, assistant. C.! ~)'l:.. + l.:-,;.. L.. _ n.
assistant professor, graduate assistant.
composed of three cylinders.- ...:...:...,;. C.!
~.i J 4..l.".l. 2. adj. triple-barreled (gun). See ':""-~ siyaset (A) n. politics, conduct of!
..J.ul;..-..;.;.t....i;.+ ~L.._ n. quarter/ three participation in political affairs. Syn .
months of a year that constitute a season. E.g. ",~;I.e~IJ' (iJ~..,.s ~..:u-le- v. punish publicly,
-:-L.; ~r-J ~...JL.. ",~l.;- I will not be here that make an example of).+ ;LS"_ n. politician.+_
",nole (the three months of) summer; quarterly ;IJ...... n. & adj. politician; politic, shrewd,
(a publication, etc.).+ ~ Ir- adj. heartily, prudent.
with a will and great enthusiasm. E.g. ~Ir-
 366

~le- siyasi I. adj. political. Syn. o.J~ld' 2. n. t~ sixnax adj. packed, jam-packed, serried.
politician. Syn. ~.J~ld' Cf I. -t-. (,:,-'-"'t~ v. be packed. ':'J~ t~
,:,Le- siyan n. & adj. three. >;:,...1.+ .:....;Ijo_ n., v. pack, jam pack).
math. trigonometry.+ oj_ n. & adj. thirteen.+_ soon adj. puny and sick-looking,
~oj also ~~oj _ adj. thirteenth. + __ adv. three enervated.
by three, in threes. + 0_ n. trinity, triad. ~ 1 sfxll! n. porcupine. Cf ~»-' ' ~.j .
Dj»'.JLe- siyawpuze n. name of a plant similar ~2 sfxll! adj. & n. spy, mole, secret!
to parsley. undercover agent.
~-,-,Le- siyawu~ n. name of the son ofKaik ....~ slxu,me n. poke/ jab with the end of
auws of the legendary Kayani dynasty of one's fmgers.+ ,:,J,jL:..o-,~/_ v. poke/ jab at
Persia, put to death by his father-in-law
(s.o. 's side, back, etc.) with the knuckles! the
Afrasiab. <.;.-,-,le- ~-p q. v.
tip of the fmgers.+ ,:,I~ ~ / _ See ,:,J,jL:.o-, z.; /_
~ sibe, n. I. shadow, reflected image; faint
~ sl, n. garlic.+ .s~_ n. wild garlic.+ ..:-L..-,_
representation, poor specimen, phony!
n. dish of yogurt with minced garlic.
simulated example. E.g. o-'~u~ He is a
poor specimen! empty shell ofa man. 2. shade, ~Ir-- st,amlk (E) n. ceramics.
place/ spot sheltered from the sun (syn . ..5j-l:);
....r--- si,me n. raw hide in strips. Cj ~~.+_
umbra, shaded area. 3. jig. shelter. See I. ~ L...
~ n. awl used in reinforcing the bottom
(,:,~..,s.J~ v. cast shadow; shade, screen by
(sole) of ~':J.S (q. v.) with ....r--.
intercepting sunlight; jig. prejudice, bias,
colour). + )5"_ adj. biased, bigoted, prejudiced J.r-- siro n. name of a bird.
(of s.o.). Cj .J.;&.!'i.+ p_ adj. prejudiced,
~jr-- strom n., bioi. membrane.
biased (of a view, judgement, etc).
d~-'r-"" si!uhu! n. loud, prolonged or-"'" q. v.

0";;"" sere n. age, time of life (as extendingfrom

jl;.:- sipa[ I. n. old, ragged piece of clothing. 2.
adj. ragged, tom, shabby; unkempt; the beginning to any given time). Cf ,:,.....;.
disheveled.+ ':'j~_ n. bread or ~ q. v. Or---' sire n. used only in the following nonsense
dipped into oil and syrup.
rhyme apostrophizing a persistent wasp: Or--
~ sipe n. I. rear sight (on ajirearm). 2. See D~ r:-fi Or--- Get away my flesh is old (not
~. + d.vS - n. type of rifle. worth stinging). + o.ij.o _ = o.ij.o 0.J»-' q. v.

-,l:.;..... setaw also':'\::.;... n. shadow (esp. one or-- si!e n. squeaking (of new boots); singing,
reflected by sunlight). Cf ~. whistling (of a kettle)/ seething (of a
samovar).+ r--- n. continued! persistent or-"'"
~ .firke n. pointed kind of oak-gall. Cj
q.v.
-,-,jL...+ o-,"J-_ n. stye.
.J'~ si,ej n. unsalted dish of curds and herbs.
t:=- six n. spit, long pointed rod for holding Cf .so;j"'"
meat over the fIre. Cf ~.
~ sis adj. I. wilted, withered. Syn. o~..... ~. 2.
lean, skinny, wasted away. Syn. d.J. (,:,-,-",~
 367

v. wilt).+ oJ~.JY./- V. go limp. lose stiffness; j.;-2 set n. record. disk.

fade, wither. + J"-"U- _ n. name of a variety of
~ sil n., med. tuberculosis. Syn . ..,.-;.:... (J,,-
mint. Cj I;.,.... ~~.+ o&.Jj_ also J __ adj.
iJ~..,.5 v. fig. sutTer anxiety, feel apprehensive/
scrawny, gaunt.+ .JL..- n. a species of thin
uneasy in one's mind usually over s.th.
yellowish snake.- .JL...+ o.JL..o- n. pale and impending/ anticipated). + ..>JI- also .J1l- adj.
skinny person, scrawny and sick-looking having tuberculosis, consumptive.+ J.!~.J- n.
person.+ ..>_1 n. I. wilt, state of being wilted.
consumption (iJ~..,.5~J-!.)J- v.fig. cause great
2. skinniness.
anguish, cause distress of mind 10).
,.S')--e- sisark n. vulture. Cj jl~ .jl,..+ J~o_
..i.;.I.".Le... seluloz (E) n. cellulose.
n. bald eagle.

~ sistim (E) n. system, a functionally

...I..:- sile n. row, line. C.! :r-/; direction. Cj
related group of elements, setup, structure. ",.Jl."; '.Jlll,;.- ...1..:-.;4-.+ .wl>- n. row house,
terraced house.
sispest n. sexual impotence .

..5.,--e- sisirk n. cricket (insect).

~ sim
n. I. imitation gold! silver thread. 2.
2
..,......-e- sisi n. the edible seed of gundelia-.f.:S thin wire.+.jl_ n. mercury, quick silver. Syn.
q.v. o~.

~ sifon (E) n. I. siphon. 2. pop, a flavoured

carbonated soft drink.
4oj~ sefezemine n. potatoe. Syn .... \j~. tr-- slmlrx n. name of giant fabulous bird,
roc .
.sjJ~ sefeloke n. name ofan herb (possibly
";J.i....e- simfoni (E) n. symphony.
sage).
...A;- sev n. apple. = ~ q. v. ~ sin n. name of the letter ..,..-s .

•...;.;...&.:- siqetore n. gizzard. Cj ';I~. ~ 1 sen pres. stem of the verb iJ.I.i.... q. v.

:.;1>....- sikard n. cleaver. C./. jl~. ~;.$. .:;.:,-2 sen suffIX for certain nouns, adjectives
indicating: doer, taker. acquirer of, i.e. ~l.o
~ sikend (E) n. math. secant. Syn. 6.~. q.v.
~';"J~~~ sikenewserxan expr. meaning: ~ sincke = 4--e- q. v.
here we go again (denoting annoyance!
impatience with s.th. saili/ done over and over ..5;:...::- sinok a/so..5.:..t.... n., anat. joint. Cj
again). ~~ •.5..;.)-.

~~ ."igorte (E) n. insurance. Syn.~. ~ sine n.. anat. chest. See. I. ~.+ o~_ n.
l.:....:..,.5.;~ v. insure. procure/ buy insurance bib. See .....s;,;IJ~.+ .I.i~_ n. breast collarl band
4 •
for-.;). + i j - adj. insured. (of a harness). Syn. ~.J~ (under ~ ).+ J"J~-
_.;..- sil n. sheet 'lletal. See I. (L... - ~.J~' + _ n.. med. asthma. See u:!,,-l.i""'~,;,+ iJL.. ..,L n.
• n. flat stone used as a griddle. violin. Cj iJL....5 . ~L....5.

also J~ n. tide, deluge, flood. Cj ..5~ sinek n. club (trefoil figure on playing
cards).
 368
- - ..kt.-I \.H.:.,,-

L..~ sinema (E) I. n. cinema, movies,

motion-picture theatre. 2. adj. funny, amusing,
entertaining (of a person). E.g. ,,-!L..~~...;
He is very funny/ entertaining.
~.... ~ sinemeki n. bot. senna, senna leaves.

IJ""!!""" sini n. tray. Syn. ~I~. C.f ~l,...;.+-

.jl,;.J n. meal as served, the layout and type of
dinner otTered.+ rj-oJ- n. tray of candles
carried cermonially before the bride to the
public bath where the candles are lit.
Y.:-' sew n. apple: ~I;. - n. potatoe.+IJjJ....:)'I-
n. species of red flushed apples.+ ~p_ n. a
species ofpear.- ~p.

IY.:-' siwa n. familiarity, close acquaintance

(with)/ adequate knwledge (of s.th., s.o.);
orientation.+ I~»d- v. become acquainted
(with s.o.) and do away with formalities; be
oriented, adapt! adjust (to); be incorrigible/
unmanagable (of a child).+ .jb/_ v. orient,
cause become familiar with! adapt to. + _
D~I..sI v. come to grips! have no further
difficulty (with s.th.) become conditioned (to)
and informed (about-j.S.J) .

.jl"";'" sewan = .jI.Jo!!- q. v.

w;.. sewi n. & adj. orphan: Syn. ~~.

J.tD~ Siwey/ n., astr. Canopus. Syn. 3. ..5r..

 369

uj~_ n. princess, a reigning king's daughter.+_

.JLm n. anat. artery: ~"'>IS.JL..~.)... aorta;
principaV main nerve.+ ..s~r n. bot. main

••• (primary) root.+ ~r also a$.;-.!_ n. highway,

motorway, main direct road Cj rll4.!.1.:. '~d ~.+­
~-.! See_ ..s~dl!..+ ~~'j_ n. prince, son ofa reigning
king. + ..J'Jo~.J~j _ n. queen bald-faced hornet. + .;,j_
n. I. outstanding! remaekable lady. 2. See
.wltL...:..+ ..;!.,__ n. I. skillfuV accomplished
horseman. Syn. ~},..... 2. name of male person.+
..; ~ 1. n. the fourteenth letter of the Kurdish .;,'~~_ n. royal tent! pavilion! box.+ rll"":'- n .
alphabet. 2. adv. normally preceeded by IS after a main street. C! ~/..:.. .}-Jj.S.+ ,;-,~.,:J- n. large
consonant meaning: also, too. E.g. r»l~.,.J~ fishing hook. +JlS' _ n. monumentaV outstanding act
I was there too. E.g. ~";jJ ~..; Even if you or deed; chef-d'oeuvre, masterpiece.+ J".ys _ n.
don't go. royal headdress. Cf ~I.;.+ ~ _ n. prince. Syn.
djL.:.. C! uj~L.:..+ JJ~.S- n. silo.- JJ.J,ja$.+ ~~­
l...!. !a n. I. king: .;,~~ King of the fairies
n. pipe serving as the watershoot ofa mill.-";lJ.+
ifolklore)·+ ';".J~IS- King of the snakes (folklore).
.JL.o. n. huge serpent.+ 1S.)~_adj. serpentine (ola
.;,'~~~ title of Imam 'Ali (and in certain
mystical sects his subsequent reincarnations) (cf road! movement! etc.).+ L,:j~_n. king: only in:.
;:)'d43 ); title of certain eminent mystics. 2. the King .J~IS king of fairies ifollclore).+ r"";~- n.name
piece (in chess).- ..;'~. 3. expr. meaning: glory be of a wild flower used as' balm for
wounds,boils,etc. + ..JJ~ seeJ.Jft.eJ.s. + ~.,;. _ n.
(to-~ when comparing two situations. E.g. 4i I.:.
name ofa flower used to soothe mumps.+ ISjL;- I.
';"J~ISJ~ Glory be to the good old days. 4. See
n. proper pride, reasonblel justifiable delight,
..$..;~I.:..+ jlt- n. I. zoo/. royal falcon. 2. name ofa
elation, display. 2. adj. honourary. (.J~.? ISjL;L! v.
male person.+ ;:)~_ n. I. measure oflength equal
take pride in-~J~Jo .. 4i~). Cf .JL.:.;S;:)~.;.>.+ ~L;_
to one's arm length. 2. See ~I.:..+ .wlt- n. queen
n. Iranian national Epic of kings.+ ~_ n. I.
consort, wife ofa reiging king. C! I.:..wlt . .;,jl!..+
capital city. Syn. ~~. 2. structures (i.e.
~. n. main axle (esp. one connected to the
veranda) on each .side of steps leading up to a
upper millstone).+ JJd4i - n. chestnut. Syn. -.;l:-.S. house entrance.+ jJ..... _ n. osprey (bird). Cj
C! JJ~.+ j4i- n. prominent! influential merchant, jltl.:..+ ...s:..;~_ n. queen bee.
businessman, industrialist, etc.-.;,lS.J.ilt.+ .J~~4i_l.
..;ltL.:. !abQ! n. money given in return for praise by
n. dip. consul. 2. adj. shameless, barefaced
audacious. Cf J')W~JJd'+ ....;l>.Jo~4i- n: a musician! call singer.- .J4i.l!. (.;,~.? ";~I.:. v. sing
consulate. C! -..;l>;)lt.+ ~4.f- n. key line ofa .the praise of s. o. in anticipation of reward).

poem.- oi.,..;~.+ e,;j~_ n. large snow shovel. Cf -.;ltl!. !abane n. bot. dog violet. C! 4.!.~oJ'
:oA;~.+ ~_ n. torch, flambeau. Syn .. ~
uL.:. !at gen. See related entries.+ u~J- also.
'~.j~. C! .-J;.+ t'.ll';- n. large species of u~ n. continued angry shouting! clamour.+ 0_ ,;.
bunerfly.- -.J.JY.oI.t.+ d4.f.- n. pinion feather.+ - loud angr/ yell/ shout.
~ n. bot. verbena.+ ~_ n. a variety of large
~l!. !atik n. anal. jugular vein.
black mulberry.- ~.Cf ..s.;~.+ JJd'~- n. wine.+
 370

.:"uL.:. !,atnuul n. a type of rifle.- ..5..:.u:;. ~...,.u~ !,adenoj n. index finger. See "~.1L.:.j,)

.:,,~I..:.~~~.
!,atname n. diploma, certificate. Syn.
... l;I~. Cf ('~.1' )U' !,ar n. 1. city, town; land: ':"\.:.j.o\.:O.~ cemetery
*.:,,1 .1.1.L.:....j ~ land of the living. 2. base, home (as
.~L.:. !,ater.e n. bot. fumitory.
designated in outdoor games).<}.)I..:.. 3. in comb.
u-'4J1..:. !,aten n. dried fruit (esp. figs and apricots). i.e . .:"I.1.)\.:. . .:"l:-.)I..:.. etc. q. v. + .:,,1-tS .:,,1_ v. travel.+_
t~' !,ax n. mountain. Syn. 4 ..,.:;s.+ a..il_ n. ~I n. traveller, tourist.Cf )~..JS. + ~I_ n.

payment made for having access to a mountain decoration (with flags, etc.) ofa town. (~I)L.:.
pasture'+~.1I_ adj. mountainous.+ .:"l.::....._ n. .:".).? v. beflag, decorate a town. Cf ''''''';J.iljl-/).+_
highlands. Cf .:,,~..,s.+ tbJ- n. mountainous .;~Lt n. I. provincial capital. C.f ~~. 2. town
country/ territory/ etc.+ .:"I.J'- n. mountaineer.+_ in Southern Kurdistan (formerly the capital ofthe
..r'I.1' n. mountaineering.+ "s- adj. living in the Baban principality).+ )u~_ adj. expelled, chased
mountains. out (from a town). (.:",)'? .).~.....)~ v. expel from,
chase! force (an immoral or scandalous person)
t~2 !,ax n. hom (cf (;jl); tentacle.+ ),)_1. adj. out of town with ignominy.+ .:,,1.":-_ n. big city/
homed, having horns. 2. n. species of oak-gall.- town, metropolis; urban area.+ ~l.::....._ n.
.1.1-/~.+ .:,,1.1.1-/;,)1- v. be cuckolded, have a female
civilization, the cultural characteristic of a
relation in the house living an immoral life.
particular timet place. Cf ,-,,1')'.1l;.+ ,-"l:-_ 1. adj .
.:,,~~ [;:;~l !,axan See .:,,\.:O.\.:.~.+ .:".)_[~L.:.l v. civilized, having the customs and amenities of a
roar, boom, thunder, rumble. civil community. .:".).;-5,-"l.::......)1..:. v. cultivate,
~L.:. !,axsipl n. a variety of yellow grape.- -;,s.;. civilize, humanize.+ ~...,.;...!._ adj. & n. agitator,
rabble-rouser.+ ~_ int). yelled when reaching a
~w.1..:. !,axnefir n. hom (wind instrument). basel home safely in a game. Cf 2. .:"bJ.+ *J.i...._
~L.:. !,axur. n. rocky/ stony mound. Cf .s:j~4J. adj. civlized. Syn. ,-"l:-)L.:..+ .lS'j_ n. small toWD.+
"s;'.1- adj. urban, characteristic of the city/ city
~L..:. !,axe n. a rumbling! crashing sound. (.:".).} ~I..:.
life.+ -;,s.)o- n. large/ important village. Cf -;,s.);
v. come down crashing! rumbling).
samll town. Syn . .lS'j;L.:..+ .:,,1.1'- n. mayor, chief of
~I..:. [;:;L.:.l !,axln See~L.:.~~.
a municipality.+ ~I.1'- n. mayoralty, the office/
.)1..:. !,ad adj. glad, happy,joyful.+':"»1 1_ v. be glad, term of a mayor or chief of a municipality. + ,-,,1.1'-
be delighted. E.g. ..:..;;J.IS'.;4- "-I r~ ~ r am adj. mayoral, pretaining to a municipality.+ ~_ I.
delighted by your success. Cf ':"»I~L.:.~.+ r\S- adj. urban, off realting tot characteristic of a city.
adj. contented, having obtained one's heart's 2. n. townsman, urbanite. Cf ~~~.+ ;Lt- n.
desire.+ .:"Lo_ I. adj. happy, cheerful. 2. n. name governor (of a province! state). Syn. ;lS~....)~ +_
of a male person.+ ,-"L.._ n. cheerfulness, ~....)L....t n. governorship, office/ period of

gladness.+ ..$)4-A_ adj. gen. thrilled to death incumbency of a governor.+ ~;L.!- adj.
(':"»1 ..$) ... ~ L.:. v. die of joy, be thrilled! delighted to gubernatorial~ off relating to a governor. E.g.
~;l.ul..:. ,-,,~)frl~ Gubernatorial election.
death).+ ~.;i-"- n. ecstacy, bliss, ebullience,
extreme joy.+ ~ n. happiness, joy, gladness, ;~2 !,ar pres. stem of the verb 0.1";.);1..:. q. v. + _[;L.:.l
pleasure. 0"""";.) v. hide, put out of sight, conceal (syn .
.:"I~;~); mask, cover up (cf ~~ 1.).< .0.11);1..:.
 371

'''';~JL.!.~.+ '.11J- adj. hidden, concealed. Syn. hemorrhoids.+ ~}~-..r./- v. I. imsert alum in a
JIJ~JL:- .,j~. child's rectum (as an old wive's device to induce
bowel movement). 2. fig. cajole, convince with a
I)....!. lara n. stack of harvested stalks! sheaves plausible argument.- ~.uJ.;L-j.
bigger than a sheaf).... and smaller than ,jL-p
)1.:. !aJir n. barren desert! wasteland. C.f ,jlt~.
q.v.
1.1IJJL.!. !a"awe adj. implicit, implied, inferred (cf ~L!. ~afit;f n. adherent of the Shafiitic school of

..s:....~); hidden. Islam., Shafiite .

UI.:. lava n. step, pace, stride. Syn . .1lS:.;.u.

~I.:.I !aq n. kingfisher (bird). Syn . •~L-.

~ L!.2 !aq n. step. Syn. J~' + .11- n. stride, big

I)"':' !are n. hive, nest; colony, hill (normally used
step.
as the first element of the compound name: _
!agird n. I. pupil, student (syn. ,,,,"L;~
.r..j'~J.j yellow jacket nest *JIJ'~J'j- bald-faced
hornet nest *aJ.1";;"- anthilV imt colony. )S...:;..,..); disciple, follower, scholar. 2. apprentice,
helper, mate (in a craft, trade. profession). c.r
Ij.)...:. lare1.ll adj. conversant, familiar, acquainted ~.~. Syn. ~J~ (under J"/)'+ ..;1_ n. tip
(syn. ~~~); experienced, parcticed, seasoned (cf given to the helper/ apprentice by a customer. 2.
2. ~ •• -'!~~~) (,j~ Ij.)...!. v. be familiar/ well- prize! award given to a studnt.+ ._n.weaver's
acquainted with-loS); have experience in-I~ .. 4...1.+ hooked stick.- ~~.+..s- n. apprenticeship (1oS~}l!.
,j~....s Ij.J L!. v. acquaint, familiarize oneself- p. + _ ,j~....s v. work! be employed as an apprentice or
..r! n. familiarity, acquaintance, expert knowledge, helper) .
experience. Syn. «..F.L:..:.l:)S. jL!. !a[ n. I. certain kind of a flowered woolen
fabric. 2. home-spun suiting of good quality: ..s-
....~ cashmere (fabriC). C.f ~k' 3. trousers.+_
';L!. !Q! adj. coarsely woven! knitted, having a ~""':'.1 n. trousers and jacket, suit. Syn. ~...s~
large mesh (syn. 2 . .1~); far apart (esp. o/teeth).
:1;:;4·
Ani. ..::..i-; apart, separate, at variance (as of views,
.1~L....:. !a[aw n. attack (esp. by a wolf, dog, etc.) (c.f
opinions, cOf1\1ictions, etc. E.g. ..5~~ ";l:..-;).u r-';
JL-~~); intense verbal assault accompanied by a
~l!. These stands are at variance with each other
hand gesture.+ ,j~J""d- v. be seen attacking.+.
(,j.J.l-i.;L...:. v. be coarsely woven; bel grow far
,j~/ v. attack; assault verbally and menace with
apart); loose, scattered, diffuse (thoughts, notions,
etc.).+ ~.J.1- adj. coarsely and carelessly woven! hand gestures. C.f ,jb JL-~~.
knitted.
JnJl!. lallir n. nightingale. Syn.~.
~....
".. • I • !Q!ik n. a man ' s headgear. S>)In. J'~'
• Cf
..
J~I.:. !alyar = J~)...!. (under Jl!. q. v.).
~fo-.
r-l!. lam n. Damascus; Syria.+ loS_I adj. off realating
~l!. !a~ (A) n. poet. Syn. )5""':'",; .~.,;..
to Damascus.- ~l:..";"":"'~ .
..jL!. laf n. enema (for children) consisting of solid
~L-l:.. !amaki n. brassiere, bra. Syn. Jj~~.
materia} (i.e. supository) inserted into the rectum
(c.f 4...11..;;. 3. J..u=-D~); supository for treating U"'~l!. !amboyi n. sheepdog. Syn. J,:....}--.
 372

..s.J"-O l;. ~amerg = ..sJ400~ l;. q. v. .t..il..! ~ane n. comb (for the hair): ~~_anat.

metatarsus *Jb~- bot. xylem ..:.-O.)~_ anat.

~L:} ~ami n. watermelon. See Li~.
metacarpus *,J~~~- homeycomb. Syn. 2 .
.:"L!. ~an n. anat. shoulder; shoulder (of a ~. (,:,~.J.t..il;. v. comb. Cf 2. ,:,~I~).+ JIS _ n.
mountain). (cf I. j~.)+ _ 4i- adj. I. shoulder to lady's maid; (woman) hairdresser.+ ~_ n.
shoulder, abreast; also fig. meaning close and combmaker.
harmonious (of joint effort. cooperation. etc.). 2.
on par, equal, being on the same level/ footing. ~l..! ~anik n. evidence, indication. Syn . .t..i~.
C.j .:"b.:"l..!.u ,:,l..!. + ..rJ-i.-
n. I. shoulder wrap, Cf &4i • ..;.:.JP~·
scarf/shawl. 2. See jL......e.).+ ,:,In>- v. be restless
JJl;. ~aw;r n. whistle. See~.
for action, ache/ hanker for action or
involvement.+ ,:,IS~ 1.)/_ v. look untidy/ slovenly ..:.oJJl;. ~awut n. a species offish.- ...,...L..
around the shoulders (ofone's adress).+ JIS~I~­
JJJL..:. ~awul n. plumb line, plummet: ~j"';..s-- the
adj. untidy/ slovenly in the upper part of one's
large elongated bead bringing the two ends of a
dress (lapel and shoulders).+ ~ b/_ v.i. give
rosary together.
~p, surrender. Cf ,:,I.);:);S'.+ ,:,1.) 1.)/_ v. restJ lean on
<oJtJl..! !awet (A) n. semen. Syn. 2. Jl: 'JL.jj.+-
(one's) elbow.+ )~_ adj. significant, important,
.:....,..~ adj. lecherous, lustful, lascivious.
perstigious, imposing (of a person). C.j •..5..;,}
)..t...L-.+ ,:,b_.u_ v. be equal/ measure up (to-~), ~ah = l..! q. v. + -..;1_ adj. kingly, royal
have the necessary/ fitting qualifications to match monarchic.+ eL.!.il_ also oL.!.io_ n. king of kings.
up (against-~).+ ~~J- n. disparaging Cf jlrJ·+ ~- adj. royal. regal.
reference to the upper (shoulder) part of one's
dress/ appearance.+ -JO- adj. shoulder to shoulder .,;.L..:. !aho n. I. heron (bird). Cf .,;.l;.~. 2. name
(,:,~;S ,:,L!..,..,.;l;. v. stand side by side with the of a mountain in Southern Kurdistan.
shoulders touching in a dance. Cf 2.~} .:....,..0.).+
~.JrJo- v. roW swing one's shoulder while
~l;. !ahbl n. a species of falcon. C! 1. .ilt.
walking.
,:,l.!l..! !ayan (P) adj. worthy, deserving (of) (syn.
,:,..Lil..! [~l ~and;n v. send, dispatch, forward. Syn.
1JO';';); proper, befitting, seemly (cf ~4i!,'>
':'~Jli.
(':'..I.Jo/,:,l.!L..:. v. be worthy/ deserving of. E.g. ~l.!l;.
..Lil..! ~and also ~..Lil;. J. adj. dispatched, forwarded, ~lt It is worth mentioning Cf 2. ,:,~).
sent. 2. n. envoy, emissary, legate. C.! J1J;!.;-ld
~l;. ~ayisle (P) adj. merited, proper, wrightful.
(under 1/
C! ,:,l.!l..!.+ JLL also ~~_ n. qualification(s),
oj.i l..! ~anze n. & adj. sixteen. + ~ _ also ~u _ and _ quality/ ability that makes one eligible or suitable.
~u adj. sixteenth.
..:.o~L..:. ~ayet (A) n. witness, one whose knowledge
u-iL!. ~ans (E) n. luck, chance, fortune. Syn. of s.th. serves as evidence/ proof; one asked to be
.:.>~ •..:........:....).+ )~_ adj. lucky, fortunate. persent at a transaction! event so as to be able to
testify to its having taken place (of business.
Syn.Je J':';'4i.
wedding contract, etc.). Syn. ol.,...s (,:,~..:.o~l;. v.
;;l..! ~ano n. stage (a raised platform); the stage.+_ witness, see/ know by personal or direct
~J& n. play (theater performans). cognizance. C! ':'»i..:.o~ l;. 4i .,:,~ u..:.o~ l;. v. have
witness, possess evidence in the form of
 373

testimony. C.f IJ....;~)' ..:-1;':"4!L...:.).+ 1_ expr. dol perform! carry out something. E.g. ~lt ~
normally used in comb. with ~.;_ if, when ~~ 1 did something good.+ _ 4..i- n. barter. C.f
meaning: if (it) happens that, turned out that. E.g. pS')L.;. (.:,,~..,...s~.:....:. v. barter, trade by
~~ I.Sj)~ )..$'; l;4!L.:. Ifhe turned out to be telling a exchanging one thing for another).+ ..5-J - n.
lie"'+'J";~)' .:-1;1_ v. produce/ come up with a effects, belongings, appurtenaces, articles. C.f
witness (on-~ s.th.! agains s.o.-~).+ ~ n. JI...J,.,J",s .JU;J~'+ I.S- n. quality/ state of objective
testimony, declaration by a witness under oath. existence or reality, thingness_+ Vot- adj. self-
E.g. J...t~ ~4! L.:. prisoner's testimony. + .:"b I.S _ v. serving, doing nothing without anticipating s_th. in
testify, bear witness (against-~). return.

.;ll4!L.:. ~ayetman n. Islamic profession of faith: I.S- jj..:. [;":'J !.1tJn V.t. 1_ wash.<&J.,.:.~ .&J.,.:.~':-I~

~ fervent profession of faith (esp. after .~. 2. abuse roundly, scold, give (s.o.) a
preservatoin from dangel', coming upon dressing-down. (syn . .:,,~)'~. C.f .:"I~~~).+­
incredible news/ event, etc.).+ .:,,~/_ v. IJI v.I. rinse! wash (cereals/ greens 10 remove
pronounce the Islamic profession of faith; fig. impurities). E.g. IJI~':"L:;.J~ Wash it before
expr. of asking s.o. to forgo/ forsake s.th. E.g. cooking. 2. develop, process (afilm).
4...s:.;.;l.U.tL:. Let it go. Forget about it).
.;;l.....;. !ixar1e also .;;I.C.. n. match_ E.g. ..54!4:-I~
fo.. L.:. ~ayer
(A) n. one who intones verses as an .;;l~.;. A box of matches.+ .:"I~~/_ v. strike a
accompaniment to dancing (often as a singer of match.+.:,,1.; IY.:!.I- v. set a match to.
elaborate praise). Syn. 1. ~J4.- ~ltL.:.. 2.
blabbermouth, talebearing person.+ I.S- n. r' !i!. I. adj. ragged, tattered, tom. 2. intj. used as
profession of a )4t I..:. q. v. expr. of disparagement/ contempt: fie!, phooey!
(,:,,~.r v. bel become tattered. .:,,~)' .;.. v. tear, wear
~ayi n. festivity, celebration, merrymaking out; insult! reprove severely).+ -t.J- See;JJ ..,;...+.
(esp. on a wedding occasion.). C.I .;..;~ ...t.iIJL..lj j~J n. tattered! worn out effects and articles.+.
-S..;-.....L: •.;.;.,.; •.:"I)..tI-. (.:,,~..,...s ~L.:. v. celebrate a ~j adj. tattered, wearing ragged clothes.+ ;JJ J-
wedding; make merry).+ p _ n. merrymaker, adj. tom to shreds (':"~)';JJ J';" v. tear into shreds,
reveler; one who attends a wedding celebration.+ reduce to tatters).+ 1_ also 1-t.J._n. rags.+ ;j.>._
.;1.;.:5/- See .:,,~~ ~L:..+ .:"lijL n. gala dancing to adj. & n. obsequious, fawning; minion,
music and song. <.:"lij.l. sycophant.+ I.S»-> 1_ n. fawning, bootlicking,
I ~ wine adj. frantic, at one's wits, distraught. kowtow.+ ~._ See ):.;I.r--"'+ j~JI- See Jr
C! "'io.,J~ .~; demoralized, disconcerted (see j~.

.;~). (':".l.r/ I~ v. be frantic/ distraught.+ I~ .2

~i! adj. grim, bad, gloomy (of one's situation).
r-
~.,..s v. cause to be frantic/ distraught; E.g. I';" J~ He is in a desparate situation.
demoralize). + ~_ n. frantic behaviour!
disposition. C.f ...,;L.:.;..;4;.
'"'If.. ~;rb n. bot. larch.

.:..~ ~;r1 gen. only in .:" l:.:;. ).~ ;:..J - and .:.r-.t- ~ ;:..J-
~ weste n. delirium, hallucination. C.f ~-;JJ
v. beat severely/ insult roundly. C.f 2. ij.;..
:: . .;..t.i\S~.
":'1 J....!.
- .somthing.
- !iI n. thing, things; object. ...s:.;:..:. A thing,
Everything. ...s:.;:;..:..
~.."..-.....
E.g .
~
seemly.
~;rjav also JI1,! adj. befitting, becoming,

'othing . ...s:.;:;..:..?-A Whatever (thing). (.:,,~)'.:.;. v.

 374

ir-ir !i!.imbi!.im adj. nonsensical, gargonistic: customarily recognized as sufficient for oI,j".J1>...:..
-..s4-l abracadabra. q.v.

.:";.;L;...,...,,..:. [~..."..:.J !irixandin v. thunder, roar; .:,,1>...:.. [~J !ikan v.i. I. break, be broken; be
make a crackling noice. forfeited! nullified (offasting or ritual ablution).
2. be defeated! beaten! vanquished; suffer
d~~"""':' !irixuhlJ!. n. lound and prolonged';""..r- humiliation, be undermined (of one's reputation,
q.v. influence, etc.) E.g. ~~ .Jl;..J 1.JtS:..:. .JI~ He has

.;.......;-:. !irixe n. a thundering! crackling sound really been repudiated by the public (cf .:"I.;.i .Jl;);
decline, dip (in value/ price/ etc.). 3. be assuaged!
(.:,,~~.;....~ v. thunder, produce a crackling
satisfied (of thirst).<.J1>...:.. •.:"l$..:.;:';.+ ':"J_ [~J
noise).+ t:'..r-- n. continuous thundering! crackling v.t. break, shatter; forfeit, nullify; break (a
sound. promise), breach, violate (a contract, agreement,
.;.;....."..:. !irinqe (E) n. syringe; injection.+ .:"b:)/_ v. etc.). 2. defeat,beat, triumph over; undermine,
give an injection to. Cj 3 . .:,,1;.,5'. humiliate, debase. Cj .:,,~.;S ~ •.:,,~.;S ~.;.<
.:,,;.;lS:..:.~. + •..,.,...~ _ \I. 1. break offi' apart; harvest
~ !ifte n. fried patties of ground meat flavoured (tobacco by breaking off the ripened leaves). 2.
with chopped onion and parsley, mutton ressole. break (a child esp. into a trade, profession, etc.).
3. help brew (tea esp. by emptying some of it out
~ !ifteci also ..s~ adj. bearing a child
and pouring it back in).+ I.JI- v. 1. break apart!
while still suckling an infant.
off. 2. become humble in spirit! manner.
•• 1
I~ !iifire n. 1. tusk; tush. 2. cobbler's/ shoe knife.
.JI>...:.. !ikaw adj. 1. broken, shattered; defeated,
1.;.:.2 !ifre also Ip n. cipher, code. beaten; breached, violated. 2. debased,
undermined, humiliated.+..s_ n. broken condition,
S·_ ·t- !iv!1nk adj. evergreen (shrub, tree, etc.).
place! spot where s.th. is broken .
.;......S..:.. !Ik/st (P) adj. damaged, marred, impaired
~I.i..:. !iqaqi n. crack in the pastern! splint bone (of (s.th.) (syn. u'j); defeated, checked. (':"»t~ v.
a horse). be damaged! marred). + .:"b ~/_ v. defeat
vanquish.+ .:,,~},.;./_ v. be defeated, suffer loss!
.:..1>...:.. !ikat (A) n. complaint, grievance (.:,,~.}.:..tS:..:.
failure.Cf .:".l...ildjJ .~..i~.+ ..s'j_ adj. easily
v. complain, make a charge/ accusaion against-:);
damaged! impaired. + 1 _ n. sty Ie of handwriting. + •
air one's discontent! complain to-..s'i).+ ~J./ _ v.
..s n. impairment, damage; defeat, loss, failure. + -
investigate/ look into (s.o. 's) complaint.+ .JLS-
..;.. also ~_ adj. fragile, breakable; delicate.
also ~ _ n. & adj. person who launches a
complaint; prone/ given to airing discontent. J>..-:. l.ikil. (A) n. form. See I";:'. Cj..s.....;; .4.i~~.+_
.JI>...:.. n. hunting, shooting game. Syn. .Jld.-
!ikar ~ n. draftsman.+ ~_ n. draftsmanship.+ •
~.+ (':"J.;S.JI>...:.. v. hunt, shoot game). + J:- n. ..,.~ n. and. adj. copy; copied (':"J.}..,.~ v.
hunter (syn . .J-.$.J1d); sportsman.+ LL n. hunting copy ;plagiarize as ofs.o 's signature).
grounds.+..s_ adj. hunting: _~ .... bird ofpery. ~ !ikna n. aim, intention, purpose. Cf •~
~L..I,;. Syn.j~J .j~ .
.I,j.J1>...:.. !ikarte n. rent-free piece ofland cultivated
for one's use/ on behalf of another. + (':"J.} oI,j".JtS:..:. ~ also ~ !ileo n. majesty, grandeur,
v. cultivate rent-free land).+ j.;L n. plot ofland magnificence.+ .;I~_ adj. majestic, grandiose. Cf
 375

.;s;...:.;o..,l>.+ I.J'~-..r./- v. glorify, sanctify, venerate; ~ !iIP 1. n. double handful, cupped hands when
honour. full (of water esp. when washi'!g one'sface). 2.
intj. splash! E.g. o..,.soJ\'; -.;..,.s...,J.:. Splash! he fell
~ !ikev n. plate, dish; bow\.+ ..5_ n. large
into the water.+ ~~..,_ n. right and left (denoting
shallow basin. See ..;.:...;.
the sound of beating! striking).+ d~..,-n. noisy
;j$.-.;. !ikin part of some compound nouns prolonged splashing. + • _ n. J. a spasbing sound, a
meaning: anti-,-braker, -destroyer (e.g. ~ lapping! slapping noise. 2. lavish! prodigious
back-breaker). ~ .sj) Anti-aircraft. display (of s.th. in great quantity and easily
attainable (c.f 1. .JL.:;J); wave of corruption, easy
J..!. !il adj. 1. fluid, loose, flowing, watery. Ant. J.
living, etc.+ ~J.It ~ v. be lavishly abundant and
.t...i.,.. 2. loose, slack, not rigidly fastened! secmely
free to enjoy, i.e. food and drinks at a party/
attached. 3. very much prone, amenable/ well- reception! wedding). + _ 0 _ n. repeated splashing. +
disposed. 4. limp (esp. from fatigue! strain);
~~ 0_ v. produce a splashing sound, be heard to
flabby. < ..,I.,.;..;.).:. (I.J»-I J..!. v. be loose! fluid; be
splash.
slack; be more than willing; become limp/ numb. +
I.J~~ J..!. v. loosen, slacken; work on, persuade s.o. t l:.I...:. !i!!ax n. pretext, excuse. C.f rs 2
• Syn .• ,,;L:.t
to agree! be amenable).- I.J~~ J..:.~.+ ..,'_ n. .u~.
liquid, fluid: ..,41,$- vitrous humor.+ o~»d- v.
..;J..:. !if.xe n. swarm of bees. Syn. '.J,m.
become fluid! less thick; become loose, lose
tension! tautness.+ o..,..:.~.?/_ v. reduce thickness ...&L..:. !iIf n. point (of a Icnife. dagger, etc.). C.f
(by adding liquid to).+ ..s _ n. soft part. E.g. ..5.....,;.+ t_n. tush. Cj •....-.=.1.
l.J'dl,$.s:.J...!. The upper soft part of the thigh. upper
thigh. + 4- n. soft, thin bread made by spooning
JL...:. !I!!I intj. slosh!, slush!.+ d.v-A..,- n. noisy
persistent sloshing. + 0_ n. a sloshing! churning!
loose dough over a hot iron sheet- tL- q. v.-
slushing noise or sound. + _ • _ n. continued
.....;~.s.+ ..,I.';_~•..,_ adj. disheveled, rumpled,
sloshing! churning sound.+ ~u._ v. slosh,
unkempt, disarrayed, flimsy and untidy (esp. in
appearance).+ • ..Jj_ n. sleet, rain mixed with produce a churning! slushing noise. E.g. .u .so..,\,;
snow.+ J-o..,- adj. nice and soft.+ ... n. 1. muslin ~"-! 1,$.u1.:. L.S:... The water sloshes in my stomach.
(fabric). 2. See ..L....:.~.+ adj. A,.j~o_ ..s:J..:. !il.k adj. tender and soft.
lackadaisical; languid.+ I,$~a:.o_ adj.
~"S:.L:. !iJkut n. gen. beating, thrashing: .$.;4"" 1,$-
unappetizing! uninviting (in both taste and
appearance i.e. foo<l).+ I,$;l:..o_adj. soft, feeble, merciless beating. E.g. ~~..}.;A-..o~.,>J.:.. He beat
lacking ruggedness! strength of character (of a city him to a pulp. C.f I.J'~~. Syn. 2. 1.Jl;~. (under
boy as compared to one from the country).+._ ~~2).
4..A.u..,ll n. dish perpared from pickled mutton,
..s"a.:. !iling See .J leJ IS.
dried apricot and raisins. + ..5. _ See -.;~.u..:..
Jjl.:. !iJoq also J..uJ.:. adj. lossened! shaken out of
~ !il. adj. spotted, speckled; freckled.+ ) ...... n. a
position; disturbed, unsettled, stirred (I.J..IY. Jj.I.!. v.
speckled species of adder snake.
be shaken out of position; be unsettled!
--
...-C !il.aie n. tacking, temporay sewing with big disturbed.<;:"..I.1-i~-..r.;:r..).+ 1,$- n. instability,
stitches. Syn . ..5jS. (I.J~.? ~ v. tack). shake, unsteadiness; stir, disturbance, convulsion.
(c.fw;.; .y..u-:.\,;).
...-;.:. !il.ane n. apricot. See u-:!....

- - -------------------
 376

;;.,1...:. ~ilwi adj. turbid, roiled (syn. 2. j.;J); murky, ...:......:. ~inqe n. builder's rule.
obscure, cloudy. (cf )o!~1.: .1.J.j~).
r--- ~imsiT n. saber. Cf .r-:.?+ .sjlt- n. fencing
~..J...:. ~i/etin ad). lukewarm, moderately warm, with a saber. Cj. .,r.:-:.I~.+ ~J"..s _ adj.
tepid. Cj. ~.)L... ~).s. fearless,dauntless, gallant. Cj. IjL.; . ..,..,;...:,. Syn .
.:..I~.+ 1_ n. bar (on a door); the upright pole on a
.;,I~ [~~J ~i!.ejan
v.i. be disconcerted; be
plough-..:.,Jp.':- J~p.
discomposed, be thrown into disorder. Syn
.;,lS~.+.;,~_[~~J v.i. discompose, throw into -l~ ~;mqa! n. a species offalcon. Cf I . •~L.:.
confusion I disarray.
jlt.
.JI~ ~i!.ejaw adj. discomposed, disarrayed, upset.
.)...! ~imli n. fenugreek.
~j.J...:. ~i!.eji pres. stem of the verbs .:"I~ and
41~ ~imlibiTake also ....sl.)~ n. twins
~.j4.I..:. q. v.
attached together.- .;I.J.J~ .~.
~.j4.I..:. ~ilejin =.:"I~ q. v.
..,..L:..:. ~inas 1. second elemint of some compound
~.j4.I..:. ~ilejin pres. stem ofthe verb ':".l.il~ q. v. nouns meaning: -er. E.g . ..,..L:..:.I~ Astronomer.
2. adj. acquainted, familiar. Cf L:..:.I.:.+ uli_ n.
.:"l:;...i.;. [~...i.;.) ~ileqan v.i. slash, splosh about (of
indentification (card, paper, etc.). Syn. uL:.....li.
liquid in a container).+ .;,~_ [~.J..:.J V.t. cause to
spalsh/ slosh about; beat, whip, mix by stirring Cj. ....... ~ (under ~I'b.+ .s- n. acquaintance,
(eggs, etc.) (cf .:"b ...s:.:;,.). familiarity.
IJL:..:. ~inawe n. small patch of standing crop.-
.Jl:;...J..:.. ~ileqaw
adj. disturbed, stirred (of liquid in a
container); jig. disturbed, characterized by j.;S ~.)lS:..:..
commotion/ tension (of a situation, etc.).
-l';;":" ~ind;! n. tatter, shred.+ (.;,~,j -l';;':' v. tear into
~.J..:. ~i!.eqi pres. stem ofthe verb .:,,\Hi.:. q. v. shreds).

~.u..:. ~i!.eqin pres. stem ofthe verb ,j.J.jU.J..:. q. v. ..s..:.:., ~ing n., bot. salsify, purple goatsbeard .

...;J...:. ~iliT
n. bot. crown-imperial lily. 2. name of a ~ ~ing;! gen. only in j~.J~ n. tatterded!
place near penjween (Southern Kurdistan). 3. worn out effects.
name of a female person.
,;.:....:. ~ino n. pressup, pushup. + (.:,,~,j';':':' dol perform
~ ~l1k n. strawberry. Syn . ..s~. pressup) .

.:"IJ:i [;:s.,:i oJ
0 ~iliwan v.i. be stirred! aroused! ..:....:. ~ine n. soft and gentle movement of air: It.s-
agitated, be in commotion/ferment. gentle breeze, zephyr.+ .;r..- n. continued gentle
movement! blow of air.+ (,j~,j ~ v. comtinue
1..,.;1..:. ~iliwe n. storm, tempest (syn. J..uJu.;.5);
to blow gently).+ ~~/_ v. blow gently.
upheaval, convulsion (syn. ~1~.;.5. cj. I.JI~I.:).
pres. stem of the verbs ~ and I~
jlJ...-:. ~imxal n. long. muzzle-loader gun. Syn.
q.v.
~~~.
~ [~J ~intn See ~Lu,;;'.+ O.JO- V.i. move/
jL...:....:. ~;"qal n. 1. pipe (musical instrument). 2.
blowl sway gently.
bot. box, boxwood.+ ';'I~_ n. pipe player. Syn.
,;...:.1 ~o
pres. stem of the verb ij..;. q. v. + )~ _ adj.
':"1~..uJ. Cf;.)... •..JI.:W~ .1.:-lJ ) .
damp, dank, humid.
 377

~o
2
;.;. I. = ;:.,.:. q. v. 2. n. field ploughed once. See ~.+ JI;_adj. washed, laundered.+ ...Ln.laundry
...c;..:..+ v---.t-I- v. plough field for the first time in room, place where laundry is washed.+ ~_ [;;':'1
the season. v. wash. See iji.;.. C.! .J~)' ~ J l;. + 0~ _ See o~.
~I.,.:. ~wa~;nk also ~I.,.:. n. name of a shrub. ;,.:. ~o! adj. hanging down, dangling, pendant,
.:"I~ ~uwan n. I. shepherd. Cj .J,4i~ ..:"IJlS' suspended, (cj i...-I)~); drooping; low (long)
.:,,1y..J~~. 2. name of a district in Southern and hanging (of a dress, etc.). C.! J.i.t.+ (':"»1 p:.. v.
Kurdistan. 3. name of a male person. + ....:1_ n. be low and hang, look sunk! too low.+ .:,,~)' p:.. v.
shepherd's fee.+ ~l>_ also~J~_ n. name ofa only in comb., i.e . .J~.;S;":'~q.v.).+o~»II-v.
small bird.+ ~4iI~_ n. name of a children's hang down/low, dangle (from I~ .. a..t or OJO .. .J).+.
game.+ o;LL n. I. group of shepherds, a member 0~~)'1 v. dangle, let! cause to hang down. Syn. I~

of such a group. 2. name of a sect from the Jaf ~.+ IJ"IO- n. weeping willow.- IJ"I.+ .:,,~o_n.
tribe. + 0 _ n. name of an herb used to flavour imposing (elegant and majestic) lady (lit. woman
cheese.+ ~_ also I.S- n. shepherd's profession. dressed in flowing robes).+ )..,....0- n. horseman
brilliantly attired in flowing robes and depicting a
.:..L"":' ~ubat n. (month of) February. brave and imposing figure. C.! ~},_. + J'io _ n.
,,;,,;';' ~op n. trace, track (syn. I.S~); vestige (cj dashing young man.
}".,..:;..,..:.).+ j~l_ adj. capable of tracing footprints/ a lu.;..!. ~orba
n. soup. Syn. ~A..t.+ ~~_ n. treatment
track! a trail.+ ~_ also .JJu- See j~~.+ • (i.e. of a wall) with a thin mixture of cement,
LJ'.JJ~I v. pick up (s.o. 's /s.th 's) trail. whitewash, etc. (~.,s ~~L';';":' treat with such
mixture).
~j.!. ~otile n. bot. name of an herb. See ...s:.L.jp.
.:" b";;':' !ortan n. a kind of cheese. - .r--i~.
c..,.... ~ox adj. winsome, channing. C.! jjl •.:"I~.+­ ':"o~ !oret (A) n. See ..s:..;ltJli (all forms) .
..s.;..:,.J adj. elegant, handsome. graceful, Syn. I.
.:,,'i~.+ I.S- n. vivacity, wit and chann; gaiety and p:..op:.. ~O!q.o! n. sound of pouring liquid .
merriment.+ (.:"~.,s...,.>,;,,,:,
v. engage in good- ..,;;,...,j.!. ~oste also .......j.!. n. sidewalk, pavement.
humoured fooling! teasing. C.! .:,,~)'.jlS'.
),;;';' ~ofar adj. seditious, defiant, oisposed to
~I ~or also;~ adj. brackish, briny. Cj ;..,..... + _ arouse/ take part in civil disobedience. Cj
..5J I n. brackish water.+ ojA..t_ n. cooked chickpea ...,.>lot •........Ja..t .~~.;.$.
in salty water. Syn. JLS..;;.+ 0_ n. chem. niter,
...;ij.!. ~oflr (E) n. chauffeur, driver. Syn. ~y;.;.
potassium nitrate.+ .:..LSo_ n. salt marsh: -..s!J'j
land subjected to overflow by salt water/ deposit. J;';' !oq n. (act oObutting with the head / horns.
Cj c;:;J.+.:"I~/- also .:".JjL:,.,J/- v. butt with the
~2 ~or n. agitation, disturbance, commotion. Cj
horns! head (of some animals).+ ~J- adj .
..;;nJ..-:. .",:-,.v-.!.l; .~.+ ..r- n. revolution,
butting, prone to strike with the head! horns. + _
insurrection, rebellion, revolt.+ ~_ n.
jj....;....J ~ I See .:".Jj L.:.oJ Jj.!.. +.:,,1 ~ ~ I_v. butt, strike
revolutionist, rebel.+ 4i1~_ adj. revolutionary,
(at-.J ) with the head! horns.
of! relating to/ constituting a revolution; radical.
..u;.3 ~or n. name ofa type of i"llA..t q.v. ..5;';' !ok n. a kind of manna deposited on oak
leaves. Cj jj....5. + ,_ n. kind of blight which esp .
..;..:.4 ~or pres. stem of the verb L.I-'~.<~.+ attacks tobacco leaves .
.:,,1- [~;';"';'l v. pass. of the verb V'~ q. v.+ .:,,~_ See
 378

,;.,.:.. !ukr (A) See...,..1..:- (~~.?,;,:.. only in ..;';,:.. ~~ !uj n. small pieces of broken rock! stone. C.!
~~.;-S I.,...> thank Gad).+~I_ n. thanksgiving, ~J4.tD~).J .~.

expression of gratitude. (~~.,.s ..;1';"":' v. give

.:,~.,,:. !lijin = ~jJ"" q. V.
thanks, express gratitude). + ~~}~ ..;1_ See ..;1';':"
~~';.+;:r. ..;1_ adj. content, fulfilled, satisfied. ..;~ !Ii! adj. smooth and slender, sleek, svelte.
Cf ...,....u-J.+ (.:,~..;.,,:. V. be smooth and slender;
...s..J;.:. !eleke n. large double saddlebag. Cl .~~
be sleek).+ jjM.- 0_ n. sheet of ice. C.! D;..04-.
jl~.
...:...,,:. !Ii!e 1. n. glass: J:,.... ..;- frosted glass..;_
r;';' !om also.v-:. See j:}.
...;&;; glass water container of the water pipe.
~ !Ii n. marriage, marriage Iife(oJ a girl); C.! 2. r~' I. tb~.- I. ;..ult; bottle (syn. 2. ";,,u);
husband (Syn. ~...;....) (~,;~ v.marry, take a flask, glass jar. 2. adj. made of glass.+ (.:,~.;..,,:.
husband. Syn. ~';~~. C.! ~L:.;,.~).-..s~4.t.:,~..,..).< v. be made of glass. E.g. ",,!...:...,,:. ..;...sa5-o~ Its
~"'-t.:,I~.+I.r.- n. brother -in-law, the husband's handle is made of glass). + J.i4.t _ n. fanlight; glass
brother.+.:,~I.r._ n. brother in law's wife, wife of structure. C.! ~l.;...~.+ )LL n. glass-maker/
the husband's brother. See .:,1It~. manufacturer. Cl ~~.+ ";JL.S _ n. glass-
)~ !uwar n. I. pulse, regular throbbing (i.e. in the making.+ ;4_ n. glazier, one who sets glass.+...,t.-
arteries).+ ~}I_ V.t. take/ check (s.o. 's) pulse. 2. adj. glassy, resembling glass; polished! smooth as
glass.
perceptible emotions or opinions.
J"':' !lil n. roedeer, roebuck.
~lS...~ !upekan n. name of a game played by
girls. j.,.,.:.. !lil n. osier twigs, withy. Syn. j.".,;.+ (~~';j.,,:.
.:..~ !lit only in .:..~.,,;l:. q. v. under .:..l:.. v. go withy-cutting). + ..s _ n. switch, a slender
flexible whip/ twig.+ .:,L.:.;Sj~~/- v. bluster,
~~ !uti n. watermelon.- ..k;~ .~~4S.Jl;, talk! act too self-assertingly; go too far, exceed the
~~.+ ~jSD_ n. small and often misshapen proper/ perscribed limits (syn. .:,~...,..~~).
watermelon.

J»--
. !lir n. sword. See .J'~}'
.:,J.i~~ [~~J
diarrhea.
!lilandin v. be diarrhetic, have

DJ~ !ure n. surrounding! protective wall (el ..:...~ !wit n., bot. dill.
)J-!~ .~~); rampart (el ~J4.t .~l,;).+ 4.t1-
~.",..:. !iJn n. I. track, trace, vestige (syn . ..;..J;
.:,L.:.;S I~.".s v. build a wall around, surround with a
direction (el..:.....- .)ul,;). 2. place, location (syn.
rampart.
I. ~); site, spot.+(.:,~ ... ~~v.haveatrace/
...,t.DJ~ !lireyf n. shame, feeling of disgrace, sense
vestige (oj s.o./s.th. ~~~.",..:. v. make a mark,
of shamel indecency. Cf r.J4!..+ (':'~...,t.DJ~ v. be
leave a trace). + _ 4.t - only in ij...;..j~ ~~ 4.t ~~ fig.
a disgrace, constitute shameful/ indecent
follow in the footsteps; follow/ pursue closely (see
behaviour. E.g. ;; J-I ~ ...,t.DJ"':' It is a disgrace for
~"..s ~~).+ ~~- n. mark, imprint, impression,
you. You should be ashamed of yourself. +
a distinguishing in fluence/ effect.+ ~_ n.
~~.,.s ...,t.DJ~ v. feel ashamed, have a sense of
footprints, foot imperssion. Syn. ~.",..:.~ (under
decency often used in the negative. E.g. ~
;:r.).+ if.->I- v. have (s.o.) followed, keep in sight
~~Jl;,...,t.DJ~ Don't you feel ashamed?). Cf
.$.;,..;.
by setting S.o. after. E.g . .:.->~~~ J.J~ I had
him followed by two persons. < if.-> ~~ ~. + _
 379

jjl n. tracker.+ o.JA..:.(Jpl- v. pick up the tracks! a ~2 ~ep only in p.:.~...:. adj. hanging loosely,
traiV etc.+ .:-u_ n. follower, adherent. Cj e~.+ dragging on the ground in an untidy manner (of
Ij_ n. birthplace, place ofbirthl origin.+ ~..,.sl­ clothes on a person).
v. follow, go/ proceed after: idiom. 1S.J'is~..,..:. j~"':' ~epal n. lion cub. Syn . .;.;.. 441.
~y....S .JpftLt Try the impossible. Seek the
~-...:. ~epqe (E) n. hat (European style). Cf .jo.r-.o
irretrievable (lit. follow a blown away cap in a
.J;J.S •~..J.;A-.
windstorm).+ 0~}1_ v. supersede, replace, take
the place of. + ~l.J ~.,s I_See ~l.J ~.J.J ~...,.:.. + ~..Jt 0_ ~...:.. ~epik n. top Gacket) of the Kurdish male
n. scar.+ Ijo_ n. birthpalce, place ofbirthl origin.+ outfit. Syn. 4.l.k·- 4.l.k~I;.
..,1.,0- n. I. sign, vestige. Cj ).JA-li. 2. milieu,
~...:.. ~eple n. med. hemiplegia. Cj~.+ )l_
setting; environment (syn. d:..:.,.j ).+"",Ij.h ... n. adj. hemiplegic, semiparalyzed.
ecology.+ ~l;S ~.J.J/- v. lose track! trace (O!-IS).+-
. '.' • I....:.
IJ"!"~ ~eplisopen n. juggling (with balls.
"",.J.J0 gen. only in comb.: ";.J~""':'~ in order to
etc.)
mislead, for the sake of disguise (~l.J ";.J.J":';""':' v.
cover up one's tracks, misguide, confuse the ~...:. ~epope n. sley, weaver's reed.- ~~.P.
issue).+ ~}~/_ v. follow (the track! footprints!
~epo! n. beating oneself as a manifestation of
trail of-IS). E.g. D~ ju IS ~~..,..:. Follow his
mourning.- #....:.~.
footprints.
~...:.. ~epol n. wave, braker (water); wavelength,
...:. ~e =:.,:.. (allforms) q.v.
wave (air, ether): ..s.:.UIS- wave band, band of
~I ~ebeq n. morning twilight, early dawn. C.f radio-wave frequencies.+ ~b/_ v. rise/ swell in
~Ol.;Oj •..5....,;}.+ ~ll/_ v. come (of morning waves, be choppy, (of water).
twilight).+ IS- adj. at morning twilight! early
.:.."':" ~et (A) n. river. See ;ld;. c.j. ~~ .lu0l .~j.+_
dawn.
.JI n. (act of) cooling off (a horse! other riding
~2 ~ebeq n. gap, opening, hedge. Syn. I. ~~Dl. animals) by splashing water esp. over the stomach
(~..tH;:'; ~ in. suffer from a
v. have a gap and lower abdomen.+ (~~ .Jl;"':" v. cool off an
gap).+ ~y.S~/_See ~»t~ ~.+ __ adj. fun of animal).
gaps.Cf~~· ~...:..I ~etl (A) n. seedling, a nursery pI ant. + ~...:.
~~ also ~b ~~...:. v. transplant, lift and reset a
..5~ I ~ebek n. a thick roIIing pin. c.j. ..5Id.
seedling in another soiV location).+ ;~_ n. plant
..5~~} ~ebek n. name of a Kurdish esoteric dervish nursery,arl)orettun.
order.
~...:..2 ~etl n. mathematical characters that form part
~ ~ebeng n.phys. spectrum.+ o)jr.0_n. I. of the symbol ofa number, sign i.e. the + (plus) or
sunflower. See D)j.f'"l J.,s. 2. multi-coloured mauve - (minus) signs.
fabric.- ..5.u~.+ IS- n. spectrum. j.w"':" ~etfJr adj. inexpert, amateurish, skill-less,
;,;~~...:.. ~ebeyxJJn n. surprise night attack. Cf awkward.+ IS- n. inexperience, lack of skill. Cj
.;~ .;l.• ~""t. ISl..Jl~ \;.

~ ) ~ep n. palm (of the hand). + ..J.IjI_ also t)o _ n. ..5.;...:.. ~etek
n. tight roping! tying.+ ~b/_ v. rope/
tiel wear/ bind tighly; tighten. E.g. 1.J':".5'.. ·:- ';
slap (esp. on theface).- ~l.o ~ .~ll;:"J.
 380

Ol4."o ..s~4.!. Don't wear your belt so tight (.\)In. countercharge. + ..s~m _ n. periodicaV persistent
,j.l.il.;~). bickering, petulant quarrel/ or altercation.+..s...o_
n. dog fight(a/so fig.)+J;.:.o- a/so G,jio_ n. butting
o~ !ecere (A) a/so o~... n. genealogical tree
match.+J-.:.o_ n. browV row/ noisy ruckus
(of one's lineage or ancestry).
(between two or more people either injun or in a
.;.;....:.. !exte n. sheet of ice/ frozen water. Syn. quarrel). C! UJ,i....Ji. E.g. ~~~...J,jl;~~J";
j~... -.:.~. What is all that ruckus about?+ ,r-:,. D _ n. fencing,
0';'-':' !exre n. stepladder. C! o~~. sword play.+ ~ 0_ n. verse (poetry) contest.+ D_
;:;u~.Jl n. battle ofslingers.+ ..so~.s D_ n. a fight
..r>4.!. !us (A) n. tomb of a religious/ holy person,
between gangs (normally people f!om two
often considered a shrine. different quarters/ parts ofa town). + ...JjS",;,;.- 0_
~...:. !exeL n. spines, prickle, barb. Cf ..sdJ. + ,jl_ n. fist fight.+ 4,;;.....:••. 0 _ n. boxing, boxing match!
n. grounds full of thistle and sp~es, place where fight.+ :;.,.5..; D_ See ";j)d-':'.+ ;;.l.iL...,.,s~/- v. stir
reeds and thistle grow thick. Cf ,j~~ lJ. up a quarrel, incite a fight.
Ol4.!. !ede (A) n. a female turban! headgear (cf I~ !O'tI n. excessively hot wind! heat wave that
&..J~ ...); See~. scorches fruit or standing rice crops. + ,jlJi I_also.
,jll~
.r-:-- !e! n. fight, quarrel, hostile encounter (cf Ip,
v. be scorched by a heat wave.+ JJlft- also
JI~.L;J. adj. hit and scorched by a heat wave.
2. ~,i4...t); war, armed conflict, battle (.\)In. J• ..s.:,~.
cf ,j4.!.J~).+ tr->-JJJII.S- blitz krieg trl.S~~U:1.?­ ..... I~ !erab (A) n. wine. Syn.I.S'" .Dl~.+ I.S- adj.
guerilla warfare tr~JL.;s - civil war. (,j~ d"':' v. having the (red) colour of wine.
have a fight! quarrel with- j4$...J. + ,jl.J d-':' v. do .....)-.:. !erabe (A) n. porous earthenware water jug.
battle, fight; quarrel).+ ~I_ adj. pugnacious,
~ !erbet (A) n. drink consisting of fruit juice!
having a belligerent nature, truculent. Syn . .5.:.4#(:.
diluted fruit syrup. E.g. j,;.....;~ Grape juice. +
C! ~oJ~~.+ ,jl.;S ~/_ v. wage, engage in!
..;~_
carry on a war.+ ..;v- adj. quarrelsome.+ • ,iL-- n. juice maker.+
fruit juice.
n. maker/ seller of

~j)1 v. seek! provoke a quarrel, try to pick a

fight (with-~).+ ;...s _ n. warrior, combatant,
fighter; warring party.+ ..s _ n. battle ground, .::..~...:. !ert (A) n. condition, stipulation, proviso
battlefield.+ D.,..;li_ v. plan a fight, start a quarrel.+ (.\)In. ~~~. cf )yIJ.,JJU .~L-t~4...t); wager. bet
~J- n. coninuous fight! quarreV dispute.+ 0_ fITSt (.\)In. JD,.,5).+ (,jJ..H'::"~ v. only in the standard
element of certain compound nouns describing expr: ....,..::..~ I undertake/ I commit myselfto).+.
different kinds of fights! contests.+ l.;4-iO- n.
;;li III v. lay down conditions! stipulations (o/-}l).
fighting with rocks, stone-throwing exchange.+_
E.g. 4.S I.S~~ J4...t provided that..! subject to the
..s.:,~Dn. exchange of rifle fire. + ';"jojO- n. J.
condition that ...
exchange of artillery fire, artillery duel. 2. pelting
match with hard leather balls.+j~o_ n. snowball ~ !er~ (A) n. cannon law oflslam (,jJ.J tr! v.
fight. + ~o _ n. slanging match , exchange of give legal ruling, adjudicate).+ I.S- adj. lawful,
vulgar abuse.+ ~';'D_ n. daggerfight, duel with legal: _..,.:..;. intercourse (with one's spouse).
daggers. Cf 1.S,i~yu:..i.;..+;:,mo- n. recrimination, ~~4.!. !erm n. shyness. timidity. diffidence (syn.
mutual accusation! namecalling, charge and ~J.r"4.S); decorum. decency, propriety and good
 381

taste in conduct! appearance (syn. ~4>)+ <r~ ..:-..:.,1 lest n. & adj. sixty. + ro.'" also ~o ... adj.
;;~.;S v. be shy/ diffident; be decorous/ decent. also sixtieth.
in the expr. ~ro;":" Have the decency .. ).+ ~»-'I_ ..:-..:.,2 lest n. 1. violentdownpour(eJ .oJ"j.S~
adj. shameful, infamous, dishonourable.+ )J_adj. .....ft.l). 2. hail of missiles (el ;;I)~"s •..sJ.;:.).+
decent, courteous, thoughtful. + .I L.. _ See (;;~..s.:-..:.. v. rain cats and dogs, come in a violent
}j....~.+ ;;15......;,/_ v. overcome shyness! downpour, i.e. rain).+ fo. n. submachinegun. Syn.
diffidence. + ..s _ n. external genital organs of a W •.;......+ ;;1)·ofO_ n. 1. rainstonn (cJ ~O.,). 2.
human being.+ ;;1.r-S~;rJ/- v. be bald-faced! (month of) April.
impudent.+ ;;_ adj. shy, timid, bashful, diffident.
..:-..:.,3 !est n. archer's thumb-stall, thumb. Syn
Syn. J.Jr"4S.+ ..r-- n. bashfulness, timidity.+ ..sj_ 0).,.5 ~~ •o~.
See ~.I"":'.+ }jo_ adj. ashamed, shamefaced;
embarrassed (ej ~~)+ (;;.v.ulj~~ v. be ~
, . !estper. n. bot. marigold.
ashamed, feel embarrassed.+ ;;~.;S )j~""":' v. ~ !este only in ;;~.} ~ v. harrow (land) to
embarrass, disconcert; overwhelm and cause (5.0.) level furrows.
to feel self-conscious normally by indulging in
doing favours for him).+ \oS)jo- n. shame, ..;...:. !t'! n. & adj. six.+,,)'l; ... See~.+ ~.,....; ...
shamefacedness; embarrassment. + ;;L..:.;S \oS)jo- adj. six-fingered. + »-,~ . . n. math. cube.+ ..J~_ n.
See ;;.v.ulj....~.+ .I..i 0_ adj. shy, reserved + 0_ hexahedron.+ -t-t- n. mace with a six-sided head

~1J.i n. shyness, reserve.+ ;;.,.;.._ See ~~. used as a staff of office.+ ~ _ adj. skilful in
playing marbles.- ~W..... + ~_ n. sixshooter,
jlJ.I"':' l,ewal n. long, baggy Kurdish trousers (el six-chambered revolver.+ ...;l;."", n. early type of
;;~.).._m); long, baggy pants! underwaer (eJ
rifle-~.u;.+ [.v-- also ":";$_1. n. hexagon. 2.
;r...;.~).+ ~.J<I-I- n. name of a flower used as a ad}. sexangled, hexagonal.+ ~ _ n. hexagon.+ _
purgative.+ ~_ adj. indecent; dishonest. Syn.
..r-~ adj. hexagonal. + 0 - See .:-.,....:..:....:.. + iJ ~ 0 ... n.
~-.Jb.+ ~l;.):.""J'" n. Kurdish male outfit of the tenth month of the Islamic lunar year; first six
snugly fitting top with open collar and baggy days of the tenth month including the Ramadan
trousers and made of ordinary suit fabric feast.- ;;~.+ roo ... also~ .... adj. sixth.+..s~ ... n.
Cj ..tj>..,s:..;I.,. one sixth (often used as formula for dividing
~.I"':' le,et adj. fugitve, exiled, displaced. Syn. legacy).

o)Jl; '.Io~Ii.{.I0~. J.v:;.;...:. !eftiil adj. crooked, out of line/ shape. Cj

)..,>.
...;.;...:. le,e/ (A) n. honour. Cj JJ-t-l;. ~o~
(under 1i.{2), "';0.l~ (under ~\ ,u;ll":" leva,e n. young! new shoot (of a plant). Cf
.iiot.>.~.
...;..~ le,1/ (A) adj. honourable, upright, ethical.
Syn. )~JJ-t-l;. *..s~a..:J":" !el'!evok n. bat. Syn. o;~~...:.....:...

..5......;..:.. lenk (A) n. partner. See ~Jl.. ~I !eq n. kick with the tip of the foot! instep. Cj
~ 4S..,,; •.u..J.~;~ 4.ib.+ JI ... n. step, footfall.
~ les n. sense, faculty, inborn ability/ power
See Jl$.;~ .~lS'2.+ ;;I~j.a;:';/ ... v. kick, strike out at
(el .I..s0J. lil","); feel, awareness, consciousness
with the foot. Cj ;;IJ ~.+ ;;J)..,>/... v. be kicked;
(see ..:-....).+ )~_ adj. conscious, aware. C.f.
be punished.+ ;;J.i~ .J/... v. manage to kick, kick
lS'~.;~.
away (at).+ ~-.Jl./... v. kick, kick about (as in a
 382

struggle).+ ~_ n. name of a game resembling sign, indication . (':':I';sjJ"":' v. mark! make an

hockey. impresion on (s.th.) with a stamping device).
~2 ~eq n. cleft, cleaver, fissure, split. Cj ,~ oU....:.' ~eqe n. clapping! clacking sound or noise: IS-
j;~. + (':'»-1 ~ v. be split, become split jLt flapping of wings *a...4~ IS _ sound of
lengthwise.+ ,:,~.;S ~ v. split, divide/ cut! open applause.< jLtlSoU"":' ~ iJb (under iJl:I\+ J4.!- n.
lengthwise). + ;1_ adj. fissured, cracked, cleaved. continued clapping! clacking, repeated slamming!
C! .J~'+ ;1_;'- adj. fissured! cracked in many rattling noise.
places. +':'»-1 ;ll"":' ;1;;"":' v. crack in many places, -.,i..:..2 ~eqe n. weaver's comb.- "J.p..
have many fissures). + ':;"':';1_ perp. throughout, all
~eqebend n. ornamented bells and
the way from one end to the other. C! ~I;,,-.+ trappings (on an animal).
':'~ft/" v. burst open, split in two. C! ':'~Jij;~.+­
..t..;;....:. ~eq;le n. leather apron worn by a woman
~..J adj. tom to bits, broken! smashed to pieces.
who spins with a hand spindle-";"'; in order to
Cj u...~..J.+ (iJ:I~ ~~ v. smash to pieces, tear
protect her garment.
into shreds, break! damage beyond repair).+ r.J-
adj. rickety, ramshackle, brokendown, ..5....:.' l.~l n. yearling lamb. Cj ~ 'C,;4i: j\S IS-
dilapidated; rocky, tottery, unsteady (of a regime. yearling that has not yet lambed. + ~ _ n. flock of
establishment, etc.)+ (':'»-I,r;;":" v. be rickety/
yearling lambs. C! ,:,I.}. + ~_ n. ewe that has
dilapidated). + ; L..!..o _ n. two-handed cross-cut
lambed once.+ ~o_ n. female yearling lamb.+_
saw. Cj o.}"';.
;";0 n. male yearling lamb.
~3 ~eq also -.,i":" as part ofcertain compound
..5....:.2 ~ek n. restr. narrow end! base of a knuckle.
words.+ .}~.J- n. noisy and persistent slamming! <.,5..:.. .;"- ".;;l...
banging (i.e. ofdoors). Cj ~.
;\S"":' l.ekaT n. meadow, track of grassland. Syn.
~4 ~eq
gen. only in comb. meaning: miserable,
.$~.Cj~.
r
wretched, pitiable. C! 2 E.g. 0""';;-:l4i .t.J4!.)~
iJ\S"":' [;:;"":'1 ~ekan also 0.J..;\S..:.. V.i. sway, swing!
He is miserable because ofhim.+ ':'~Ji/..2 esp. in
comb. with j:l_ heart. Eg. ~r--l:l~b..J~o.J
rock; flutter, vibrate/ shake gently.+ ,:,~- £u;5":"1

.;..j..)-.... You really aggravate (annoy) me. ~Ji~

also 0""';.Li\S"":' v. cause to sway/ rock. Eg. Lt
0.J.-:·:<....:..:,45~0;~ Wind is causing the tree to
..:..l..4..i JU He hasn't showed up yet, I am getting
sway.
worried! anxious.+ ':'~.rI"..r./- v. worry, keep
anxious/ solicitous (esp. by keeping uncertain, ,j"":' ~ek;T n. suger: ~ I;; IS _ cane suger *.Li-.,i IS-
holding back. etc.); annoy, aggravate. loaf sugar *.....u,oIS- loaf suger ~~IS­

i"ll"":' ~eqam. n. street, avenue, boulevard. C! 'is.}\;.. crystallized cane sugar *O:l;.J IS _ granulated cane
'i"I;;..:..\;.. ,,:,"JjS ,is.}"J. Syn. o~~ .+is.}o- n. street. sugar. Cj .Li4.l.+ .J1- n. 1. sweetened water. Cj

-.,i~":" ~eq~eqe n. rattle (baby's toy).

t!.Li4J 2. betrothal celebration during which candy
and sweets are distributed. - ,:,~.;s ~..il.,.>. + .J1-
w4!. !eqqe =..J.t...! q. v. o~.);1~ v. hold a betrothal celebration and send

jJ"":' ~eql n. stamping device/ instrument (esp. for

out sweets as confirmation of a girl's
engagement. + .r--i~ _n. a kind of sweets/ candy. + •
making a distinctive mark on goods) :iJL.PIS-
,:,~)~/ v. fig. be plausible/ fair-spoken. Eg.,j":"
stamp impressed on piles of grain to prevent theft
before removal from the threshing floor; mark, ISP"": I couldn't say it any better. Cj ';'~o.). + _
 383

.;,b n. sugar bowl. + .;,;.;\5...:,,1_ v. I. break a sugar J'&..:.. !egel = j.$:S":" q. v. under ..5..:...
loaf into cubes.- ~.}..:... 2. jig. be plausible,
j..:"l !el adj. lame, having a leg disabled.+ (';'JY-j..:..
say the right thing; also used sarcastically E.g.
v. be lame, become disabled in a leg.+ ';'l.} j..:.. v.
~ u.St.}":" ~~ Well then, go ahead if you
make lame, cripple in the leg).+ .s _n. disease that
must.+ ~_ n. adz-shaped implement used for
attacks sheep and goats in the hoof.+ ":"""..J- adj.
cutting a sugar loaf into cubes. + ';'JY- l..tl ..J I_used
muddled, incoherent, disjointed.+ .,;."sJ- adj.
only in the following standard expressions: .}..:..
broken down in health, decrepit! worn out by
or :..r..}..:.. ~ l;..tl ..J What you say is nice (1
':'•.m ..J
infirmities. idiom. r';..J4lj r......."s"J..:.. I shall strike
quite concur in what you say) but...+ _..J_ n.
out in every direction or 1 shall be indiscriminate
sugar cookies made with nuts and flour.+ .n1-adj. in striking. + _ t _ n. limping, walking with a
sweet-lipped.+ ~_
n. med. diabetes.+ &J- n. limp.<J..:....J~.+ IS- n. lamemess, disability in
variety oftragacanty thorn.+ ._1
n., med. diabetes. one leg.+ Uo!_[j..:..l V.i. limp, walk favouring one
Syn . .}..:..~:,;..;.+ J~t- n. charming and gOod- leg.
natured man. + .;,~ t _ n. charming and lively
j..:..2 lei pres. stem ofthe verb. ~..:.. q. v.
woman.+ ";'-t_ n. a particularly sweet variety of
J'J":" !e/aq n. whip. Syn. ~I.i.
apple.+ IS- adj. pale grey; pale/ light brown;
beige. IJ'J":" !,e/aqe n. a species of kite (bird). C.! .~~.
t.}..:..2 !,eire n. species of hemp.
~..:.. !elte n. early unexpected frost. Cj riJj.+-
.s..:..l !,eke n. hat made of lamb skin. Cj .~..:.. ';'l,r.1 V. be blighted! damaged by early frost. Cf
J'j.S • ~.;. ~Jll...J"-.+ .;,b~/_ v. be attacked by early frost.

.s..:..2 !,eke n. pendulous! oscillating movement; ~..:.. !el!e n. I. loose-mouthed double bag used for
fluttering, vibration.+ ..5..:.._ n. continued swaying; carrying things on a pack animal. 2. a kind of
persistent flutter/ quick-wavering motions. female pants! underwear. 3. any heated ointment
made into a paultice (cf ..5~..,,;) .
.::...s..:.. !,eket adj. overfatigued, exhausted., sapped.
C.! .,U;.;Lo •.:....AS (';'»-1 .:....s..:.. v. feel exhausted! .;I.,J":" !elwar See "JI J';":" (allforms).
sapped.+ ';'l,? u.S..:.. v. overtire, exhaust).+ .JAS- ..J..:.. !e/e n., astr. last star/ northern pointer in the
adj. laborious, exhausting, draining. + IS _ n. Ursa Major/ the Plough.
exhaustion, overfatigue. Cf I,$!.JJ.l.il...
r..J..:.. Ie/em = F-q.v.+ L~_adj. haphazard,
.sj.JAS":" !,ekeroke n. well groomed boy/ girl who slapdash, sloppy (work, effort, etc.) Cf ....u..:...J"".
entertains a group with dancing. Syn. ;;~ot.>.+ Uo!- See ~.;.

~...:. !,eke pres. stem of the verb . .;,lS":" and r":" !,em also l....:.. (A) n. wax. Syn. r~'
•"..;lS":".
.;l..":" !emate n. melee, confused and tumultuous
..J..S":" !,eklle adj. damp and out of shape. mingling ofa crowd. Cf 2. rj~ • ...;.;~ .Ip.
.'< •
:r---- pres. stem of the verbs .;,;.;lS..:.. and ;l..":" !,emar n. millipede. See ~;I~.

"Jl..":" !,emal n. cool northerly wind. See "Jl....:..lSlt. +

.$..:. lege n. standard greeting expr.; hello (derived 4- adj. fast as a breeze, swift (esp. ofa horse).
from the expr. tlSl..:.. C.f I;;>.
 384

..J~"";' !emale also ;:,J~"";' n. divination from D).J.J-' &.;..:. !.engesure n. bald-faced hornet. Syn .
words spoken by chance passers-by and normally ..JI) Dl)Dj.
conducted by women standing on a sidewalk on a
Friday night.+ DJ~JI- v. seek an omen for one's J"";' !.ew n. J. night, the time from dusk to dawn

wishby~~~. (generally considered the first half of twety-four

hour day): ~...;~_ this very night *..:.oI;4-!~-
otS.;..~~ !emamoke n. a small variety of night preceding the 15th dayof.:,~":'(q.v.)~_
muskmelon. *~ the night before *.:,IJ.i~,u,~_ evening
..... ~~ !emame n. muskmelon. Cf ..5..JlS". party before a wedding when female relations and
friends of the bridal pair assemble to paint their
j~"";' !embfiz adj. restive, jittery (of an animal). hands and feet with henna _ oI..i,u,. *»,~b IS-
Cj J..JY'~. tonight (syn. ~...;) *JJl.r!I,.I~_last night *)lU IS-
..:.ojJ~~ !embelot n. chestnut. Syn . •4.i1;....t.S JJI'tl.!. Night of Power, the night preceding 27th day of
Ramadan. 2. in comb. forming certain compound
(under l.!.).
nouns, adjectives, etc. i.e. D)~~.l.;..!)":'q.V.+_
.:;........;. !emt pres. stem ofthe verb~":' q. v.+ ..5J- JJjl n. leaving of flocks out at night to graze.+ D;I_
adj. J. slippery, causing to slide. 2. elusive, n. J. staying up/ spending all night at a party or
evasive.+ ~ [.:;......:.1 v. slide; ski (sport). gathering; night vigil. 2. catching birds with a
light at night, fowling before dawn. + ~J I D)L v.
...s:.L~ !em!ik See j~)~1 under )~J. stay up all night; stand a night vigil (esp. with a
woman confined to bed after child birth). Cj
D)..,s ..... ~..:. !e~emekuwere n. zool. bat.
D;I~~.:,~.< ~.,..sD;I~~.+ .:,1- n. & adv .
.........;. !eme also .JY''''';' n. J. Saturday. 2. used in nighttime, at night, nights.+ J.'-1- n. standard
comb. with numerals One-Five to denote the days expr: good night.+ ':'l..,.5;:,J J.'-1- v. wish (s.o.)
of the week: *..... ~~ Sunday *.......:.JJl Monday
good night.+ J..i- n. I. bot. wallflower. 2. given
*..... ~ Tuesday *..... ..:.}~ Wednesday *~~ name for women.+ IS)Ji- n. breaking the normal
Thursday.- ..rt~ .~. routine by taking a night off. + (':'l.? ..s)jlJ":' v.
...s:...::t-.....
-
..:. -semetlenke See ~
.t> •• I-.......:. • ~.~.
IJ"'..Y'-'
break the night routine often used in the negative .
E.g. LSli lS)jlJ"";' D""";lD;I.,>..J When it comes to
yU4.iot..o~ !.emenefer (E) n. train, locomotive. See 2. drinking he never skips a night.+ ;I~_adj. up/
4..)· awake all night, sleepless.+ IS;I~. n. staying up
.:,....;.1 !.en n. winnowing fork.+ (':'l,}':''':' v. winnow all night, sleeplessness.+ (':'l,} IS;I~ ~ v. stay up
with a fork). + ~) _ n. indulgence, state of being all night, spend a sleepless night).+ w_ n.
indulgent; critical review/ inspection; critique. + nocturnal fever.+ oI..il....o.p.- n. food distributed to
(':'l..,.5 JotS.;..:. v. review critically; offer a critique the poor on Thursday evening in memory of the
of~)· dead.+ Ir.-- n. light! lamp used in night hunting.-
I'?'~IS)~J&.+ D)~_ n. night snack (esp. of
..$..;..:. !eng also .:,..:.2 adj. handsome, elegant.+_
fruits, nuts or sweet cake). Cj \J"D)~.+ ~I. bl_ v.
tJ.!J adj. dashing, elegant and lively.
get dark, fall (of night). Syn. J~~':',w..+ )..l_n.
.;otSD)~~ !engeberekete n. double walnut! other person in charge of field irrigation by night. + _
nut (often worn as a charm), sheaf of wheat (often lS~l n. irrigation of fields by night. Cj .s)..l) l.:. + _
hung up in a house to bring goodfortune). ..r;i,.l n. night raid, petty theft! pilfering by night.+
J,.I- n. night traveler.+ ...r'.Jr n. nocturnal
 385

traveling.+ .$.;:;-- n. gnat. Cj Ll""':';'.+ .v-- n. at night: ..s~..s.Jl,; Water left in a porous pot to
first glimmer of dawn. Cj ,j1t~.J".I.,j.J.J.pSw.;I;.+­ cool at night.+ ~_ See .J.Jjl"..:..
)LS n. night workiduty.+"",I;_n.nightgown.+_
JI~ ~ewal n. tenth month of the Islamic lunar
J";;,.s n. nightcap. Cj .J~'+ ;.,s-adj. nyctalopic,
year.
night-blind. + ..s..,..;.,s _ n. nyctalopia. night
J~ ~ewq
n. light, beam (syn. ~li.J.Je'); brightness,
blindness. + j..:;S' _ n. one who ploughs by night. + _
glow, sheen (syn. "'....ri).+~-.JI_1. n. search light. 2.
~ n. ploughing by night.+ l$'_ n. fold! enclosure
adj. illuminating, revealing, explanatory.+.;1.)_ adj.
for cattle. + .;l$' _ n. night (esp. the length! duration
luminous, bright.+ I~I.)/_ v. shine, glisten; turn
0/).+ D.J4-i.))' jjnU'- v. stay up all night. E.g.
bright, become luminous.
D.]4J.; It.) 4-i D.J D')), jje' r.; l$'"..:. I stayed up with him all
~ewl n. topog. plain, level area (esp. between
night.+ D"j,;S 4-i~.J/- v. set out on a journey J""":'

before daylinght.+ rJ- n. night patrol (cf two nountaim). Cj jj.) .';"':'1.).+ 1_ n. public

~); night prowler.+ .)~ _ n. wall gecko. C.f square; market place.

~).•. + ,jlt--J- See ';'.)~L,..+ l",u- n. night ..I''''':' ~ewe, n. clover (plant); silage (cj ~l;).
feed! fodder.+ ,jljjS;"J/- v. mistake night for day,
&'-.J"":' ~ewllke also ~~ n. jaw: .J.J};..s-
get up too early by mistake.+ ~,,;..;_ n. I. lower jaw *.J.J?-..s- upper jaw *_,-,,1; ::jawbone.
insomnia. sleeplessness. C.f ..s~. 2. night
watch (esp. over a sick person, child, etc.).+ ~ ~eh n. comb. Syn.-.il..!..
(,j.)~ '-",,;..;~ v. stay up all night to watch over-
~lzl.)~ !ehadel1uDlle See ~lzl.!..
D.JD..IIt.)~). E.g. D"....;It.) ~ I.J'))' ..s.;.li'-"";";"":' She has
spent many nights standing vigil over him. + _ ~ !eh, = Jl.!.q.v.+ ,-,,1J_adj. urban, city.
,jL:.;S '-",,;..; v. suffer from insomina. lose sleep.+_ J.jl~ ~ehkwend See JlSDjp.
f n. dew. Syn. I . .5.;).Jl;.+ ~..,._n. supererogatory
...;..,..; ~hejf n. a varity of grape which comes late
prayer performed during the latter part of the night
or prior to ,j lz"..;.~..,. q. v. + jj;.J _ adv. always, into season.- "..sji.
consistently. Syn. ~... + I_I n. jet (mineral).+_ ~ ~ehu adj. tough, unyielding, severe. Cf
12 n. female demon! elf believed to strangle ~ •.;1 .J~' + ,jl- n. rocky/ boulder-strewn ground.
children at birth. Cf ;:Jl".2.+ ..s.;ljl_ n. pitch-dark!
~~ ~eh'd (A) n. & adj. martyr; killed in action.
deep-black night. Cj "....:.~.;I;.+ •.;l-- n.
leftover food from the night before. Cj IJL...J".I.+- )~~ ~eypl1' n. bugle. Syn. ~. + ,j.j_ n. bugler.
~I I. adj. of! occuring in the latter part of the
,j~~ I. n. Satan, the Devil. 2. adj. devilish,
~eytan
night. 2. adv. very early in the morning, at time
demonic; crafty, artful, cunning (cf jjjl).< ;"J
when it is still dark. E.g. -;,se' 4""s ~."..:. We set
,j~"":'~.u- 4.i.J.Ye.+
-.iI_I. adv. craftily cunningly,
out while it was still night.+ ~.J.- v. be strangled
in a devilish way. 2. adj. artful, foxy, cunning (oj
by a female elf (oj a newborn child).- 1"..:.2_li._
an act! behaviour).+ ~~~/_ v. attain! reach
-;,s adv. every other night. + -;,s _ adv. tonight, at
the age of puberty. + .JW- n. blinder. See fooU.+
night. E.g. ~ -;,s~ He is coming at night
Uj. See .$j.i~.....:. ...sJ;,..+ u-L...- n., zool.
(tonight); one night, a night. E.g. ..s'1 ~ r.J.Ye-;,s"..:.
octopus. + ..s - I. n. villainy, dirty trick, devilry,
One night I went to see him. + ,jl_ Ll-;,s _ n. one
mischief. 2. adj. gen. having wet dreams ~~~
night. + ..s - adj. nocturnal, off relating tot occuring
,j»! v. have a wet dream).
 386
I~

I.I.,!~ ~eyda adj. I. lovelorn, hopelessy in love. 2. ~~ ~;pan n. door/ window frame. Cf Dk )'p'.-
frantic, distraught.+ ~~ I.I.,!~ v. be hoplessly in .;,~~.+ D_ n. framework, basic structure/ form.
love.+ ~.)~ 1.I.,!.t..!. v. bewitch, allure, enchant.+ !Jl.-
~ ~;pe n. flat of a sword; side of a squared bar.
n. I. lovelornness, hopeless love. 2. frantic state/
behaviour. ,-:;, !,et I. adj. insane, mad, psychotic (syn. 2. ~.);

;:r.l ~e n. moisture, dampness (C! IS~); humidity.+ foolish, eccentric. 2. n. madman; foolish! eccentric
person.+ (.;,~,-:. v. go mad, become insane; be
k- n. hygrometer.+).)_ adj. moist, damp (Cf I.
captivtaed by, long madly for-j.{; act foolishJy.
;~.;j.-.S ); humid.+ D~b/_ v. humidify, make
E.g. ~ ,-: '. Don't be foolish.+ ~.).},-: ~ v. cause
humid.+ j.)_ n. insulating material preventing
to become insane;fig. drive mad! crazy; captivate,
moisture from penetration.+ .)D.)_ n. humidifier.
enchant.< .;,.)..,5 ,-: • ~~).+ ..:.1- adv. madly, to a
;:r. 2 ~e adj. chestnut (of a horse). - ~. degree suggestive of madness; foolishly.+ ..:.\>_ n.
madhouse, asylum, mental institution.+ J!!L adj.
;:r. J ~e pres. stem ofthe verb ~\.e!. q. v.+":'~ _ n.
1. irresponsibly persistent, foolishly determined!
probability, likelihood, chances.
resolute. 2. furious, ragingly violent. 1.I.,!.t..!. J- adj.
~ ~; n. I. carding! combing (of cotton); teasing (of desparately infatuated; completely distraught. + _
wool) 2. analysis, scrutiny, close study. Cf I. 4.Sj adj. lunatic, wildly foolish, giddy. Syn.
DJ-...;I.)..>:..;J.+ ).5'_ n. analyst.+ 1S.)IS_n. analysis,
.)LS.v-ID').+ ';";..JJ- adj. foolish beyond restraint,
examination, induction. Cf D.,.;I~. D~-»,.+_
daffy.+ IS~~D- n. an absolute nut, extremely
Di?" adj. I. carded, combed: teased. 2. analyzed,
foolish! eccentric person. + IS _ n. madness,
examined, scrutinized. + DJ"":'.).} / _ v. t. I. card,
insanity; foolishness, lunacy.
comb; tease. 2. analyze, examine, break down,
reason out. + p _ analyst, analyzer. + .;.S _ also j~ ~;Ial n. rag! piece tom from a larger piece.+ •
..:.~q.v. _ adj. tom to pieces, shredded. Syn. ~~ ~ ....

~~ [~l ~iyan v.i. I. be possible/ likely/ P- ~hc n. title of a spiritual leader/ master in
conceivable. E.g. ~ ~~ ~ It is possible that mystical dervish orders; title of a native scholar
trained in the traditional sciences: j~AIS- a
they will be coming tomorrow (ef 3. .;,~.,!); be
sheikh who is not also a Sayyid ~40.0 q. v.) IS-
suitable/ appropriate/ befitting. E.g. ;:r.L.;;; ~ -......:.
.:";a.j superior of a dervish convent.- 1. :..;~.+_
This is not appropriate for you (ef ';'.JY- ~ Jt). 2.
~I n. kind of quick-step dance. 2. name of a
be permissible/ admissible (esp. on the basis of
blood relationship). E.g. ;:r.L.;;.; ISpS 4.t ~;.&. Kurdish tribe in Southern Kurdistan.+ ~_ n.
Blood relationship does not permit my daughter's status of a ~: ~ -';':'It authorization! patent of
marriage to your son.< J\.e!. •.;,~~. authority to practice as a sheikh.

J~ ~iyaw adj. likely, conceivable, possible; ~ !exeladj. pruned (ofa tree).+ (.;,.).}~ v.
suitable, proper (ef ~ .O:-J).); admissible (ef I. prune, cut back parts of for better shape/
growth.). C! ~~ b under b . 2. streamline,
l
~ 'JI)..I-j'...).+ I.S- n. likelihood, probabilty;
improve the efficiency of.
suitability; premissibility.
~ !,er I. n. zool. lion; astr. Leo. 2. adj. brave,
~l ~'P n. stream, flood, gush. Cf JLi~.
courageous. Syn. I).:: L...)D') IS _ n. sealion. + 1_ adj.
~2 ~ip n. thong, strand of plait. brave, dauntless. + ..:.1_ adv. bravely, like a lion. + •
~ J ~ 4i / v. beard the lion in his den, be bold. +
 387

~~_ n. med anthrax, malignat ulcer; cancer.+_ animals.+ .~_n. suckling, nursing infant! child.
r--S adj. inordinately ambitious, swollen-headed.+ Cj ...;ls:.....~.+ ..;,...... _ n. milk products, dairy
~4>J - also .;,1_ n. heads or tails; tossing up a coin. products.+ ~_ n. dish prepared from jJ q.v.+ IS-
C1 ~JJJ~.+ (.;,J....s~~~ v. play heads or adj. milkly, having the colour of milk; milk, off
tails; toss up a coin for- j,o).+ .$~J- n.strut and relating to milk. E.g.IS~ISIJi Milk brother.-..;,IJ
bracing (to support building framework); IS~·
linchpin, essential element.+._ n. raised nose
~2 ~i' n. sword. C! ~.+ ISj~- n. sword
pillar tap/ faucet; spurting fountain. + 0~ ._ n.
play,art! skill of wielding a sword. Cj ~~..:.. + _
snowman (often shaped to resemble a lion). + .;,.i ._
.;,.Lil.!.oJ IJ/ v. aim a blow/ strike with the sword
adj. brave and even-tempered lady.+ 4l.I.."S".- n. a ifor-~). + .il? - adj. dauntless, fearless, brave. C!
species of large locust. + ~._ n. I. saddle cover
I. Ijl:.+ .;,~/_ v. draw the sword; be on the brink
made of rug! carpet material. 2. heavy blanket
of engagement! actual hostility.+ )J _ n. sword
made of goat hair. + .;,I J .- n. lion tamer/ trainer.
maker. + ,jlJ ~ / _ v. strike with a sword. + )o~ _ n.
,.....:..1~ir n. milk: .;,~ IS _ milk drawn from a mother dervish who strikes himselfwithsword.+ )L.._n.
suckling a daughter and uesd as an old wives' See .s....:..)l;. + ..,...L.. _ n. swordfish. + ..s~ 4J.r--' J/-
remedy externally for sore eyes and internally for
typhiod.+ 1_ adj. milch, giving milk.+_JI_aGij.
.;,»- v. be at daggers drawn, be ready and willing
to attack! engage each other: be on very bad
giving birth! pregnant every year (of a woman).+_
terms with each other.+ .;,.Lil.!.oJ/- v. brandish!
",..Lt n. dowry paid to a bride's family, bride
wave a sword (al-~).+ ~.,._ I. adj. skilled and
price.+ l.)""i- n. milk brother.+ ~..... _ n. rice
swift with the sword. 2. n. swordsman.
pudding.+ ~J.Jjt/- v. begin to have milk (ofa
~ ~t, intj. I. used as an expr. of displeasure and
mother).+ ~_ adj. genuine, honest, whole-
scorn: phooey! 2. denoting a ripping sound. E.g.
hearted. Cj iJ4-'~.+ ~~_ n. ?obleness of
IS~J ISIJ ~ He ripped it into two.+ .:".Lil_ [~.r-l v.
character, whole-heartedness.+ ..,;.J~- also _
shout in a rowdy boisterous manner, yell angrily/
.s...;JjJ~ n. gauze milk strainer.+ .;,IJ;"'/_ v. suckle, menacingly. E.g. l.t.;a- ~.;.;~ IJ Don't yell at
breast-feed. Cj '~--I~4J.+ ';'J)~/_ v.i. nurse, him like that. C! ':".Lil~-"";.+
n. shrew, ~li_
suck (of a child feeding at the breast! from a vexatious brawling woman, scold.+ ~~J- n. loud
bOllle).<.»> .~.+ ...s::.J.,~_ n. name of a plant
and prolonged ripping sound.+ ._ n. I. a rowdy
with bitter milky juice used as a purgative. + _
menacing! angry shout or yell. 2. a ripping sound
..s..:...,> n. milk sister.+ ..,...;._adj. castrated while (esp. of fabriC being torn).+ .:..._ adj. given to
small (of an animal).+ )J_ adj. milch, milk- loud display of anger, rowdy and bioserous when
giving.+ .;,IJ/_ v. produce/ give milk.+ ';'jJ_ n. one angry. E.g. '~J":'f"r IJ...,-.s I have never seen
who milks animals. See .;,Lt...k.+ ~J_ n. & adj. such a rowdy and yelling person before.+ r-'- n.
mammal; mammalian. Syn. )I~...... + .;.v- n. persistent boisterous angry shouting.+ v"t..- v.
milkman.+ ~_ adj. milky (in colour). C1 ~.+_ hear the ripping sound of, be heard ripped! being
tom apart.
~.;a-S adj. tepid, lukeworm. Syn. ~.u.:...+ 'J~_ adj.
restr. dead due to the mother's lack of milk (of a .jl~ ~iraze n. binding (ofthefastenings ofa book,
suckling animal).+ ~_ See .~~.+ ,jI~/_See buttonhole stich. etc.); fig. cement, binding
jJ}"" ~.+ ._ n. I. sap, fluid,juice (ofa plant); element! agency.+ (';'J..,.s .jI~ v. bind a book).+_
syrup (esp. slightly fermented grape juice) (cj .Li~ n. bookbinder.+ iJ-1)~/- v.t. protect the unity/
~). 2. milk teeth of cattle and single-hoofed order, preserve the binding spirit! element (oflS).+
 388

~I.r:-;/-
v.i. lose order/ cohesion! unity, be severely ~ ~tke n. yearling pig. C.! jl.l4l1 2. ~~.
undenninedl weakened (of a situation, entity,
j.:;...:.1 ~II I. n. quantity/ pile (of, mud, cement, etc)
etc.). Cf ~J.J-IJ,j~ I~~~.+ JI~- adj.
perpared at one time (cf 1. -;,s~); lump (of
chaotic/ confused (state of affairs), severely
undennined. Cf J,j~ IJI";":'.+ JI.} _ adj. bound, dough- ......J...) kneaded in one baking (cf 3. ;.Jl;).
provided with a cover and fastenings (of a book). 2. second element of certain compound fonns, i.e.
J: .:; IJ.;!......."... q. v. 3. pres. stem ofthe verb~"j.;:.
1oS}~ ~;razj n. a species of grape.- -;,s.;.
q.v. + ~I_ [J.;!l V.t. 1. massage, rub and press with
t b~ ~;rdax n. kind of silk fabric used esp. for the hand! tread with the feet. 2. knead (dough);
prepare by treading! trampling (mud, etc.). 3. run
making IJotS q. v.
over, trample. Cf ~li ~~ IIJI~,j4..t~J.}.+ J1.I-
~I~ ~;ret n. advice, counsel. Syn. loS.llS~l,;. Cj adj. massa~ed; kneaded; trampled.
~.JI.I'+ ~IJ/_ v. give counseV advice.+ .ILS'- n. j.;.:'? ~II n. saddlery. tack (of a horse). Syn. ~J
counselor, adviser.+ 1oS- adj. advisory, ~.
consultative.
':'-;"':' ~IIV n. name of an odourless flower.
,,~ ~trtn adj. 1. sweet (of taste); fig. amiable,
sweet. 2. in demand, sought after. Cj JI~.+ ~~ E,I/IuI n. 1. hot. zizyphus;jujube. 2. coral,

(~J.J-I"~ v.I. bel tum sweet 2. be dear tot bright reddish ovaries used as beads or to decorate
jewelry.
coveted by- 1oS':i4.l). E.g. ~':i 4.l.;..~ IJ~.J.t Why is
it so dear to you.+ ~J.}.:.r~ See p I~J.} "~r'J ..,;'j.;.!. ~elane n. apricot. See ..,-!,u.

~J.,s ,,~).+ ~_ adj. slightly sweet.+ .Il;JJ- adj. ..5JJ~ ~Ua",ug n. rennet, the lining membrane of
good and capable as a conversationalist. + loS _ n. I. the fourth stomach ofa ruminant. C.! ..5.1J'-~'
sweetness (of taste); amiability. 2. sweets; sweet
course, dessert. 3. See 2. JI.}':". .sJ.;.:. ~elg also ~ n. fusillade; hail, barrage
E.g. ..s.;..;; ~ .;4-I4tIJ He fired heavily on him.
~ ~h. n. horsefly. See ..,;lS_ 4.!;.0 .
Cj~.. r"u.
~ ~4. n. 1. iron rod! bar (esp. one used in
~ ~llim n., bot. turnip. Syn. otS;...;.+ ~.;41- n.
framework and reinforcement). 2. skewer (cf
pickled turnip with beets and carrots. + .5j _ n.,
b-); used in the expr.: y~ ..:,:.;.JJ--i~":'
bot. mustard (plant).
Neither (no) party should suffer loss or Let's share
both gains and losses. ~ ~lle n. type of fabric used in women clothing.
~ ~;q (A) n. poetry, verse. Syn. IJI),,;... ~I ~tle n. I. syrup, thick sticky solution of sugar
~ ~g! n. & adj. Shia, shiite. + ...?..p _ n. and water. 2. nectar (of a plant); sap, thick creamy
substance (esp. ofcereal grains).+ (~J.} ~ V. be
Shi'ism, practice and beliefs of the Shi'ite branch
of Islam. in the mikly creamy stage (of sap in cereal
grains).+ .p.- n. barley not ripened for harvest.
~ ~ef n. land after the first ploughing. Syn. Jj.!..+
v--~/- v. do the first ploughing of the season.+ .. ~2 ~ile n. 1. black spot on the table ofa horse's
I~IJ/ See .:.r~' C:'.,+ .I~_n. ploughman, tiller of tooth. 2. yellow marking on the side of the beak of
some young birds.+ ,,~/_ v. loose the spot on a
the soil. See .IL:,;~.
tooth (of a horse) the yellow mark on the beak (of
4,j4.l. (. ~Ifelete n., bot. caper. a young bird) indicative of growth.

~~ ~iletln = ~4.l.:. q. v.
 389

)Lo~ !;/ema, n. a spices of snake. call to evening prayer. *iJl_~..,,; evening prayer.+
iJl}';' I_See iJl'? .".;.:..
!e/ewbe/e n. trivial talk. common!
uninteresting gossip. ~ !iw n. deep water course (ef j;o.,l: .~t.J 3.
~~ !imane See ~~ (under ~,,:?). ~~); hollo,,: depression, small dry valley. (ef 1.
jjl).+ W'jJ t_ n. small undergrOlmd brook!
~ I !;n n. & adj. blue; having a blue colour; green
watercourse.
(of nature).+ (.:u"...~ v.I. be blue in colour. 2.
).,,;..:. !ewa'l. n. style, manner, mode of expression.-
sprout, germinate.) +.,1_ n. too watery/ diluted jl
0"";':'.
or .,L:......Lo q. v.).+ l)t.,_ n. summer crop.- ~-,l..+_
.,r-I n. patch of green/ grass; kitchen garden.+ .,It- iJl.,,;..:.2 [~l !ewan v.i. 1. be troubled! stirred (of
adj. bluish.+ t"";»II_ v. tum blue, be bruised and liquid with sediment); have the texture broken (of
change colour.+ .;4-1- adj. visible, seeable (syn. jelled food. yogurt, dye, etc.) 2. be disturbed!
agitated! stirred (of a person or situation), E.g. ~4,
).-!l); known (syn . .,I,,.L;).+ t"";.JP./- v. look blue
o.,I"';":'~~l This is a troubled world. ;;.".;.:.~.:JLo
in colour (of s.th. from a distance! body of
water).+ )LL adj. bluish. Syn . .,~.+ t"";l.?l_ l.? ..:"IJI?"';" Why in the world did you (What made
See ty...i.JP.~'+ )Lm 0_ n. anat. artery. Syn. you) do this (as a formula for patronizing
reproaeh).+ .Jl- [~"':;":'l V.t. 1. trouble/ stir/ break
)Lod.":'.+ o~L..:.o_ n., bot. speedwell.+ ;.1..:. t_ n.,
the texture (of-IS)' 2. disturb, trouble, agitate.
zool. great blue heron. C.! 1. ;.l...:..+ l,JO..,o- n.
green field. .,1,,;..:.. !iwaw adj. I. broken, stirred (of settled
~2 !;n n. lamentation, weeping. Syn. iJo,n:.. C,J. sediment! jelled texture). 2. disturbed, stirred,
agitated (of the atmosphere! situation, etc.);
iJL,)'.+ (iJl'? ~ v. weep, lament.< iJl'? ~ ;4--).+-
aroused, shook up (of s.o.) (el tj,r...:.).+ IS- n.
~.....:.., n. lamentation and the beating of oneself disturbed! agitated state of affair or mind.
(e.g. on the breast in a group). C,J. iJbj>.u.+-
t"';":' !ewe n. 1. method, way, procedure, manner,
j...;jS'., n. group mourning and lamenting of the
mode. Syn. I.~. Cf .JP.'~jJS '~~k. 2. looks,
dead.
facial fonn! appearance (of s.o.) (ef )L....:;.J;);
~ !ena adj. flourishing, affluent, we II-off. + ~_
form, shape (el ~4l. syn. 1. ':"':';b).+ (iJl'? 0"";':' v.
n. prosperity, affluence, opulence.
recognize, acknowledge acquaintance with,
~ !;nke also ~ I n. name of a tribe in recollect familiarity with-IS, picture, form a mental
Southern Kurdistan. image of.- oJ: ':.,+ .r.:-t- n. mentality, way of
~2 !inki See~~. thinking, viewpoint. Cl ;o.,lt".r-I.iJ.JP.~'

.s!":';";' !eneyi n. del:berateness, coolness of mind! iJo~ !iwen n. wailing, loud weeping and
action, unhurried care.< \"I!!~ lamentation. Cl lS)j .iJL,)' .~2 (iJl';s iJo~ v.
weep loudly, wail).+ lS)jJ- also iJl...JJ- n.
J"".!'""" !m; n. tranquility, calm, quiet. C.! '\"I!!Ol.u-L: sustained lamentation and wailing.+ _L;_ n .
• 1)':.
elegy, funeral oration. Cl &..J.,l)....
- !ew n. supper, dinner, evening meal (syn. ~L;
.).,..;;): dinner time.+ (iJl'?"";':' v. eat supper, have
dinner. Cl iJl},.> iJL;)· + iJ1- gen: only in iJl_";';lt
 390

~I......I& guman = ~I......l,; q. v.

gl/wat n. pardon (of a prisoner's

sentence).

Jll& glqil (A) = Jil,; q. v. See J'.j.

Jl.& gll (A) adj. rare and valuable (see y~L;);

truly good! nice (cf ~ 'LJ"L.;.); gorgeous,
ravishing (ofa woman) (cf ~I'p' .e,;.:.).+ JL..,J-
t ~ the fifteenth leiter of the Kurdish alpabet adj. tractable, easy to manage and get along
with (of a person); serene, calm (see H).
~ ~a =4&-q.v.
rll& gllim (A) See l;lj. Cf ~I»-.
(~ glC n. ivory.
r-JI& ¢em (A) n. world. See ~~ •..,;:$.
..;4~ glcbatl adj. singular, smprising (of
s.th.). See I . .".4.. • .:..tn;.... Cf ;..li.+ v~1&
rl& gun (A) adj. general. See..;..:s .~I~.....

~J.J-I v. be singular, look curious! peculiar). + • ~l.& gln (A) n. time, moment. See.~ •.:.oL..
.;,;L..;:) / v. fmd as singular, consider curious .:.olS'. Cf tP. ·r OJ.;4...
and surprising! peculiar. Cf ~l.. PJJIJ'
-.;~ glne (A) n. an old Iraqi coin.- o.J~'
f.l.& glciz (A) adj. offended. See J'J) .j.I,j. Cf
..;,~ t;Urf (A) n. convention, custom. See
..5:;-I''':'''~' Cf )j4..l;.
";0~L. gldetl adj. customary, commonly
LJ"J.J.»-S- g1rlJs n. & adj. Russian.+ I? adj.
practiced. Syn. 1Jll...l;.
Russian.+ .:.o~_ adj. of! peraining to Russia.
1S~l.& r;tItli (A) adj. common, ordinary, average.
.J.J.,&- t;UU (A) n. apology. Syn.":";',m .';,m.
See c.T--.;~.... Cf IS/)~ .~... o~.
Jl....:;,,,,, t;Ussaq n. type of rll... q. v.
)l.& glF (A) n. shame (syn. c.T-o.J~) <;~;
lesson, monition, warning (see ~.;. cf ..Li~).+ ull....:;,,,,, t;Ussaq; n. a variety of grape.- -;;.;.
(~J.J-I"".Jl.& v. have no shame; learn no lesson ~"" t;Umr (A) n. age. See ~.;.
often used in the negative).+ ~L.;;:r./- v.
reform, induce/ force to change for the better;
4&- t;e intj. used as a cry for driving sheep.
teach a lesson (to-IS) (syn. ~~)'~.;).+ ~l;/_ v. ~ t;eba (A) n. cloak (see .;~)'~): -.;l;jlS-
reform, mend one's way, change for the better. woomen's veil made of black fabric that
Syn. ~J)~~';. covers the entire body except the face (ef
~).
yO)~ 94reb n. Arab. See yop (allforms).
- ,.1 and ...,O.JI.I.
- ,- glreq See ...,0)1.1 - ,.2 J.tU. t;ebed (A) n. slave. Syn. ~...;S. Cf .J~...j>.
...,0)1.So

LJ"~ t;eblis (A) adj. glum. See 1?JJ;'

yojl.& glzeb (A) adj. adolescent. See I. jIJJ~'

Cf .JlS'oj.J4A.+ 0- n. acne. Syn. o,J,Jj-.;I'p' •..5,JJ';' )l;~ ¢ar n. keeper ofa general store. Cf
Cf~,j· )..LiL..S'JJ"+ IS- n. occupation of keepping a
 391

shop/ general store: -ui~~ everyday 1.SjI~ t;ezizi n. full-length gown (often used as
miscellaneous commercial items.+ (<J~.? ISJl;4&. a sleeping gown! pyjamas; wome's dress.
v. keep a general store as a profession). ."..... qesr (A) n. mid-afternoon.
';'" r;etr (A) See 2. .;,jot (under ;/).+..;_ adj.
jJ~ t;eqil (A) = jJ':' (all forms) q. v.
an ':-t~ .I~.
~ t;eSker n. soldier. See jl.o-.+.,;-I adj.
~~ t;ecayeb (A) I. adj. strange, peculiar.
military. See I. (.fI!l:--.
See 1. J!-. 2. int}o denoting incredulity: I can't
believe it! Really! ..;~2 t;eSkeri =..;p-.:. q. v.
.J~ t;ecele (A) See .J"'t. ':"o~ t;e!tret (A) n. tribe. Syn. J.;:. C.f .0";

r~ r;cem (A) adj. & n. Persian. E.g. JrJ;

.:..;. .~.
r~ The Turks (Ottomans) and the ~ t;e!,q (A) n. passion, ardour of love. C.f
Persians.+ .,;- adj. inexperienced, naive. Syn. ~~~ •..;).u~ .~~.
JJP."i. C.f .s:.L..Jl-.
4&.4&. t;et;e n. bowel movement (nursery word) .
.:...JI~4&. t;edalet (A) n. justice. See ..;.JI.~~I~. C.f
~O;;4&. t;eqreba (A) n. relatives. See rji-. 3. ..,-s.
..,tIJo;.
JlS'4&. qegal (A) n. an Arab's headdress.
':"o-,b... t;edawet (A) n. antagonism, animosity.
See ..;j.... li •uiAo! ~j.).

~~ t;erd also jpl (A) n. earth. See ..;.,oj. C.f

I. ..5\,;.. ~"i4&. t;elamet (A) n. sign, indication. Syn.
j~2 t;en (A) n. presentation.+ (<JJ'? j p v. -.;L.:..e; ·.:..ilt· C.f ..;"'t. L...,;... .~~.
present, put forth, demonstrate).+ jL...J - n. r.J4&. t;elem (A) n. fault, imperfection, defect.
petition, presentation (normally written of a
See 2. ;;Lt C.f ui~~..s (<J-,-",,4..i ~ r.J~ v.
case, greivance, etc.). Syn. uli~lS:.....+ jl>J-
have nothing wrong with, be free of defect!
<JI~ v. give/ present a petition. illness/ etc.) .
..r,l4&. t;el!. (A) n. throne. See 2. ~. .,;J~J.jJ4&. t;elowcelo = .,;J~J.jJ':' q. v .

Y'~ ~reb (A) n. & adj. Arab, member of the ~~... t;elixoni n. fabric regembling ~
Arabic speaking people; the Arabs; Arabian. q.v.
Syn. 3. .:..l;.+.,;- 1. n. Arabic (the language). 2.
~~ t;e/lsts n. turkey (bird). Syn. '<J"",...JoIJ
adj. Arabic, relating tot characteristic of the
Arabs. <J"",.....u~.

....;~.p t;erebane n. phaeton; carriage (see )L...... t;emar = )L..':' (allforms) q. v.+ JI- n. tank
~\!). (for water, etc. normally covered or buried).
4,j) L..4&. t;emarte n. one storey house slightly
.:...)j... r;euet (A) n. longing, strong wish!
elevated from the ground level and having no
desire. Syn . ..,t]Jj-.l;. C.f .:..IJL.; .&.i.P.<
basement.- .u'~.
;';J~'J4,jo)j4&.~ .lil;0,lj'" .J.+ .,;- adj. desirous,
avid, eager. C.f }~..;IJl:. Syn. j,ljul;. ~OJL..... t;emarepo adj. damaged in storage (of
goods).
 392

j.r~u. g!mberbo n. variety of rice with a ~~ qinad (A) adj. stubborn, pig-headed. See
special aroma when cooked.-~ft· Cj I.S.)~-. ~.)- Cf uJ.. ,JorJJotS.
4SJr4&. semroke n. name of an edible plant ~I~ qinwan (A) n. adress. See ~~.J.Jl;.
resembling .;."j.;S q. v.

~4.0u. g!mele (A) n. worker (normally hired on

a daily/ hourly basis). See.)~ ,J4.

~u. ~nter. n. male monkey. C.f ~~4.0.

~ g!ntlke =~';(allforms)q.v.

y\..:.;u. g!nnab (A) n., bot. jujube. See I. ~~.

jbp g!Wdaf. = jb"'; q. v.

uo.)p g!Wret (A) n. private parts (ola lady).

o~ ~we also pop n. barking. Cf ~~ .

.) ~ot..S I roar. (A) adj. cunning, crafty (of a

woman). Cf jft..l.j14~4J .

.)~u.2 roar. (A) n. carat, karat (of gold, etc.).

"":""l!4&. rob (A) n. shame, disgrace (see ~~);

fault, defect, flow (see l . .s.:,.;. Cf 2. .}It).+
(~..t.J-i "":""l!ot..S v. bel considered shameful 01an
act.+ ~..t.J-i ~ "":""l!a...s. v. have fault! defect.+ "":""l!u.
~~~ v. act shamefully, behave in an improper/
scandalous way. Syn. ~~.; ...r.)4 .::).

,j!.4&. ron name of the letter t

..54.t4&. ronek (A) n. eyeglasses. See ~J~.

4 ~sa n. Jesus.

D~ ~we (A) See jl;.

':""H r;ilril (A) n. giant, big monster. Cf

C~ . . . oj .~o~.

~ ¢/ =j;;q.v.
 393

~~ ¥rhil (A) n. kind of coarse sieve,

cribble. Cj ~ftI.

t."..,s,p ¥f':!ere n. gargle, gargling (oJ~)" tP.l4t

v. gargle with-"'-I).

jty4-i. ¥rez (A) n. 1. grudge, feeling of

resentment! dislike, malice. Cj tJ..U. 4 2.
intention, design, intent. see ~.+ (~jtp

oJ.J.J-1 v.I. have a grudge against-j.$otJ; have a

purpose! design on-otJ).
t :! the sixteeth letter 0/ the Kurdish alphabet. ":,,,p ¥rib (A) n. & adj. stranger (syn. I.i~);

t~U :!IIpore adj. busy, engaged, occupied. alien, foreign. (syn. ~li).
Syn. jll.;4-. C! ..$....P. Ij4t ,!eza (A) n. holy war (as a religious duty) .
.I~ :!IIr C! J\;.,.
. n. gallop, galloping.
. (under .,.1)
. oI-ij4t
1
:!ezne n. treasure (s). See ~.s.+ oJb~/-
•...Jli}p..+ (oJ~~.IL...t v. gallop. C! 1. v. be very rich. E.g. tJI~~ ~1.ij4t.?..Y. what do
oJbJl;.~)"41.;J).+ oJl~/- v. bring! cause (a horse) you thing I am, a millionaire? (often in reply to
to gallop.+ ~..)~_ n. horse-racing. Cj 3. Jl;. excessive demands o/material nature).

I.lU :!'Ira I. adj. seasoned, mature, well-versed. ..:.j4t2 xezne n. suppurating sore, postule. Cj
Syn. ~~ .jll. C! t~"- .:~ • .,yl,.;J. ""'-JI .j4...0JJ~.+ (~)" 1.ij4t v. fester, swell up and
I
generate pus. Cj oJ~)" j~Jl:).
jU :!az adj. counterfeit (money, coin). Syn.
~. j--lJj4t ,!ezUhez n. meat with much fat. C!
.;..:.j$....~.
j~2 :!az (E) n. gas: ~IS- poison gas.
ytj4t xez.eh (A) n. anger, rage. syn. IJ!.tJ.,y. C!
~~ :!ayen (A) adj. perfidious, unfaithful,
~.
dishonest. See ~li •..:-IJli.+ ~_ n. perfidy,
dishonesty. ~tj4t ,!ezete (E) n. gazette. See ... lijjJ.+ ..?_ n.
newspaperman, gazetteer. See ~lijjJ.
~~ :!ange n. waistline. Cj ~.s.
~......;.,J. (A) n. absence in foreign land,
:!urhet
Jtj4t
1
,!e7.el n. 1. kind of silk fabric: ~t.l~1S­
silk fabric with many colourful stripes IS-
the feeling of being away from home; exile.
*~)..i silk fabric in orange and white stripes.
»-.t :!wj adj. down-and-out, needy, helpless.
2. Seejtj".
Syn. JLob.
J-p2 ,!e7.e1 (A) n. ode (0/ a lyric poem).-
,. 'J~ :!U1am n. servant. See ;lS:J...j>. Cj ;.5:,;.
tJI;jA.
~ :!eh:!ehe n. double chin.
;t.,Jtj4t ,!eZeiwer See oJ1:;...}~.s.
~)~4t :!edare (A) n. carbine.-..s..;.;;.
~...i4t ,!ezem = ~...i" q. v.
;~ :!edr (A) n. treachery, breach of faith. Syn.
"':';...i4t :!ezene 1. = oI-ip 1 q. v. 2. hot water
,;.H,~""li.
reservoir in a public bath.
 394

~ :!~ (A) See w.l...;);t •.,;}.

~ :!esim = ~ q.v.

J~4.S. :!eflir (A) adj. merciful, forgiving. See

~~.

o.:J4.S.~4t :!e{bt!:!e!.b n. murmur! din of a crowd.

Cj ..5.:.,~&,;,,~.
. .
.:...J4l. y{et (A) n. mistake. See ..I....

~4l. ym =~.;. (all forms) q. v. Syn. ,;I~ •.:..4i.;..

1j.eU, ymz.e (A) n. coquettish wink! signal with

the eye.
1;I..,...s. :!€Ware adj. & n. alien; outsider (syn.
~~).

IJ".JA-&. :!€WS (A) n. succour, help, saviour

(normally attributed to mown holy men and
their shrines).
':"~4l. yybet (A) n. slander behind one's back.
See ",;-p.

1J!.4.S. :!eyre (A) n. others, people aside from

one's kins and acquaintances. Cj ~~.

IJ!4l. :!eyn name of the letter t:

.:...,r-t ~ret (A) n. nerve, grit, guts (see .:..Ij I. cj
.;,1';-,); zeal (syn.I.I""~~).
 395

L:J.;.-u fasoliya n. bean, common European

bean: ~~ green beans· j~..;- green
(string) beans· ..s...:.JJ ~ dried beans .

.:t;.-li fason n. kind offabric used esp. in men's

clothing.
.Jj.iu fafon n. aluminium: _,",,~~ aluminium
kitchen utensil.+ ;;:.._ n. steel wool.

Ju l faq n. I. one of the two arms! lines! wings

of a V-shaped form. Cj JliJJ~. 2. branch (of a
....; f seventeenth letter of the Kurdish alphabet.
tree). See Jol.
-...i.o.J.li fabriqe n. factory (workshop) for the
JLi faq n. restr. decline.+ <Jb/- v. decline, sink
manufacture of a particular product,
physically and waste away. Cj <J~ IJ \:, 4i.
fabricating! manufacturing plant. C.f •....s'.)lS"
.;~.)lS". uu faqe n. snare (devicefor catching). Cj I.
JI~ •aJ..; .
..S"jlu fatmok n. dove (bird). See ..;~.Jj. Cj
.;;>. ..S"U fak n. trick. ruse (normally used with ~
q. v.) E.g. ~ 4i ~li)~ I am no match for
o~li fatebore n. species of muskmelon. Cj
his tricks (lit. a trick ofhis matches a thousand
..S"JlS".
of mine).+ ~J- n. whim, fancy. E.g. 1- ::
..s:..:..~U fate!qk n. anat. n. spleen. Syn.~. ~~u~~ What has captured his
fancy now? (syn. j.J~. cj J~.s); personal
~u fati!!a (A) n. the first chapter of the
motive/ impulse/ incentive that overrides or
Koran. (lit. the opener); parts of the Koran
recited esp. during a mourning ceremony and dominates other considerations. E.g. 4.J
burial to bless the soul ofdeceased.+ ~~.)\:'jd­ ~.,..s\:' ~ ~~li He doesn't stop giving way
v. remember (s. o. deceased) by recitiag the to his own impulses.
~u q.v.+ ~.J,.;;..pI- v. sayaprayerof~u l
ju fat n. state of being in heat (esp. ofa she-
(esp. while attending an official ritual of
ass). <;jli4i.+ ~}I_ also ~1A/_ v. be in heat.
mourning).+ ~b b/_ v. recite the ~u as part
of the burial ceremony. ju2 fat (A) n. fortune-telling.+ jjJI- also fti-
..S"j.)u fanik adj. gourmand, excessively fond of and ~_ n. fortune-teller.+ ~_ n. fortune-

food. Syn. LJ-''''';. C.f ~.)jj. teller's profession.+ ~_ n. See ~u.+ _

o.,.z}1 v. profess! teU a fortune, read omens .
..,...)u Fars n. the province of Fars.+ ~ I. n.
Persian (the language). 2. adj. of! relating to
Fars. Cj ~I"";;.
r L.i fam (A) n. comprehension. grasping,
..,..u Fas n. Morocco.+ ~ n. Moroccan. understanding (as a sign of maturity!
growth). + (<J~.J r li v. comprehend, understand
..:-U fast n. mistake, error. See J~. Cj~.
(generally ofchildren). Cj ~&~.+ I_adj.
intelligent, bright. See ..S"o.J""'J. + O",,-! _ adj.
discerning, perceptive. Cj .)~4i '~~')JJ.+
 396

~ [rLi1 v. comprehend, grasp. E.g. ..JL:... •ri fltre See.ri.l-'

;:"'Uli He is just a child, he doesn't
I~ fJtwa (A) n. I. formal legal opinion in
understand. Cj iJ.tY. J~. Islamic law expounded by a Mufti or other
religious authority. 2. vindication! attestation
IJ"'joiLi fanos n. hurricane lamp. Cj I?.
(by s. o. in support ofsomeone else's denial of
~u fani (A) adj. passing, transient, ephemeral. guilt, culpability, etc.).+ iJl~j.t/- v. vouch for,
Cj ~~. Syn. ,J,m.;4-' .JJ':"i . attest to (someone's denial of guilt,
respons ibi/ity, etc.). E. g. ..s r'~""; ~ ..sl.,;.u v-o
~Li fanlle (E) n. I. flannel underwear: ..s~..s­
.~ ~ ..s\$'l,; I can attest to the fact that he had
woolen flannel underwear· ~..).Jjj..s- knit nothing to do with it.
longsleeve underwear· ..::..~jj..s- half sleeve
~ fllir = ~4J q. v.
underw~ ~4&-..s- sleevless flannel
underwear; sweater (see j~). 2. blanket. Cj ~ fllile n. I. fuse; wick (as in a hu"ican
lamp) (see ~). 2. See ~.,J.

~Li fayton (E) n. phaeton. See ..;!.ttp. J~ jicliq n. gen. darting! sudden movement
(oj! resembling the talce off flight ofcertain
~Li fayi'!. (A) n. interest, charge (on a loan, birds. i.e. a hill partridge). + iJ~'; JW v. dart
etc.). C.I »-. out and flyaway; thrust out, make a sudden
movement. cj .:r-t-'..;.~; squirt, rush! be ejected
..k Li fayil (E) n. file, dossier.
in a swift thin stream.
~Li fayye (A) n. use, utility, avail. See ~»-. I.
4 Jifik n. clack, rattle (esp. ofa hand loom
..s:j-..s.+ (iJ.tY.~Li v. be of use, have avail (often
at work).+ __ adv. with a steady clack! prattle.
used in the negative). E.g. ~..s~ Li ~.; ~p.
Whatever I did was of no use. ~I Ji! n. sip, small draft taken with the lips. Cj

..:..,j I fit intj. meaning: out, finished (when of r.,.J.+ iJl~~/- v. sip. E.g. ..s4S"Jlll..I b ~~ He
took a sip from his coffee. + ~. _ n. loud
s.th., s.o. discredited and left out). E.g. iJlt•..,..:
c~ntinued sipping.
..:..,j That one (is) out. + (.:".tY..;..j v. be strudel
eliminated in a game. Cj I. ~y.S".Ji.+ iJ~';.;..j ~2 Ji! n. I. discernment, subtlety, worldly

V.t. I. eliminate, scrap, throw out; dismiss, wisdom. E.g. 4'J~~~~ He has no
expel from a job or position. see 3. iJ~';.l'~' 2. finesse whatsoever. 2. bearing, relevance,
blowout, eject dottle from a pipe! the application. E.g. •~ ..s..s.)5' .;4- ~ ";'..s) It
cigarette tip from a holder. E.g. .;..j.:..4~ has no bearing on our work. + (iJ.tY. 4A; v. have
-..s Blow you pipe clean). + l~J _ n. noisy bearing upon! relevance to-'J' .. ~).+ J.;iJ-
prolonged ~ q. v. + • _ n. a puffing! slight n. double-dealing, deception and intrigue. Cj
explosive sound.+ ..:..,j._ n. continued puffing! .:r";':~l,;. Syn. 4S'.J4J.
putt-putt sound.+ (iJ~';.;..j..;;.i v. go putt-putt of ~) Ji! 1. pres. stem ofthe verb.:r..) q.v. 2. in
a small motor, etc.).+ ~~ •.,,;..J.- v. produce/ comb. i.e. 4S';.4S'J) q.v.+ iJJ.jI_[v'..)l Seej4A
make a puffing or slight explosive sound. iJJ.jI;.+ 4S'3;- n. whirligig, pinweel (children's
..:..,j2 fit only in iJlJI)yj adj. lavishly abundant! toy). + .; _ n. I. waterpipe, hubble bubble. See
plentiful. Syn. .~.jJJ3j. ..J4S'ftj. 2. See .$3;;.+ IS.. IS.. n. panic, sudden

Jlri Jitraq n. heart. See j~.

fright, panic action! behaviour. E.g. -..s
 397

LS) lS')..:J~ 1oS.).,:,~..s'.;;":' They panicked when .,:,1; f'!.an See .,:,lS';.
they saw the lion.+ .,:,l..S..lonlyin.,:,lS'_.,:,lS'_n.
.,:,J,j1;L:,J.j1 fi!andin See .,:,J,ju; (all forms).
pandemonium, total confusion. < .,:,LS) 4.t":'~
.,:,LS;.+ .,:,LS} n. hustle, hurry, jiff'- E.g. 4.i *~I) flravin n. midday meal, lunch. Syn. "';li
.~.)..s.;.;lS';
I shall be back in ajiffy.+ ;~..,_ jt~·
n. noisy prolonged whiring! zooming of fast .,:,I-"-~ firawan adj. spacious, roomy, wide (cj
flying or moving objects.+ ..s' _ n. flutter, flurr;
P'''';~); broad, extensive; liberal, broad, open
whir (of s.th. flying/ moving by). E.g. .,:,~
(esp. f!S part ofsome compound adjectives, i. e.
.).,$~~IoSJ;~ We sensed a flurry of .,:,1..,I.)'A.b q. v. (.,:,~ .,:,1..,1) v. be spacious! roomy;
activity.+ (.,:,.).;S..s; v. flyaway esp. of game be extensive.+ 1oS- n. spaciousness (cj
bird; pass! move rapidly by-b .. ~4.i with a ..5J~J.t); broadness; capacity.
whir).+ ..5;..s _ n. persistent ..s; q. v. + ;.;_
second element in some compound nouns. E.g.
.;,~ fin int). denoting a sudden brief motion!
~; '.)J4.i Stone-throwing. ;.;;Jl, Flapping of sound. E.g. IJ..,..,j~.).;S~';''''''; Suddenly he
wings. + .5_ n. runway (for planes). + .J,j _ n. & darted into the room.+ .,:,..L.iL [~)l See J'.)
adj. bird (see .~L,. .J-...); flying. E.g. ~ .,:,J,jL.;).+ ;~..,_ n. noticeable and repeated
•..t..,j; A flaying object.+ ..sj_ n. airplane, brief and sudden movement (i.e. ofs.o. busily
moving about). (.,:,~;~.,;) v. move about in
aircraft: ~JLA ~J.tIoS..sj- bomber (plane)· _
a fidgety manner. E.g. ~...;~.,;) P He keeps
..,.~ IoS..sJ also ).J..s..,..,.) 1oS- jet plane·IoS..s'J-
fidgeting about. + • _ n. a flicker/ momentary
..,.$',J!..) helicopter· .JO"'~IoSJJ- fighter
quickening motion, a sudden brief movement.
plane.+ "';~j_ n. airport.+ ~J- adj.
Cj 4..,j.,.. (.,:,.).,$ 4..,j) v. Make a sudden!
antiaircraft. E.g. j.;M...; ..sj; IF'~ Antiaircraft quickening movement; shoot out, leap up and
gun.+ .,:,I..,....sj_ n. pilot, flyer, aviator.+_ take off). + .;,~ • _ n. successive sudden and
.}J4.MSj n. aircraft carrier.+._ n. flutter, brief movements, fidgety nervous movements.
flapping.+ (.,:,.).,$.; v. flutter/ flyaway. Cj .,:,1.)
~) fmene =~pq.v.
jL,.IoS~"").+ ~.- n. continued/successive
fluttering of wings.+ 1oS.."..i.!- n. name of a
......; f,,~e also ~ n. brush :t l&.1oS _ shoe
parlour game with forfeits.+.Jo!- [;1 v.i. I. fly, brush (esp. for polishing/applying polish) 1oS-
*~ clothe's brush *.,:,I.)~~_ toothbrush *.J"-IoS-
take to the wing (cj .;,i)'jl,); take off, fly (of a
plane). 2. twitch, flutter (of the eyes).+ "';I~_ hair brush (esp. men's) *':""IoS_hair brush (jIare
brush. etc.).
n. aeronautics.+ 'x- n. name ofa boisterous
outdoor game. ~..; flr~fI adj. parboiled, half boiled (grains,
chiclcpea. etc.). Cj d.,S.~. (,j,).;S~"; v.
firajan v. i. evolve, undergo
parboil).
evolutionary change; unfold, grow, reveal. +_
.,:,.) L:,J.jI)] v.t. caus. of.,:,1')1) q. v. ..L.ioj) jinend n. child, offspring. Cj •JJ;lj
jl:..o.
~I~ firajt n. evolution, unfolding, progress of
change in a certain direction; growth, ul=-) fustade (P) n. messenger, dispatch
development (of plants/humans) (.,:,~ ~I) v. bearer; emissary. Cj ..,I~I; .~l,.
sprout; grow, develop).+ J''''- adj.
evolutionary, developmental.
 398

"::"4-0'; JiTSet (A) n. opportunity. Syn. J.i,A. Cf selling.+ JI.;- adj. sold.+ ..$_ n. shop. Syn.
"::"oU.;DJ. (.J»I..::" .....,; v. be timely/ opportune, be .JlS"JJJ.+ .;I.t- n. seller. Cf .;I.tj.
an opportunity. Cf .J:!.jlju.....) ....).+ ~...)/_
JJ.ri Ji'" n. restr. (act oIJ bowing! inclining (the
v. find/make/come upon.an opportunity for.
head) as in submission! aknowledgement. + •
Cf ~ljU4-0)"",+ .Jl.:;A...)/- v. seek and be
t~~/ v. bowl incline (one's head)'-J~.;4-.
offered an opening!a means of getting at (s.o.).
t "'-,; fusex also J.L-'; and .J:;.....,; n. parasang tJ~ JidJc n. pullet, chick, young chicken. Syn.
(measure oflength equal to aboutfour miles); ...sj~lt. Cf ~~~. -~~.+ JI_n. chicken
stage (see I. t liji) . stew; chicken broth (.\)In. ~~ ~JL:).

.J:;~'; Ji1'!teng adj. nervous, tense. Syn. •."... Ji,e I. ad}. much, many, numerous, lots,
~~. Cf JI~ .~.s. plenty. See I . .;jj. Cf 2.~.
2. multi; many.
E.g. t~";D) ~'JJJ Multinational (pluralistic)
~} flding See~~~.
state. 3. adv. very, exceedingly, extremely. See
.JL.,;1 Jirman n. task, job, duty. Cf I .• .;IS 2. .;jj. (.J»I D) V. be much/ plenty). + ~ _ adj.
.JL...;.u; function (see 3. .rJ). (.iJ}",;,L..) v. do a shared by many, apportioned many ways.+ fti-
job, carry out a duty/ task. Cf .iJ}" ~).+ .;41- adj. garrulous. Syn. .;.;..> _ adj.
j ~~. +
n. employed person. Cf~.J.I"" .o.:-J"-I.;lS". gluttonous. Syn. ~.;jj.+ .Jlj- adj.
Syn. &oj.JI~. +
.;4S' - n., gram. doer; performer, knowledgeable, well-informed. Cf .J1j.;jj.+-
actor.+ .;i.:uS-n. helper, assistant. Cf .;l:-. ~ adj. always on the go. Cf DJD.;DJ"'~.+_
Syn. .;DJ~I.t.+ ~_ adj. functional. See 2. .;iJ,ri. .J'L.. adj. chronic; deep-seated, inveterate, old
(cf .J;.S).+ ~.JY- adj. revealing, suggestive,
.JL...)1 flTllllln gram. verb. Syn. .;b}".
evocative.+ ..r-.- n. muchness, greatness (of
..5...-:... . Ji,misk n. tear (of the eyes). Syn.
-~ quantity, number). Syn. ~.;jj; pluralism. E.g.
IY..,......:.+ Dji_ n. crying from happiness. ,.,t..J~";D'; cultural pluralism.
.J} Ji!in also ';'J~ n. oven. Cf .;~. j.'; fUez. n. velvet (fabric). Syn. 4.i.t.u.
~~,; f,incem4k n., bot. sweet basil. ~~ Ji!.e gen. (act oIJ throwing! casting! hurling
..s.:.} f!ink n. nostril. See "::"..uJ";.,S'. (s.th.).+ .Jb- V.I. cast, toss, throwaway (.\)In .
,;,IJP~' cf ,:,b~ '~.J~); get rid of, throw
~} Ji!ni n. a kind of blancmange desert made
away, abandon. < ,:,IJ~.i...) .,:,IJ~.i;:;.+ JI.;~­
from rice flour, milk and sugar.
adj. thrown away, discarded, abandoned,
J.,.i Ji'o n. dish of warm thickened beastings forsaken.
(normally colostrum - ~D) ofsheep/goat). L...) Jitya n. prompt arrivaV presence, timely

~v Ji'os 1. pres stem ofthe verb V\.!.j). 2. and opportune coming (to help s.o./join or
catch s. th., etc.). + i.iI--> / _ v. t. deliver
second element of some compound forms
meaning: seller of, i.e. ~j)D~ fruit seller.+_ promptly, dispatch/send in time or urgently (of
help, succor, message, etc.). E.g. lS",!uli~';
v-'l,!j~] V.t. sell, market, rend. Cf IYJ.+-
U. L..) Get this letter to him on time. Syn. ~
t~ v. resell, market again! for a second
,:,~I.t..$.+ J_ n. call for help (':'J)" JI.t) v. caW
time. + ,.r; _ also ..;...; _ adj. for sale; worth
ask for help). + IJ"Dr adj. propmt in coming to
aid! providing relief.+ .;;~/_ v. reach (s.o.)
 399

with aid! relief! assistance; arrive in time (to continued whisper.+ d~.J- n. loud and
join, catch. etc.). E.g. ~.;,~.s.J~.,.s.; V I prolonged hissing.+ 0_ n. a hissing
didn't arrive in time to go with them; be sound!noise. + v-i 0 _ n. continued!sustained
delivered! served in time. E.g. L.....;u...s.... l;
hissing.+ ~u o"..;Jo/- v. produce a hissing
~ u.J.$ Was the letter delivered to him on time?
sound, be heard hissing. + .;,1""';4"""'; _ n. vain
~.s~.+ )~_ adj. charitable,
braggart. Cj ~....;.j.
philanthropic; aid (org.). Cj ":-j~J......-.+ _
u)>>S adj. pertaining to aid! relief. J.",s:......; flSklil n. tassel on a fez. -..::-;i. Cj
e'lJ".
j.-I..) finz also .J.JJ") n. bennuda grass. Cj :;ooP.
-4$. ~. V"';-; jisos n., zool. skunk.

0:;..) fueze n. thatch. .;.J fq adj. I. deflated, contain little/ no air (of
a balloon, ball, tire, etc.). 2. fluffy, soft and
..:...:....) fir4te n. angel : u.,..s:j.. u _ angel airy; slack, loose (':'..u-I.;.J v. be ruffled, be
believed to intervene to give victory in battle. loose . .;,~.;S.;.J v. let up and yield. cj ~ ~
~ fir4k n. colostrum; mother's milk .;,:.,;5).+ 0"";»11_ v. be deflated, collapse (esp.
secreted for the first time after childbirth. + • by losing air); fig. be deflated, slump.+ •
~;I v. start flow of mother's milk. 0.,..;~.J1 v. deflate, release air from. + j;i.J - adj.
fluffy (ruffled) and loppy (cj j...i..j; too baggy
~..) f"'w n. hoax, humbug, ruse, fraud. Cj
(loose) and silly-looking.+ ~IJ- also jo_ adj.
J...;i.+ ~I-L:,;,.,....)] See ,:,.t..il,......;;:)u.+ jlt_n.
soft (esp. of ground loosened by frost after
hoaxer, imposter.+ ,jJ},;.I_ v. be defrauded!
rain).
duped! humbugged. + ..l.P _ adj. easily hoaxed!
~ fqe n. I. whizzinglhissing noise. Syn. U.
duped.+ ,:,b/_ v. victimize, dupe, defraud. Syn.
2. fun and game, frolic and lack of seriousness.
,:,;'; lJ".J...,;. ~.
E.g. ...:.J 4.f~.... Don't tum it into fun and
..5.J.J~jJ fivllJk n. acne (on the adolescent's frolic or Let us be a little more serious. Cj
face). Cj ~J. ...:;,j1S. 3. overstatement! exaggeration of one's
ability, bombast. (.;,~~.....-!.i v. boast,
ojJ fize n. sound, utterance. C.! 4.i.i •.J.J.p.. (oj exaggerate).+ ..;...;_ n. 1. indulgence in
.;,:..J v. make a sound, utter a word, react in one boasting! exaggeration. 2. Continued
way or another often used in the negative. E.g. whizzing! hissing. + ~ _ adj. boastful,
~...s.; oj.i Don't you make a sound. ~~ oj
highfalutin, bombastic.+ ~lL n. teasing,
r~uoj One word o~t of you and I shall have joshing, mockery.
you silenced). + I.r..r-~/- V.t. squelch! reduce
u~ fqqiyaJ n. joking, jesting,
to absolute silence; knock (s.o.) out. E.g.
buffoonery/wagging.
u-rt j uoj ..s::.;s~~ He knocked him out with
one fist blow.+ ~la o~/_See ,:,:..J oj. ~ flier (A)See.r-t(allforms).+V!_See~

,;,fi·
~ flS I. n. hissing noise. 2. intj. used to scare
away a cat: fsss!.+ ,:,b/_ v. yield to a rooster .;,"j,j Jilan (A) n. so and so, one that is unnamed!
for mating (of a hen). + 0.,..;1:. I-v. fail to unspecified (of a person or thing).+ )~_ Oliv.
fmish!complete, abandon in failure.+ L.._See on a certain occasion, at such a time.+..:.!._ n.
2. ..,....;.+.$_ n. whisper. See ~.+ ~ _ n. such and such a thing, an unnamed! specified
 400

thing.+ ~_ 1. n. so and so, an unnamed but fllfJJ n. fixation, obssessive

specified person. 2. intj. hey! you!+ ;l-~J- n. preoccupation. Syn. L:J.p. C.f J&j-S. + 1_ adj.
so and so people/ persons, Tom, Dick and obssessed, beset.
Harry. + ..s - n. expr. ofemphas is,' I tell you!, I
~ flehin n. species of fish. - ~~.
must say! E.g. o~,)4..i;.$~rft~ IJ~~.i~.i I
tell you I have never seen such a thing before. ..... ~ fdi~qane also ~ n., bot. cotyledon,
seed leaf. < ~~ JJ,)'
.:...J,; ftlt adj. too loose/large (of a hole, mouth,
opening, etc.). C.f .;,Ii..,i.+ ';'.I_L[~] v. OJLi.:Jj fdiqaK/e adj. squashed, crushed.
mumble, mutter. + 0_ n. mumbling sound/
~ fllim (A) n. film (o/photographs, motion
noise.+ "'-"0.)0_ adj. having the tendency to
pictures).
mumble in speech. + .:...10 _ n. continued
~ fllJte adj. scummy, base (person). C.f
mumbling (of a person).
..s~.)~.
r.~ flltIrem n. lBIit of weight equivalent to
1/128 4lj.a q.v. . 'l..i...U,."
.J.W = '~I
.. w-=-=- fdiqandin
t'p- liJ :i.1;] V.I. squash, crush by squeezing
~ fll~ gen., n. mouth (as one's habitual
into a pulp! flat mass. C.f o.J4.i..l.i~.
manner of speaking.- ~"..t.).+ J~J- n.
incessant squishing sound/noise.+ n. a 0_' o"...;Li.:Jj~1 fdiqanewe v.i. be squashed, be
squish! squishing sound or noise.+ ~o_ n. 1. crushed/squeezed out of shape.
continued squishing. 2. nonsensical talk, r--i fun n. (act oj) blowing air through one's
drivel. E.g. ! ~~ 0,) Stop that drivel!. nose (,:,,)~ r--i v. i. force air out through the
. i ,2
~
fl.'
,!ce =~Jq.v.
. nostrils to blow one's nose. E.g. -S r.i Blow!
(10 a child).
~ jlIs n. Iraqi coin equivalent to one
,:,~ flllcan n. cup, demitasse. C.f •~.Jl~
thousandth of Dinar.
,;,,~.+ ."._ n. cookie! pastry cut with a
J.il.i fllfll n. monkey. See .;,~. demitasse. + ~ _ n. name of a parlour guessing
~' ftlq adj. too large and untidy in appearance game.
(of a dress, footwear, etc.); slovenly, dowdy, .L..:.i fmd n. candle. See r";"'+ ..s:..;1_ n. candle
sloppy. (':'»1 J1
v. be too large and sloppy).+ ..
sticklholder.
,:, also ,:,~_ n. pert girl, minx, slut.+ ~J- adj.
~ furdlq n. hazelnut.+,j..I.i~/_See~
slipshod. sloppy (of a man). + ~ _ See ~.
,:,b~.
~2 fllq intj. used to denote a plopping sound
E.g. o"....,soJli 4.,j'."..s J..i; Plop it fell into the
o},i JUK/are (A) n. fountain. Syn. J."(i,,s.
water.+ d~J- n. loud and continued .::..I.i.-;i JosJtII (E) n., chern. phosphate. E.g.
plopping. + 0_ n. a plop/ plopping sound or rj.e-llS c..iL&...;iCalicium phosphate.
noise.+ .;..1.io- n. 1. continued plopping. 2.
.p.i-;i JorsJor (E) n., chern. phosphorus.+..s_
blather (used disparpgingly to shut offs.o.).
adj. phosphorous.
E.g. ~ 4J..:.u..il.i.wi r4..i Why don't you stop
"lathering.+ ~LA J10/- v. produce a plopping j,;.i Jol gen. only in j;i"..!.i q. v.
sound.
 401

..uJ fu n. a blow/ puff of air from the mouth. rJ fe! n. /. worth, value/ merit measured by the
Syn. ~. Cj __ l.i~. Idiom.~.,.... J .v-i JJ~ A qualities or the esteem in which s.o. or s.th. is
modicum of patience. (iJ~.}.v-i v. blow, puff air held. Cj~.s .t~lt. 2. quality ofabundance/
through the mouth).+ ~.}~/_ v. blow through plentifulness. See 2.~. 3. function, activity/
(a pipe, hole, wind instrument, etc.).+ ~/_
capacity for which (s.th.) is fitted or employed.
(iJJ.1oIU ~ v. have worth! merit; be worthy.
iJ~.;S v. inflate, blow into.+ iJl~/- v.t. I. blow
E.g. ~ J.5..J~~lSo"';..;~ He is not
up, inflate. 2. fig. puff up, elate, flatter.+ JI;~­
even worth talking to. Syn. 4. ~J~).+ )~_
adj. inflated, pumpedlfilled with air.+ oj _ n.
adj. I meritorious, deserving, worth. Cj ~.
steady blowing (esp. at afire in order to build
it up). + iJ~.}":' j~..J 1_ v. be boldl resolute, be 2. functional, operative, serviceable.
detennined, act without hesitation. Cj J.I~ fec.tq (A) n. handyman, janitor (esp. in a
o~L.+ ~.}'jl_ v.t. blow at. E.g. 'j 1S..ui gorernment office) .
.5.... Don't blow at it.
ulrJ feraqe n. leg shackles. Cj .... o~ (under
u..uJ flJt (E) n. foot (unit ofmeasure). Syn. 3. . ').
~

~.
J.;..Ij4J feramo~ also .::.!.;..Ip adj. neglected,
u;..ui flJrhe n. cascade, smalI waterfall. Cj disregarded, treated with inattention!
~l;. dereliction; forgotten. (iJ..tH J.;..I.)"-oi v. be
neglectfull inattentive; be forgetful of- ..J. E.g.
.....j.i foye n. substance used in making false
~ ~;..I.)"-oi .:J.) I.S"..J Don't be neglectful of
diamonds.
your work. ~.,s J.;..I.)"-oi v. treat lightly,
v-L.:.~l;"; fetalJptqayt n. a kind ofdance.- neglect, ignore. cj iJ.... \.t.5'" ~.:;.;.; forget. see
-..;~~. iJ~ ~). + ;IS_adj. neglectful, inattentive (of
;l;"'; fetar adj. lacerated, mangled.+ __ adj. s.o.).+ 1,$- n. I. neglect, negligence,
tom, ragged; mangled, hacked. (iJ..I.Ii; l;"; ; l;"; inattention, disregard. 2. solace, alleviation of
grief! anxiety.+ ~L....;_ v. be consoled, take
v. be ragged; be mangledlhacked to death used
disparagingly against s. o. for having done comfort/solace. Cj ~~ ..;;~.
s.th. shameful.). E.g. 1.I"..)l;"; ;l;.u..su May you
.:J.w~ fertlJt adj. senile, decrepit. C.!
be mangled to death (for what you have done).
Aj,.5..$4f..
.:Jo;l;u fetaret n. ruin, calamitous end, fatal
",AjP fertene also~) n. stonny weather (cj
mishap. Cj iJ~ Jl.i..J ·iJl;~. < .:Jo;l;.u4i;l-
iJl~ .o.,.;J...:.); rumpus, melee, noisy tumoltuous
iJ~·
mingling, eve~t, etc. (cj Ip). E.g. .5~~p
iJl;.uI~.u1 fetan only in iJl;.u b q. v. o~l.il.i...s.;;.~oJU...s4...lt is a real melee
(/it.
r-Ju fedr adj. adj. unleavened (of dough). J'..P It is such a tumolt that even a dog cannot fmd
his master).+ J;.$I- v. cause a rumpus! melee;
-: _~l.i bread made from unleavened dough.
create a stonn, become stonny (of the weather,
IS;~ fexflin n. chinaware. nature, etc.).+ iJL..,.$~/ _ happen, take place
(of a rumpus/ melee, etc.). Cj iJ.JY-I~4f. oJljl.i.+
~ fedt n. decorum, decency of
iJ.... L..,.$~/- See iJ 1;.$ ",AjP·
conductlbehaviour. Cj ~~.+ ;LS _ adj.
decorous, decent. Cj )j....~.
 402

~~ fem n. a variety of small seedless grape. .JlA;U ferman n. I. rule, dominion, the exercise
Cf • -'< - "sJ"
.. ..,---. .- of authority/ control. Cj u'J,-o~ 1~lt 2.
order, command. Cj "sJlS'JO;4w.I~d· (.JlAJ~
u~ ferde n. gunny sack (esp. as unit! amount
.J~.;S v. rule, govern, exercise authority over;
of load). E.g. oJJ~}';~"so~yU~~.s~How
command, give instruction; order around-
many sacks is the truck carrying? Syn. ..;,.,,5. b~).+ ~_ n. government
: J~';'"s - standard size gunny sack ot1iciaVemployee; civil servant; subordinate.+
recognized by venical red lines on both sides. ";';J-i- n. civil service, governinent
* ~';'"s slightly smaller gunny sack marked employment; service (as an adm. division!
with two venical blue lines. department of government).+ "s?-i- adj.
pertaining! related to civil service;
~u;U ferdq n. I. sample! test lot (serving as a
subordinate.+ .Jb~/- V.t. order, command.+_
unit of weight for grains). 2. criterion,
.JI~ I~/ V.t. instruct, direct; give/ pass out an
yardstick. Cj ojl..L.i4,j I....j":. (iJJ~ ~u~ v.
divide winnowed grain into heaps of equal order to. + Jb _ n. prince, emir; governor (syn.
weight for measuring). JI,uL.:.).+ "s;b- n. emirate (syn.~.r-'"');
j..l"'-i fen (A) n. obligation, responsibility; gorernorate (syn.1$')...J4 ).+ JO~- n. commander,
supposition «Ijo;~). (.J»IjyU v. bel stand as commanding officer (syn. o~}'J'- I~":);
an obligation upon- ~. E.g. ojyU.J~}':;"':'
superior, one who is above another in office/
station (cj ..:-o~'J~).+ .J~.;SJo~/- V.t. issue a
praying is an obligation.+ .J~)' jyU v.I. impose
dicree/ ordinance/ edict.+ I"or I. n. ruler;
on- b~, oblige. 2. suppose, presume. E.g.
sovereign (see )~Jo"....:.;s). 2. adj. wise,
ulM.;.s jyU Suppose he doesn't show up}. Cj
judicious.+ ....,.-!I J •r n., pol. government,
~.)0l1"s;l~..J'..A' '!""J,j4J.
administration. Cj 2.;O~ l"s.r-'"'.+ ;lS'_adj.
~JyU fenln n. queen (the chess piece). governing; controlling, regulating. Cj
.J1,rSp.+ U'_ also 4_ n. office, place of
~yU fe,! (A) n. I. carpet, rug. Syn. JU 1;"";lA.
employment. Cj .JI.J-!~. + ;.$_ n. government,
Cj o~ I~ I~. -~Id .2. flooring,
the organization! machinery/ agency of
material covering a floor. (.J~)' ";J~ v. cover a
government. + "s,;.,.J _ adj. governmental, off
floor with briclc.s, wood, tile, etc.}.
relating to government. Syn. o.S.r-'"'.+"s- adj.,
JJ~ ferq (A) n. difference. See "sjlJ~. (JyU gram. imperative .
.J~)'~ see .J~}'~~}. fermayqt n. that which is
JIS',,)'i-i ferkar n. suggestion, intimation, hint (cj receivedllistened to and treated with deference
(only used politely of a statement or request
.J~); advice, recommendation (see
made by another person). E.g. ~lAyU
) : .:;).
~L;~ It isjust as you say, Sir. (.J~}'~lAyU
.J~lS'~IU;S;ul ferkandin V.t. copy, copy v. only in the expression: ~.s":~lA;~ "Yes
down! transcribe (syn. .J~.;S ""'~JJd); make/ Sir" as you say.
figure out (esp. s.th. written). (cj ;o~ j;__
~~ ferma v. used as a formula ofpoliteness
.J~~. when inviting/ welcoming s.o. to s.th. : pray
~lS';U ferkane n. copy, imitation, transcript! (also in the plural- .J~,,)'i-i. E.g. o"o';';~;U
reproduction of an original work. Pray take this seat. 0J •...;J .;,~yU Please come
this way.+ o~_ n. word! request (ofs.o. heeded!
 403

respected). E.g. ~L..:J.J ~1.S':J~p~ We :JluU feryad also luU See 1....) (allforms).
did it at his request (according to his wish).+_
~..)~ ferik adj. I. green, unripe (cj •J.Y-.$A,j
~u.,..~] v. I. say, utter, express, command
j~); also as prefIX to names ofcertain fruits,
(esp. of s.o. baclced by respect! authority/
nuts, etc. which may be eaten green: l...v> 0_
reverence). E.g. ";o4...I~p '."..> God has
half-ripe dates *~I.Jju • _ green terebinth seeds
commanded; a/so used sarcastically to belittle
what s.o. says. E.g. !~p~l.T-~ What *:;;~._ soft walnut (whose lcernel is not fully
did h~s "honour" say? 2. visit, come. E.g. ripe) *..5;; 0_ green chickpea (while still in the
~~~'~~':J Why not honour us by pod). 2. as part of some compound nouns
coming to our home. meaning: pseudo; semi, half. E.g. ..5.....;U
~j; pseudo intellectual. (~-'-'"i~""""'; v. be
~ p fe,meson (E) n. Freemason.
green! ripe enough to be edible. 2. be half dry
.h~ ferwa, n. ascendancy, command. (of laundry). see •..,.:,~jj).
dominance. Cj ~l..p.
~L....i fesad (A) only in ~L....i 4,!l.. .
.J.Jp fer' (E) n. fur, pelt. Cj r :; .j~.
jL-.; fesal n. physiognomy, looks (normally
(.p ferec only in (.P.hi q. v. used disparagingly) (cj ;l...->.J;); form, shape
(cj 2.•.,.;:.).
(.~ ferel! (A) I. n. joy, delight. See ~j>. 2.
adj. roomy, spacious. See ~'.J')' (~~(.p v. j.....U fest (A) n. I. settlement (of afeud). 2.
be roomy/ spacious).+ I.S- n. joy; abundance, season. See I . .;..s. j.;D.J . (~:J.J j...J..i v. settle a
prosperity: I.S-JL.. year ofabundance _..;lS feud).
*I.S timet period ofprosperity.+ ~~ ~I.S/- v. ;:}.t....i feqe (A) n. theological student (normally
feel relief! comfort (from anxiety) (used residing and sludying in a mosque). Cj
normally with j:J). E.g. .:.o~ ~~~.pJ:J ~ ..... .;;.»""
She feels somewhat relieved.
....L;i..i feqyane n. long pointed shirt-sleeves of
Ij.~ fe,eza conj. supposing, suppose,
the Kurdish national costume. Syn. 2. ";1;;-.
assuming that, what if. E.g..........ijJ.jl..A,j 'j'P
Cj ":-o~;4- '~'.Jl;.
What if we didn't find him? - jp.
r-l..i feqtr (A) See )~,;.s.:i'.J""' .
.,r.o.i.~ ferenct also c.?DP n. long-sleeved felt
overcoat. Cj •.....5.; .~~ .j~.,s ...5~.s ill..i fekle n., anal. the temple. Cj .5.;.~~ .
..5~. .u~..i felaqe n. device for holding up the legs of
.5.;.D~ Fe!eng (E) n. and adj. Europe; the deliquent during the administration of a
bastinado: -1.S)i:J bastinado stick/cudgel. (u~..i
European.+ ~~_ n. Europe.+ I.S_I adj.
~~.;S v. subject (s.o.) to bastinado. cj l.S)lS):J
European (esp. ofa language).
~~.J).
p~2 fe!engt n., med syphilis. Syn. ..5~l;.
..i"--'..i felsefe (E) n. philosophy. -"';~..i;
~P fe,heng n. dictionary, lexicon. Cj
principle, ideology. Cj ";-~'d'
.JI~.J.J under ~.J.JI.+ ..5j_ n. small dictionary;
glossary (cj '.JI)j).+ ~l,;b/_I v. compile a ....J-'; fele n. Christian villager. C.! ..:-)~l>. +_
dictionary.+ ~L.;I~_2 n. lexicography.+ )A,jI:J_n. .s....:...; n. Assyrian Christian Villager. C.!
lexicographer. \.S).J-"""l;.
 404

,:,U fen (A) See ~JA (all forms). this). + .;,1l/_ V.t. instigate, prod, encourage.
Syn . .;,I~ .;,~.
lil"j fena adv. as. Cf ..5'J'
~2 fit n., restr. (act/state oj) being quits (with·
fentad adj. ritzy, modish,
j&.J). (.;,»"! ~ v. be quits with. E.g. ....~ 4.,1
fashionable: -~4.,Ilt ritzy fashionable items.
.:,j~.J ~ ~ How much would it take for
~u feng also ....1"j n. trick, artifice normally him to settle with you?
used in comb. as J;.iJ- n. trickery, chicanery,
~J fitn. puffing/rustling sound. + J~J _ n.
deception, double-dealing.
loud and prolonged rustle/puffing sound.+ ,_
.;4-J~ fener n. lantern (esp. one in which a n. a rustle, puffing! humming sound. + ~. _ n.
candle is used). Cf I,? .U"',,;.ai continued rustling/ puffmg sound.+ ~~,_ v.
.;,1;.,uv.,u1 fewtlln v.L perish, be destroyed; make/produce a humming or puffing noise, be
heard rustling.
be lost (esp. ofmoney invested). E.g. rJ],j 1oS,)~
1;"""'; I~,J LS r~ I lost a lot of maney in this job. ~ fifqe n. I. squirt, quick stream! jet. 2.
syringe. (~.".s ~ v.i. squirt, jet out of a
CI .;,~ J~'+ .;,~- [~"u] V.t. cause to
perish., spoil, ruin, destory. E.g. ~lS'J)' l.Y- Iiquid).+ ~/_ v.i. form a continuous squirt,
.... I;J....; The cold destroyed the flowers; fritter jet out continuously.+ .;,I~~/_ V.t. give an
away (moneyJortune, time). CI .;,I~ .:-u.J. injection to. Syn. .;,I~~~"":" Cf .;,1;.,5'.

JI;"u fewtaw adj. perished, ruined, destroyed; 14 fuJa (A) n. sacrifice. (.;,~,} 1J..:.i v. have
lost, frittered away. onseif-:,;.f s.th. sacrificedfor-IoS' Syn. .;,~,}~.
cf .;,~ 1J..:.i~). + ~_ n. shock troops,
(~ fewe (A) See 'J'd' CI J.ViI;.
commando.
~~.~u fehrenhflYt (E) adj. Fahrenheit.
...;.t fir adj. I. cognizant, having knowledge. 2.
J~u feyleslif (E) n. philosopher. used, accustomed (to- loS). (.;,.Vi"';; v.I. learn,
gain knowledge of. E.g. r.ViIoS.);.tS loS"';; I have
~u feyH n. and adj. Fayli Kurd; belonging to
learned Kurdish. 2. get used/accustomed to.
the Fayli group of Kurds.
E.g. ~d'~4~";IoS"';; He is accustomed to
~1 fi n., med epilepsy, fit. Syn. 1. JAl.:.+ ).)_ taking a nap in the afternoon.+ .;,.),},.,;; V. I.
adj. epileptic.+ ~}/_ v. be attacked! teach, train, educate. 2. accustom, habituate
overcome by an epileptic fit.+ ~~~/_ v. (cf .;,~Id); addict. E.g. r~,} ~l.!;S 'J~IoS"';;
have an epileptic fit, have an attack of He caused me to become addicted to cigarette
epilepsy; fig. go into a triade of anger/ smoking). + .Vi - adj. acquired, gained, attained
emotional upset. (as opposed to inborn! innate! natural).+ .i~­
~1 Fe n. name ofthe seventeenth leiter J ofthe n. apprentice. CI ~}L.:.; seeker (of knowledge,
Kurdish alphabet. etc.).+ IoSjl'p- n. apprenticeship; scarch, quest,
..:..,i fit n. doing, fault, action; instigation, probe+ IoSJIl- n. exercise; lesson (see "';I J 1).+-
prodding. (of a person) (.;,1..1)-1 ~ v. be the .J4S n. teacher, one who teaches! trains. See
fault! doing of- loS. E.g. .JY- jJ ~ 1oSJ.r~ It was I:-,;..l.; educator.+ & _ n. place/ institution of
all your doing (you are the reason for all teaching, training, etc. Cf "';l,iI;l;."J. ~..t.:j...P.
 405

~ Jir int)o wed to denote a swooshing sound.+ and burning, a sizzling sound.+ ~D_ n.
';'.l..il_[~-r-il v. have diarrhea. Syn. .;,~~.+_ prolonged! continued ~ q. v.
..s n. diarrhea. + .;, _ atij. diarrbetic. + ;~J _ n.
j~ jisal n. big! exaggerated tale, vain
loud and prolonged swooshing.+ ._n. sound boasting, rant. Cf j;~ -..JD~ .Jlj.J'. (j~
I

produced by a forceful discharge of heavy

.;,~.;S v. see .;,b~j~).+ j~_also~_and_
(thick) liquid, a swooshing! rushing sound.+_
~. n. continued persistent swooshing.
p atij. given to telling tall tales! rants. + ~ /_
.;,IJ v. tell tall tales, exaggerate, magnify (an
..:-.r.i Jirist (A) See .:-~. account! story/ discription ofs.th.) .
..J~.;~ Jirnegule n. I. wren (bird). 2. fig. .s~ n. cartride (cf 41.JA :~"''"'IoS­
J'4ek
dapper little person. reloaded cartridge *..;~;lS 1oS- factory-made
J.r--i Jiro n. waste, improvidence.< I.;,I~ ~ (unused) cartridge.+ ~4.J- also .;,I~_ and ~_ n.
';'~j~4.J.
bandolier, cartridge belt. C.! ~/ .:~.+ _
D.,....:;P~/ v. reload a cartridge (a cartridge
.r:-i fir. n. haughtiness, arrogance, pride. <r.-i4.J.+
case that has been used before). + ;D.,t,;.j _ n.
IoSj~- n. pomposity, afTectation.+ .;,_ atij.
ejector (of a firearm).+.r--S _ n. charger,
haughty, proud.
cartridge clip.+ ';jj;~D_ n. blank cartridge. +_
}~ flUlr n. complaint, grievance. Syn. ~lS:..... ~ n. rocket (firework). Cj .;,~li~u.+_
Cj o~jlS.
uJ IN n. rocket.
W fiUya also..s::...~ (E) n. physics. + .;,Ij _ n. J.a.e.i flr;l (A) n. verb. See ;I~.J.
physicist.
~ flq intj. denoting a nasal and penetrating
;t-.i Jisar See.;,~ (all forms).
sound (resembling that of an oboe).+ _
.;,L-;iI;r-;iJ fesan also.;,~ v.i. be in soak., .;,..t....il[w :U] v.t. cause/ produce a nasal and
become sodden. Cf ';'.w. r· penetrating sound or tone (esp. with an
instrument).+ ~_ n. toy flute.+ ;~J- n.
..:-.;i fest n. the fez; special skullcap used as
loud and prolonged ~ q.v.+ D_ n. a nasal
part ofa Kurdish woman's heodgear. Cj J"-i.s. penetrating sound. + ~D _ n. persisten ~
~I jisqe n. small (pearl) onion (esp. when q.v.+ ~D_ n. mouthpiece (of a wind
cooked/pickled whole: -loSj~ small onion. instrument). - L.;;Jj. C.! 2. ~.+ .;,l:;,.~D­
v.t. toot, sound a note (on a wind instrument).
~z jisqe n. wagtail (bird).
E.g. u~ .;,L.:-.~....;; l...:.;. L.;;Jj ~ 1oS~ P No
~ jisel atij. sapped, dried up. See ~..!.Y.. sooner had he sounded a note on the pipe than
we joined hands (in dancing).
int)o denoting a rushing sound:
~ fiq See ~";"-t
swoosh!+ ;~J- n. loud persistent ~ q.v.+_
..s n. a hissing sound. E.g. ;LoIoS~ The ~I fik int)o denoting a whistle/ whistling
hissing of a snake. (.;,~.;S ~ v. produce/ sound.+';'.I_iI- [~l v.t. whistle (with the
move with a hissing sound). + ~& _ n. lips). Syn. .;,L:.;S" ~.+ ;~J- n. I. loud
persistent hissing.+ D_ n. a sound resembling prolonged whistling. 2. the howling of
that of fireworks (esp. a rocket) moving up dervishes.+ D_ n. whistle, whistling sound;
whistle (instrument). idiom. ..5~4.J r~ ;lj---
 406

..s~ I can't match his ebullience.+ ~o_ n. ~ fing only in .;~N n. loud prolonged!
continued! whistling. + ,:, L-:.;So _ v.I. whistle persistent sobbing.+ 0_ n. a sobbing!
(esp. wilh one's lips) (c.f ,:,1.) j ~); whistle whimpering sound. + ~o _ n. continued
. .
at- ~ (s.o.) tojeer/deride/mock.+,:,b~/o.. sobbing! whimpering. - ,:,L....J. C.!
V.t. blow a whistle. E.g. bj..s~I"~~ The ...s::..:...oJ.s:..:...oJ.
referee blew the whistle. ~ fly,.,:. (E) n. fuse (electrical device).
~2 fik See ~"s-li.

~ fik; also ~ n. fruit. Syn. o.,n-".

j..;i fii n. trick, catch, decoy, deceit. Syn. .;r";;.

C.f 2. ,:,~ •..sj$. (,:,.).,,5j..;i v. trick, deceive/
humbug S.o. syn. ,:,1.) ~ ~).+ ..sJI- a4/. full of
tricks and deception.+ j~_ adj. tricky,
deceptive (syn. j~";;); cunning, foxy, sly (see
2. jt,...~ .~~); mischievous (see ~~).+ •
..sj L,. n. trickery, deception; slyness. + ,:,'j _ See
. .
j~.+ ~o.;UJ- also ~.J';J- n. recurring act!
behaviour characterized by deception, fraud,
trickery. <~o.J4i,,4.;~.+ ..$.;4iJ - See ~op);;.

J....=.i fil n. I. zool. elephant. 2. bishop (the chess

piece). + ""t ~ _ n. prop, shoring (esp. in the form
of a wall to support an already standing
one).+ ~o_ n. and adj. hugelstrong person;
giant.+ oft$o- n. roe deer.+ ,:,'JI- n. mahout.+_
..s a4/. pale gray. C.f ~.J".
~ fine See~~.
~ finik a4/. cool, facilitating! suggesting
relief from heat (c.f ').JL-); refreshed,
reinvigorated. (':'»-1 ~ v. bel feel cool. +
,:,.).,,5 S-..;;t V. tum cool of the weather; make
cool, chill. cf ,:,.).J ').JL..).+ cS!'- n. cool place/
spot.+ o~»t/- v.i. cool off, be relieved from
the heat (of a person); be cooled! chilled.+.
0~.).J/ V.t. cool off, cause/help to be relieved
from heat. E.g. o".........).J~4-!lt"...: That
breeze coiled me off; in comb. with self-".
E.g. oJo~~.:..,,~b Sit down and cool
yourself off. + ...s _ n. coolness.
 407

~.,;U vilo!e See J.j~.

~ ving intj. denoting a buzzing/whizzing

sound.+ n. noisy/ persistent buzzing.+_
•••
.]""'J-
o n. buzz; buzzing sound. (\)J,} ~ v. buzz,

~
whiz by, pass with buzzing sound).+ ..s.:J,_ n.
continued buzzing; sustained whiz. (.$..:2~
':"»1 v. bel keep buzzing).

*~ veb" adj. fixed, set; constant,

unchanging (syn. p$4i).

*,~d vetiTe n. event, happening. Syn. JIlJJ.]'

~ V the eighteenth leiter 0/ the Kurdish Cj ..:,,1.)--...
alphabet.
*1y4J veTa adj. right,just, fair. Syn. IJI.]. Cj
liU var n. region, area. Syn. ~~. Cj 'Jo~..JAJ
~J)~' + ~- n. justice, fairness.
~Jli '~Jjj.
jj..J4..J veTij n. contents (esp. 0/ a book,
I.SJU va" adj. alone, lone, solitary. Syn. ~a,j.
document, etc.). C.! ..5jJIJ li.
(':"»-1 I.SJU v. disappeare, pass out of sight. syn.
,joyJ vejen n. intensity (o/heat). Cj ~.
.:"L.4i J~~)'
,;.kJ velD n. search (syn. ~J; investigation,
I.SjU vajt n. and adj. lapel (syn. ~J; having
inquiry (about) (syn. o~_l~'). (.:,,~.,rS;Jd v.
the wrong side out (syn. JJjlJl;).
search; investigate).
~U also ~IJ vala adj. empty; vacant. Syn.
..,:..~ vewini n. behaviour. Syn. )l:.io.]. oJu,}.
jl;4.f.+ ~_ n. emptiness; vaccwn.
~ vi n. name 0/ the leiter ~.
*..J vir adv. here. Syn. 0"';;.+ 1_ adv. at/from this
place. *.:,,~ viyan n. love. Syn. ~~.

; vir intj. denoting a whirring sound. + .]"'"J _ n. I.r-J vera prep. with, along. Syn. j.S..J .I.;.J'
loud prolonged whirring noise. + 0_ n. a
o~l vize n. sound of! resembling heavy
whirring! drooing noise. + .;Jo _ n. cont~ued
breathing through the nose when asleep; snort,
whir, persistent drone.+ ~I.o_ v.i. drone (as 0/ wheeze.+ :r-L n. continued I..r.! q. V.+ ~I._ v.i.
a plane's engine), whir, fly/ revolve/ move make/produce a snorting or wheezing sound.,
with a whir. be heard snorting .
..5) virk n. thick soup. Cj l.u;.:.. I:r-i'" vize (E) n. visa (as permission/or travel
*~"s) virgull adj. saffron/orange yellowish and entry).
(colour). Syn. ~~. vega adv. instantly, at once. Syn.
·~l.
*~) virmoT adj. dark, deep (o/colour). Syn. I.T'~-

2. .p- •..s:....Jl; .tjj. *J..;) vii adj. low, lacking height. Syn. ~:;. Cj
I.S~.
ytS~ vijokeT n. laxative. Syn. ~IJI.]~L.Jo~.
 408

4.U qapelk n. carapace, back shield (ofa turtle),

shell (of a crab, clam, etc.); shield, armour (see,
.JlA.lu 1. ~) .

.:...U J qat n. suit! set of clothes. Syn. 4. .:-O~ .

.:...~ qat n. 1. story, floor (of a building). Syn. 1"';";.

2. layer, fold (cj 1. .;J); level (syn. 2. ~). 3. fold,
times. E.g.......;; \So~~lJ;:'- It is three times that
of yours.+ __ adj. layered, having many stories,
built into many layers .
~ q the nineteenth leiter ofthe Kurdish alphabet. .:...l...t..J qat (A) adj. scarce, characterized by lack!
paucity. E.g. o&jlJ ~.JY'~ Everything is scarce.
~41.tu qableme n. cooking pot (esp. ofaluminum).
(.J.J.1-I,:",u v. be scarce).+ ";?J- n. a period of
Cf ~ .... - .;u.ili.
economic adversity/ shotrage of goods (esp.
~LJ qabil (A) adj. possible, feasible, workable. food). + ..r n. dearth, famine, extreme want.
Syn.J~. Cf J> '':-J.)J. E.g. .s~lJ)1.... The year of the famine.

4.U qabine also 4.\5" (E) n. cabinet. Cj .:...o)joJ. ,.;lJ qat;r n. mule. See';-':;'. Cf c,}~~.+ .JI J ... n.
mule driver.
,;-,li qap n. plate, dish: J~..r shallow dish. j.ul..r
deep dish; bottle. E.g. oJ"!"/~lJ A bottle of beer t.~.u~ll qatuqemll! n. thick syrup of clarified

(syn. 2. ~~).+ t.4-llJ- n. tableware (china,

butter with sugar and flour (gen. prescribed for
mother immediately after child delivery).
glass, silver, etc.). Cf 1. .JIJl.i.
o&jli qate n. rice husk. - ..5~~.
qap n., anal. anklebone.+ ~JL adj. having the
2
,;-,U
tendency to stricke one's shins! anklebones [.li qac = [.\5" q. v.
together when walking. + ..5_ n. inflamationl
(ilJ qar n., anat. foot (see I. ~); leg (see ~~).+_
swelling esp. of the hee\.+ ~J/- v. bite on the
J.,.JJ n. foot (lit. food and ankle). Syn. J..k.+..r n.
foot, attack (of a dog). Cf ~.+.}._ n. game of
footwear. See J'9.;;.
knucklebones. Syn. ~.
t 4U qafax also t.~lJ (T) n. & adj. contraband,
,;-,~lJ qapqap n. wooden clog with a leather
smuggled goods; fugitive, on the run, hiding.
strap: .JL...;j..r women's wooden clog • JL..~..r (.JJJ-I t 4-ll v. be smuggled of goods; be on the
clog used to walk in while bathing (esp. at a run . .JJ....st4lJ v. smuggle).+ ~ n. smuggler,
public bath). Cj ....:.....)b ":'yS.
dealer/ trafficker of contraband.+ ~_ n.
• LJl
UJY. qaplit n. overcoat. Syn. ;J~. Cj I~O'p smuggling, trafficking in contraband. ~~lJ

.JJ.;o-S v. be involved in! have the profession of

smuggling) .
.:...JY. ~ qaplit n. single score/ point (in a game of
V"~.... ).+ ~}-:..,J/- v. win the third and match J4li qara", adj. hostile, inhospitable, desolate (of
score. aplace). See';J~. Cf ,;pl.i.

~ lJ qapi n. door, gate. See 1. LS.)oJ. + .J1 J _ n. -lJ

.p": qafP! n. headcount (of cattle, livestock). Cj
doorkeeper. Syn. .J1Jl!.)OJ.
 409

["';;.J':'LJ qacllqfir v. cheating, cozening, obtaining worship.+ ~ n. heroism, gallantry, bravery,

things by petty tricks. Cf .;-i~ ..;}. (<JJ.J [.vl.J':'l:i heroic conduct.+ ~ = ~L..o.Jl:i q. v.
v. to obtain! acquire by petty tricks).
.;~u qa!! See ;J;-J«.
-
~lJ
-
qaxli also ~IS n., bot. variety ofsaltwart.
.iLl qaz n. goose (bird). Cffojl·+ ..sj~J- n. flock
.JU qar (A) n. vexation, distress. See o)~ .~.+ of wild geese and cranes. +t '9... n. lark (bird). Syn.
;"~)r>/- v. be vexed! disressedl irritated (by opSJ"j.S. +;.,1.,... n. one who herds! takes care of a
0.10 ... ..:-o~). flock of geese.
~LJ qa! intj. denoting the sound of! resembling the tl.iLJ qazax adj. clean (syn. ..st.); satisfactory,
cry of a goose: honk.+ ;".LiL[~--IlJ] V.t. honk (of a acceptable (syn. ~).
goose); make a sound resembling a honk.+ ... n.
;.,1.ilJ qazan n. cooking pot. Syn. ~ .....
honk, honking sound. +~L.J... n. persistent
honking.+ ~L.. ... v. be heard honking, produce a ~1.iLJ qazanc also (ljiLl n. profit, gain, benefit;
honking sound. advantage, avail (syn . ...>:,j...s); interest (as on
money/ in math). (see »-) (;"»-/ ~ ~1-iLJ v. be
~.JLJ qarrik n. mushroom. Syn..5.JIS.+ ...;1)..... n.
beneficial! profitable; be advantageous to-
toadstool (lit. snake mushroom)
~.+ ;.,~.J ~1-iU v. make a profit, gain; derive benefit
...s:;l1lJ qarjing n. crab. See jl1.J. from-.J).
lJ".JlJl qars n. (the act oj) taking up/ in. (;.,~.J I.I'".JlJ v. t'9jlJ qazlax =t'9.jlJ q.v.
take up, cut off (from- ~), pull up/ in clothes in
~jlJ qaune n. pick (digging tool). Cf [4·
order to shorten them). E.g. ~1.I""'.Jl:i~J.jJ Take
it up a little.+ i}- adj. taken up/ in, shortened. .;.iLJ qazi n. judge, magistrate (also ofreligious

IJ".JL.T qars also~.u adj. irked, displeased, riled,

courts). C.! 1J"r.~IJ.
annoyed. Cf 1. o~», .~. (;".I.J'IIJ".Jl:i v. be irked! 4>l.0lJ qaziyaxe n. name of a fodder plant.
annoyed by - A..t E.g. ~)l:i .Jj-i';-....l 4t I really get
~LJ qaj 1. n. rook! other birds of the crow family. 2.
irked by what he says).
intj. denoting a sound resembling the cry of a
IJ".J LT qars only in..::.....l:J ~ resurrection day. rook! chough.+ ;.,.t..iL L:;jLJ] V.i. cry/ crow (of a
Syn. ..r.- ';~j~. roolc); make a loud shrill sound! noise/ cry.+ o.Ju..
See ~LJ.+ ..5- n. magpie.+ JJ- n. chough (bird).+ ...
;.,1.;)lJ qarnan adj. miserly. See ..5JJ.;:.
n. a crowing sound (c.f o~U); whistling! whizzing
.t.,jJJ~l:i qarune n. worm (esp. infesting dried up sound (of a"ows). (;.,~~ ojLJ v. whizl whistle by-
fruits). -~.J. IJ .. .;'J4t). + ~U... n. persistent crowing; continued!
;".1.1~Ll qadln n. very rich, extremely wealthy successive whistling sounds.+ ~ = J.JjlJ q. v.
(reference to Croesus who was known for his ,;-lJ qasp intj. denoting a sound resembling the
wealth). E.g. A..t.u. ";.1.1~l:i";L..L.. He has Croesus's
call of a mountain partridge- y.S q. v. + _ [~lJ]
wealth.
;.,.J....il v. call (of a mountain partridge).+ ... n.
;.,~o)l:i qareman n. & adj. hero; champion, cackling sound! call of the mountain partridge.+ _
palladin (.syn. 2. ;.,I J .J4); heroic, brave, gallant.+_ ,;-Uo n. sustained caW cackling.
-..;1 adv. heroically, as a hero.+ ..r-.J~ n. hero
 410
tL...li

t l.;...u qasnax n. container used as a unit of ~~u qaqlecinoke n. mollusk; seashell.

measuring grain approx. equivalent to 32 kg . Cf ..sj.i~..:.~.
.L.e-u qastd (A) n. messenger, bearer, courier. Syn. rill qaqim n., zool. ermine. Cf 2. \.,..l:.
~ ~4;. Cf ~4;.
jull qaqez =j4.l.1S (allforms) q.v.
~LJ qfl! n. section, segment (of a citrusjruit); t
JLJ qal adj. I. pure, refined, purified. E.g. jllu'JJ
slice, piece (of melon, cake, etc.) (cf j~. syn.
purified! clarified oil. 2. seasoned, made fit by
2. ~.,...;1). (~~,.rS ~LJ v. separate into sections!
training! experience. Cf~.... I)4-. Syn. o~ .. " ':~.
segments; cut into slices).+ __ adj. in slices.+"
(~.J.J-IjLJ v. be seasoned, well-versed. ~J...sjll v.
i j adj. separated into sections, sliced. purify esp. clarified butler by heating and
t L.:.u qfl!ax n. standing (leftover) com stalks after skimming off impurities. refine.
harvest. j III qal adj. preoccupied, absorbed. < j II .;J-.

...s:...:.u qfl!k n. bark, the outer covering ofa tree ..,..~LJ qa/as n. earthenware water jug. Cf.~
trunk, branch, etc. Cf j>.;...;. 0»S.
~u qfl!ne n. species of carp (fISh). Cf ~Lm).j. ~u qapb (A) n. I. mold; matrix (syn . ..s'j.o~b); form
;":'lJ qiqll fI. C~ vcu :.Ldffl stick used in the game of (see 0"';"':'); cake, ~ar (of soap, cake) (cj I . .sJ.....).

~":'q.v.
2. gram. mood. See';"':"JI~.+ ~J/- v. take the
shape/ fit the contours of a mold or matrix; take
.sJ..,.,.:,lJ qfl!lilk =~u q.v. form.+ ~.J- adj. defmite, precise; explicit.
JlJl Qaf n. name of the letter ...;. ....).Jll qaldirme See';IS).:; under".,.,/.
1
...iLJ qat n. fabulous mountains (referred to in ..s:....Wll qalmask n. slingshot. Syn. u'll 4>~.
stories) supposed to surround the earth.< loS..,.,;
»Ill qalor n. hollow stem! stalk (of some plants) .
...ill; Caucasus.
qa/on~e n. blackbeetle, dung beetle;
JL."..J qat n. conscription (into the army);
cockroach.
recruitment, enrollment. (~..tJ--IJLJ v. be
~.uJll qalf4.k n., bot. phloem.
conscripted.~.? JLJ v. conscript, enroll a recruit
selected by lot, draft). Cf ~).+ .11...,s.. n. JU qall n. carpet, rug. Syn. ).v-iLA .~p Cj o~.+
conscript, draftee, raw enlisted recruit. ~ n. small carpet! rug: ,:,L.;i.."", flying (magic)
.wll qafle (A) n. convoy; caravan. See ~I.1)S. carpet.

~ll qam~1 (T)also~un. whip.Syn. .;~\;.

~u qaf'Ye (A) n. rhyme (ofpoetry).

."Jll qavQ n. straw (for sucking liqUid). ..s:..l.J qamk n. finger. See ~4;.+ ..;1.1'" n.
protective leather sheath worn on the finger when
l.JlJ qaqa intj. ha ha! (denoting a guffow/ reaping with a sickle. - ~;J.
horselaugh).+ ~~/_ v. guffow, laugh
..,.....,..ll qamlis (A) n. dictionary. See ~p.
biosterously. Cf ~~IoSLJll";I~.+ ~I~~/_ v.
burst into a loud, rocus laughter. ..s:..:....,..lJ qamJJ!k See 4.tlW.

o.:.ill~ll qaqbeqaqb n. the cackling! singing ofa

partridge. Cf~ll ~ll.
 411

~ LJ • qllmi! n. cane, reed: .}~ ~ sugar cane~ bJU qllw~ n. I. shell, hard external casel
*~..J kind of recd used for making pens. covering. E.g. ..s~~JJLJ Cartridge case. 2.
Cf ~.,.u.+ .t.i4.t_See ~I.+ .... n. wand: ~llJJl~ cocoon; chrysalis.
magic wand. + iJ~"" n. reed! cane brake. DJU qllwe n. coffee: jt; ~ black coffee (noramlly
iJll qlln n. tum. See I. D~. D.Jj.i. served repeatedly in small amounts) * V'~ ~
thick black coffee with sugar, Turkish coffee.
~Ijill qllllZllc ~Ijll q. v. (.Jl~DJLJ v. makecoffee.see.JL.;~oJll).+~n.

~l.J1 qllng n. fumigation (actl process 0./).+ iJll/-1 coffee maker; owner! keeper of a coffee shop. + _

v.t. fumigate, apply smoke! vapour! gas (to- IS), ~~ n. coffee shop, cafe. Cf 4i~~.+ ;.$- n. one
also puff smoke into (the ears as an old wive's who serves. coffee (at a guesthouse. coffee shop,
cure for earache).+ JIJl- adj. fumigated. etc.)+ .JL;..)I- v.t. prepare! fix! make! brew
coffee.+.s- adj. brown, coffee coloured.
~Li qllng n. only in iJll-2 v.t. give a gambler who
has lost everything one last chance without stake u-=JOJU qllwelti n. lunch. Syn. j~D~";L.;. ~oJll
to recoup enough to continue. iJl.} v. have! eat lunch) .
..k..ll qllngle n. coil. ~ll qllyq n. strap, thong; leash, line (cf 2. .:-~).
iJ..viUI qllnan (E) n. law, canon, code. See l..lt (all ~LJ qllyiJ (A) adj. content, satisfied (cf ~);
forms). consenting, agreeble (to), going along (wilh).< L.;
.J..viLT qllllan (E) n. dulcimer (musical ~LJ. (.J»-tJtU v. be content! satisfied with- 4t; be
irutrument).+ .Jb~/- v. play on the dulcimer. agreeable, consent (to)/ settle (for).+ .Jl.} ~ll v.
make s.o. agree! consent; convince).+ ~ n.
"';'~ll qllllemlw n. grapevines planted in a runneV
contentment, satisfaction; consent, acceptance.
furrow.
rt-LJ qllyim (A) adj. hard, with intense force! sound
JU qllw n. shouting sound! noise; rumour. (.Jl.} Jll
(syn. 3. .Li,i); secure, firm, taut, sturdy (syn. 4.5.;;);
v. call, call out to). + jj....,;.b I-v. spread rumour. + •
tough, rugged, strong (cf ~J. E.g.rt-lllSlt High
\.?.ys III v. spread, become known, be rumoured.+
wind.u-il~ rt- LJ 4.t He yelled 10udlY·~.JI~ ... ..:
.Jll/- v.t. run (s.o.) out by continuous yelling!
~ll This is a tough fabric. D~ rt-ll ~ It is not
bellowing.+ ~J- n. loud and persistent shouting
secure yet. (.J.JJ-I f"'! LJ v. be hard; be firm! secured;
and screaming (esp. of people quarreling!
children playing). (.Jl~ ~JJ LJ v. shout! scream be tOUgh.+.Jl~ f"'!LJ v.I. secure, fasten i.e. door;
loudly of a group ofpeople).+ JIl.... n. continued make sturdy. 2. put in a safe place; hide, conceal
(Cf'~lJL:.); lodge, deposit.+ Jl.S- adj. given to
shouting.
safekeeping! safeguarding one's affairs.+ ISJ\S.. n.
-JJIl qllwurme (T) n. pickled meat (normally
deep fried mullon in autumn and stored with
safekeeping, safguarding, protectiveness.+ .,I...s-
adj. secure, provided with safety! freedom from
greasefor winter use).
loss or risk; fastened, secured. + .... n. prop,
.:.0 JJLJ qllwut n. bread taken as provisions on a suppport (for a vine, climbing plant).+ ~ n.
journey (normally crumbled for eary intensity, severity (of force! sound); toughness,
traruportation). - ~..,;. strength; sturdiness, finnness.

t.~ Il qaye.;! also t 4.J.ll n. boat, skiff (cf I. r~);

raft (cf ..sJ.,.s).
 412

.:J qit adj. unobtainable, which cannot be .;,~...s.+ Do. n. I. snap, snapping sound. 2. clucking!
procured! secured. (';'»-I..:...J v. be unobtainable/ grating sound (esp. of a snap). + ':".,JDo. n.
difficult to procure). presistent clucking! snapping sound. + \.i ~ ':",}Do. v.
.;,.a.;4Jr~J qi~andin
v.t. achieve/ manage/ put I. produce a snapping sound. 2. cluck
persistently.+ i~- adj. snapped! broken! lopped
through by devious or dubious means.
off'.+ 4 n . snap fastner. Syn. 2. aJo~.
~ qix intj. denoting a warning: Don't! it is dirty
(used as a nursery word)+ Do. adj. dirty (nursery .u.U.} qinmaxe n. scab (on a wound); scum, slime,
word). C.! ~. (';'»-1 ~ v. be dirty/ unclean. floating film! encrustation (c.f ~..,.;).+ ~/_ v.
E.g.4!.;J It is dirty, you must not touch it). fonn a scab; fonn a film! encrustation.
[} qar inlj. denoting a crackling sound! crinckling
..LJ qid a/so o.JJ n. a clucking sound (of a chicken). +
noise. + .;,1- kr.-.)]v. i. J. crinckle, crackle, give
.t....JDo. n. countinued clucking (of a chicken esp.
forth a thin crackling sound. 2. scorch, burn! parch
when scratching).
(esp. of oi/for cooking).+ iJJjI-L;k,}] v.t. I. cause
.? qir. n. extinction, total destruction, annihilation. + to crinckle. <,;".a.;l.>,.,)~. 2. scorch, overheated,
.;,1_1 n. extinction, condition! fact of being extinct bum.+ JL adj. overheated, scorched.+ ..5j_ adj.
or totally destroyed. E.g. ~ JY. ~ .;,l".il} I,$~ What raveled, frayed, crinckled and wom.+ J~J- n.
was the cause ofthier extinction?+ .;,.a.;'-f~..i] v.t. noisy sustained crackling.+ Do. n. J. crackle (of
prognostigate misfortune. predict evil, croak burning firewood); scorching! parching sound;
ominous events (to the detriment of-j.t). E.g.~ throb, beat: j~ I,$Do. dropping! sinking sensation of
....;;~I,$j.t Stop croaking evil for him.+ .;,L.;,I_ = Ji the heart. 2. peak (esp. of the heat): L...)..s I,$Do.
q. v. + i.f...->;';;- v. t. devastate, destroy totally, wipe season of great heat * jl~ I,$Do. scorching noon-
out. E.g.~ ~ ~ ~j.W.i Disease wiped them day heat * ~J~ I,$Do. peak summer heat. + ~Do. n.
out. C.f .;,I~?~. + I.iy.S ~ / - v. i. be wiped out! gen. (actl state oj) breaking (Sooth.) with a snap.+_
totally destroyed! annihilated. E.g..;,lti.;,IS~~ ~o n. sustained crackling; continued scorching!
.:...,..s~ The chickens have been wiped out (by parching noise.
disease. etc.). ~y.S~ iJl;.,i ..5o~ May you become t;ll qirx adj. have lost porosity (of pottery/
extinct (used as an imprecation). C.f iJ~.i 4.i.+-
earthenware water jug). (';'JY. t,) v. be no longer
\.iu./ v.i. become extinct; be wiped out, be totally porous, lose porosity.
destroyed. C.f';'~JL..;4..J..;,l;J"";.+ .;,~/_ v.t.
't..;J2 qirx inlj. denoting a stertorous! harsh
cause to become extinct; wipe out! destroy
completely. C.f ';'~J.IJL.;4...J..;,.a.;l;J"";. Syn.4.i...s1> breathing sound.+ iJ....;I~,}] v. breath! speak
oy.jlft.i&0.)>>,.
with stertorous sound (esp. due to nasal and
throat congestion or harsh breathing). + .;, _ adj.
.;,1/ qir.an n. name of a silver coin. given to stertorous breathing (of s.o.); sickly
(often used as a disparaging remark).+ jj_
;:t...,.) qirpo{ adj. dried up, eaten away (offruit).
See .:rJ-.). + Do. n. a stertorous sound resemb Iing that
':".,i qin inlj. denoting a sudden snapping sound: of harsh breathing or s.o. clearing his throat.+_
snap!, crack!+ .;,1- ki.)] v.I. I. snap (as ofroasted t...Jo
n. continued! sustained 4>,} q. v. (.;,.»-1 t,) 4>,}
seeds broken open with one's teeth), nibble at (a v. keep making stertorous sounds/ clearing one's
thin crisp piece of bread. cracker. etc.); snap, cut! throat).+ \.iL.. Do. v. make a stertorous sound, be
break off suddenly (c.f .;,.a.;I~, iJ.a.;l;)). 2 . .:...).;.)
 413

heard breathing harshly/ through a congested .?I q;!e n. bickering, wrangle, brawl.+ .;s- n.
chest and throat. continued wrangle/ bickering! verbal quarrel.
~l;; qirdile n. ribbon (usedfor tying the hair, E.g. 4.J~..J .;,1.:;.,;;,,;;,,,,; What is all that bickering
making bows, etc.). Syn. .s:,;~ (under oJI.Il). about?; noise, pandemonium. (';'»-1 ~ ?? v.
bicker, wrangle. E.g. ~V0';;~" They are
jl1rl q;rjal also ~~.;lJ 11. I. crab. 2. Cancer (sign
always quarreling.+ ';'l,;-S ~ o~ v. be loud!
of the zodiac).
disturbingly noisy.+ ~u/_ v. be noisily
'lo3 q;rje n. species of gall nut used in tanning. quarrelsome, be heard bickering! wrangling.
IJ".,..J qlrs n. estimate, appraisal, 'ii qiren. & adj. person who comes last in
assessment.+.;,I_[~;;l pass. of theverb.;,.Jjl..;; position (in a row, class, line, etc.), being last (to
q. v. + .;,.LiL [v:;-;;] V.t. estimate, appraise, assess, participate! have a turn. etc.). (';'bi o} v. be last,
value.+ JI- adj. estimated, assessed, valued. have the last turn! position! etc.).
. / q;!e n. name ofa bird of the crow family.
~;; qil!e n. barley in ear but still green. - ..s:.....,-U.
~ qij n. hair (esp. ofthe human head). C.! I. 'J.r
'liS q;!q;!e 11. pulley.
..5~.C;U.}'i .... ;J v. i. have hair).+ .:r-.r- I - v. cut hair,
•. :;;; qirqine n. burp, belch. Syn. ~.+ oy.jb/_ v.i. have one's hair cut (of a woman). C.f ~l; J'I-.+.
belch, burp, eructate. .:;;....:.;...; OJ'~ ~I
lit. leave no hair on the head
V.

r~1 qlrm n. (act! desire) of coveting! craving. (esp. in exaggerated reference to mutual pulling
Syn.~. + ,Jl.,.5";:"';';,)I- V.t. covet, desire of hair by two women fighting). C.f ';'l~ ~l.+
enviously and hope to obtain. .;,~ll/_ v. comb the hair. Syn..;,~ll~.+ •
•~;I v. t. tear the hair oft'the head (in anger.
r.7 q;rm intj. denoting a crackling sound.+ ;.J.JAJ-
vexation, grief, etc.)+ ';'l~ ':'1:..1_ See.;,~ Il,?+_
n. prolonged crackling sound. + Do. n. a crackling
ISJI~ adj. covered with hair/ bristles.+ .s.v-See
sound, repeated cracks! reports (of bullets. etc.).
(.Jl.....s 4A.) v. explode/ pop with a crackle).+ rjjDo. n. ~JI~jJ. + .;, ~ jll ~ ....J 1- V.t. tear off! pull out the

persistent noise of small cracks or reports. hair by the roots.+ ~ adj. hairy, having much hair
on the head., shaggy. C.f I.JS~.
~jj q;rm;z n. & adj. scarlet (colour); having a
scarlet colour (ofs.th.).+ ~ adj. having a scarlet .~ qlje n. froth developing on soured liquids
colour. (e.g. jl). (,Jl.;S.~ v. go sour and form froth. c.f
~.t q;[!Iis
adj. intractable, difficult to manage/ .;,1:...;).
get along with, obdurate (of a peson). .,-J qis, adj. barren, sterile (of animals). C.f~~
..;V q;!O! n. 'piastre (coin); mite, s.th. of very little ..5j)4.i •.
value. (syn.~).
~ qisi!. n. lime (calcium oxide).<j.....lISJli.+_
~J} qir.uqep adj. completely silent, hushed. G,.&J n. mortar (building material).
. . v. be completely silent; reduce s.o. to
(';'l.;S o-UJJ.)
v-J qisn n. I. drystone wall (of a tomb). 2. shrine,
complete silence. E.g. l~~l""oiJJ} I reduced him
tomb. 3. precinct! tower within an enclosure.
to complete silence.
J.JJ--l qisli, (A) n. omision, neglect, failure.
;.J.JAJ} qi!uhlJ! n. loud! prolonged squabble.
Syn. ..,..:.~Ip. C.f G,.»-' (';'»1 J~ v. be at fault!
negligent. E.g. 4.J~rJ~ what is my fault?~
 414

........;.I.S;~ There is nothing wrong with it.;..v-J answering! facing up (to S.o. 's remark, comment,
~~.,s v. fail in doing! canying out as expected, do etc.).+ V!;"';'- adj. romping! lively/ merry/

one's second best. E.g"JJ~.}';I.S;..v-J He has tried humorous (talker). Cf JJ~J..m4t.+ IT-.ti I~I- See.....,j
his best). ,~-.ti. + '~~.};';,JJ I_v. talk at wearisome length,

4.......J qise n. talk, speech, say, utterance,

be uMecessarily elaborate. C.! ~1~;:r.,j.j.J~'+ ..
~.).:,I"j~1 v. waste/ lose one's word or say; reveal
conversation (cf ~JL;.I,; .~~. 2. ),,); talk (of
(s.th. said in secret).+ ,j'r adj. harsh, unduly
s.th. said that needs further proof! evidence.
E.g. ,,-!--..J 1$»-" .... _.; This is all talk: ~I' _ .:; \S- pert! exact, uncouth. + 1J'r adj. cogent,
old sayings, proverbs. Syn. .)1' _ .:; I.S.I.J"", * V!';;'\S- convincing, effective. Cf ~.+ ~IJ'r adj.
small lively talk * ,j." \S- harsh (unduly exact) talk. resourceful, ingenious, inventive. C.! JI;L;..m.+-
* .5»--,1$ abusive language, insult *ji-....;4-I.S- ~I.i adj. adroit, adept, skillful (in talking,
direct speech * IT~\; \S- abusive language\S- presenting an idea, etc.). Syn. .:-I..r"'~' Cf ~.~~.+
*,j":"""; candid talk. < .....; "I. (.)>>1 ~ ....J v. be on J.i - adj. taking! acting bigger than one's age (said
speaking terms with- ;:j.I..S'4J; have s.th. to say. of a child); bragger, pretentious.+ ~"';"':"I_ V.t.
E.g. "-!.... ~.....,j,;..;.... I also have s.th. to say/ want to attribute! impute/ ascribe disparaging rumour or
canard to, speak ill of.+ ~IS...:..I_ v. disobey/
say s.th. + ~~.,s.t.-l v. talk, converse with- j.t.S4J;
ignore (s.o. 's advice, comment, opinion, etc.).+ ..
say, speak on behalf of].i. E.g. ~].i~ltl.S--:; Say
":";l adj. spirited and intelligent in manner of
something good on my behalf; tell, relate to- ].i.
talking (esp. ofa child). + .5,,-! "I ~~.} I-v. be of one
ef '::';JJ' --..J ...:.;t..< ~~.}~.....,j. ~ .....,j).+ ,ilt-
ideal opinon, agree/ be unanimous on a view/
adj. speculative, theorizing, ruminative.+ l.S,ilt- n.
statement! etc. (of two or more people). + ~_ n.
speculation, theorization, conjecture. (~»II.S,il,......,j
speaker, person giving! making a speech.
v. be speculative/ based on conjecture. E.g."-t Syn.;lS.;IJJ~.+ 'J":'I;.$I- v. reveal! disclose (s.th.)
~ ~ 1.S,i ~ Theoretically speaking it is said in confidence.+ JJrJ- adj. outspoken, frank
possible. ~~.;--S 1.S,il,....-:i speculate, theorize, (cf ...,..:..au); impertinent. (cf ~JJ")' + 4J/_
surmize).+.;-I_ adj. conclusive, final, definitive. ~~bJJ" V.t. speak impertinently to, retort
Cf ~.+ '~-.t-I- v. quit talking (to), stop being insolently in the face of. + ~L:.;S b ~ I_v. extract
on good! speaking terms (with- ;:)..s4J), refuse to statement! information from. + IT..j~ ~ 1_also~ 1-
continue social relation (with).+ ;~_ n. & adj. ~L.:.;,. ;'~ V.t. induce to blab, draw (s.o.) into
caluminator: slanderous. + 0-'-.t- ~I _v. t. interrupt! revealing (s.th.) through indescreet chatter.+ :..,J/-
break in on (s.o. 's) talk or conversation.+ ~/_ ~~.} V.t. I. disparage, talk in depreciating terms of.
~JJ V.t. abuse, insult, lash out at; speak ill of(s.o. 2. discuss, talk about, deliberate over (an issue,
esp. in his absence). Cf ~~.,s~ --.l.+;:)l;.. adj. question, etc.). Syn.~.,s V"Lt .~IJ~:..,J.+ ...:.:..,J/-
irritating, acrid (of s.o. 's manner of talking).+ .. ,~~}~ V.t. refuse to put up with rude behaviour,
~~~I v. beat around the bush, be unskilfully waste no time in verbally retaliating (against
elaborate; prevaricate, try to deviate from the s.o. 's discourtesy, insult, etc.).+ ~~.,s ":'~/_ v.
truth.+ ~ adj. given to calumny (usually avoid mentioning, prefer not to discuss! raise/
calculated to damage relations between! incite disclose.+ V"~- n. recording clerk; stenographer.
two people against each other).+~~},>I_ V.t. be + ~~.,s "':'1- v. I. refuse to talk (to)/ have social
abused, receive insult! blame.+ 'J":'~},>I- v. relations (with- ;:)..s~). 2. say nothing, refuse to
tolerate/ put up (with- w s.o.), refrain from reply, remain silent. E.g.~.,s..:, ~--..J":" JJ.s..r:~
 415

Whatever he said I said nothing.+ IJ""lo- n. news, ,:, l.JJ qilyan n. smoking pipe having a rigid stem
hearsay, revelations. Cj IJ""L~'l.+ ..5,;J.....JJ- n. with smoke passing through water. Cj&~.~
newsmongering, small talk; mutual gossip, ~.
gossipmongering.+ ~};OJ/- v. listen tot obey/
~ qlibn n. titter, gabble, exited! foolish talk or
comply with what is said.+ '.14.,;..1- Se~..;.l.....J
jabber.
'j4Jl..$.+ ~4A_ adj. given to fabricating!
making up rumours or talk (esp. aboul olhers).+. ~.ft.JJ qUhengi n. savoury dish of cooked rice
~~I v.I. fabricate/ make up story; impute and prunes served on formal occasions.

(s.o.) wilh-'J•.. ("l~ a false story/ statement.+ • ~ qUln~e = 4:;is q. v.

•j4Jt;;.1 v. introduce/ initiate a new topic for n. crack, split, cleft, crevice.
discussion to change the one being discussied
qil4.
. .
Syn. ))l'~ .)U""':' • ..5.;.;,;.....P.+ .:"L ~] V.i.
(used in comb. wilh Il .J4- ~ -over); go back! take
crack, have a crevice/ ~plit; be chapped (of hands,
conversation (back 10- ;-4-). E.g.;-4- 'J"-!t;;. .:,,~.....J
lips, elc.).+ .:"J.iL [~] V.t. crack, split, cut open
.:"t..;;. .:"j We brough the discussion back to
without parting. E.g. J.i~ ....s.)y.; ~('...s.)b I
marriage.
cracked the wood (log, firewood) with the ax;
.:...:.; qi~.t adj. cute, deligthfully pretty/ dainty+. cause to crack! chap (of skin). Cj .:"J.i\ •• j; b.+ •
...~ adj. dainty, small and delicate. .y.jJ.i1 V.t. split! crack from top to bottom.+ .~I_

v. i. crack from end to end, split from top to

.p q4.qe!e n. magpie (bird). Syn. ..5jU.
bottom.+ JL adj. cracked., having fissure;
t'5L:.J q4.lax n. winter camp sight. chapped (ofskin).+ ':'lJiI- v.i. crack, have a crack!
crevice ,split without parting. Syn. ':"lJi ))l. + :.; 1-
~ qiM.e n., mil. camp, garrison. See lSL;-.
~"..s v. i. have! show a crack or crevice.
~ qijil (A) n. padlock.
~ qi/ye (A) n. ash of soap root, alkali. Cj ~.
j.J qU n. lump, piece, bit. Cj I. ~)~; piece, unit.
vi qin also..5..:.J See..5..:.S (a/l forms).
Syn. ~b.

.:,,~ I~I qinan v.i. gen. See.:"U Il.+ 'JII.. V.i.

~ qi{P I. n. (acl oj) overturning, upset;
retrogress, move backward, deteriorate,
derangement. 2. intj. de~oting a gurgling!
retrograde.
plopping sound.+ .:".L.il _[~l V.I. pour/ spill out
~ qine adj. erect, standing up/ out from the body;
with a gurgle. <.:"J.it..;U~.+ .J....:..w.I- v.i. be
overturned! upset (as of a jug of waler).+ • vertical, perpendicular. E.g. .t.:-'Jld~ Stand
erect.+ ~J- adj. stiffly erect.+ II.. n. verticall
Jl.i .y.jl..$1 V.t. empty/ pour (of liquid normally
perpendicular line. C.f 2. .:,,~.
from a bOlllenecked vessel inlo s.th. else).+ •
•y.jl..$1 V.I. overturn, cause to topple and empty/ ~ qin~ik n. I. small stem! stalk (i.e. ofgrapes,
spill the contents of.+ d~J- n. loud prolonged cherries. etc.). 2. little, bit: idiom. ~r--~
gurgle.+ II.. n. a gurgle/ gurgling sound. C.f ~."l.+ ~)~u>J-- Who (what) do you think you are?,
-:Jllo. n. sustained/ persistent gurgle. You don't count much (/il. you are no more than a
garlic stalk or an onion stub). + •fo.lI.. See&.::;
.h..+ 'J~Io.n. sty. Syn. 'J~~'
 416

..5....:.J qing also..s..:.s n. arse. + JL n. excess irrigation ,,-",.;it qopiye also U""'.;J n. marshy depression .
water draining off at the foot ofa field.+ .fo..- n. Cf ",lSJ.j.
cigarette tip/ butt. Cf 3. A.iL.,j.
~.l qopiye (E) n. (act of) copying! duplicating;
u~ qinyal (A) n. contentment, satisfaction; cheating (in an exam).+ .:"~,,s ~ v. copy,
asceticism. (':"»1 u~ v. be content! satisfied with- duplicate; cheat (in an exam).
4.t. .:,,~,} u~ v. settle for little; have no ambition}. u~ qUI adj. 1. erect, pointing, projecting; perked
See~ll. (ears). 2. jaunty, sprightly in appearance. (':'»1 u"J
qubke n. J. peak! top/ summit (of a v. be erect! pointing; be jaunty. E.g.",.:..",3 .Jjj
mountain). 2. dome. (see j ....~. ~~ He is very cute and sprightly in
appearance).+ 1.,.11.1- n. projecting! elevated spot or
u-l~ qubull n. variety of rice dish prepared with
area.+ '~»I/_ v.i. perk up, stick up/ out jauntily
browned minced onion, broth (lam, chicken or
(esp. of ears); loom, show/ pop up suddenly and
beef) and seasoning: ~";4.t..s- rice dish flavoured
conspicuously (as if out of nowhere). E.g.p
with pomegranante juice * .,;l...w",..s- rice dish
'.JI»-tu~~ljr'.I.i.~ Suddenly and out of
flavoured with tomato paste * .J.JL.....s- cracked
nowhere he popped up.+ .~~,}/_ V.t. perk up
wheat prepared as rice dish * ~..s _ See ..s- (one's ears), stick up/ out jauntily; pop (s.th.) up,
.)"....,l *.J.J.J- See ... L. ..."-I..s - *.:"L.pIP..s _ freshly make show up suddenly).+ ~_ n. peak, pointed!
cut and scorched wheat-.;,L.p.fiq.v. prepared tapered upper end. Cf &';.",J. + L. adj. short and
as rice dish. Cf ",~ .",~ I~~.- ~.r.. jaunty (ofs.o.).

j""....."l qubu{ (A) I. n. & adj. acceptance; yl.;""J qUlab (A) gen. only in: + A.il>_ n. school.
acceptable. See ~ •},..$. 2. n. group social See L.$:;~. Cf 4S~. + ~I_ n. student, pupil.
visit! reception (esp. among women). (':"»Ij.uul v. See .JIS'.I,,;j..,.. ~}l:...
be acceptable/ accepted. ,:,~..,.sj..u-oJ v. accept.
.)lJ."J qllltJr also .J\;,»l n. 1. deliverance, salvation,
see,:,~,}~.
riddance. Cf I.S.JLSj.}. 2. success, favourable
....."l qube (A) n. dome. See j ....~ • ~..... outcome; passing. (':'»-I.J l.;""J v. be delivered! rid
(of)/ salvaged; succeed, pass (see.:,,~ .JIJ . .Jl.;""J
,:,L.,J W1 qupan V.i. be dented! crushed in.+~_
~,} v. salvage, rescue}.
[v.:.....,J] V.t. dent, make a depression (in), cause
concavity (to- ..s). Cf .:,,~)'j~. ~."J qutb (A) n. grandee in a dervish order.

",L.,J qupaw n. dented, crushed in.+..s- n. dent, j:;l qOli!. adj. old and disabled (of an animal).
concavity.
.$,jjl qOIU n. short overcoat, duffiecoat. Cf:;;.Jly,.
~.;J qop~e n. button (on clothes). Cf ...sp.+_
~."J qulii n. small box.; can, tin. E.g. ~."J";~}';'
,:,J...iljl.,;/ V.t. undo/ unfasten a button.+ iJ.-> b/_
Tinned! canned food. Cf ~Iy,.
V.t. button. fasten the button (of- ..s). + •~~,} /_
See ,:,.l.il,jl.,; ~.;i. ~"J qutlle n. small tin lamp (usiually with a
round wic! and without a glass chimney).
~ qopen n. patch of grass! crop standing out!
Cfl?.I~k·
growing above the rest of the field.
~jl qolin adj. uncovered, bare (of the head). Cf
I. ':"JJ.}'
 417

qllclJl n. archaic headman of town quarter; splashed with mud. (;"bi I.SJI~ v. be stained with
mayor of a village. mud.+ ;,,~.,s I.SJI~ v. soil/ splash mud on).+ ...s:.L.JL
~l qo~ n. ram's hom. Cj 2. tl.!..-;"IJ4I ,~.< also a..L.JL n. snipe (bird).+ ~_ 1. adj.
Gfiol....:..+)~ adj. with! having horns, horned.+. unfortunate, desolate, tragic, forlorn, bereft (of
s.o.). 2. n. mourner. (;"»-1 ~~ v. only in the
;"I~I v.t. butt, strike with the horns (at- ~).+ •
expression: ';".;4- 4...t ~ tough on you, You are
i,j..,:..,.Jl..I v. butt, strike away with the head! horns.
going to pay for it (said when threatening! talking
qo~ n .. topog. peak, summit. Syn.~.uJ.+..s.. admonishingly to s. 0." also ! r'~...r: r'~ 4i pJ My
n. high conical head-dress worn by women.+ ~ God what am I going to do? + ;"b ~/ _ v. fig. shut
n. conical cap worn by infants. + ~l;~ n. shaving (one's mouth, used disparagingly).+ ;"Ikl- v.
off the forehead (as a hair style). pour mud! earth over one's head (in griefl anger);
also in the expr. ~H.Jr'rl.;:US I.S~ o! what
t~.Jl qo~ax adj. quick, energetic. (.syn. I. (~;
should I do about him?, He leads me to despair.+
clever, smart (see ..s0J'.j).
;"b okl. v.I. wreck, destroy, be th~ ruin (of-I.S).+.
qo~an n. deed, document, title deed, 1.I_m "-I;"I~I v.t. shut up, reduce (s.o.) to silence
indenture. Syn. ~4.i--,..JI)43. (/it. seal the mouth with mud). E.g. l:.oo~ 4i b r'~
~lJ4.>...,l qo~eqanf n. sling (jor thowing missiles). Shut up! + 1.S.lLS'- als0I.SJLSo- n. (proffesionl
Cf ...s:.;;...~)~. occasion oj) mixing and! or plastering with mud.
(;,,~~ I.SJLSopJ v. mix! plaster with mud).+ 4i;,,~~/­
tjll qox n. peach. Syn. .uJ~. I~J"- v.I. pour mud! earth on the head (as a
t:;ll qox also w.jil n. hut, hovel. Cj ~j. gesture of sorrow); also as formula of insult!
reprimand. E.g. l;J"- iI..i ~~ r'pJ Damnation take
~jil. qoxte n. screen! hideout (used when hunting you. 2. fig. harm seriously, ruin, cause great
partridge·.,.s q. v.). damage/ loss (to). Syn. ;,,~~ ;,,1';.JjL..+ o~}/_ v.t.
prepare/ mix mud plaster (jor brick making.
j>ji qoxi!. =j>:;S' q. v. surfaCing roof, etc.). Cf o.;} ~ 4i. + J~"" n. wet
~I qO! adj.. med ruptured, having a rupture/ mud! slush! mire.+ ~ol'" n. dark mud, sludge.+.
hernia (esp. in a testis). Cj 3. A...tf~. (;"bi~ v. J.J.J-O n. mud from red c1ay/ soil.
have/ develope a rupture or hernia.+ ;,,~~;,; v. u-!I~ qll!abf (A) n. cake made with almond paste.
cause to have a rupture/ hernia).+ I? n. rupture,
;".LilpJl~~) qll!andin See ;".Lil~~.
hernia. Cf 4.i"s'~.
;,,~IPlIv-'~) qo!andin v.t. 1. growl (of the
~ qO! adj. nonsensical, stupid, absurd. E.g.l.S4-l
stomach).- 1. 0pJ. 2. roar, boom (of a bull).-
pJ Hogwash, Nonsense. °JJ~~ I.S~ Jjj ~ He has
done some very stupid things. 0;'; Jjj l.SoJo~~ His
2.0pJ.
behaviour is very reprehensible. QIlTgm (A) The Koran.+ ;,,~}~/_ v. swear
~ qO! n. great beW carillion! gong. - ~~Oj. by The Koran.+ ;"I~/_ v. cause/ make (s.o.) swear
Cj..$..;,'j. by The Koran.

.J.i .., adj. thin, skinny. Syn.. jlJ~ J1pll qll!aw See ~.fo. .

~ fII! n. mud. + JL I n. muddy puddle; soft slushy ;"L....,t.,l qllrban n. I. sacrifice.4i;"bi';"bi;,,!.wl4i

;"L....,t.,l. 2. major Muslim festival. See ;"l....,t.,l ~~.
mud. Cf JL:4-.+ I.SJL adj. muddy, stained!
 418
.pJ

3. used as term of respect roughly meaning: your hard, difficult, arduous (of work. language, etc.).
Honour. E.g. ra.5..t';:"j~ Lt.Jl.wJ Your Honour, Syn. 2. .JI}. 3. unwholesome (water), heavy on the
allow me to convey to (place before) you.+..;.. n. stomach (food). Ant. I . ..s»*", Cj ;lSj!-. Syn.j!-l;
sacrificial animal. (.J~.} uil,...ul v. offer animal as a 4. as suffIX to some compoud adjectives
scarifice. Syn. ~L..;.,l4.t .J~.}). meaning: ugly, insufferable, i.e.lJ"'~ q.v.
(.J.J.HIJ"'..u-l v. bel become heavy; be difficult!
';:".J}Jl qort n. J. snag, portuberance, ruck, lump.
arduous; be unwholesome/ heavy on the stomach;
Cj ';.;.;5. 2. fig. obstacle, barrier, impediment. feel sluggish. <.J.J.J-i IJ'"..u-l..;..J. .J~.J 1J"'..ul v. make
Syn. ~.?-I'G~Aj ',;-jS.+ 1oS.J1- adj. full of heavy, add extra weight to-loS; make difficult;
snags; full of obstacles! impediment; rough (of a worsen (of s.O. 's iIlness).< .J~.} 1J"'..ul~).+ u!L n.
road! palh).+ ,-,-1_ n. critical/ most difficult stage,
weight, heaviness; solidity.< u=!!-..ul4.t.+ ...~...
phase or part, rough going; the roughest! humpiest
adj. unwilling to leave nest (of a bird).+ 1oS- n. I.
part (of a road).+ .J.J.J-i ~/_ v.i. I. have a snag!
weight. Syn. 2. ..5..;...... 2. difficulty, complexity,
knot! ruck. 2. be rough going, be characterized by
difficulty and lDIcertainty (of an undertaking, task arduousness. Cj 1oS.Jl: '1oS.J'i~.
,etc.).+ jj.....;.:";I_ V.t. handicap! beset with
IJ"~ qurs n. small candy tablet; lozenge. E.g...;..
obstacles, impede, place barrier in the way of. Cj
~ peppermint tablet, mint-flavoured lozenge.
jj.....;.;.r; G.;JAj.+ ,.;.,...s~/- V. be hampered!
hindered by a difficulty, come to an impediment, 4.S....,J qurt;'! (A)n.lot(chancedraw).<4&o..ul4.t.
encounter obstacles.
Syn. I. ~. Cj ,;,If. + .Jl.:.;,S' L/- v. draw lots
.;:.,~-2 qort n. stumble, trip. See G.-'-'" + .JI ~ I_v. (for-~).
stumble, trip. Syn. .J~.Ii G.-'-" ,,.;~.;~.
JI pi.pi qu!qu!age n., anat. windpipe, trachea. Cj
2
.;:.,..al qurt See .;:.,.»J. llll~. - ..S'..ul .

.J.Li l;....,Jr~..ul) qurtllndill See .J.Li l;""'; ~. tplpl qorqo!e n. humming top (toy): ~~~.J.J~";"
large humming top requiring two people to set it
~~ qurtim n. Adam's apple; throat, front of the
spinning. Cj Cl~.> 3.•pl.
neck. + .J»-I ~..ul I-v. i. remain speechless, keep
silent, be dumb (/it. have one's throat locked).+_ ~jlpl l[II!qll!m n. lead (metal). Syn ........1"'.
~}I V.t. take/ grab by the throat;fig. bring face
..S'pJ qucg n., anat. esophagus, gullet. Cj 2. .J.J"s.
to face on, pressure, lean on. Cj,.;}~. Syn. 2. G~ G.Jl:.
t»J qorix adj. & n. reserved (originally ofpublic r....,J qurm n. stump (of a tree).
bath closed and resreved for s.o. important);
reservation (syn . .Jl>~). (.J.J.J-i a.A t»J v. have t L.....pl qur.msax n. demonic/ fiendish person.
reservation of accommodation! reserved. +t»J ~....,J qurtrJ4 n. winding mechanism (i.e. ofa
.J~~ v. reserve, set! have set aside. E.g..J L. ~;:,,­
watch). (.J~.} ~..ul v. wind).
a.5..tt»J~ Reserve three places (seats) for us).+_
i..s adj. reserved, kept! set apart for future or
4S:.LJ l;,pi qU!!lawllke n.newt.

special use. tp.J qore n. I. growl, a growling noise (of the

.J.J.J~.J.il qordun n. chain (of a poclcet watch). stomach). 2. a booming! roaring sound. 3. a loud
humming sound.+ ~ n. I. persistent growling. 2.
1J"'..u-l1 qurs adj. J. heavy, having great weigth (syn. sustained booming! roaming! roaring (of a bull).
2. ~ .....); solid, genuine: -,"""",..i solid silver. 2. (.J.J.J-i p:;.p1 v. continue to growl; keep booming!
 419
- - ,;,.... LS:...Jwllue.s:-JJ..uiJ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

roaring).+ iJ'u/- v. I. growl (stomach). E.g.~ Ift»l qujbin n. comer (internal) (cj l.r:.»-); nook,
~ ..st~ My stomach is growling (from hunger). niche (cj I. li~).
2. be heard booming! roaring).
..;lU.;3 qojyane n. monitor lizard. Syn. ;t.:".. Cj
.J.I.ilS:-.J.J....,Jl~.J.J....,J) qurfiskandin v. whimper ~) ...
(esp. ofa dog). C! I. t.,.;lj.J.J.l
.J.»-.,J quslir See .J.."..J .
.s»l qori n. teapot
~.,J qu!qun n. crupper (as part of a
.s~ qQ.r; n. species of chameleon supposed to saddle).-\Jo'..j.
mock devout Muslim. Syn. .J}~~. Cj ~),,..
~.,J qll!q; adj. angry, irritated. See .p";.l,.C.,J
.:"l;;.,.;.jl qo!.itan n. lout, cheap/ ignoble woman. ':".J..Ii v. bel get angry).
':"~.;.jl qorican n., bot. galingale. ~jl qO!,1rIe adj. given to jest, comical, witty,
;,t,J~ qu!.ijin n. thunder (of cloud). Syn..J.J4A..s~}. humorous. C! .J~.r-- .~\!.
j.,l quz =:us (all forms) q. v. ~jl qo!e adj. inauspicious, ominous, sinister,
boding. Syn. t»>•.J"-. Cj r.J'!41 (under 41).
jjl1 qoz adj. I. handsome, good-looking (cj .:"I~).
2. excellent, fine, first-class, first-rate (syn. .Jjj .;.Jjl qoq;z adj. I. prominent, protruding;
~).+ loS- n. l. handsomeness. 2. exceUence. cambered. 2. phys. convex.- jJji~-.JI.:.+ loS- n. I.
protrusion; camber. 2. convexity.
~-2 qOT. n. trump (card). (oJ.J..Ii~..ijJ v. be holding a
J.,Jl qui n. slave.+~;t- n .negro.
trump card).+ .:,,~/_ v. draw a trump card.

jj$ qoz pres. stem of the verbs .~..ijJ and •.,...:....,jjJ

J..,.T qui n. ankle.- J.,J~LJ.+ ~L. n. loitering,

q. v. + t.J4Z- [jj.J] See •.,...:....,jjJ. + ~] See~

dwadling, dillydallying. C! ~.+ ~L. n. ankle.
idiom . .:..L.Sli..s-;tl~~4.J.,J He is quite
~...i;J.
+ t~_ [»Jl v.t. catch in the air, grab at;
submissive/ subservient (lit. he wouldn't protest
catch (with the mouth) and gulp (of some animals
even if you bore through his ankle).+ .:,,~.J~/- v.
when beingfed); go for, want eagerly.
raise/ tum! tuck up one's trousers along the ankle.
~I·.~
JoT qozaxe I pod, bole (cotton). -.,."..~. 2.
n.. Cj .:,,~.J~'p.+~l..o~/_See oJ~.J~J.,J.
cocoon.
J.,.t qui n. fagot, bundle. E.g. tfo.:..,J.,J A bundle
.jj.J qoze n. loud cough. Cj ASjS.+ ':"'rSee
of cigarettes. Syn. JI..,.... Cj 2 . .5..-t~.
~.tS;S.+ jjL n. loud persistent cough.+ iJ'lA/- v.
cough! be heard coughing loudly . j.,Jl qui =j,S1 (all forms) q. v.

.:.;..pJ.j.,l quzequrt n. I. disease attacking truck- j.,T qui =j,S2 (all forms) q. v.
garden vegetables and fruits. Cj .:,,1..1.:-.
j;.J qoi n., anat. I. arm. Syn. I . .JJj~. Cj I . ..:-~.<
2.deprecation meaning: plague! disease! E.g.
j;..i.i. 2. sleeve. ":-~.J"- .... leJu. < j;.i;. (under ~/)
";:""";';'':''..olt»J May it cause you plague (said when
reprimanding s.o. i.e. a childfor eating s.th. not 3. direction, way. E.g. iJ'lA tJJjl..,.J They came
alIOl+'ed). frome that direction. Syn. .JUl.:. Cj ..:-1.:. 4.

.,:. ~»l qujb~f (T) n. shishkabab, pieces of meat column of troops. Cj l. 4~. (oJ.w. .... jji v. have

roasted on skewer. Syn. JI1r. ~;S. Cj y\,..s. sleeve). + \Jo'--r-/ - See v---r- ":-t~. + .;......,.,.... also J.i4l- n.
gen. (act oj) tying the arms behind the back.
 420

(;;l.J .:-..,.I.,; v. tie s.o. 's arms behinds his back). + .:-I.,J quit intj. denoting a sound resembling that of
.JI~- adj. having one's arms tied behind a small heavy object (i.e. a coin) dropping into
one's back. + ..s..;~_ = .....~.,J q. v. + ..r. n. roaming water: plop!, pop! + A.. n. a plop/ plopping sound,

tax collector, revenue officer. C.! ~~; bobby on a small popping noise (as that of a bubble
bursting).+ D~A.. adj. undersea, submarine,
the beat. Cf~:x.+ tlJ- n. ann bracelet. C.!
swimming! moving beneath the surface.+ ..J";A.. n.
;;.i~.+ ;;l.rS~'j/- v. roll up all the sleeves,
sustained plopping! popping sound. (..:J.,;~.,.;
buckle up to tackle (a job, etc.).+ ~L. j..a/_ v.
iJl"s v. continue to plop, keep bubbling up/
bare the upper ann by rolling up the sleeve;fig.
buckle up! prepare oneself with fervour for popping).+ ~~ A.. v.i. make a plopping! popping
action. > ~L. j..a. sound .

'ij.J qo{a adj. shapely, well proportioned, in good ..JjJ qo!! n. stumble, trip. =.::..»i (allforms) q.v.
fonn. Ant. 'ijilJ. iJl:;j.,J~.,J1 qu{tan See iJ(:j.,; j..a.
....."'J.,:J qulap n. hook. Syn. I. j~: j~~ hook ~l:;j.,J(~.,J1 qu{tandin See ;;..... (:j.,J j..a.
used by porters and loading men * ~L. ~
.rJjJ qo/.llc. adj. decrepit, senile, feeble (used in a
fishhook.
derogatory way) (cf I. ~); used, showing wear
t'i"; qu{ax (T) only in t'i.,J "wS q. v.
and tear (cf I . .:uS).
u.'i.,J qu{axe n. school, shoal (offish).+ ;;b/_ v.
~.,J qu{tl!! adj. shameless, impudent, brazen (of
shoaV school/ swim together in a large group (of
fish). s.o.). Syn. I"~. Cf ~~Dl.

;;'i.,;t).,J1 qu{an See;; 'i.,.; j..a. t:J.,J qu~ n. booth, kiosk, stall (esp. one where tolV
fIXed taxi fine is paid).
~"'J.,J qulllnc n. span between tip of the thumb and
the forefinger used as a unit of measunnent.
...c.J.,J qu/J n. ear (as lug! handle by which s.th. is
Cf~· carried or hung). Cf 1..5-l .~.+ A.. n. ring!
band! knob for holding or hanging. E.g. lS'JDl";-
..,J.,Jl quIP n. I. bubble, bubbling (esp. ofs.th.
doorknob; a link that connects. E.g.~.i..;- chain
boiling), full boil. 2. surge, intensity. Cf I")~.+.
link. Cf D.,.J..s.
;;Il".,.r./ v.t. bring to (a-~) boil. E.g.AJ.,J~
~D~".,.r. You have to bring it to a boil. Cj..:.l:.;A ~.".a.J.,J qu{qu{e n. I. bubbling spring (of water). 2.
;:J..,.s.+ ;;Il/_ v.i. I. bubble, come to a boil. Cf~ sound of boiling liquid.
;;b. 2. surge, be at a peak (of emotion, the urge to ..sJ.,Jl qu{ing n. crane (bird).-.s.J.,J.J.ilJ.
weep)+ d~.J - n. sustained noisy boiling sound. + •
.s.J~ qu{ing n. pickax. Cf [~.
D n. a boiling! bubbling sound (of a liqUid coming
to a full boil). 2. surge, intensity, wave. E.g.~ ~.;Jji qo{onya also ~.;JjS (E) n. cologne,
;;L..} sobbing surge. Cf ......r..+ ..,J.,JA.. n. full perfumed toilet water. Cf 2 . .JJ.i (under ;i> ..;....
steady bubbling (of s.th. boiling). E.g.~.,J~.,J ...J.,J qule (A) n. peak, summit: J lJ ..;- topmost peak
~.,s..; It is boiling nicely.+ ~~ A.. v. I. bel be of Caucasus as remotest and most inaccessible
heard bubbling in full boil. 2. be full (0./)/ agitated place imaginable (esp. when mentioned in
(with) emotions. folktales/ legends). Cf.5.;~ .~.
~.,;2 quIP =..A.J"; q. v.
 421

.Jjl qole n. loan (esp. modest amount owed by ~ji qomiser (E) n. police inspector/ officer.
. .
many people). Cf jp 'rIJ.<,jlaJjll../. (,jJ~..Jjl E.g. ;»-IoS~ji Border police inspector.
v. borrow).
t L.;jil qonax also t.L;ji n. I. round, trip (as in a
,:,;;.J.,.; quieten (A) n. volume of water sufficient to sequence ofrecurring routine! repetitive actions).
be considered ceremonially pure for ritual E.g. V!,.s....: IoSJ 1~.; ~L;ji:"-I../ We should fmish it
ablutions. in three more rounds 2. stage, phase. C.f I. ~.
. .
~.,.;rj,jl qulin See~"';~. Syn. .s~.

!'~ qum n. swig, mouthful, gulp, draft (cf;\ t L.;,;.-2 qonax n. butt, the thicker! handle end of a
puff (cigarette) (see ~l).+ ,jIJ-..,J/- V.t. take (a) tool or weapon. E.g. ..5..:.u; ~L;ji Rifle butt.
swig! gulp of. E.g. 1oS.s~..J IJ~"'; He took a
.JL.;"'; qunar n. weak branches (of a tree) which
swig from his drink; take (a) puff.
stunt growth, sucker; weak! debilitating factor,
. ::A••"'; qumat (A) n. swaddling bands (of a baby). element, etc. + ,jJ...-5 .J'J / _ develop/ produce a
Syn. ~;Ju. sucker (of a plant). + ,jJ..$ / _ v. cut! remove sucker.

;L.."'; qumar (A) n. gamble, gambling (cf J'.J); ,jL;jJr;:,;.,.;) qunan v. i. hop. See ,jL;"J j..I.A.
something chancy/ having an element of risk.
.Jl;,;jJ quntar n. foot (of a hilll mountain). Syn. .Jl:.t.
(,jJ...-5 ;l••"'; v. gamble, playa game for money!
other stakes; venture, hazard, pursue s.th. '::"I~jl qonterat (E) n. contract, job! assignment
chancy.+ jL,..- n. rouge, cheat, dishonest person. carried out under contract. + ..;:- n. contractor (of
Cf j~.+ ~ n. & adj. gambler; given to a person! firm, etc.).
gambling.+ "'-'~ n. gambling house! den.+ fol.
'.J.J....ijll qondere (T) n. shoes (normally of
n. gambler (.~yn. ..r: ;l.~.,.;).
2. adj. disposed to
European style).- J~' C.f .;.'% ,.;.~.
court! pursue s.th. chancy or risky, venturesome.
•.J•.Liji2 qondere n. small bubble, spot (formed by a
";L.."'; qum~ n. textile, fabric, cloth material: loS-
falling drop ofrain on water). C.f I. ..;.\.t.
1oS~ woolen fabric * ..sj-l1oS- cotton fabric. C.f '
JI;~ I. i~. ..}.:.jl qongre n. tower built within and overlooking
a castle! fortress.
J;l:-o.,.; qumpare n. shell (artillery, cannon, etc.).
....~ qune also ,j"J...."J n. hopping on both feet (of
.;~"J qumri n. dove (bird). C.f .;:,S.
birds). C.f -..,J~~. (,jJ~ ,j"J...."J V. hop along
.s;...,;..jJ qumqmoke See 1oS#. on both feet) .

~jl qomk n., anat. kneecap. See;.;~IoS""'lS. ..::M..i"'; qunet n. egotism, vainglory, vanity.+ .J~-
adj. egotistic, vain.
_! ~jJ qumu~ also ~ n. underground passage,
.r-.;"J quner n. boil, sore, carbuncle. Cf ' juJJJ
runnel, subway.+,:,.S_ n. tunnel digger/ builder. +.
,jIJ ~ / dig a tunnel, make underground passage.
iJ:!.i"Jr.:ul) qunin v.i. hop. See iJ:!.i.,.;~.
-.,.jI qomite (E) n. obs. secret revolutionary
society. See ~:,S.+ ..r.- n. member ofa secret .ul qu n. swan (bird)_..j.",; swan's down (also fig.
re\olutionary society. C.f 2. rl.Li"": , ....r-J. in reference .r0/ comparison with s.th. soft). E.g.
'.ul..j"";' ..:1"; It feels like swan's down.
 422

':".v-JI qfil (A) n. food, sustenance. E.g. o)jd;:"- v.i. be deep; be involved! difficult.+ <J,))";:}.vJ V.t.
~O.) .....~.,;.:...,.,J I haven't eaten a thing for three deepen).+,r.- adj. penetrating, intrusive,
days. Cf ..,JoUo.);I.,>. perspicacious.+ ..s!'- n. deep place/ spot, depths.+
o~J:,j";'/. V.I. look deeply (into), get to the bottom
':".Jij2 qfil n., gen. (act oj) swallowing.+ <J~/- v.i.
(0/-";), weigh! consider seriously. E.g. ;:}.vl ;jj"::":'
bel get swallowed. E.g. ~L.;':".,.,J!"J.t I can't
OJ" -:.~~ He takes things too seriously.+.s-. n.
swallow it.+ <JI.)/- V.t. swallow (food);fig. make
pit. C.f I. ;:}4.+ ..;.. n. depth, deepness.+ ",5'- n.
disappear, make otT with, snatch.+ J1;J- adj.
gulf (C! JI~4); straight(s), narrow passage of
swallowed; done off with.
watter joinig two larger bodies ofwater.+ ~ n.
u~ qfil adj. bare.-':".,.,JJuJJ:t+ JL.. adj.
deep reed basket. Cf ~;4i' ot.J4t"'- ''';J'''-(;
shabby, squalid. poky (ofs.o.).
(under(;1) ,.;,Le.L;.
~.v-J qfi, adj. 1. conical; pointed. 2. high. See I.
<J~~.vJI~.vJ1 qfilandin =<J~I~.Jij q. v.
j;4t. + .s-. n. cone. +..sL.. adj. conical, resembling a
cone. ot..l.vJ qfile =od.vl q. v.
<J4.Jij1~.JijJ qfifan v.i. bel become closed (as of <J.vJ qlin See..s..:.s (all forms).
eyes, mouth, etc.); be clenched (as ofafist. etc.).
C.f i...>I.).+ ';'J-[~..ul] V.t. close, shut (eyes, etc.) ~4ot.J qebal!et (A) n. indecency, impropriety,
(cf <J~13-,-,,); clench, draw together, constrict. obscenity. (<J.»i~ltot.l v. be indecent, look! seem
improper, be out of character); fault, calpabiJity.
<J;";'lvl r~-d.JijJ qur.andin V.t. howV yowl (as ofa (syn. ~.v-). E.g. ~ ~ ";"'->ltot.l It was not my
dog in pain); wail. fault.
0d.v-J qfir.e n. a yowling! howling sound.+ d.vl- n. ; ltot...J qebar n. pith, inner part, inside. + L.. also 0iJ"'l
sustained howling, continued yowling! wailing. + • n. 1. volume, size (as measured in cubic units).
\.ilA/ v. howl, be heard yowling! wailing. Syn. ..5j~J.I. Cf •..$ ,~IJ')' 2. gap, opening.
Syn. ~-S. Cf 2. ~-S ,U~O.).
u.;~ qfiret (A) n. power, omnipotence (esp. of
God): I.,>..;.. providance, divine guidance, grace of .;Iu qebr (A) See.pS (all forms).
God. _ ..;}L:. enterprising! energetic/ inventive
~.u qebz (A) adj. I. constipated. Ant. I. <JIJo~. 2.
person, ball of fire (slang); mischievous (of a
child). depressing, dull and confining. E.g. ;jj .;JJ)!""':
o~ This room is very depressing (too confining);
<J~LJ..ulI~.Jij1 qfiqandin v. crow (ofarooster);
also in comb. i.e. ;:}.). E.g. »'i ~~.) I became
let out a triumphant cry, crow (fig).- -J.vJ.
depressed. (';'.»i ~ v. be constipated) .
.u.Jij qfiqe n. crowing. E.g. I.)...;.:,J-S ..;-J.vJ j4S..,
.jtot.l qebze = oj~ q. v.
!"L...J- I woke up very early (with the rooster's
crow). (<J.)';s.u..ul v. make/ produce a crowing ..,;..:.".;.jtot.l qebzenU!le n. written charm folded in
sound). + J.vl- n. sustained crowing. series oftraingles, wrapped first in wax paper and
then cloth and worn sewn on sleeve/ back of
j.v-J qfil I. adj. deep, extending far downward! jacket. - ...:..!..".;.
inward; recondite, difficult to penetrate/
comprehend! fathom, involved, intricate. C.f J.t.u qebl gen. n. assessment, estimation. Syn. oJ"')' +
h~ ,~. 2. adv. deeply, with intensity/ care. <J'-~ot...J] v. i. be assessed! estimated, have the
E.g. ..;1 J.;I";:"":; ;:}.vJ Look deeply into it. (';'.»i;:}..ul value/ importance apraised.+ <J..I..i'-~.u] V.t. J.
 423

assess, apraise, estimate. E.g. ~..: ~~ 4..t UJl.oI..i qepiry also ~.r.oI..i n., anat. flank:_~.,;$
How much would you estimate it for?; make a sale meat from the flank of an animal.
(c.f 1. .~~.J t L-). 2. in comb., i.e. .;,....""j.,.U.J4-
~.t...J qepoz n. muzzle, snout (also fig. in
q. v. + .11- also .11~ adj. estimated, assessed,
derogatory reference to a person's mouth). C.f
apraised. ;.;1.
~ qebe adj. cumbersome, bulky, gross;
~4.l qepol n., anat. skull. Syn. .,....~4..\S.+ 0... adj.
unwieldy, awkward (c.f ;Wli).+ oJt.- n. enormity,
having a large head.
wickedness, monstrosity.
~~4.l qeplJ,,, n. (act oj) dipping (with the
~ qebe[ n. 1. obligation, charge, burden. C.f
finger, chip, etc. into s.th.).+ iJl~~/- v.t. dip into
..5~. E.g. ",-!I~.;..; ~~ -...l~": This is your
with the finger, chip, etc.
oblig~tion,
You are the one responsible for this.
~ ~~ 4,j~ Make it his responsibilty. Syn. ,:,4J qet (A) adv. never, not ever. Syn. :r-!P. C.f
;;-..:. 2. contract, agreement, commission, deal. ~. E.g. •~.1~""" 4..t~ He has never told

Syn. ~. + ';'.IY. ~oI..i v. be committed! bound. + _ me.

;L.,.. adj. obliged, bound, required.+..s- adj. yli4.l qetab n. hard and tempered edge. Syn.
obligatory, binding.
~I qep n. 1. sharp bite, snap.+ jl_ n. bite (as to Jli~1 qetll: n. name ofa traditional tune. - rl:U..o.+.
snachl eat). C.f I. jLS.+ ~J~ jl_ v.t. take (a) ..,...,to/iJ":" n. name of two traditional tunes
bite of. E.g. u J .s.;;... .,J ~~oI..i 1 took a bite of normally S1D1g in concert.
the apple; bite E.g. ~J~ J~oI..i .s~4.. The dog
Jli~ qetar n. I. caravan (normally consisting of
bit me (see 1. ~.+ .;,~~ ~/_ v.t. snatch,
mules). C.! iJl.1;LS. 2. (A) train.+ ..;:- n. caravan
attempt to seize suddenly with the mouth, bite
guide, mule driver. + 0... n. number of objects
into.
moving in an orderly series, train. C.! 1.• 4..;
~2 qep only in ~oI..i.1.;i q. v.
.~j.+ ~o... v. move in a train! an orderly
..:.o44.l qepat adj. 1. closed, sealed; closed, out of series. C.f ~ 4..;·
service/ business. C.f .11r->b •i~. 2. well
.;,I.;.u qman n. tar. C.f.,;J. E.g. "':";"';I.;oI..i~": It
provided for, secure financially. (';'.IY. u401..i v.I.
is black as tar.
be closed; be closed for business. 2. be well
provided for.+ .;,~.,...s u~.t...J v. close; seal. E.g. ~4.l qetl (A) n. murder. See. 2. ~.,s. (iJ~.J~oI..i v.

~ u401..i .sl!;.~ Close the door). + .11.J- adj. sealed commit murder. syn. ~.,s .1~).+ r~~Seek~oI..i·
(as of a leller, envelope).
~1l.t.J qetmaxe See ~Il..,l.

:. ~..J qepax n. top, lid (normally that which is

:.Iiol..i qeti (A) n. sand grouse.
screwed on). c.j ~1J.J4- .4ip;u.
. qetis adj. pent up, confined, shut up,
J~..J qepaO (T) n. old type of breech-loading
constricted. (.;,J.t-/ ~4.l v. pent up, be confined.
rifle . .....s..;4A;.
.;,~.;S ~4.l v. shut up, confme). + iJ ~ / _ v. be pent
_-:..J qepan n. steelyard.< .;,I~ .;,44.l-...l.+ ..;:- n. up/ kept waiting! tied up/ unwillingly occupied;
person who operates a steelyard.+ ~ n.
falter, move waveringly (of tears in one's eyes).

profession of operating a steelyard.+..s- n. wage/ ~~oI..i qeceri n. kind of packsaddle. C.f .;,li;.,S'.
fee paid to the steelyard operator.
 424

~ qe!!be (A) n. harlot, prostitute. + ylt- n. son of s. tho high); coast, shore. E.g. L.-.J'') ..;I.;A-l
of a whore (used as term ofabuse). Seashore. (.ryn. Ol)'
.)4Jl qed n. frame, figure (of a person/thing) (ef lS}).t...J qeraga n. (army) camping sight;
~~ •.;,~); torso, trunk. < .)uJli .I.)u 41 .;,.)}'; side, headquarters. Cf lS'Jlt.
flank (.ryn. I. :J~).+ {"I-
n. shortcut. (.;,.)}' .t.)u v.
.jl~ qeraze n. halter chain (of a horse's harness).
cut! pass/ tunnel through to make a shortcut).+_
:J~ n. side, flank (esp. ofa mountain). + ~LtJ- n. *~I~ qera~ n. moor, boggy area of wasteland.
stature, height and figure (of a person). Syn.
jl;4.l qe!al n. emperor: ~rJ..s- foreign (Roman)
~L...,;~.
emperor (esp. as refered to infolk tales). Cf I .
.)~.:i qed n. fold, part doubled! folded over another. ~.+ ..r:t- empire; reign! rule of an emperor. E.g.

(.;,.)}' .)u v. fold. ef .J.Li~~ b). rjl..r;.JI;,u The Roman Empire.+ ~ n. empress.

.)d qed also jI.)U (A) n. gen. measure, amount.< 41 C.! ~ltl:. .
.)...J4t •JueJ ~. E.g. r}"; ~ ..;:;J-l..54.! l;..) ..;.)4J I rl~ qeram n. leather top/ cover. Cf t ltu.
respect him a lot (as much as a whole world).
..JlJ~ qertale n. basket made of palm leaves and
.)u4 qed n. row of runnels- iA.) q. v.
has a handle. Syn. ~.j. C.! ';41--.
J')4..J qedr (A) n. worth, value (of s.th.! s.o.)
jJ"-l qen (A) n. debt, s.th. owed (money. goods.
measured by qualities/ esteem in which it is held.
services. etc.). (.ryn. rIJ); loan (.ryn. ..Jjl).(~ jp
E.g. ~ljL.;~~";J.)u,;,; You don't value/
.JJ.J-I v. have debt (against), owe dept (to). E.g.
care fori give a damn about anything.+ 0.l-i1j/- v.
~~ i.J ..;j.;A-l lowe him. ";;~..J rj?l He owes
appreciate the value/ know the worth (of- ..;). + _
me . .J.)~ j~ v. borrow, receive with the intention
~}/ V.t. respect, show respect! deference (to-..;
of returning the same/ an equivalent; get a loan.
s.o.). Syn. ~}:;-l'
Syn. .;,.Li~jfol~· Cf "J.jJ4J"';.j~.J.)~;;'
Ju4J qeder (A) n. fate, destiny. Syn. 4lt. 2. .J1.)j~.+ JL also ).)_ adj. in debt.+ ..;)_ n.

jSJJ\;. C.! JlS~j; •.:..:....".;.J4- indebtedness.+ .JI.)/- v. give/ make loan (to- 41).
Cf j~ ~ .J1.). + ...;~_ adj. slow in paying back
U,.)U qed~e also ~•.)u n. prohibition,
dept, being a bad credit risk. + i.JjlJ _ n. debts,
constraint, interdiciotn. (.JJ.J--! .;....i.• .)U V. be
borrowings here and there (constituting a person's
prohibited! forbidden; be out of bounds. ~ •.)u
various credit obligations). E.g. ..r:~
.;,.)~ v. prohibit, forbid; debar). Cf ~..;. Syn.
.y.....ol.)~~~JjlJ!P I paid back all my
tL.~·+ i}- adj. prohibited, forbidden, enjoined.
debts ..)....s~4...0.J,--'jlJj?l~ I managed it by
~.)4.l qedifik n. bath toweV robe. Syn. ~JL> borrowing from here and there.
rLool.>. ~?l qers;l n. green barley (as a standing crop
IJ"-l qera also .,r-IJ,u equivalent to/ as much as. Syn. not ripened yet). - ~.

•).Li";. E.g. ..s~..;~~~ JJ.)~IJu~ Add as .....:.u~ qerqt!!e n. vexatious! agonizing situation!
much as two cups of milk. predicament, aggravating treatment. Syn. J4-1'.;$
t lJ 4.l qerax n. side, flank (on right/left ofs.th.)(ef ";~p'.~.
I. ~); edge (ef I. )i...s); brink, the very edge (esp.
.J;.u qer.n (A) n. century. See •.)--.
 425
.;4J

t.J4.l1 qere n. contact, involvement, connection.+_ ~".s:.) / -v. only in the expression of devotion!
~~/ v. approach, come close (to), have contact! entreatment: is~ ~ ..J .;..lj4l May I serve as your
association (with- ..s). E.g. is,,-...sl; ..st.J"'o-l He protective shield from fateful mishaps. + 'S4i" _ n.
woudln't come close to it. Cj ~~ vi-"; . ..J j> accidental grief! loss/ suffering. + .)u4l" _ n. fate.
~IHp. act of God, divine decree.+ ;.,.so~ n. that which
wards of fateful mishaps.
tpl qere n. spade (ofplaying cards).
Io..llj4l qezatme (T) n. savoury dish of lamb, tomato
~o~ qerebli n. compensation, amends, paste, spices served with its broth.
indemnity.+ ty.:,~.?/_ v. compensate, indemnify,
U;U..J qez.bln n. inferior dagger blade of Qazvin
make good. Cj .J~)~.
steel (as compared to one of .J~~ q. v.).
4.op qerebine (E) n. carbine (jirearm).-..5U;.
qezwan n. terebinth (of the soft greenfruit
r.,tP qerec n. gipsy. Syn. ~,,\S'. used as a condiment! hard-shelled nuts): _~.;
string of beads made of hollowed terebinth
.ko.J4.l qerefewe n. scaffold (used in repair/
shellS*_..s)~ terebinth tree *r..s- fresh (green)
construction).
terebinth seed (fruit) used as condiment *;,.,.....s-
.J L.~o.)4l qerexerman n. wheat reaped and
salted terebinth nut * J-".....s- large variety of
scorched shortly before h~est time and stored
terebinth nut. Syn. iJIIl.
for laner use. <.JL.pop~~.
yl..-U qt!Sllb (A) n. butcher. Syn. .)1S:.;.:..,s'.+ ... t..... n .
..,:.bo.)4l qereda~.i n. type ofdance.-;:;~...
slaughter house; butcher's shop.+..s- n. butcher's
~llop qereqac n., bot. sesbania. profession. (.J~.? ~W v. work as! be a butcher).

:J.Hllop qereqawul n. pheasant (bird). ~ qesp n. name of a variety of date _ L.~. Syn.
,;.jJt.J4.l qereqo~ gen. only in ..;jJtp ..,.s.J> n. o~~.+ ~ .... n. variety of mulberry _".,;.
arbitrary/ overbearing behaviour, high-handed! ..:-4J qest (A) n. purpose, design, intention, notion.
tyrannical treatment. Cj ..s.)b.)Jj.
Syn. ~ .j~. <.::-4J4i.+..s- adj. intentional,
...rJ qe!em n. reed pen. Cj "",.!ri. .~~. on purpose. <..;-u 4i • ..;-u ..J .

...J.;.".p qerewele n. bed (normally one having iron ~ qestor (E) n. thick woolen cloth (esp. used
frame). C.! I.u~ (under .)~2). 2. ~. in making overcoats).

,...J qez n. raw silk.+ j'- n. one who braids the r'~ qestem (A) only in such expressions as:

fringes on ..:.j~ and ~ with silk, gold or Ip 4i i.:....4J By God. i..s'l;:.) ~ jJ ..s.J4- 4i r'~'
sil\er theads; silk merchant.+ ..sj'- n. profession of Upon (in honour of ) your head I shall not harm
him.
a )~...J q. v. (.J~.? ..sjlj4J v. braid the fringes of silk
material for a headgear. ~ qesn; n. name of a shrub with glutinous
berries.
qrJl (A) n. district (esp. as part ofthe adm.
jinsion ofa province). o,JjJ'-4l qesetore n. cleaver, large knife/ blade. Cj
jJ~ .~,;.?
._i· trJl (A) n. fateful event! accident! occurance/
~. idiom. tjjS ..J.;..~ 0..i!~ ..slj4J Someone else
~ered the consequences. 2. <."-";I.r-slj4l4i~"";.+
 426

.;,L..:.u qq,an n. & adj. blaze/ white mark (on Kurds. 2. castle (with towers). Cf ..5..:..;S. 3. rook
horse's face); blaze-faced (normally seen as sign (chess piece).- ~t;-""'::".+ Jj4..i- adj. interned,
ofdefect in the animal). impounded, confined.+ ~ adj. heaping full.
~~ qq,mer n. laughingstock, clown, butt, C.! ,r.. (.;,~.? ~~ ~4.J v. fill to excess, make
object of ridicule. Cf ;~~.+ Ii- n. ridicule, heaping full).+ ~_ n. heavy artillery. + __ n. a
mocking, joking. + ';'~.?~Ii- v.t. make fun off, version of hide-and-seek game normally played in
mock. Cf .J~...,s~.jlS. moonlight.
.':"'~4.JI qelal n. hillock, high place in hill country;
...:.u qe~e n. Christian priest.
hill fort.
~~..:I qqeng adj. beautiful, pretty. Syn . .JI~.
..:.o~u-1 qelal n., bot. name of a weed. -l,$.
(.J»-I~;...:..u v. be beautiful). + Ii- n. beauty. Syn.
joe~u qelafo n. massacre; extirpation,
~I~.
extermination. Cf .JIJj~.,s. (.J~.?joe~4.l v.t.
J4.J qel n. thickness (esp. ofs.th. cylindrical). E.g.
massacre, kill by massacre). + ~ ::; / _ v. I. wipe
ISjJjltl? The thickness of his arm. ~Ii- The
out, extirpate, exterminate. + ~ y..S ~ / _ v. i. be
size of my mustache . .Jl>..;S'1i- the thick curved
wiped out! eradicated! exterminated. Cf .Jt.;;.IJ~'
handle of a cane, crook, etc.
IJ"1..:1 qelas n. awn .
.;,\,;j4.J qeflan (T) n. shirt worn below coat of mail;
robe of honour. ";14.l qel~ n. clef, split, cut. Syn. ~.+ lS;aS- n.
j.u~ qele, n. cage. + :.... n. coop, enclosure, confined log cut for firewood.
area: 1S;L:.iIJ\; IS- prisoner's dock *..s..:.-IS- anat. ..:.ow1..:1 qelalet n. imposing stature, strapping
thorax, the chest (ribs). figure. C.! (' ~tj.+)~ adj. having an imposing
~..:I qefl) n. dry unit of measure (esp. cereals). stature. Syn. ..:.o.u1414.t.

.iU~ . qeqnez n. I. name of a fabulous bird. .;,~4.l qelan adj. raised (esp. of the rear ofa
(possibly the phoenix). 2. gen. s.th. charred! person! thing). (';'~..?.J~4.J v. bend over from the
consumed by fire. < j..:J41 4.t .J»I' waist while standing, esp. as position taken in the
game ofleapfrog).
J.UI qel n. crow (bird).+ 4~L. n. magpie. Syn.
qelando~kan n. top of the
t;.:L:.J. + ..s..J~_ n. species of black and white
crow.+ &"":"t;L. n. rook (bird).+ ~»IL...t_ n.
variety of rook. + .J.J.J-"L. See .J.J.J-".wj.!. jJ14.J qelawu, adj. familiar, acquainted. Syn.
Ijt)':'.
~1 qel n. middle base in the game of~;b... 4J41.+.
~)~~t n. game resembling baseball/ rounder. lJ!.14.l qelayi n. tin alloy used by a tinsmith for
welding! in lining of cooking utencils.- '1S;~:,.o
J.t.,...t .qel .. n. the last remaining walnut in the.., game
..
of
~aS~,;,;.
v;J4J~.+ ~~J- n. I. the case in ~4J~ in
which the last walnut is thrown paired with a rock. ~4.J qelb adj. 1. faked, counterfeit, fasle. E.g.
2. (state of being down to the last penny/ the last ~-..JISD;~ Faked coin. 2. useless, gOod-for-
chance. cf ~;4J..,J41":';y$.
nothing (of s.o., s.th.). Cf 1. ~.+ ~~.,JJ- adj.
~4.l qela n. I. fort, citadel: ('~~ Ii- citadel which faulty, marred and ugly, full of defects.+ .JDjD_ n.
served as stroughold for a historic battle by the
 427

coiner.+ ..s- n. uselessness, good-for-nothingness; .;,u.....,$.+ .;,1.) 1.)/_ v. sharpen pencil.+ .;,I~ n. pencil
defect, faultiness. box; pen holder.+ JDr n. sphere of influence,
~4J qe{be n. I. protruding nail! splinter/ spike, realm! scope of authority. Cj "'-!lrJL..& . ....i.;SJ.+-
etc.<,:u~~u~. 2. mishap, misadventure; .;,1.) z.,J / v. plant cutting. +..s- adj. J. pen-like,
trouble, dilemma. fix, predicament. < 4.f .;,1.).;;. slender. 2. erudite, educated (talk, opinion, etc. as
compared to the undistinguished! plebian).
l')A.,J.u. + .;,b z.,J / _ v. bel get caught on nail, spike,
etc. I') ~ .,.Ju IJ.s_I,} Her dress got caught on a j~~.u qe{embaz n. jump, leap. (';'»Ij~J.u v.
spike. Syn. ~.,.s..,ju~. leap, jump (on to- IJ) Syn. ';'»-1 j ~ l:). + .;,1,)/_ v.
jump, leap. + ..s- n. (act of) jumping! leaping.
n. bounce, jump; bouncing. < .:.J.,.s
J'w4J
.
.qe{bez
. . ~,u4J qe{emri n. wholesale tobacco merchant.
j~U j~4J ~ . j~u. + '- n. rapids (in a river).
Cf Jlft.!. Cf ..rP~.

~.u qe{bir n. coarse-meshed sieve. screen. Cj .;,.U.u qe/en n. trousseau (of a bride). Syn. IJj~.

~2 • ..s.:,fti •..s,J;.. J'..t.i.u.u qe/ender also ~.Ju n. roaming! itinerant

j.t.n-l.u also ~.u n. pommel hom:v-o...i..s-
qefpliz dervish. - "';':'.JJD,).
saddle bow, pommel ofa saddle. Syn.:,S~ (under ",u.u qe{ew adj. fat, fleshy, stout. Syn. i,i.:..jS. Cj
J4..{\ .;....;.jS.r-. •..t.i4..0".;.; (under .;,.;). 3. t~; rolled, velar.
t l;j.u qe{tax (T) n. saddle tree, the frame of a E.g. r~ ~ "'i The velar L. (';'.v.' "J4J v. bel get
saddle. - v-o...i •""j.s.;. fat ,;,'),}"....w v. fatten as of a slaughter animal). + •
IJ n. fatness, stoutness.
.;,~u qe{teban adj. ignorant, unintelligent.
~.u qefye n., chem. potash, alkali.
~4J qe{s =IJ"')I q.v.
r.u qem n. hollowed tree trunk used for water
.:-ii4l qe{4.t See ";''2u. irrigation and elevation .
.;,W,u qelxlln (T) n. shield (jor defence). Cj 1. ..:....o.u qemt two fruits! nuts, etc stuck to gether
~. (having one stem).
w4J qelfe n. set (syn. ~,)}; group (syn. J.,..:,s). ~.u qemter n. blinder, winker (on a horse).
(';''),,$ ~u v. put blinders on).+ JI.J- adj. having
..s.:,_W.u qe/maseng n. sling. See ~lJ4>..;l.
blinders on (a horse); fig. one-track, parochial,
tJl,.....l4J qe{eba{~ also tJ~u adj. crowded, provincial (cj ...s.......; ,r-i).
congested, jam-packed (';'.v.' ~~Ju v. bel become qemtere n. water that overflows a bridget
crowded).+ ..s- n. crowd, multitude, mob barricade/ etc.+ ~/_ v. flow over (of water
(.;,.),,$ ..r'J~.u.u v. cause crowdedness/ congestion! rising above a bridge! barricade! etc.). Cj 3. ~
jam; crowd! throng (upon- z.,J). Cj I. D~.v.':,S)'
.;,,),}.
r~.u qe{em (A) n. I. pen, pencil. See ..... 1,;.
J~,u qemrllr n. tax levied on heads of sheep.
1J"'~'<r"'4JD~. 2. cutting (from a tree). Cf Syn. -';I~ •.:..lS~.
j;~. 3. fme chisel. (.;,,),} rJ.u v. trim, prune a tree,
~.u qemfi (T) n. whip. Syn. -';~l;.
bush, etc.). + ...;1_ n. fee paid to S.o. writing a
charm! amulet. -.;..!."';.+ -1-- n. penknife. Cj Wl~
 428

4-.t,u qeme n. long straight-bladded dagger, dirk .;,1..,4.J qewan (T) n. I. phonographic record! disk.
• ..2.
(cf ~-.»; bayonet. Syn. ..s~4J (under ";-'..... ).2. cyhnder, case. E.g.
..5~I..A,~ canridge case (.ryn. t..,.,u).+ b/_
"s~,u qemer; n. name of a small coin.
'.J4Z} v. reload! refill empty cartridge cases.+.
';I.;4.J qenare n. I. butcher's hook.<.;,b.;I.;,u4.l. 2. .;,I~~/ v. play/ listen to record.+ L. n.. math.
gallows. See ')4- (allforms). cylinder. Syn. ..54.l.vJ.+...,t.L. adj. cylindrical. Syn.
*rti,u qenc adj. good, fine. Syn. ..,...l:>. ,.;It. Cf~. ~.vJL;.

..Li4.J qend n. loaf suger. Syn. ..u.s "s..$":". + t'- n. ~-,41 qewre n. grinding of the jaws with repeated
drink of sweetened hot water. opening and closing of the mouth (often
describing the state of an animal in estrus. also
•..Li4.J qende also ..$..;,u n. long-stemmed smoking uesed disparagingly of people). (.;,~?~..",.; v.
pipe. Cf ~ ,.;,~.+)l.. n. pipe filler (servant grind the jaws and open and close mouth
ofgrandee). repeatedly. C.! ~..$ ~-,lS).
"s;lA•..Li41 qendehar; See "s;lA,..LiU~. 'j,.u qewzJ! n.. bio. algae. Cf j.,.$'.+.;,L:;,. ~/_ v.
J.t..Li,u qendil n. small oil lamp. Cf ~.,J ,I.;e-. have/ be covered with algae (of stagnant i. e. pond
water).
~,u qeng;le n. spiced boiled chickpeas. - ..5;;. J"u qewl (A) n. promise, word, assurance. Syn.
~4J41 qenepe (E) n. also -.i4J,u n. sofa, divan. ~~ ,..;..AS. Cf .;,~~.+ .;,I~/_ v. promise, give one's
word! assurance. + -r1J _ n. commpact, agreement.
~Ifo,u qeneware n. material used between lining
Cf A..o~~. (.;,~? -!,..,JJ~ v. conclude and agree,
and fabric to give body to the garment.
make/ come to terms); transaction (cf ';l&o).+-
j""';,u qenewuz. n. type of silk fabric used in
};U-, n. stipulations, agreed on terms /
women's clothing.
arrangement! conditions, etc. Syn. ; ~.,.;;.J~ .
.::..1 ~ qewat n. custom, practice, usage. Syn. .;:...,~.
('"u qewm (A) n. nation, people. E.g. ~.;"s,f",u
Cf L..L;.
The Kurdish people. See .~4J. Cf J.,.$'.+ a41.J- n.
)-,,u qewar n. pith, inner pan (of a tree. etc.).+..5~ one's folks/ relatives/ kins.
n. kernel (of a nut! fruit stone. etc.).+ L. n.
.;,l.."uI~"uJ qewman v.i. happen (to- ~ o/s.th
framework, basic form! system! arrangement;
undesirable! unexpected); occur, befall, take
volume (Syn. 'J~)'
place. E.g. L..~~ What happened. Cf l. JJJ
jl~ qewal (A) n. reciter, member ofa class in the .;,I~.+ .;,l..{,:,;",,,,u] V.t. cause/ make happen, commit.
Yazidi hierarchy charged with reciting at religious
-,L....,4.J qewmaw n. incident, occurance, happening,
festivals and going around collecting dues and
offerings from the faithful. event (often not of a pleasant nature). Cf
Jb JJJ ,.::..L...;lS.<-,L..~ .
.u1,,4l qewale n. deed, document, legal paper/
instrument. Syn. ~4J"",. .::..•..,4.J qewet (A) n. strength. See I. ~ ,1.;1.,,;. C.!
.::.--t ,&;~ ,j~. (.;,.J.J-Iou.::..•.JA-l v. have strength.
('1..,4.J qewam (A) n.. gen. only in ('1""";..:;lA v. I.
.;,~? .::..,yJ v. exen oneself).+ .;,I~/_ v. i.e. in the
mend one's ways, straighten out, reform. 2. be
done to a tum, cook well. expression: 1.L..t':';,-,4.J I".> May God grant you
strength (esp. said to s.o. working).
 429

IoSU qey (A) n. gen. consequence, import. (.,.jIoS"u t 4.u qeymax n. thick layer of cream normally
~~ v. be of no consequence. E.g. '-''''';....r-."u It eaten for breakfast. C1 ~...,. ;4.M.
d~sn't matter, It makes no difference. ~~~ 1oS"u v.
t ~u qeynax n. set of finger stalls/ cots reinforced
matter, be of difference/ import esp. in the
with iron worn by reapers (gen. on the left hant~
negative. E.g. .:..lSl; loSu Never mind, It doesn't
as protection from the sickle).
matter. ~...;L..i.J':"lS"";loS,u It matters and more!.+_
~ qtble (A) n. direction of Mecca. E.g. ~
~ only in the expression: '-'....r: <Jtu What
~'.JI.Jl,; That is the direction of "'-4.;i (where a
difference does it make? why should it make a
difference? + ;lS_ adj. consequential, important. Muslim faces when praying). + .;,;..,; _ also Il_ v.
C1..$.,j.}· compass, device for determining direction.
..:...eJ qtt adj. erect, straight, perpendicular. -~ .
..... l.!.Al qeyase n. woven saddle-girth, belly band.
(.;,~~ v. be erect! straight).+ '~»I/_ v. be
CI 2. ~~.
erected, be put up/ fixed in an upright (and often
.;,l::.t.u qeytan n. shoestring, shoelace (syn . .J~~); conspicuous) position. 2. show up suddenly (in
cotton! silk braid or cord (often ornamental). CI front of I,) .. ~.,)~4J).+ '.J":',)~/- v. erect and
I . .:..~ •..;.~. cause to stand up/ out. < .~,).J ~ j.>. + .5_ n.
clitoris.+ ..r n. erectness.
~.u qeyft n. scissors. Syn. ..:-uu.
~ qtf adj. screwed up (of eyes); having screwed
J..!"u qeyd (A) See ;l.o;; (all forms).
up eyes (of a person).~~ ~ v. see.J,)~ ~ .J~)'
.;,Ift,u qeyran n. touch-and-go period! time
~ qtr n. tar, pitch. Cf ..:..i,i.+1oS.J1- adj. tarred,
(designated for a sickness or uncertain situation
to turn for better or worse). <.;,~ b .;,lftoU ..J. covered! stained with tar.+ .JL.;.. n. tar/ asphalt
pavement (on a road, etc.). (.;,,)~ .J\j.,..el v. pavel lay
'ft4..J qeyre adj. middle-aged (syn. .;,~~ ~);
with tar or asphalt).+ .J1~.Jl.;.. adj. paved with tar.+
experienced, practiced (syn. 'J..!')Le,.i'). cf l,i .;\.!).+-
~_ n. tray (often wooden) carried by a street
~I~ n. five-year old ram.+ .;,)_ n. middle-aged
seller of sweets, etc.+ ~ adj. difficult,
woman. + ~ n. unmarried girl of age twenty five
stubborn, unaccommodating. CI J'''..u.5.+ ~.J­
or more.
intj. meaning: I couldn't care less, the ... with it!.+
.ul~oU qeyserqlJ n. moaning and lamentation. .;,~~;,) Le-.J- v. forsake, give up, let go,
E.g. .J,Jl~oU 4,.j.,4. She began moaning and relinquish.+ I.r-- adj. tarred, tarry.+ ~ n. water
lamenting. bucket coated with tar.
loS~oU qeyseri n. roofed bazaar normally having a r-l qt! intj. denoting a screaming! squawking
gable/ ridge roof. Cj "I.i\ot .;t,i.}. noise.+ .J-Li1-L:,J-r-1] V.t. 1. yell, scream, shout (at-~
b~). C1 .J.I..ilfll. 2. squawk, squeal (esp. of a
...,-!oU qeyst n. apricot. Syn ..,.j~ • .vJb;.,i.
bird).+ ~.}/_ v. catch (bird) alive and squawking;
~.u qeyfe (A) n. velvet, velvet fabric. Syn. ,i.)- catch unawares! by surprise (of a thief, etc.). +_
~.u ..j~'+...r..- adj. velvety, resembling! "~J n. prolonged yelling! squawking.+ .... n. a
suggesting velvet. yelling! screaming sound; a squealing noise. ('r-l
rot-u qeyim (A) adj. old, ancient (of time! period, .;,~ v. get hoarse/ be exhausted from yelling. E.g.
etc.). See~';",).C1 .Jj-S.+ ..r adj. primitive, j ~ .~ ~~~ ..$.,j~ j.+i.,....; I yelled out to you so
primeval (of man). much that I am hoarse). + ~.... n. continued
 430

yelling; sustained squawking.+ .JL.ju~ A.. v.i. grudge, spitefulness, rancor (often mutual between
start yelling! squealing.+ .J~l...j... ~ A.. V.t. cause two persons). (.J~~ ~~I~ v. maintain a
grudging! rancorous attitude towards- j..5 ...J). + •

rl.r--J
to yell! squeal (esp. when striking or hurting).
qirac n. marginal notes! comment (in a book,
.J,J,JD adj. loathsome, odious, repugnant, hateful.•
Syn. ';..j.).+ .JL..... ja/_ v. become angry/ annoyed;
draft, etc.). Cj ';..JI~.
become exasperated (with- 4J).+ oJ~L.ju/- v.
ft.J qez n. aversion, repugnance, dislike (cj I. fli); provoke to anger, exasperate, rile. Syn. .J~.J Dd~'
nausea.+ D~.J.Y./- also D"':';~/_ v. feel nauseated,
be sick (syn. ~~."".~j~); have aversion (jor-
~).+ DJ"';~.J/- v. feel nausea! aversion (toward-
~), feel sick at the sight (of ~ s.th. dirty,
repugnant, etc.).+ :i::-tJ- n. strong likes and
dislikes.+ .JJ.J6- adj. nauseating, sickening,
unsavoury.
~ qij intj. denoting a shrieking! shrilling sound. +
.J.J.....jI_[~.,r-..; 1 v. scream, shriek. shrill. C.j.
.J~~..Jj. + ~~ J - n. loud prolonged shrieking. + A..
n. a scream! screaming sound. (.J~.J DftJ v. let out
(a) scream.+ ~A.. n. continued screaming!
shrieking. (.J.J.Y. ftJ Dft3 v. keep screaming, continue
crying out).+ ~t.. A.. v. be heard screaming; give
out (a) scream.
4.I..;i qile See 4.I..;i .,..j4J (under r.,.u ).

ot...o..el q'me n. minced! fmely chopped meat: -r-J$

meat fit for mincing (as compared to meatfor
stewing, frying, etc.); stuffing, filling (esp. of
ground meat with currant and spices) (~.J ~ v.
mince, chop finely. cj ~).+ .J~.J-- v. pulverize,
cut to a thousand pieces (jig. used as a threat).+.
JI.J adj. minced.+ .r.?- n. big. mincing knife. C.j.
t~~·
u~ qimet (A) See t). I. ~~. Cj t~~.~.

~ qin n. spite, hatred, rancoUT. Cj 4 .J~.< ~

~.+ ~JI- adj. spiteful, rancorous.+ .JI~ See

~J~' + ~} / - v. be obstinate/ headstrong;
demand, make a scene (jor- 4J, of a child) (see
,:.,.;.J SdJJ)' + ~ also ~ adj. vindictive,
vengeful, grudging. + ~} j~ ~ / _ v. carry a
grudge against, feel spiteful towards. + ~~I~A.. n.
 431

J-i).+ .,,;..~- n. watch; clock: ":-'.)..s"";"j- wrist

watch *}~.)..s"";"~- wall clock. Syn. ':"~....... +_
jL-"";"""j n. watchmaker, one who makes/
repairs watches or c1ocks.+ .:..lSlj.J- adv. any
old time, (whether) convenient or not.+ _
;:;LSlj. adv. every now and then.+ .:..lS'.J'- adv.
from time to time, now and then.+ .:..IS.J'/-
~"..s v. has only one standardform: .:..lS'.J"';lS'
.~"..s It all depends.+ ~_ adv. when. E.g.
~jd"..;~...s;:;LSWhen I arrived he had
..s K The nineteenth leiter of the Kurdish (already) gone.+ ..s- adj. temporary, passing,
alphabet. momentary. E.g. ~IS ~ L:-;4J It is only a
LS ka n. straw, chaff, hay. Cf ~.JY. .~'J~.+_ temporary thing. (syn . ..r'.)J~' cf ~)');
.;,1.) ~/ v. winnow (threshed straw and provisional, interim .
grain).+ .;,.).;$ ~ ~/_ v. only in the idiom: ..slS' .:..lS'2 kat n. early sewing of grain.
.;,.).;$ ~ ~ v. rake up (scandal. old grievance.
....;lS' kate n. shoot, a sending out of new growth.
etc.).+ .;,1.)_ a/so .J<I-!- n. place where hay is
Syn. (i'.J.
stored. + ~~ _ n. openinglhole of .;,b lS' through
which hay is dropped for storage. + j5 _ n. G.IS kar n. fir. Cf J"ou4-.
straw rick! stack.+ .;,l..!;S- also .;,ljJ.;_ n. only in
t ~IS karax n. two-year old buffalo. _ ~ \s.
.;,L.:.:;SIS~.; Milky Way.+ I..J - n. empty/ fancy
daydreaming. ~lS' kax{i n. fenugreek.

.;,~lS' kaban n. I. housewife. Syn. ~~...s. 2. .)LS kad n. arena, sphere. Syn. .;,I~~. Cf
leading wife of a polygamous house. ~.,;,~'.uS.
IJtLS kabra n. fellow, guy, man. E.g. IIJtlS' Hey *•.)lS' kade n. cake (pastry).
fellow!.
JLS 1 kar n. 1. occupation, business, vocation
4./lS' Kabe (A) n. K~ba (shrine in Mecca).
(syn. 2. .;..;,. I. ~); work, employment. E.g.
~IS kabine (E) n. cabinet (governmet) 'J~ l:.....;: He is presently unemployed (cf
.;,~) . 2. effect, influence, impression, action,
~IS kapo[ n.. anat. skull.
use. (cf ~). E.g. ..s.J"-4..l~..sJlSlthadno
.:..LS1 kat n. time (period! span of). E.g. .:..IS effect on him. 3. a particular thing done, act!
~.~ What is the time?; moment, instant (syn . behaviour. E.g. ';'~~"-i »A u .).;$ ..s1..J~.JLS
.:..L-.J.-). E.g. ~...sI.)4JIS~Hearrivedat ~ He behaved in a way that we all left him.
that moment; duration, while, time. E.g. 4. matter, affair, undertaking. 5. second
~~..sJJ.j~LS It took him a long while. element of some compound forms. i.e. JISJ"-
Cf ~ •.j\s •.JLJ. (.;,~.:..lS' v. have time. E.g. q. v. (.;,~ J LS v. have work, be employed; be
......~ f' LS ~ I have no time at all; be timet the busy/ occupied . .;,.).;$ JLS v. I. work, labour;
moment to do s.th. E.g. u--Jr..JY-.:..1S It was operate, be operational! in working condition
time for us to go).+ ~_ n. chronometer.+_ (syn. .;,.)} .;..;,); use, consume (syn . .;,~ JlS'....).

.;,lib/ v. set up schedule, appoint time (for- 2. affect, influence, touch, impress upon-~).+
 432

1_ adj. effective, decisive, important (syn. .J4-":'.).JI v. have bearing upon (indirect and!
~4-t '~..)lS); active (of membership, etc.); or unintentional). E.g. )j~~4.Jj.).J~;lS~
viable, practicable, purposeful. Cj p..,..) lS. + _ The war has an affect on the market. + IJj_
L:....:.l,; adj. practiced, experienced, skilled syn. adj. proficient, versed, acquainted (of s.o.).
Ijl.)L.:.. Cj ~ .jLJ.+ ~L:....:.l,;_ n. practice, Cj Ijl.)L...:.. Lilj.)lS.+ ~_ adj. effective,
experience. Syn. ~IJJaj. Cj .:-t.).+ ... 1_ adj. decisive, effectual. Syn. ~..)lS.+ ).:,.$_ adj.
competent, able. Syn. l;1.,; •..uJl,.;J '}J4..!I.). Cj retired (from one's position! employment!
etc.).+ ~.)l;.u _ n. retirement.+ 1ft1J,j.)' _ adj.
IjJJ~'+ ~_ adj. conclusive, clinching, decisive,
indispensable, absolutely necessary.+ );,$_
fmal. Syn. ~.+ 1.)"1- n. partner, business
adj. service-oriented; willing to apply
associate. Cj .)LSJ~ '~J~'+ ~"4IJ1- n. oneself.+ ~);,$ _ n. serviceability, usability
partnership. + .,J..jt - n., dip. charge d' affaire. + _
(cj ~~.)lS~); attendance, help.+ J_ n.
':--.)4.( n. official, person in charge. Cj
workshop, workroom, mill. Cj •....L-Jiu
~L.""'; •.w.....)lS. (';'.J.H..:-t.)4.(.)LS v. be in
":'~.)lS.+ ~_ n. felt-maker.+ .4- n. factor,
charge; be in a position of authority).+ _
motive power, causative agent. Cj •...st..~
..;.-.~ n. charge,
supervision.+ ~_ See ~.+ iA- adj.
responsibility, custody,
.r-s-
4...,jJ.t.+ n. manager, superintendent, one
who directs the work! organisation in a plant,
applicable, relevant, s~ited, apropos. Cj
~).)...s; enforced implemented.+ ';'J.J"Zs.I- V.t.
team, etc. Cj ~I';~. + ~.r--s n. _
management. + .r-S _adj. durable, lasting. + 4.1_
put to work, engage; apply, employ, bring into
;.,I}r' _ v. get out of hand, be lost control of.
play.+ ;"J.J~/- v. work on, be busy with.+_
E.g. I},..;.)LS 4..I.)LS The situation got out of
;"J.;5;.;1 v. affect, influence, produce an effect!
control.+ .;,.)...s~/- v. have affecton.+U"'l;_
have an influence on. E.g. LSl;;:';~.)LSL..4
See .;,lj.)LS.+ ~l;_ n. work schedule; plan for
Heat does not affect it.+ Ai-adj. effective,
action.+ .)l...ei- n. applicant.+ ..... l;)-=-_ n.
having the intended effect. + ~~;:,; I-v.
application fonnlletterl etc.+ )0- n. affair(s),
need, be in want of (s. o. 's helpl assistance!
etc.).+ .t...i~_ n. plant, factory, works. Cj matter: business: IJI.)IJ ~.)Lt- external affairs_
4.i,,-Jiu.+ 1".:.IJ/_1 1 v. react! repond (to-~). C.f 1r~~'J ...jS~)-iJ social affairs 1rj.>JLi~.)~_
~""'..;4-I.+ ,j.t...ib} n. reaction, response.+ _ intemal/ domestic affairs .~.J"'-i..tA ~.) L...,..-

'::-J.)J adj. prudent, sagacious, sensible.+ _ technical affairs.+ ;.,Lo)J- See )wlS.+I_n.
~l=......J').) n. improvisation; makeshift.+ ~J_
line of work! occupation! pursuit (used only in
the standard expression: ,;LS,.r: E.g. ~l;~
adj. practiced, trained, versed.+ .:-1.)_ adj.
~,.)lS..r: What do you do? what is your line of
accomplished, adept. + .;,Ij _ n. and adj.- expert
work?+ ..uJ~- adj. pragmatic, businesslike.
(syn. ~); skilful, proficient.+ Lilj_ adj.
Cj ~.)IJ...s .i}:.;..JLS'.+ .;45.- n maid servant.
qualified, competent, fit. + ~Ij _ n. expertise;
Syn. .;,~.,;. Cj ~ •..sl:r.;.u.+ ~~ 1_ n.
profciency, skill.+ jL..._ n. I. contriver,
immediate result! effect! product; conclusion,
disposer (said esp. of Goil). 2. manufacturer
upshot. + ~ _ 1. adj. fatal, deadly (normally for
(firm/person). Cj 1. j~. 3. arranger,
disease). 2. second element of some compound
disposer, one who marshals.+ ~jL._ n. I.
nouns meaning: work, job. E.g. ~.)~
manufacture, manufacturing. Cj I. ~j~.
plaster work. + .)~ _ adj. effective, decisve,
2. arrangement, act of arranging. + rt U_ adj. effectual.+~.)~_ also ..?A- n. effect,
exact! prompt! diciplined (in one's work). + _
influence.
 433
.... IS

;LS2 kar n. kid under three month. C.f .~ canal. + ~ _ n. expert in digging a
..5-.$ -.J..i.i.+ "'>:""l;_ n. young gazelle.+ 4Jjj _ subterranean canal.
n. I. newborn kid. 2. Capricorn (sign of ,;.;lS:.olS" karikalir (E) n. caricature.
zodiac).+ ~D_ n. fine mohair. CI jD~.
jlS" kaj n. slough (of snake). C.f....A;1>.
;LS3 kar J. suffIX to certain adjectives meaning:
-ish E.g. ;lS";»- Reddish. 2. suffIX to certain jlS"2 kaj = (lS" q. v.
nouns meaning: doer of. E.g. )S.)4.t Evildoer. .JljLS kajaw also ..s.J1jlS" n. kind of black grape.
1".;-JlS" uo'l.;j.ulS" karbonaty kaJisyom n., chem. i;~.

calicium carbonate. - -
D;DjlS" kajere also oSl'DjlS" and 4JDjlS n. skull.
..:.o;lS" kart (E) n. card (identity! name/etc.).
)jLS kajn combinedform of~j..:.olS" n. hour
4.J;lS" karte n. second crop. C.f 4.J;~. (as unit oftime).

.J.J');lS" kardIJ n., bot. dock. Syn. jt.. IJ"'LS kas adj. giddy, nauseated (from effect of
scent! smell); shocked! startled (due to the
J..J.J;lS" karl4. n. species of Bermula grass. effect of a sound or strike). CI p.J. (';'.11IIJ"'lS"
..$.JlS" karg n. mushroom. Syn. ~.Jl.;' v. feel nauseated; be shocked! srunned. 1J"'lS"
.;,.).;$ v. cause nausea to; shock, stun).+..s- n.
.;,I.J;LS kat'W1III n. I. caravan C.f 2. ;(;41. 2. trip
state of shock! nausea.
(as for transporting goods! peole) (~,} .;,1.J;lS"
o..:--lS" luulb (A) n. tradesman, dealer,
v. make trip/ round. E.g. .),} ~1.J;lS" ;:,... ~ He
shopkeeper.+ ..s- n. trade, commerce. ~lS"
made only three trips).+ ~ _ n. person in
.;,.).;OS v. be a tradesman, engage in trade/
charge ofa caravan.+ 1.;4-- n. caravanserai.+_
commerce) .
.;,I,? n. morning star. + »S _n. morning star. + _
~lS kasl; n. diminution.- ~lS"~.s.
.J4.S' n., astr. planet.+..s- n. member of a
caravan. ~lS kasnt n. endive.
1J"'.J.J.JlS" "rlis n. religious sermon.

~.JlS" kar. n. I. amber (used injewlery! kneecap *.;,~..s - ceremonial breaking of a

ornament) -~.j4.j string of amber beads. 2. clay utensil in the Muslim feast (also fig· of
electricity.+ t,Jt.- adj. electrical. s.o. 's death. E.g. .;,~..s"""lS" '-! ~ He died;
ceremonial meal of rice eaten at the two
..:.oL-..JlS" karesal n. calamity, misfortune, principal Muslim feasts *.J--..s - cranium,
disasterous event. CI .JI.).J.J-I'..:.ot.~.+ _ brainpan *j,.S..s- bot. calyx.+ ').Jl.:- n. a direct
.;,;L.. ~/ v. suffer a misfortune, meet with a hit (with a top -Cl~ thrown down and hitting
disaster. cr ';'~.J4J~. another on the ground); fig. meaning: (a)
success! hit! master stroke/ coup.+ ':-:';_See
A..:....J lS" kartIe n. I. ridgepole, roof-tree. 2. fig.
j~. + ~ _ = ; __ ..s--lS". + ~- adj. needy
principle, tenet. See W--I.
and miserable (person); toady (of s.o.).+ _
J..JLS kare:, n. subterranean canaV stream. C.f ~.J.....S'.J n. kitchen utencils (lit. bowls and
r--I. + .JI- n. water from a subterranean canal. + _ spoons) .
.j.)j.....S'/ also! .;,I.)~/_ v. dig a subterranean
 434

~LS k~ n. tillage, cultivation ofland. (<J~.J ~IS JSLS kaki{ n. kernel (also fig.); essence, core,
v. till! cultiv!'te/ prepare land for the raising of heart (cj ..51JS,p.,.!); piece, small patch.+ _
crops). Cj <J"J.;S ,.;...:.s. :,;..}O n. walnut kernel. + ;po _ n. small (patch
~L.:.IS k~ane n. mansion. Cj .5..:..jS ' j"i.;. oj) cloud.
j;S"LS kakol n. hair brushed up in curls behind;
LS:...:.IS k~ka int). expressing desire: would that,
tuft. + )~_ adj. having/wearing hair in j;S"1S.+_
I wish, It would have been better. E.g. ~IS
,j-J";..j n. name of a male folktale character. + _
~L.»I o...;.J I wish I had been here.
~ adj. person with conspicuously arranged
""":'IS k~me n. asafetida. j;S"1S q. v.
A.!.IS k~e n. sleigh. ~IS~IS kaklbekakl adj. hawling, austere

~IS k~f n. tile (syn. ~IS ~); glazed (wilderness/ desert). Cj <Jlt~.

pottery/ china. ...J.,$IS kakfle n. part containing molar teeth in

j...t.1S also JUU ktqeZ n. 1. paper (sheet! 1eaj1 the lower jaw.- <JI~.
page oj): ~OJl:IS- blottingpaper~lS_
JLS kal adj. middle-aged (o/aperson). C.!
thin paper *<JJJ.]IS- tracing paper*.;}.-IS-
~'r.}&.
sand paper *j L..,J IS - playing cards *~.v-i IS-
writing paper. 2. letter. Syn. 1. ... li.+ )~_ n. ;:JLS' kal adj. I. light! pale (colour) (syn. Jlj);
record clerk (in an office! court! etc.). light-brown (eyes, hair). E.g. '-"IS ISJ~ ~~
~ok She has a pair of Iight-broWl\ eyes. 2.
-.,.;LS ka/ n. name ofthe nineteenth letter of the
green, unripe (fruit); not fired, unburnt (brick)
alphabet.
(see ;:JLS ~); raw, uncooked (syn. J~). 3.
)IS kaftr (A) n. unbeliever, non-Muslim. See jlS,;.....!S. (<J»-I jLS v. I. be light! light-
<JLo)1S kaflrllUln n. razor (shaving implement). brown. 2. be green! not fired! raw). + oy.j»l_
Cj <J1:;..}. v.I. be set on edge (0/ one's teeth). 2. fade (0/
colour). See 1. o"";.JP.".+ ri'?J- adj. quite
j..u-i1S ka/fir n. camphor. unripe/ green. + ~ _ I. n. endearing name for a
jUIS kavar n. area, locality, region. Syn. ~Jli.+ girl with fair complexion. 2. adj. having hazel
eyes and fair complexion.+ IS- lightness,
. IS - adj. local; regional.
paleness (o/colour); state of being unripe.
*\SJIS kavrl n. kind of pomegranate. ;li~.
;:J1S2 kal n. agriculture. See ;:J1S..,;..:.s.
..sL.S kak n. big brother; pal, buddy; title
"iLS kala n. cloth goods/ merchandise; clothes,
commonly used as: Mister. E.g. »I o...;.J rSlS My
attire. (see 2. ..5;4i' ~).+~.,s_See..$.,jj'J&.
big (older) brother was here. ~lJ:..5l.S
.:.-.~~ Dear Mr.Chalak. ~~k<JI.J.r--"..slS ~"iLS kalat also ~.JIS n. looting/ pillage. Syn.
How are you Sirwan buddy?+ 0_ n. title of <J"i\.;.
respect; vocative form of ..5l.S q. v. + I.,h _ n. <J"iLS kalan also <J~ scabbord, sheath (0/ a
endearing form of 4.S1S.+ If'!O- n. and adj. dagger).+ 0_ n. gen. socket: J~IS- eye-socket.
mystical Islamic sect, AhIi-Haqq, Ali Hahi. *0:- IS - posterior ruga.
JISIS kakaw (E) n. cocoa.
<J"i IS[;) IS] kaian only in i;"i IS ~ q. v.
 435

.~lS' kalisyom (E) n., chem. calcium. J..LS kamll (A) adj. mature, adult (see
~~); seasoned, mature; ripe, ready (see
';jJlS' kalo~ n. rubber, galosh, overshoe.
~.!) .
..JlS' kale n. trainer shoes; pwnp.- .J~'
t;.o LS kamox n. one who presses grape (for
.ii kale n. shoe of soft leather laced over
juice, wine, etc).
instep. idiom: I:J-'...;~ ~l;~.JlS' u~ refuse to
1...;...lS' kamira (E) n. camera.
abandon quest (lit. wear out seven pairs of
iron-soled shoes).+ .JL.:.;,....,- n. shoe with laces .:"LS ko n. 1. mine (o/minerals); quarry (0/
carried up over the ankles.
stone, slate). E.g. ;..i
~lS' Gold mine, ~J"'-t ~lS'
S.JlS' kalek n. melon, cantaloupe. Syn.•JJ .....,s'.+ stone quarry. 2. metal, mineral.+ .JI- n. mineral
4.i1).•• _ n. colocynth. water.+ Ij_ n. metal.+ ~JlS' _ n. metalurgy.+_
~Ij adj. metallic.+LL n. 1. bottom, depth,
~..JlS' kalemiste n. game in which one player
core, heart: j~ ~LS _ bottom of the heart. 2.
tries to guess in which hand the other holds an
object. (place! location of) a mine; main! principal
source.+ ~_ n. spring, natural source/ flow (0/
;LeJlS' kaiyar n. variety of large cucumber. C.!
water): .:"L;~I.T-- spring surrounded by wall and
~jJ.;.
reserved for women's bathing and washing.+_
~lS' kalin only as ~lS' ja.. q. v. .JLt n. spring! source of water issuing from the
ground.+ ~~~_ n. spring issuing from a
~LSI kam 1. pron. which. 2. adj. whichever. E.g.
rockllined with stones.+ l..o~_ n. See ~I"s
.:,,~lS' which one.+ ._pron. which one.+ t._
L.~.+ ~_ n. small spring.+ ....jJ)~4,!- n.
where is it?
spring that goes dry in the summer, seasonal
.LS2 r
k am n. longing, wish, desire. (.:,,~~ lS' v.I. spring.
long /or-~, desire. 2. go off feed (a horse}.+_
.:".v-ilS' kanun n. gen. only in: r~4,!~- pecember
.:"IJ also .:"IJ . - adj. 1. lucky, auspicious,
*r'.J.J~ ~- January.
fortunate (.ryn. J~~); blessed and successful
(cf 2. .w..,.5?-). 2. given name for men.+_ .ftjlS' kanije n. cornflower.
..,...;IJ • n. happiness, good luck! fortune (.ryn. .JlS' kaw n. fury, rage, wrath. Cj ~.
';J~); success, auspiciousness (cf 1.
~..,.5J"-).
P lS' kauw! n. Iamb of 3 to 6 month. C.! tJ"'-t .f

~.J LS kauw~ adj. unnatural, aberrant,

~LS kIImp n. camp, shelter. E.g. .:,,1J"'-tL;4(~lS'
Refugee camp. anomalous, unusual. Cf L.I.;<I-.

J.JLS kauwl adj. ruined., wrecked., devastated.

:: ~ lS' klllllllX n. buttocks, rump (0/person or
animal). Cf .:-. (.:"..1J-/ J.J LS v. be ruined! wrecked. .:,,~~ J.J lS' v.
ruin, wreck).+ ..1J-/- adj. in ruins.+ .J1~_adj.
.;'.... lS' kamar n. 1. wooden circular frame of desolate, ruined.
sieve/ riddle/ etc. 2. bounds, confines, the
limits of an area. Cf J~' ~.JlS' kauwli n. gipsy. See r£"~'

'.JlS' Kawe n. legendary Kurdish hero .

......JlS' kaw;r n., bot. carob. Syn. jj.> .r-J>'

 436

;lJLS kawej n. chewing the cud, rumination. n. girlhood (quality oj), girlness.+ ~_ 11
(..,l~;lJ LS v. ruminate, chew the cud also used girlhood (period, time oj); virginity (cj ~2).+
in a derogatory way for people). + ~ _ adj. ..s-See~.
ruminating (animals).
C!-S kix also.;..S inlj. dirty!, don't touch (nursery
.,.,.lS' kahfl n. lettuce: -..?J4- heart oflettuce. word).
~lS' kahi n. kind of pastry. JJ.JS kidll n., squash. Cj .s..J~.

~lS' kaye n. 1. arena, scene, stage (also used ~ kiT 11 pure woolen fabric water woven by
jig.). Cf o~..) .t..lijl. < oJ"oo!lS' ---.ue-- 2. tum (esp. moistening and pressing; wrap (offabric on a
in a game). Cj o~ .}.u-t. 3. discipline, loom).
branch! area (of knowI edge/teaching); scope, ~I ki! adj. silent, motionless. Syn. ~04. Cj
stage. rl.JL.:. + p - n. sound sleeping, deep sleep.+ •
.::....r.S kibrll (A) n. I. sulphur. See ~J:;. 2. ~~/ v. I. sit on eggs (chicken, other birds).
sulphur match. 2. look! be broody, moody and silent. + .JY".s-
~ kip adj. I. deafened temporarity (of one's adj. sitting on eggs, brooding;jig. broody.+_
ear). Cj rs - ~.,s. 2. closed in and quieti ..so adj. inanimate, neither/ plant or animal.
silent (a place). ("'.tY.~ v. I. be deafened. 2. ~2 ki! pres. stem of the verbs oJ"; and o~";
be closed in and quiet. ..,l.,? ~ v. deafen; damp q.v.+ ;~_ n. buyer, purchaser (syn. ~);
down (ajire).+ ___ 0_ adj. quiet, calm, peaceful. customer.+ L1-t- [~l V.t. buy, purchase. Syn.
c.j ';:";04.+..s- n. 1. temporary deafening. 2. ..,.J.j4-.+ o~_ v. help, save. oJ.......;:,;..
confmement and quietness (of a place).
..,..I~ ki,as n. shirt; dress: j,;A;t..s- sleeveless
~ kitte also Q int). bless you! (said to a
shirt! dress *~..JJY....s- woman's dress
child with hiccups or when caughing).
decorated with sequins *;:t;::;~.s~..s- dress
..s..:.s kitk n. cat. Syn. ~.+ 4.,.;._11
shirt LJlij..s- women's dress! gown *"":'..s-
troublemaker, mischief-maker, rabble-rouser.
nightgown *~..).LIjl..s _ long-sleeved shirt ..s-
Cj lS' ~ ..s}1;.
":"~jl short-sleeved! half sleeve shirt.+_
..;.::.s kitki adj. rotten, spoiled. See ".;,.5. ~..v n. coat of mail.- ..,l.,? ~ •..,.J.j.s!l

.):.S kitli (E) n. kettle. ..,IA~ k;,an pass. form of the verb ..,l.,? q.v.+

~ kiteb (A) n. book. See .ir~ .... li.+ ;~_ adj. oJo_passform of the verb O"';l.,? q.v.
bookish.+ ._a~._ n. library; bookshop.+ ~j)_ jlf ki!aj n. beewax. Cj .".;....
n. bookseller. + ..,1 JO _ n. librarian.
..,~I~.....s1 ki!andin v. scrape, remove
~ kir n. I. girl. Syn.:r.,s. Cj ..,j - .~J~ (excrescent maller).+ OJO- v. chew/pick on (i.e.
"'l;S ~ daughter (syn. ~.s): ~..s­ bones) (of an animal or a person).
married daughter *0.r..-.J..s- See rfo.r..u.+ ---1- Jl$J~I.,? ki,anbawgaw See Jl$'J'J~I~ (under
adj. relating! pertaining to or used by girls. + _ ;.sl).
~ adj. girlish.+ .s _also ..JJ- n. little girl.+_
JI~ kiraw adj. perfonned, done, carried out;
..s;~o n. girl fairy. + .r-'0 _ n. orphan girl. + 1;0_
n. grandchild (one's daughter's child).+ ~_ made, built, constructed.> "'l.,?
 437

,~I~ klraMle adj. open, not closed; exposed to lay (egg).-.,..s~.+ 4..t.:,,- v.I. turn! change/
generaV public knowledge or participation (a translate into. E.g. 1oS~;,S ~ ~ Translate it
ballot, contest, etc.); presenting no obs~c1e to into Kurdish (cj .:.r~; appoint! designate as,
passage/ view, open, unobstructed (cj "j,J'.J4I);
make (s.o., oneself) into. 2. do as told, listen to
untied, unfastened (cj i.,.:;......-..,); esp. in the expression: loSiS';,j.t 41 If you take
communicative, forthcoming.> '~~.J. my advice or If I were you. 3. begin, start,
break into. E.g. ;~.,s:.....Ji ~.:"lt~.J They began
.:;..~ kin intj. denoting a chipping! gnowing
screaming; turn (a situation, occasion) into.
sound.+.:".l,jl_lu-:;;.JI v.t. chip/ cutlbreak (esp.
E.g. ~ ~~ .:"lt4S~lt They turned the game
a small piece from s.th.), gnow. Cj .:",)j~~.+_
into a fight.+ ~~~.:,,_ v.t. hang by the neck.
p~ ~ n. loud prolonged chipping! gnowing
kill by the rope. Cj bl)4--~':"~.J .~.,s).+­
sound. + 1_ n. a chipping sound, a gnowing
IS"'..,....;~ IoSj;~ '-I':" v. t. humiliate, degrade,
noise.+ ':;"~I_ n. sustained chipping! gnowing
debase. Cj ':"~~jj'':''~.rI~J./'':'.+ ,)j~~.:,,_v.t.
sound.+ u-.!- n. apostrophe (sign of omitted make a fool out of(s.o.); give (s.o.) a dressing
letter); chip. down, upbraid (cj .:,,~.J~"':'-).+,:,,~ ~~ v.
..s\:,;.J klrtnak n. rolling pin. Syn. ..5Jr-j. decide onl set the day for observing feast.+.:,,_
J.P~ v. make a babit of. E.g. ~ I~~~.J I.SjJ~
~rSl kir~ n. tough (as a result of not being ripe!
He is in the habit oflying.+ I~ .. ~.:,,;.. v. I. hang
cooked enough).+ jLS~_ adj. tough! hard and
from, suspend on; put in, run! pass through.
unripe (esp. offruit).
E.g. 1~IJL...it ~ ~ Hang it on that nail. 41 ~
~~2 klrr intj. denoting a gristling sound (i.e. I~~.,l Run it through the handle. 2. enter
biting ofa cartilagel rubber). + J~~ _ n. much suddenly, rush into. E.g. b.)~~~4.i~~t";> I
noisy ~..J q. v. + 1- a gristling sound. (.:,,~.J ~.J rushed inside.+ I)~ ~/.:,,_ See b,)4-- .... .:,,~.J.+-
v. produce a gristly sound). + ~.JI- n. sustained 1~I~ ~.:" v. feed, mouth feed, help (s. 0.) eat. +
~.J q.v.+ ~l.I_See .:,,~.J ~.J. I~I"...;J;~.:,,- v. gloss over, veiV hide by
~~ kird past tense of the verb .:,,~.J. E.g. ~
discouraging the discussion or mention (of
s.lh.).+ JI);"-- ..... .:,,- v. add (extra pieces of
S~.;-S I.S-'; Who did this?+ ) _ n. 1. gram.
clothing) to a wash already in progress. + ~ ~
verb: L-l:IoS_ simple verb*~IoS_transitive
b,)4- v. hang on the gallows. Cj A...i.:,,~.J
verb *fo.~ I.S- intransitive verb *ipl~loS- the
l;~. + .,...:. ~.:" _ v. separate for the night, call it
imperative *~~~»-II; loS - verb in the past 1oS-
a night, go to bed. E.g. ~ ~ ~~ Shall we
*~~~~I J verb in the present *.:" L..~ loS - the
cal I it a night?+..; l....;.,l ~ ~ v. sacrifice, offer
imperative *~1.)....s.;.J loS - compound verb 1oS-
(animal) as a sacrifice.+ 1~41':"- v. thrust into
*':"~~ verb in the passive. 2. act, deed; model
waistband! sash (of a dagger, /on$ cigarette
standard of personal behaviour (cj Jl;;,i,;).+- holder, pistol, etc.).> ~ul.+ 1y..SJ.,s ~i.J- v.
loS) adj. practicaV performable/ applicable (cj impose (s.o., s.th.) on another person, burden
i..s:.;...JlS); carried out! acted upon! done (as (s.o.) with.+ ~...$ ~.:,,_ v. fig. dig into (food!
opposite to s.th. stated or expressed).+ - l.;.,.tSJ drink) and consume with gusto (iiI. run/ pour
.:" v. I. do, perfonn, execute (cj •.:"I~t"~'; down the hatch).+ jL.... ~.:,,_ v.I. realize/
.:,,~~); make, build (syn. .:,,~~ .:-~.)~); convert into property. 2.-jL... 2. used in comb .
effectuate, cause, bring about (cj .:"li 'kj\;). with IJIJ~- on meaning: have a commodity/
2. cut (finger/ toe nails); trim (moustache). 3. business! obligation! s.th. said confrrmed or
consolidated as liability agaiJlst (s.o.), hold
 438

(s.o.) to (s.th.). E.g. o.1....~~j~ ~~4.0 perpetrator, one responsible fori carrying out.+
Don't hold me to it.+ ";'~";'l. ~;;_ v. make a )$0_ also JlSl.J n. the Creator.+ 0.10- n. doing,
big a do about s.th.; fuss! create needless action (cf 2. ;ll.J); a particular behaviour/ act
bustle in one's performance/ undertaking.+;;_ at a particular time or occasion. E.g. ~,,-!O.1Ol.J

I~ ~ v. cause to turn into brawl/ melee; make J....i1..uJ..:..:..~li You behaved shamefully.+ -
a scene, raise hell.+ iJ... ~;;_ v. raise a stinck, ~o.1o adj. behavioural.
cry out publicly; expose (s. 0.) by publicly
revealing (s.th.) about-j him.+ ..5,,-! ~;;_ v. I.
»S kirj adj. drawn together, contracted,
shnmken (esp. due to being interwoven!
unite, unify, bring together (parties,factions,
twisted, i.e. thread. string) (';'.bi 'jj v. contract,
etc.).+ ..;_ v.first element ofsome compound
draw together, shrink). + ~_ n. contraction,
verbs meaning: pour/ empty into. E.g. .... l.J
shrinkage; tension (phys.).
t u.r-S I emptied it into my pocket. + .1 l; I .:. _v.
soak in water.+ ~.J~/";- v. carry (s.o.) in o.:-.J kirlsp n. parsley. See ).10;&.
one's arms; put in one's lap.+ 'l~/':'_ v. See ..5.J kirk n. vast plain! open country. Cf ":"':'Ol.
off (bride and groom) on the night of their
wedding (said ofclose friends and relatives).+ .$Iff kic.kic.tlg~ n. cartilage: i:.uS' ~_ auricle, ear
;.r.1":'- v. wear (on the foot)(syn. ';'l.J~..J); cartilage.
put (chain, shakJes) on (s.o. 's) feet.+ _ ~.J kirke See..;; (allforms).
~ I..; v. pour/ empty beside, lay net to/at
the side (0.1).+ pI':'- v. lull (child) into sleep;
r....s kirm n. worm: ~...).1l;~_si1kworm.+_
.1.1l}~ adj. wormeaten, wormy; out-of-date,
cause (s.o.) to sleep; outdo (s.o.) in
awakenness.+ ~.j/"";_ v. pour/ spilll cause antiquated. + ~.1I- adj. wormy, infested with
(water) to run underneath (s.o.l s.th.).+ _ worm.+ .;,Il-;"";I_ be worm-eaten! worm-
~/..; v.I. wear/ put on the head. 2. harrass infested. + 4.Sj _ n. caterpillar, larva. + jj _ adj.
(s.o.) by message/ sending a person after.+. rotten, wormeaten. + 'J.J,-t _ n. small/ red water
.;,l5...:.jJj'Jul..; v. carry (S.D.) on the shoulders. worm.+ ~_ adj. I. wormy, wormeaten. 2.
Cf .;,lS:....:.j.L.i'Ju";.,,. (under.~/).+ ..;.jSl.:._ v. doubtful, suspicious (of one's feeling) v.J
put in! empty into the lap. C.! ~.1'-i ':'l.J.+- ;;JJ-/ v. I. bel become wormy. 2. used with jl_
j;.S I..; v. pickaback, carry (s. 0.) on the back; heart meaning: be disenchanted with, become
distrustful off doubtful about. E.g. ~.J..,;J ~l
hoist on to/throw over the back. Cf jjS.:..J.Jol!"
0.bi I have grown suspicious of him.
(under ~2). + J.o I .:. _v. J. wear/ put around the
neck. 2. fig. place the burden! blame/ ~L....J Kirmane n. and adj. Kurd; Kurdish (syn.
responsibility on.+ o.,.:.I_[~.Jlv. I. dol perform l..uS); obs. non-tribal Kurdish-speaking peasant
again, repeat. 2. open; untie, unfasten. 3. roll (cf I . .;,1;.;.$).+ ~_n. Kurdish language (esp.
out and make (bread); pick (flower, fruit);
the northern dialect). Cf ~l;.,S.
card (colton).+ o.,..;} n. opening, initiation,
launching. Cf ;;l.J-.r. '::'-Ol.+ ..5"-!I.:._ See ;;l.J ;;.I.i~~..,s] kirmandin V.I. munch (on s.th.) .
..54-! 4..{. + ..,. - adj. practicable, doable. Syn. Syn. ;;.l.iL...;. .;;.l.iL...Jb.
~;ll....s.+ ..;.jS.1- n. steady effort, hard! intense
p.,....,...J kirmuhu! n. continued, noisy
try. Cf ~u..; .";''J..;.+ 0_ n. work, performance
munching.
(ef j~); doing. idiom.: o~ ~Olft.1.r ~Ol.J I
......J kirme n. munching! crunching sound. (4.0.J
do the work and he reaps the benefit. + )So _ n.
;;l..;-S also .;,;LH.....J v. make a munching!
 439
.j!

crunching sound ofs. tho when eaten). + r,} _ n. ;;.;S kiri n. rent; wage, fare.< ;;,}~ . .;;.?;;,}~
sustained munching! crunching. ~I~.
Cf .,;...+ )~_ n. freight, cost! compensation
kirmek
n. golden chinstrap for a for goods transported.+ )LL n. worker,
woman's head-dress. Cj ~;j. labourer (cf -...J~); hired hand.+ IoS)LL n.
worker's occupation (~~;S 1oS)\..5..;J v. be a
~jj kirol n. variety of pear. ~p.
worker, work as a labourer).
kiro~e n. wind bag of bellows.- ..;.;..; kiri! n. dandruff; a scalp disease.+ IoSJI-
adj. having dandruff; having scalp disease. + •
)j,} kiror n. crore (unit ofvalue). ~L.;,;;. ~/ v. have/ develop dandruff (one's
hair); have scalp disease .
..5-j,} kirosk n. wild pear. Cj :"")4.1>. Syn.
~J kiri!e n. light cotton printed fabric .
.l...;;! :"")4.1>.
~J kiriv n. relative, kin, relation. See j:}-'
.:ii,!.j}[jJ....S1 kiro!tin v. nibble (on).<.:ii,!.jj I~.
~J kirem (E) n. cream (ointment. cosmetic).+ •
..5j.;S kirok n. I. crux, kernel, marrow; essence.
.; adj. creamy, cream-like.
Cj 2. p".s. 2. the inner soft part, sapwood
(of a plant). ...:.;..; kirene n. hard ground unfit for tillage. Cj
rj-,;.ojj kiromosom (E) n. chromosome. ~llo~.

1yl-iljJJfl;;jJ~ kirQl,Ilnewe v. 1. whine, 0";"; ki!,lwe n. blizard.. strong cold wind with
whimper, cry (esp. a baby). 2. entreate, beg! snow. Cj "';ji. (~,} 0";"; v. come down heavy
supplicate. C.! IJ';I~~. on a windy day (of snow).

IjJJf kirul.e n. whimpering, whining. + jJJf _ n. jS kil. adj. 1. weak (of one's eyesight); dim
continued! sustained whining or whimpering. (light). 2. despondent, cast down, low. E.g. jS
»'! ;l.o!~
He looked despondent. Syn. ~lo> (:,S
~~Jf kiruhur n. noisy. continuous scraping
~»'! v. I. be/get weak (sight), be dim. 2. be
sound. If.
despondent, feel low in spirit. ~~,} jS v. lower/
;;J,f kirwi adj. cankered, necrotic (bark oftree. - .
decrease (the light,flame, etc.).+ ..Jj_ also ..Jo_
plant). (~JJ-I;;..t.;S v. bel become cankered, adj. looking despondent! cast down. + ~..Jo _ n.
necrose). despondent look! posture. + loS _ n. I. weakness
I~I kire n. scraping sound.+ f _n. sustained (of sight); dimness (of light). 2. despondence,
scraping sound. despondency.

1~2 kire n. grinder, quem (esp. one for husking 0J4..iI.?l;;j5J kil,llnewe v. smart, have a sharp.
rice). C.! ~L::.....I~. (~~.;S o~
I. V.t. grind! husk poignant pain. Cj oj4ill,..o.
and winnow. 2. v.i. be more than willing, be I J"";.l.iI.?l;;jS] kil.andinewe caus. of °j4iljS q. v.
ready to meet! accept (a stipulated condition!
price! etc.) E.g. lS-.: If";'; J~ He will gladly uS kizir adj. half dry. Cf ..s..:.JJ'+ oj4i.JJot/- v.
agree to that price). bel become half dry or almost dry.
ki!ek adj. neither plant nor animal, kizin n. millet.
inanimate.
IjSl kil.e n. I. smart(ing), sharp/ poignant pain.
Cf )j\,; •.;:;, .~Ij: ..s~IoS- heartache * 2. soft,
 440
.:j

gentle (esp. as part of certain compound .:-:.s k4t n. agricuJture.+ IoSjl...- n. land reform.+
forms): It - or It loS _ cold gentle wind! breeze· .JLS"- n. farmer, ranchman. Cj ;Le;~.+ loS;lS-
jL-_ or hl;- soft! background music.+ :? _n. n. farming. + ~ _ n. field under cultivation;
sustained smarting! sharp pain. + u"~ •.,.;.1 / _ v. farmland. (cf ~ underJ.;S).+ jLSJ - n.
feeV have compassion (for s.o. at a lime of agriculture, science/ art of cultivating,
sorrow/ difficulty). farming.+ ;~_ I. adj. agricultural. 2. n.
ojS2 kize n. freshly cut hay before lifting and agriculturalist.
storing. ..5.;..:.s k4tek n. J. twine, thread for stringing;
;.s ki) n. season (See J.4S). + ,JI.)lt.~ seasonal draw-string (see ~...,H~). 2. dash
rain; monsoon rain. (punctuation mark); stroke of a pen.
v-S kis intj. shepherd's cry for driving the ~ tqm4 n. sultana raisins. Cf ~.- :s~.
sheep. (~.J v-S v. utter the shepherd's cry. ...AS kif n. gen. only in ;;~.J...:.s v. rise (dough),
~ klsp only in jS.,.,...s n. suppressed rage! bubble up while baking (bread); swell up (see
anger/ wrath. + J~.J - n. loud continuous .;,l....Jl:).
sizzling sound. + • _ n. burning! flaming ..:..is'1 klft adj. worn out, exhausted, beat (either
sensation or feeling; sizzling sound. E.g. jJ 1oS- from over exersion or illness). C.! 'J.J~L..
Heart's anguish.+ ~o_ n. continued .:.uS..:...
sizzling.+ u"~ o~/o_ v. be tormented, feel
terrible anguish.
.:...;s2 kift n. wash, thin coating ofliquid. i.e.
.;..AS}.j gild.
---s kisse intj. get him! at him! (when selling a
dog at s.o./ s./h.). ..,;..is klfte n. dish of stuffed balls of pounded
rice and minced meat boiled in and served
..5:,...S klsok n. dog. See .$4..
with ginger flavoured gravy; stuffed! meat
.;..sl k4 n. and intj. check (in chess game). E.g. ball: .;l;,-,IoS- stuffed and fried balls of mashed
J""..joJ.;.s check queen. (~~.;.s v. place in potatoes ~~IoS- fried, stuffed egg-shaped
check). rice balls .;;I.,p.;.J.HL-1oS _ unusually big ~
particular to the ;;1;A;J.JoIL- (soapmaker's)
.;.s2 k4 also ...:.s intj. shoo (used /0 frighten
district in Sulaimaniya often stuffed with
away birds). ;;~.J ~ ...:.s v. shoo/ chase/ scare
whole eggs *..r-~4i- ~ cooked in and served
away.
with sour gravy *JuL- ..,;..is cooked in and
.;.s3 k4 only in ~~.,..:s adj. subdued, sobered, served with chard stew *lu;.:.- See~.
muted.+ 1oS- n. quietness, serenity.
...-01 kifr (A) n. blasphemy. Syn. JJ~.+ ;;l,})5
;;~ k4an v.I. glide, creep (of reptile). v. blaspheme, speak blasphemy.+ j~_ n.
2. shoot, fall (of a star). 3. stretch, be elastic.+ blasphemer.
;;~ _[~J v.t. cause to/ make stretch.+ __ adj.
)52 kifr n. bot. tamarisk.
leisurely, lingeringly.+ .JIJ~/.- v. drawl step
back; withdraw, retreat.+ OJO_ v. recede, fall ~ kifn (A) n. shroud, winding sheet.+ ;;l,},:,AS
back, ebb (as of water); withdraw, back out, v. shroud,wrap (a corpse) in burial clothing.+_
disengage.
r adj. irrepressible, impossible to restrain;
JL.:.S" k4aw adj. stretched; fallen (star). defiant.
 441

J.S kU n. kohl. + J""; - n. kohl bag. + ..s.k _n. (bird). Syn. 44i.,;.-.+ ._ n. top (of a
kohl pencil.+ ,:,Il_ n. kohl pot! jar. mountain); comb (rooster) (.syn . ...:....;,.J; cap: -
ji~ ~ kneecap.
j.S kil n. fuing, baking (ofponery).+ ,:,il/_ v.
fire, bake (ponery).+ ,:,~_ n. pottery, .p~"JS ki/puhu! n. much noisy flame/ blaze.
ceramic (ornament).
~ ki!Pe n. blaze, flame, flare (of fire!
":J.S klla See "l.s. emotions) . .syn. ~.+ ':'l~..js v. flare up,
~":J.S kUas;k (E) adj. classical. blaze (of fire); be kindled! inflamed
(emotions).+ ,:,~/_ v. catch flame, blaze
";":J.S killl!. n. footwear having knitted cotton top up. + ~ _ n. sustained flame! blaze. + ~ ~ /_
and a sole. made from pressed to&ether strips ,:,L- v. go up in a flame, be ablazed (offire).
of rag.- 'J~ .J~ 3.•~. C.! 4J1S.+ ~_ n.
Cf~}}·
one who knitts the top of a ";":J.S.+ JJJl- n.
maker of ..;'"-:J.s. ..::JS kill n. wild hemp.

~":J.S kilofe also..;,'"-:J.s n. I. rollJ reel (of thread. '." L.JS

. n. hurricane lamp. Cf I?. Syn.
yarn, etc.). 2. coil.+ ':'l.? ~'"-:J.s v. 1. arch (of a
horse's tail). E.g. .:..IS~~'"-:J.s fl.:tP. J~ Look ,:,LoJ"us kUdumll1l n. fog. Syn.~.
how it (the horse) arches its tail. 2. tie the front
legs of a colt while breaking! training! taming ..:..i1S killft adj. thick, heavily built.
it.
~ kilk n. 1. tail. 2. haft, helve. Cf I . •~
}i..S kilo"' n. cap, skullcap. Cf ~'" 'J~I;:­ s-'l. 3. pen (.syn. 1oI"~. 4. finger. See
JJ.r-t~ acorn cap, cup Ie *4..,s' )~~_ cap ~~. + ':'l~ ~ v. clip the tail feathers (of a
with four flaps *4..,s'JJl ~ _ cap with two bird).+ ,:,llLtI_ v. wag the tail (i.e. a dog).+_
fl.aps *~ ~ _ cap with three flaps.- ~ n. reminder (as when a string is tied to a
J":J.SyA-.+ v-l;- n. helmet (as part ofa suit of finger to remind one of s.th.).+ iJl.? .~/_ v.
armour). C.! J~I; under 1oI"~'+ ,:,~l;_ n. goose (see ':'l.? .~.J:.;.P.'); incite.+ ~'JJ.P.'/­
woman's cap (as part ofheaddress) with gold
v. move/ wag the tail.+ )l_ I. only in ~•.;.;-:.
coins sewn on.+ ..$»t- n. feh cap worn by a
)....s:JS comet (celestial body). 2. adj. having a
shepherd.+ ~_ also JJJl- n. cap maker.+ JIJl-
adj. frank, straightf~rward (of a person). (;f
handle/ haft. + i,s _ adj. with clipped tail

:,$.:..-I~. (,:,»-uIJlJ"j..$ v. always tell the

feathers.+ iJl~ ...;'"-:J.s/_ v. arch the tail (of a
horse, etc.).+ ~_ adj. able to carry the tail
untarnished truth, be frank).+ "";jjr n.
smokehole, venthole/ sky light in a roof. + _ high (of a horse).+ ~}/_ v. carry the tail
high. + • _ n. first element ofsome compound
..;.~ n. fatal disease afflicting goats.+ ~..u- n.
helmet. Syn. J~I;.+ ;.j_See ,:,.viJl;J'"-:J.s.+- nouns meaning: handle; finger. E.g. ~

r-.j n. cap embroidered with silver coins. + _ spade handle.+ '"..u--

n. wagging of the tail

~.~ n. cap on the end of a stove pipe. + _ (a dog.).+ ~._ n. incitement, act of putting

~jl.J n. intestinal appendix of ruminating (s.o.) up to/spuring on (s.th.).+ ,:,il~._ v.t.

animals. C.! J,;;.....J.- ~.+ ?_ n. wig (hair).+ incite, egg on, put up to.+ ",,)<IS._ n. thwnb.+_

4,;jJ":J.S _ n. game of turning up caps to find s.th. 4.iIJ. n. thimble.+ ~_ n. water wagtail

hidden in one ofthem.+ .~.JL also aj_ n. lark

(bird).+ &.....:...._ n. rat-tail file.+ ~._ n.
toadying, sycophanting behaviour.
 442

..s;:.L:is kilntl.!k n. tumbleweed. ....:."isl kil!!e n. ann-pit used only in the form
~q.v. <~.:.~(under~).
jJS kilo also j.J.,s n. lump, clod, mass. E.g.
.?~ ..5.......;JS A lump of sugar. ..:-..s _ fleshy 42 ki!.4e (E) n. cliche; printing plate .
part of the buttocks.
J..JS killl n. key.+ ':-I~~_ also Jb- n. one who
.:..jlS kilot n., anat. hipbone, innominate bone. is entrusted with the key to a place (as the
authorized person to allow entry/ access/
IrjJS kiloe (A) n. manner, way, wise. E.g. ~~
etc.).+ ~ll/_ v. lock with a key. Cf . .:"b;).il
~jlS In no way. Syn. ~. e~.
.:.;i.......>b.+ J-ii-,- n. key and padlock (as means
;.;.lSI kilor also »-,.,s 1. n. cavity, hollow: .:"b..s- for locking! securing). Cf "':'IJ.u.+ rjlS:- n.
tooth cavity. 2. adj. hollow (i.e. a tree trunk); wooden lock ofbarandmortice.+':"l'?rjlS-,l_
having cavity (a tooth). + ':"»-i # v. become v. lock up securely.+ e_ J. See
1
-4IS -';~iel.
hollow; develop a cavity. Cf •.,...I.JP. 2. keyhole, lock .
.;.;JS2 kilor also v-..uJ$ (E) n. chlorine. + ..Itl- n. kilile n. pile of snow trapped and
and adj. chloride. E.g. r~\S ..s"'-tl# accumulated by wind in a spot, snowdrift.
Calicium chloride. re1S killm n. pileless rug. Cf 'r. ...;~ .~l:i.
r';;;J# kilor%nn (E) n., chem. chlorofonn.
~ kilenrke n. coccyx, base of spine. Syn.
J.:.iJ# kilorofd (E) n., bot. chlorophyll . 2.~.~~.

..;jJS kilos n. nearly ripe standing barley. .p.; .;.,S kin n., gen. nearness, proximity, adjacency
stalk. (normally used as a prep. meaning: near, by,
at; also used as the second element of some
;:JjJS kilol also~.,s adj. unfortunate, wretched,
compound prepositions. E.g. .y.S':'lS-'-'l.)" aJ
hapless. Syn. ";';tJ~ .~~4t. C.f 'J~.+
By the shop.<.}" aJ.
~.J.J-I ~ v. be unfortunate. + ..s _ n. evil fortune,
haplessness. L;S' kina also ~L;S' n. girl (unmarried). Cf rJ!.
rjJS kilom~. inside notch oflock, mortise for ;L;S' kinar n., bot. jujube (tree! fruit).
bolt. < .:",).? rjlSJ<I-.
e~~ kinanewe v. fail to growl take root
.,.us kifew n. cataracts, steep rapids in a river. (a plant). Cf ~I-,-,;.

Cf e.i~..J.+ ~l~ -,..is" v. come down in steep

..s..:.s king also..$...:.J n. buttocks, seat, hind
rapids.
. . quarters.+ _-,1_ adv. back to back (the position
~jlS kilonce = ~aJ.,s q.v. of being). + .:"b Ld_ v. shake and twist the hips
.us kile n. hot air, steam, vapour. Syn. -'~~ in dancing. Cf .:"ll1»-.+ •.,...b/_ v. sit down
(esp. when briefly/ temporarily). Cf ~Il.+
.~.
;'~. adj. catamite. Syn. ~nS. C.f 1. ~.+ ,_ n.
J.JS' kiler n. stockroom.
bun, unused remainder of certain things. E.g.
~ kiles adj. extinct, defunct (syn. -"-!-,I-,~); ';~ Cigarette butt; first element ofsome

obsolete (cf ..s.J.;_~..OOl).+ .:,,~~ v. bel compound nouns meaning: little, tiny.+_
become extinct; be obsolete. .....s~, adj. short, small in size/ stature (ofs.o.);
tight, lacking spaciousness (cf ..5.-.; •..s:.;~).+
~ kilese n. church.
-...;...:.;., _ n. (act of) crawling! dragging! self
 443

propeling oneself on one's buttocks. E.g. science.+ .;,l-j_ n. linguistic academy/

•
....s~j.J ..I.ilt..s ~ ~~ He reached the institute.+ ~;,....L n. wholesaler, wholesale
door by crawling on his buttocks. + ~._ merchant. Cf ~j;oi'J),J,J.+ O~J.J/-I v. bring
n. (act! position of) sliding down on one's together, cause to meet! assemble; collect,
buttocks. + ,Jo..>,- n. short nap, catnap (esp. gather.+ O~J.J} n. adding, addition (math.): •
while sitting).+ -r-:-.- n. skinnish, scuffle (cf ~.> horizontal adding *.;,(; IS- vertical adding;
..s..:.~ ,~); parthian tactics.+ J.u-i'- n. severe collection. E.g. O~J.JjS J~ Stamp
state of diarrhea accompanied by pain in the collection.+ LS_ also ..$_ n. 1. institute,
rectal area. + .5..:5._ n. (state of) being jerky/
organisation for the promotion of a cause. Cj
feeling restless! wiggly (in the process! ..s~l: ',JI)j~b. 2. supply room (esp. in an
anticipation of doing s.th.).+ j.uJ.;,JI- adj.
office). Cj jL....:. 3. store, shop (esp.for non-
prostrate flat (of s. o. laying down in a way
food items). Cf 1. .;,lS",J,J.) ,oj~.... 4. meeting
usually sloppy/ lacking grace).+ ~.,.s /j.nJ;,J'-
v. stretch out! lay down in not so graceful
place/ point, assembly hall. + .;,1.) / LS _ v.
manner.+ .;,..I.ilS"-...;~/_v. waddle, swing one's originate, institute. Cf .;,..I.iI;j ... I.).+ .;,I,J~ _ n. 1.
hips. official in charge of supplies/ supply room. 2.
shop owner, storekeeper.+ ;:Ju-n. 1. society,
.}.:.SI king;, n., bot. gundelia.
the total population of a land and its social
~2 kingir also ~ n. sewing thread! yam relationships, community; society, association
(esp. when on a card). Cj .}.:.S~.
(cj i~..J); assembly: .;,I~IS- the senate·
.;,lyU~~\So charitable/ philanthropic groups·
':"j:.S kino!e n. broom. Syn.~. .;,lS"o.vJ.J.S~'.JAJ";~IS- UN General
A..:.S kine also";~ n. research, studious inquiry, Assembly *j»-...I-.:.L...;;lSo- Red Crescent
examination! experimentation; working, society *.;,1)"':;",; IS _ house of representatives. 2.
putting pressure (on s.o.).+ ';'J~ L;;/- v.I. group, band (of people! animals/ things). Cf
dispose, make willing! receptive; manipulate, ~O.) ,j} ,)o,JL..~ .~. Syn . .jot,j.+ ';'.J.X;:JujSv.
handle/ control deviously. C.f .;,b ~.+ )lS" _ n. come together, assemble.+ .;,.).J;:JujS v.I. bring
researchist, researcher. Cf )'J~.+ ISjlS" _ n. together; pile up (syn. .;,1.) ';-'ot,j under ,;-,d-). + _
research, study. Cj ~J~. ~"'--! 'i... /. adj. societal; community, group
(used attributively); social. E.g. lSo~jn
;.;,s kini, n., bot. melilot.
~~'i ...jS Community project. 2. n.
:JI~ kin;wal n., bot. variety ofleek. community, society.+ ~;;....._ v. fonn a
.;..51 ko n. 1. collection, accumulation, throng, gather (cj 1. .;..5
society/group;
assemblage; pile (cj ;;.....jS).- jl>,J,Jj ISJS. 2. o~»I).+ )o,J~"'- adj. sociable, social (ofa
~jS person).+ jl~~_ adj. social, neighbourly,
first element of some compoundforms, i.e. . .
q.v. 3. totality, sum.+ oJ":'.J.X/_1 v. assemble, sociable. + .;,ljJ~ _ n. sociologist. + ~ljJ... _ n.
meet, come together, cluster, throng. Cj J} sociology.+ ;:Ju-;:Ju- adv. group by group.+_
o~.J.X. Syn. 2. .;,4.+ o~.J.X} n. meeting (esp. ~..... n. community, human society. E.g.
when planned! formal).+ ..I.i"-l_ n. session, o~":';I"";;.>~~jSlntemational community. +
meeting (esp. of a formal body); meeting.+_ U ... _ n. J. committe, self·constituted
.>jI~ n. consensus, group agreement, colective organisation for the promotion of some
opinion. Cj <J!."":'.uS4!. + ~Ij - n. academy of
common object. Cj .s.;,s.
Syn. ~jS. 2. pile,
heap/ stock! mass of (normally followed by
 444

name of thing piled). E.g. ,)~....,;S pile of .:.;.52 lot only in ~lJj.,;S n. bond, chain.
rocks. Cf .5.J.,s.~. 3. group:,:;~ J ... - iJ,).J ~ j,j.,;S v. chain up, bind with chains. + D_
blood group.+ J4...e-
adj. socia\.+ IJ"~- n. n. fetter (as a shackle for feet).
record of factual finding (i.e. of a court); .:.,sl lut n. 1. piece (esp. ofmeat). Cf ~.)l; •
minutes! official records of proceedings of a
jl';';~. 1. ~.
2.1"ascicle (of a book). Cf 4. ~.
meeting.+ .;4-~- n. official/ clerk who
3. watch (o/night). C.f 1. ~.+ jl_ also jli".,s
records fmding! takes minutes. Cf IJ"~.)L..,;;.
n. piece goods, merchandise. + ~lJ-Ll1- n.
;.52 Ko n. 1. Pleiades. Syn. ~-.J~' 2. quarter/ dealer/ seller of piece-goods. Cf iJlS..u~.+ - -
section (of a town). Syn. .5D.rS. adj. in pieces (esp. 0/meat). + iJ,).J .:.,s .:.."s' v.
.,;S3 ko See .,;S.).,s •.,;SY,,1.j. cut into pieces/ chunks. C.f iJ,).J .:.."s'.,;4J.+-
~J adv. and n. exactly (the same), in every
~ ko only in j~.JJJ ~ n. affliction. < iJ-Ui respect; exact replica, true copy (o/s.o.! s.th.).
j ~.J.Jj 1.SJS'4.t. E.g. ~J~..sJ.;.::......,;."s' He is exactly like his
father.
~ ko n. mOWltain. Syn. ~ .tl:..+ .)l.._n.
mOWltainous COWltty/ area. .:.."s'2 kilt 1. pres. stem of the verb iJli.,s q. v. 2. n.
thrust, stroke, bump, sudden forceful blow.+
l,s kuwa also ~I."s' adv. (of interrogation):
iJ1_[.:.,s1 v.I. POWld, reduce to powder/ pulp
where? where is (it)?
by beating. 2. strike, beat (person! animal)
},s kuwa, See .J.J~.,s. heavily/ repeatedly. Cf iJb ~ .iJ,)'? }r--I' 3.
ji)."s' kuwartz (E) n. quartz (mineral).
inoculate, vaccinate. Cf iJb j ~...,..:... 4.
throw/ cast! dash (against, on- 1,) .• 4./). E.g.
.s)."s' kuwarg n. mushroom. Syn. ~);;. 1.I.I-.J.joI....t \,$li."s' He threw him on the groWld. j.t p
iJ1,s kIIwlIII n., gen. boil, carbuncle: L...tP \,$_ ,;,l;."s'.+ 0.,.,...1- [.:.,s] v. beat! poWld over and
Baghdad boil, Aleppo button. over (i.e. to level! strengthen as of a road.
root etc.).+ ,;,IHkl- v. bump/ thrust (s.o. esp.
o.S..il.,s kuwang also .u-il."s' n. fireplace. Syn.
with one's lower body).+ r..J-adv. suddenly,
.)".,s.
swiftly and unexpectedly. Syn. JlSli..J. Cf
IJ"'JS' lob,a (E) n. cobra (snake). ~.,).+ \,$r..J- n. contingency.+ .,siD.)j"'J-
adv. directly, undeviatingly. Syn. p~I-.I'+'
0.) l@' lopa,e n. hump (of a camel).
,;,~l.:..DJI v. thrust! strike forward with one's
iJLJS lopan n. obs. pack used by porters for lower body.+ .5D_ n. I. club with long handle
balancing and carrying weight on the back;
(cf j~; big stick! staff (cf ~). 2. (actl
packsaddle (see iJl;.uS).+ ~\,;_ n. forked rod
threat of) beating, thrashing. idiom. .5~."s'
used in packing a saddleback. + .JJ)') _ also jj,)_
....:.s,s ..J t L;jl ~I';": Force is the final arbiter/
n. packsaddle maker.+ o_n. patch of fleece on
judge.+ ,;,,)},;.I.5... v. receive a beating, get hit.
the back (of sheep and goats) left Wlsheared.
.:.;.51 lot n. tree stump: JJ.)J.:..".,s \,$- stump used .:..,53 lut int}. repeatedly used to call a dog:

as cobbler's work table.+ D)D_ n. capital of come here doggy!.

pillar; dimWlitive of .:..;..Sl. + j~~o.)o _ n. l;.,;S1 kota adj. ended, concluded. + ';'Jy, li.,;S v.
charred stick. Cf ':'J)jif?-.+ ),)D.)D_ n. lump come to an end, be concluded.+ ,;,,)~ li.,;S v.
of wood. bring to an end, conclude, wind up.+ ~_I n.
 445

end, close, conclusion (see I. ~I-,.); the end, possessions when on the move. + .)0 _ n. and
ending, fmie.+ ,jl.)~.rhr-- also ,j~~~_ v. adj. nomad; nomadic. C.! .J.jo-'0l'+ 1oS.)0- adj.
bring to an end, conclude, terminate.+ ~l.~_ nomadic, related! pertaining to nomads or
v. come to an end, be concluded, end. nomadism. + ~..Jo _ n. nomadism. + ..so _I n.
itinerant acrobat.+ 1oS- adj. of! relating to the
\jjS2 kota n. synopsis, summary, compendium.
Hijral the Muhammedan year.
,jl;jS kotan n. corral, pen, coop. Cf .4,'J"s ..s.-..,s kllrk n. stone. See I. .)~.+ .)-,1_ n. tripod!
4L~.
caldron stool made of three stones. + ~\j _ n.
~\jjS' kotancint (E) n., math. cotangent. stone mason. Syn. ~\j.)~. C! lU4,.+ o~-l- n.
silicon based rock use~ in the making of glass!
~ l.,jjS'2 kotay' n. remission, dereliction,
concrete/ etc.+ ,;.....J"s-,- n. I. debris,
negligence.+ ,j.),rS ~l;jS' v. act in a derelict accumulation of fragments of rocks. 2.
manner, be negligent. Cf oJ.),} ~..J.)' inanimate body/ being! object. + ..s~.s-' _ n.
rocky ground. C! ,j'Jo.).J4./.+ ~_ n. one who
~jS' kotir n. pigeon: ~..J\"o _ wild dove (syn.
specializes in building of a wall ridge/ dry
~,;); ringturtle dove (cf loS.,.."';) *~L.:. 0_
rock c1iff- ..sJ.s.s...:.-'-' q. v.
also ~,.,;s 0_ wild pigeon *~~ 0_
domesticated pigeon *~4.J~IoS- feath .s-..,s kIIrke n. I. blunt head! point. 2. chevron.
legged pigeon *j~ 1oS- tumbler pigeon 1oS- ..J~..,s ~ale n. drugged bait for birds.+_
*~l; carrier pigeon *.t,piuloS- pouter lJ.))~/ v. eat drugged bait; also usedfig. in a
pigeon.+ jl.o- n. pigeon fancier. derogatory and rebuking way against s. 0.:
u..J~ ..sl.) May it make you sick.
~~"s klltkllte n. toy made of streamers
attached to a stone/ other weight. ..s~...,;S2 korek n. member of a class of
j.l..;jS'1 kotel n. special mourning for the dead. volunteers for the religious life of the Yazidi
hierarchy.
-j4.,jjS' ~ .~jS'~.+ jS' _ n. funeral cortege
headed by ~jS' ~ q. v. 45~...,;S koreke n. skullcap used as part of a
Kurdish woman's headdress. -,":J.S.
kotel n. impurities! chaff (esp. in
cereals). C! .)ojjS~. tjS' kox also ~jS' n. hut, hovel. Cf I. ~j.
j4.,jjS'J kotel adj. grown-up (of a baby/ child). .;.jS' koxe =.sjS' (all forms) q. v.
Syn. ~or.;..J.
.);,S kod n. I. wooden bowl used for milking
..J~jS' kocele n. small wooden cup/ bowl: 1oS- animals. 2. wooden casklbarrel. Cf. ~o.)
~cranium.
~j4ot.

~ kor n. migration; voyage, crossing, passage o.)jS kode n. animal tax. Cf 4,L.:.~. 1. t\,..
(cf ..:..:.&): ~I-,.) 1oS- death (lit. final journey).+
1oS.)0.),,$ kllder; also 1oS.J'.)jS n. I. type of printed
,j.),rS I.r.! I-,.)~...,;S v. die, pass away. + oJ.),} r:;s v. cotton fabric. 2. chamois leather.
migrate, move camp (cf ,j.),} .)\,.); journey (see
,j.)~ ~. + r;:;s-,1- n. frequent decamping! Jo.)"s klldele n. piglet. Syn. jl~.
migration. + .)45_ n. traveler, journeyman. C! 1oS.)"s klld; See -,-,.).s.
.)~ 'l~I;l..!..+ .)Lu - n. nomads and their
.llS kor =;.,s (all forms) q. v.
 446

pS ku!, n. boy (cf J'i ·jd1j); son (cf ...!jd).+- abbreviated, abridged. + 1 ~~.J / _v.t. shorten,
."..;.}.:.1 n. complementary/ mildly teasing reduce in length! duration! etc. + r_adj. short
reference to a woman's waist.+ ...:.1 _ adj. of! and thick, stocky, chubby.+ ~~.JJ- adj.
relating to boys, boy's.+ ";1_ adj. tomboyish.+ straightforward, above board, forthright, plain-
J&- n. youths, boys (as a group ofyoung spoken. Syn. ..:-1~ld.+ 1_ n. swnmary, brief,
men).+ ._ int)o hey, hey fellow (in calling recapitulation; synopsis, abstract. E.g. ..s';;,,$
attention).+ Ij._ n. son's child.+ I)j._ n. 1.I"'~1l News in brief.+ ';""I_adj.short(of
grandchild of one's son.+ ..;.!_ n. I. boyhood, stature! height); dwarfish (cf ~'i"").+ ~I_

youth. 2. carefree/ wild behaviour of a boy. 3. adj. dwarfish, dimunitive. C.! ~."s.+ ..s:.;~I_
(act! occasion oj) girls chasing after boys. n. species of fish.- u-L...+ ..51_ n. kind of
~ ko!, n. 1. thick, midst (of battle! jacket (often padded and knee-length). Cf
.:..4~ .I.,...s. + \J ~ / _ v. fall short, be less than
conversation, etc.). E.g. ~..spS Thick of
battle; circle, group, gathering (ofpeople) (cf needed! necessary, be insufficient. E.g. ~ z.,...
•.".....u@2). 2. symposium, seminar. 3. used in ~..,..;,,$ It fell short by three feet. Syn. ~
the standard expr.: ispS 4.l '-!... ~ What is .:,,~.+ ..s- n. shortness; brevity.< ~;,,$4.l

new/ happening? 4. meeting, assembly (esp. a ~;,,$4.t .1fo.,yt.

scheduled gathering for discussion!
presentation! seminar/ etc.).+ ~/_ also. .:"l.;;,,$ kurtan n. packsaddle. Cf \[email protected]'...i.+-
JJJ~ n. packsaddle maker.
~}/ v. hold a meeting, schedule a gathering!
assembly; get together (see I. •.,..;.IY..;S). + .s_ ~~ Kurd n. & adj. the Kurds; Kurd, Kurdish.+
n. council (of churches. etc.); synod (cf ...;1_ adv. like a Kurd; true to Kurdish way/
~~. U'j;..l:). E.g. ~1..;..s&.SjjS Religious character/ etc. + ~'-!.I_ n. Kurdism, Kurdish
council *..s; ~-,Id..s.sjjS Consultative/ advisory nationalism; Kurdish patriotic/ nationalist
council *..;IJ.;L..:...s....JjjS city/ municipality movement. ~."s ~4-tb;,,$ v. participate/ be
council. active in the Kurdish nationalist movement. + _
4.I...,US korpe n. & adj. infant, child, baby (syn. 1. JI~ n. and adj. Kurdish patriot! nationalist;.
IJL...); new-born animal; term! expression of patriotic. + p _ adj. Kurdophile. + ,;, L..j _ adj.
endearment. E.g. r4S.:...,r--:........,...,US My dear Kurdish-speaking. + ,;,L..._ = ,;,l::-~;,,$ q. v. + _
child.+...!_ n. embryo. ,;, l;..... n. Kurdistan, land of the Kurds, the
Kurdish homeland.+ ";l;;...._ adj. coming from!
~~ kurt adj. short (of stature! length); brief,
belonging to Kurdistan (of s.o.! s.th.);
limited. + \J.JJ-/ ~;,,$ v. be shortlbrief}. + .r-- adj. Kurdish.+ I.I"'~_ also ,;,IJI- n. Kurdologist.+_
succinct, short and to the point.+ ..s.r- n. u-~ also ~IJI- n. Kurdology.+ ..;lLSee
succinctness.+ .~»i/- v. be shortened, ..s)JI~~.+ 1»5- n. inferior variety of date-
become short.+ iJ::.I- adj. shortsighted, lacking L.~.+ u-."..lio- n. the feeling of patriotic
foresight; myopic, nearsighted.+ ~_ n.
obligation to help other Kurds. + ..s) JI- n. the
shortsight, shortsightedness; myopia, Kurdish world; that which is typically
nearsightedness.+ ~_ n. pinching (esp. of Kurdish.+ ..s- adj. and n. Kurdish, off relating
tobacco plants to enhance bushy
to the Kurds; Kurdish language. E.g. 4-J..s~;,,$
growth/bigger leaves). hence \J~~ ~_ v.
~LSli She does'nt speak Kurdish.+ ~_See
pinch.+ JL..j- adj. short-lived, not living!
~4.t.I~;,,$.
lasting long. + •JI~ _ adj. shortened;
 447

11I;S korja See ~oj.vS. ),jj.S kozjr grain! chaff left on the threshing
floor.+ l,,~,J- only in .:"li l".;A-i,J- v. beat the
..s-~ kun; (A) n. chair (syn. 1. J..&:-":);
devil out of (s.o.). Syn. .s;.t...o..s'~.
throne (see 4. ~).

O)ojjS kozere n. separated chaffi' grain husks .

..s~ ku!k n. colt. C.! .uil~.
i:.sj"S kuze pres. stem of the verb 1"Li1j"S q.v.
..s.;,,5 kurk n. and adj. soft kind of wooV hair;
fleecy, flossy.+ .:,,_ adj. made of camel hair; ..;J"S kuzen pres. stem ofthe verb 0"';.J.jl j"S q. v.
hairy/ woolly and soft.
»5 kuj 1. pres. stem ofthe verbs ij..;.~ and
.:".J.jLS..tPlv-;s~ kurkandin v. snort! cry in a I"":':;'-:'~. 2. second element of certain
low. abrupt manner. compound forms, i.e. »S,J~ q.v. + .:,,1)- [i:.s)>>Sl
4.S~ kurke n. snorting, low ubrupt and pass. ofij..;.~ g. v. + ,JI) _ adj. killed, murdered.
repeated cry. + ..s~o _ n. dragged on ~~ q. v.
oy..i.J.jI»S1~..l,S] kujandinewe v.I. tum! switch
E.g. ....if. AJ u~~~~ r"; What is all this
off (light! heat! etc.); put out!extinguish (fire).
snorting! crying about?+ ~lJ./_ v. be heard 2. erase, obliterate (writing, trace, etc.).
snorting and crying.
0,J~1»S1i:.s»-Sl kujanewe v.I. get turned!
o~~ ku!ku!e n. kite (bird). switched off, go out (light! power); die out, bel
become extinguished (fire). 2. bel get erased .
..;~~ kur.n14. (T) n. bow(ing), obeisance (in
respect! deference).+ ':"~.r.I- also .:"L..:.;!I- v. ',JI»5 kujawe adj. 1. extinguished; turned off
bow, pay respect by bowing; fig. submit and (light, etc.). 2. erased. effaced, obliterated.
show subservience (to- jt). J»S kojo adj. vile, loathsome, depraved (of
~J~ kuro!e n. wheatworm. s.o.).
I»S" koje n. collar, band.
,J,JpS ku!(; intj. used repeatedly when calling a
donkey/ horse/ mule.+ .:,,~.? (jt) ,J,J~ v. call a i:.s»S kuje pres. stem ofthe verb ,,,.;I»S q.v.
horse, etc.
..;~ kujen pres. stem ofthe verb ,~.J.jI»S q.v.
..s0.;,,5 kurek n. centre i.e. ~0.i ~I~ Centre of
'i;.J~ kujenrawe See I,JI»S.
earth. C.f ~ • ~ ..s ..w.j.......
U"',;S" kos n. big drum. C.f j;.u.
j,S kuz n., anat. vulva, pudendum, woman's
genital organ.+ ~_ n. and adj. fawner, U"',;S'2 kos =.::-,;S' q. v.
flatterer, toady; given to flattery/ adulation.+_
Uotl...,;S' kosayin (E) n. cosine (math.).
)t.;:...~o n. love pilter/ charm. C.f c.,;.
-:-,;S' kosp n. obstacle, barrier, stumbling block,
,jj.S koz n. 1. open air sheep pen; stockyard. 2.
hurdle (also fig.)· C.f I';"!'; . 1. ~.lP.' Syn. 2.
circlet group of individuals sharing a common
o~.+ ~I_ n. 1. uneven terrain. broken
interest! activity/ achievement. + 1_ See 2. jjS.
ground. C.f 2.• ~ ti.,.;;. 2. small mound.
I ~.J.jIj,S'[~..i"s] kuzandinewe v. t. cause to C.f &~.;.~. Syn. o~2.+ LJ-'--II- v.
smart! sting! burn. overcome a barrier/ obstacle.+ 0_ = ~l:-,;S'

'y..i I.iAi:.s»51 kuzanewe v. i. smart! sting (of a q. v. + i:.s~ 4.:.j~1 _ v. face an obstacle/ stumbling
burn, wound. etc.), have/ feel a burning block, have a barrier/ hurdle in one's way.
sensation.
 448

.:..-jS kosi n. support, patron, benefactor, ,:,~~ (~) .J~"s v. inflict a carnage (upon).+
breadwinner. Syn. u.~. Cj ..J'Ir~L-.+ . ,:,_ [j,S1 v. kill, slay, murder (cj .ij.:..-/':;.,,>
~.,..s I v. suffer misfortune, be dealt a severe ,:,L..,;;); beat severely.+ ,:,1.Li"-t_ n. mass
blow; lose one's means of support.+ ~.,.s­ slaughter/ killing, massacre. Cj k"lu.+ OJO_
adj. severely afflicted; having suffered V.t. slaughter (animaJ).< .,:,b';":""s 4i .ij.:.."s;;.
misfortune/ lost means of support. ':'..!p..;..:.."s4i.+ 0_
1
adj. perished, dead .
.::......jS kosle I. adj. hairless (person). Cj ..,.,..;,..
.;..:.."s2 ku!le n. fine gypsum. Cj .;..:..~.+_
2. adj. shrewd, cunning. Cj ;,..45.+ 45.w,- n.
IS.JLS n. plaster work with fine gypsum. Cj
grotesque puppet-like figures (in parades,
carnivals, etc.).+ ':'~~J- adj. inconsistent, IS.J~' o."..;b iru.
. -
incompatible, incongruous, warring (of s. o. 's I~"s kU!le,a n. plane (carpenter's too/).
act! behaviour) (lit. hairless with a bushy
beard). ..s.:..jS ko!k n. palace. Cj <l.il:..lS' • 2. ~u.+ O.J4iJ-
..5.::......jS koslei n. leather band attached to n. palace and grounds, homestead.+ .J"lAjJ- n.
dagger sheath to keep blade in place; guard large, spread out palace.+ I.I"-J- n. large
chain, small chain (cj ~..i). mansion.

kosle kosle n. machination, cabal,

.::......jS.::......jS ..s.:.."s kU!k n., zool. martin. Syn. ..5Jo~ .
group plotting (esp. agains s.o. to defraud). ,:,~.s..:..jS ko!keian n. dung heap.- .J~Aj.
ISJoJ'::"""jS koslewe,.,i also LS!.o"':;-jS n. false
o~"s kU!inde adj. fatal, deadly, lethal. Cj
assumption, fake, feint.
.r-S.J~' Syn. J. ~.
.J.b*""s kusa, (A) adj. odd, plus, in excess of the
~jS kOlin = ,:,l!.jS q. v. under ~jS2.
indicated number/ figure! etc. E.g. J.J"l'jJ O~
.J.b*""s Ten dollars odd. Cj ~. ..;,,,5 kul only in ~.J..;,,,s v. wind up prayer
(normally by calling down blessing upon
_jS kose n. shark (fish).- c.r"l.o. Syn. c.r"l.o.,$_. one's loved ones).
~jS kosikend (E) n. cosecant (math.) )j"s kula, n. unbelievers.> )lS'.
~;SI ko! n. lap (as the front of a seated )jjS kova, = )jj! q. v.
person). Cj ~oJlt.
,:,L.jjS kovan n. distress, anxiety, anguish. Cj
~;S2 ko! pres. stem ofthe verb ,:,l:..jS q. v. + .:.....;a,.;..o,;l~.
,:,1- [~;Sl also ~-L;jS] V.i. strive, do one's
..5;S1 kok adj. in agreement, concurring, in
best! utmost, endeavour. Syn. ,:,l:..jS;)' (under
accord (with- j...SLJ) (cj ~); on good terms
ui).+ ~- n. endeavour, effort, attempt. Syn.
(syn. ':"':"l;). Ant. ..5jSL.;.+ ':'.J.J-/..5;S v. be in
j"...... Cj ~"l.,;.~. "l~. 2. exercise,
agreement! accord (with).+ ,:,~~..5:,.5 v. bring
homework.+ ,:,~".s ~jS v.I. make serious
into accord, harmonize; adjust, regulate
attempt, endeavour. 2. do homework.+ .JLt- (watch. instrument, etc.).+ DJ<I.i.w,I- v. make up
adj. striving, serious, determined; diligent. (of quarreling friends), start being on good
.:...:.."s kU!1 n. killing, slaughter.- .;..:.."s4i ,:,I~ tenns again. Syn. o.J<l-i"",..':"':"l;.+ o.J<l-i~.JI- v.
(under ,:,I~\+ ,;I _ n. slaughter, the act of initiate/ effect reconciliation, bring (others) to
killing (a person)/ hunting (an anima/); good terms again. + ~ _ also IS _ n. agreement,
carnage, great slaughter/ destruction of life. + accord; harmony.
 449

..5j.S2 ioi n. tack (needJework).+ i;J.J..5jS also ~I[;:J.,.S] and.:r-- V.i. boil, come to a boil; belget
~I~ ~ ..5jS v. tack., join! sew with big stiches. done (of s.th. cooked) (cj ~L...:.;S ~o~). +
.J.I-iU~.,s) V.t. boil; cook.+ JI- adj. boiled;
..5j.Sl ioi n. exception, objection.+ ~;/_ v.
cooked, done.+ ~I~:.r./- V.t. bring to a boil;
take exception! have objection (to-~).
parboil.+ ~~}~/_ v.i. simmer, cook gently.+ •
..5j.S' ioi pres. stem ofthe verb iJ;;SjS q. v. + 0_ n. ~b/ v.i. boil, come to a boil.+ 4J.,s _ n.
cough, coughing. Cj ojj.J.+ ~b-i (~).5jS v. fountain, jet of waterI its structure.+ ..5j_ adj.
have/ suffer from a cough.+ i;J.J.5jS v. cough. good for boiling, easy to cook. Ant. ..5.,;j.,s..;.+.
See iJ;;SjS.+..:..o~ 0_ n. whooping cough.+ ..5jS 0- J-S., n. only in ~LS..... b/j.S.,_ v. die down,
n. sustained! persistent caughing.+ ~~/O- v. subside (of blaze, emotion, etc.).+ ;l-..u.o_ n.
be heard caughing.+ .:r--l..5jS] v. cough. bathing and washing (clothes) enclosure for
women.
;l;.5jS ioiena, n. poppyhead.
J;..SI kol n. I. back (upper part of). Cj I. ~.­
J.,.S iuf adj. dull, blunt, not sharp (of a cutting
jjS...;~.J. 2. load (carried by a person on the
edge! tool). Ant. ~. + ~»I J.,S" v. bel become
back). E.g. ;I~ ~jS A (back) load of wood.
dulV blunt. ~~.;S J.,.5 v. cause to become blunt!
Cj. 0;1"":"'; under ~I.+ ~I~;"'/. V.t. cause to
dull.
give in, defeat, reduce to submission (i.e. in an
j,sl kul adj. having its tail docked (a bird); argument). Cj. ~I.i4-I.+ ~I~/. v.i. give in! up,
docked (tail). 2. short.See .:...;.,s. + ~».' J.,S' v. be submit, yield. Cj I. ",j<I..t.+ ~. n. porter,
docked; be short.+ ~~.;S;J,.S v. dock (tail).+_ carrier; labourer (carrying building!
j~ n. sleeveless felt waistcoat with ears construction material) (cj. ;l.s::..;..?). + r-s -
n.
protruding out of the shoulders to secure rifle pedlar (esp. ofcolton piece-good). + ;o~"; _ adj.
slung on the shoulder. Cj. ..5~ .~op.+_ persevering, relentless, undaunted, resolute.
~ adj. dwarfish, short of stature (syn. C.! ~.+ ..;1.,_ n. silk shawl used by women
tied over the shoulders and hangs down the
~;.,s'); mischievous looking. + n. ~_

children from a woman'J previous marriage.+

back; cape.+ A .... -
n. porter. Syn. jL..~.+_
~ n. I. a backload, a load carried on a
~o_ only in ~~.;S ~4J.,s v. immobilize and
person's back. 2. much! great amount (of
whisk away (a person). C.! .;,~.;S~I~.+ _
work, responsibility, etc.).
,»-""':'}p'o n. last Wednesday of the month of
Safar (Muslim calendar) believed to be an j;.S2 kol adj. I. maimed (hand); deformed,
unlucky day.+ ~."so- See ;L..o.)-.+ l.,.so_ n. having maimed hand (s.o.). 2. poor/
incompetent (in performance. knowledge,
short gown. Cj l.,.s.+ ~~o. n. light walking
etc.). 3. misshapen, irregular. Cj ;I,~.+ jjS
stick with crook handle. Cj ~~.+ ;L..o_ n.
~b-i v. be maimed (hand); have deformed
name of a short, poisonous snake. ;L...+ _
hands (cj. 05>.+ ;I;O_adj. severely injur~d;
..... ~o.,o n. and adj. viper (snake); malevolent,
handicapped (by injury/ pain! etc.).+ ;I~jS
baleful (person).
';'»-1 v. i. be handicapped by injury; be
;J,.S2 kul I. n. boil, boiling (state! point! etc.).- deficient! poor (of s.o. in his work! study/
;:}j..S.....:;~.;:}j..S .....il.:;.. 2. n. surge/ flood (of etc.).+ JJ- also ~L.;oJJ- n. lump of bread
emotions): ~"J;O~- deep emotion *~L.J..s­ partially burnt in oven.
flood of t~ars, inten~ crying. 3. pres. s!em of jj.Sl kol pres. stem of the verb o,,4jS q.v.+
the verb ~"J,s and~.,sq.v. 4.<;l-~.J.,s.+-
~I;_[~).,s) pass. form of ~jS q.v.+ JI;_n.
 450

carving, carved object.+ J'- n. 1. one who ..s.JjS2 kolk also JbQ:"JjS n. log, large trunk of a
carves objects. 2. examiner, investigator.+ )-!. fallen tree. ).) . '::">'J.).
n. rock inscription; carving.+ 1ft~j;S] v.t. dig,
..5.J.,s kulk n., med. ulcer. Cf .;r,Ji.
unearth (cj. ,;,.Li4..S); excavate.< ~jSju.+
o~_ [j;SJ v. dig up.< o~jS~. ~.,s kulm n. cheekbone. Cj. ~"".J.J;. Syn. \.i.;$'.

OJ'JjS kolare n. 1. kite (toy). 2. kite (bird) Syn. ~jS kolinc n. stiffness in shoulder and neck.
o~~. Cf I. ..sft •~.~. + ,;,.))" ~jS v.i. suffer from
stiffness in the shoulder and neck. + ,;,1_ n.
J'J.,s kula! n. claw (of a bird). Cj. ..5~.f:.
grassy plant applied to the body to relieve
,;,'JjS kolan n. alley, narrow street. Syn. ~~. ~jS.+ .$ _ n., anat. nape.
Cf rll":'.- -;.s;. I. 4.l~l:.+ jj.)_ n. streetfinder, .s...J.,s kuling n. niche in wall used as shelf. Cf
street atlas! index.+ ~.,s _ adj. wandering 2.JI,j.
(person).
;J.,s kulo =;JS q.v.
0"";.J.i'J~.,s] kuhmdbrewe v.t. irritate! pain!
hurt (a sore, wound by accidentaly touching! ~;J.,s kulot n., anat. hipbone.
rubbing against/etc.); revive, bring back
(sorrowful memory). ;;J.,s kulor = »lSI q. v.
. "
..5...;,'J.,s kulanke n. 1. embrasure. 2. skylight. ..;;J.,s kulo~ =";;JS q.v.
Cf 4Jjjp"jS. j;.J.,s kulol = jjJS q. v.
a.:,'J.,s kulane n. coop (esp. for domestic fowl); rjJ.,s kulom = r;JS q.v.
nest (on the ground) (cj. .I.i~).
...,.J.,s ku/IJ n. flake (esp. of snow); ball (of
0"";'J.,.st"J.,5] kulanewe v.i. smart, feel painful cotton! wool).+ ..5_ n. blossom, flower. Cf
(of wound! sore esp. when coming into contact
~.
with s.th.); be renewed! revived! brought back
(of sorrowful memory, etc.) .jjSl kole n. fatherless child whose mother has
~.,s kulp n. hard! trying times, adversity, trial. remarried.
Syn. ~l:. Cj.\S).Jj.) '~}.J,.$ ."::"'-oj. .jjS2 kole n. autumn-sown wheat! barley. Cj.
,;,liL.,s kulxan n. stokehole. C.! ,;,..".1. ";;JS.

~.,s1 kulk gen. only in oA.,s 4.t';'»1 q. v. .jjS3 kole second element ofcertain compound
under ~3. nou"! often meaning: small and misshapen.
i.e. 4.ljS~~q.v.
~.,s2 kulk n. fleece unsuitable for spinning.-
.jjS'" kole only in .5.:-\SJjS n. breastbone;
I. jj....;.+,;,_adj.l.hairy,shaggy.2.thick(ofa
stemwn.
drink i.e. .Jl=....-L.. q. v.); concentrate,
concentrated.
....,.,sl kule n. locust, grasshopper: ~~_ praying
mantis *'.).)fj- yellow locust *.s.....-_ small
..s.JjSl kolk n. target, aim, desired goal. Syn.
species of locust which attacks crops. Cf
~L...ol:. Cj. jj.).~ •..5.;4- .j~.+ 0_ n. ~" nder~.
" I
.~u
aspect, angle, feature.
4.l.,s2 kule also 41J.,s n. mosquito net.
 451

..S'4JjS' kol,eke n. pillar, column ( rti\;' syn . rj.S2 kom adj. hunch-backed (s.o.). Syn .
..s.ft.~ .....~): ..:.."Ju- nasal septwn.+ iJb/- v. r~'+ .J"-il- v. bend, stoop (esp.from old
stiffen oneself; refuse to yield, resist. (often age). Cj .~~.+ .JI- adj. stooped, bent
accompanied with p). forward with the back protruding.+ •.,....J.j>il_ v.
..}~4J.,s kulemergi n. drugery, hardship, uphill become bent, develop a stooped back
work; that which is marginaV barely sufficient (normally with age).+ IS- n. condition! state of
(livelihood! subsistance/ etc.). E.g. ~ having stooped! hunched back.
1Sj4.: ..}~4J.,s He is having a hard time making rjS'3 ko", n. brine, saline spring (water).
a living.
r~ kom = jS'1.+ I_n.large lump, hunk. Syn.
~w.J.,s kulman' n. sorcerer (esp. one claiming j.l...jJ under ~jjl.+ )_n. I. republic (form of
to cure impotence). Cf. JJJ~6.:. government). 2. section of tribe (cj J...;j);
~4J.,s kulenee n. waistcoat with sleeves. society, community (syn. j....jS').+ IS) _ adj.
republican.+ n. group singing.+ ,.AJ)- n.
~_
~jS' koli n. colony, colonized country/ rogion.+
wholesaler.+ ~ n. community.
)~_ n. and adj. colonial power; colonial.
-.J~.,s kumpiyak n., com. draft, bill of
.JL:JjS' kolYa, n. rock inscriptions; carving.
exchange.
kolh n. shelter, place affording ~.,s kllmse n. ability, aptitude. Syn. I. l;1.,i.
protection; hut (see t,;S).
.:-;;..jS' 10lllOnist n. and adj. communist; off
~jS' kolle (E) n. college. Cf. • ~Ij •.;s:..;lj inclined to communism.
lS:.i.t.,;j..,... ..5~jS' lomel n. help, aid, assistance. Cj
~.,s ku/ife n. kind of cookie! pastry stuffed »,..)~
'1S.Jl.;;.._0l. Syn. ~,u.Jlt·+ iJ~.} (~) ..5,ujS'
with chopped walnut and sugar/ date. C.! v. help, aid, assist.+ IS- adj. helpful,
)l,(jlS'. accommodating, supportive.

1;.,JjS' kole,a n., med. cholera.See 2. •.,....l.!..J. j.ujS' komel See under jS'l.

•;.,J.,s lull,e n. bread shaped in flat! round! oval ~jS' lomite (E) n. committee. Cj ~jJ. E.g.
thick slabs (cf. .~~ ....:.I~ .iJ\.; •I.? l...Jl;): - ~~IS.J»-~~IS~jS' Int'1. Committee of
.J~ also iJJ/'-i- bread made with clarified the Red Cross .
butter and marked on one side with .;u.Sl lon adj. old (of s.th.) Ant. •j\; .i:sJ.i. Cf.
nucklebone impressions *~~"'"' IS _ kind of ~~~ '.J"H. E.g. ~ ISUJO.;j$ ..s.':~l~ An old pair
•..,;J.,s showing parallel lines of finger imprints of socks.+ iJJ.j>i~ v. bel become old.+ iJ~.} ~
~~IS- kind of o;.,J.,s made with onion and v. make/ cause to become old (by use/wear/
fat tail of sheep ...Sj.I..o_ kind of filled .;.,J.,s etc.); let become old and forgotten (s.th said,
with crushed wallnut *~Jl;IS- (see unpleasent event, etc.).+ ._1. n. and adj. old
.Jj~;.,J.,s). C.! iJl;Q:...l;·-IS.JlS';l.~· clothes; used, second-hand. Cj i,,:.;.;lS"4.t. 2.
first element of some compound words
~jS' kollsk n. implement used in making meaning: ex-; od-, former.+ J~- adj. old-
wooden spoons. fashioned.+ ~Mo- adj. conservative/
.jSl to", n., anal. rectwn. traditional in dress (of s.o.).+ .:.-~._ n. and
adj. conservative, conventional; reactionary,
 452

die-hard. Cf ..,.;l:......lt.J~....,!~.+ ~~D_ n. with one's back to the wall. C! JI$.;.,;.+ ~_ n.

conservatism.+ jl..D_a4/'. aged, old (ofs.th.).+ pore.+ )~~_adj. porous.
},-D _ a4/'. accomplished! skilled horseman.
.Jl.i"s kunar n. species of thornbush used as
Syn. ~},-.+ ~VD- n. dealer in second-
hedge. -.;,...»~.
hand wares.+ .:-.~~ISD_ n. former civil
Servant.+ ..s- n. oldness. Cj ..s~.+ ~- a4/'. Jj";";';! Kontc.ol (E) n. control, authority/ ab~lity
ancient. Cf "";l:..-lt. • to regulate, direct or influence Cf ~~. +
(,)~~j~';! V.I. control, exercise authority/
~2 kon n. small tent. C! ':"D~ .)"D~ .jL....:.D;. influence over; direct, check. Cf <J1~.JD,,;,;;....a~.

iJ.J.S kun n. hole, aperture, gap, orifice. Cf

~"sl kune n. secluded place! spot; comer (see
j4 .~.s .~~u .~.ul.;~.»i: ..sj.JD~- eye of
Vi»l).+ ~.J/- v. take/ occupy/ withdraw into a
needle.+ <J.J.J-iiJ.J.S v. be perforated, have hole
secluded place or spot. E.g. ~4.,&.~~"s
(in-~); bel become pierced. + ~~ iJ.J.S v. J.
D~.J He hase secured a safe/ commodious
perforate, make hole in, pierce. Cj •.J.L.i1~
spot for himself.
~. 2. deflower. See <J~.J~'+~JI_See
~"s2 kune adj. freckled, dotted with freckles
';'~j.J"'"-js.+ .JD~JI- a4/'. pierced through; tunneled
(cf 2. ..sJ4.t); dappled (animal) (cf 2. ""jlt).+
thr~ugh.+ (.)>>-uD~"I/- v. be pierced through.+
__ ady.·
<J~.;S .JD~JI / - v. pierce through.+ ~_ adj. airtight,
covered with freckle/ dapples. C!
..s"~.Jl,;.
impermeable to air. + (,)~.J ,[1_ v. make airtight. +
(,)~~~/_ v. make/ put a hole in.+ ~_n. D~"s kunere n. name ofa species of myrtle.
tunnel.+ .J~-
n. tight comer (cf ~j,l);
. < kund
,.r:wy n. sesame (seed, etc.): -"";j.J
comer, tight spot, predicament.+ ~_ n. pore
sesame oil.
(in the skin! plant! etc.).+ ~Dj_ adj.
~
.•
~y < kuncln n. parlour game resembling puss
incompetent, dull-witted. + .,!,,s _ adj. I.
in the comer.
pierced. 2. deflowered. Cf ~.+ __ adj. full
of! riddled with holes.+ D~ _ n. drill (tool). +. •.J,j"s kunde n. waterskin. Cj.5..:.-.
v-tj,lJ n. nook and crany.+ ~.s,,_ n. holes ~.J,j"s kundebebu also~"s n. owl. Cf
and gaps (also fig·)· E.g. 41.'" .J4tAJ.s.";,,s ";:.J~ ~"';4!lt .D~l;J\;.
~~.J I have blocked every hole and gap. or I
..;......J.;,;! konkril (E) n. and a4/'. concrete; made
have made it airtight. + v;Ju" _ See
of concrete; tangible.
~.s.";,,s.+ D_ first element of certain
compound nouns. + ~ltD _ n. air-shaft; chimney D?;.,;! kongire (E) n. congress (as aformal
meeting of delegates) (cf 2. D~»,jS);
(syn. ~.sJ"~)'+ j.J~D_adj. full of lies, prone
congress (as part! body of an organization)
to excessive lying (of a person). Cf .:uj~. + _
(cj u-i1.,a;,;S').
}H~D n. shallow hole in a wall.+ -;,s",sD- n.
earhole, orifice of the external auditory D.f..;"s kunglre also D~"s n. battlement.
meatus. + .:..~D _ n. nostril. Syn. t l;~. + ~D_
~"s kung' n. corral, enclosure for confming
n. mouse hole. idiom. oI..t<J..I.1-I~ ~.;,,,s livestock. Cf (,)\;';!.
..s~aJ v. feel hard pressed! hotly pursued!
.J.J.i."s kunlJr n. kind of gum! resin. Cf ..sP..
 453

~ ka interrogative adv. meaning: how? Syn. ..Joj.vS kaze[e n. watercress.

~. E.g. ~u.",$ How can it be? o,S~.vS
oj.vS kaje n. hopper (grain feeder at a mill).
why/ How come you didn't go?
4oj.vS kajeke n. kind ofbeed esp. ~_ blue
~.VS kap (E) n. cup: .r-!u _ measuring cup. E.g.
bead worn to ward off evil eye.
~ o,Sl;l: ~ ~~ Add three cups of flour.
.",$ ~ kaka n. call of a cuckoo bird.+ oyS _ n.
4J,..v$ kape n. jar of porous clay (cj o:;,!): .Jl:..s- cuckoo (bird).
large-mouthed jar used for keeping drinking
water *~_ big jars having a blue-green 4..J.vS kaleke n., bot. pumpkin: .5..J.vS.s:.;Ol
glaze inside and out. Cj ~.+ Jo_ n. small pumpkin seed. Cf .J.J~; squash! pumkin (as a
porous clay jar: ~ o,S~o _ small non-porous family/ species). + o,S.Jl:- n. vegetable marrow.+_
glazed jar. ~~lt n. gourd! calabash.+ o,S.Jl.!. jl_ n. reddish
sweet variety of pumpkin. + ~--,;Ol_ See _
':".v-$ kat n. leftover food used as garden
~~lt.+ ~o,.lj... _n. pumpkin.
compost.
jl;.vS kata[ = jl;."s q. v. under .:..."s'. ~.vS kant n. and adj. catamite (syn. ;o.J5..:S);
coward.
~.VS ka~e n. narrow street, alley. See .J~jS.
~ klJ also Zs;oJ.:,;,.,s adv. where? < Zs.,S J.i .Zs.,S..J.
Cf rU":' .;o~.+ -/Ijlo_ n. local market, shopping
centre. E.g. ":""..J.J'tibS 4J Where were you? Zs.,S ~
Nowhere.+ o,S;.J.j- only used in such expr. as:
;.",$ kar n. angora kid; two-year male goat (cf
.::...,.J.J.:,;,.,s j j Where are you from?
~.
.:.;,.,s' klJt adj. good old, the familiar.
-!.",$ kiJ! adj. slightly bent! hunched (cj 2. rjS);
crooked; down-hill and rugged. + .J.»-t -!.vS v. .:.;,.,s2 klJt adj. bay (horse).
bel become hunched; be crooked. + .Jl.J ;.VS v. L;.;,.,s klJxa n. officially recognized head of a
bent! lower (ones head and shoulders); hunch village/ tribal section (cf ~~.s); self-
(one's back).+ o~»il- v. got roll down a
apointed person (trying to impose himself! tell
rugged/ crooked path or place. others what to do).+ ~~_ n. position! office/
..s.:....v.vS karbq,k n., zool. cheetah. behaviour of a ~,.,s.

•;~' kare n. I. frreplace, hearth (syn. ~I",s); ~,.,s klJr adj. I. blind (also fig.). 2. extinct (of
furnace, kiln (cf ;~).+ ~~~_n. kiln for family/ name! etc.). 3. dry (of a spring) (cj
firing bricks.+ 4..i~_ n. kiln; smithy hearth! ..s....:..J.J). .J»i';,.,s v. bel become blind.+ .Jl.J.;,.,s
frre.+ ~,.;'m_ n. person tending the bellows! v. blind, cause blindness (to-o,S).+ ..;1_ adv.
smithy hearth in a blacksmith's shop.+ _ blindly, irnperceptively.+ .JI- n. trickle (ofa
~o~o n. cooker(gaslliquid fuel operated). stream).+ c.r-I- n. blindness; fig. chagrin,
displeasure, disquietude.< .J4~1';,.,s ....+ ~L
)~ ka,n. piece/ section (normally offruit).
~L..1l v. be blinded/chagrined (from jealousy/
C.f I. ~LJ.+ __ adj. sliced (cj i;:"':'U);
displeasure! grief). E.g. oft.l..;..~ ~Il ~I';,.,s
grooved, fluted (i.e. pillar).+ .Jl.J j.vS j.vS v.
JJ-I My sorrow (my grieved memory) he (s.o.
cut into sections/ slices.+ .Jll~ 1_ V. furr"ow the
now deseased) was also present. .- _:i~
ground in preparation of making irrigation
o.vJull~I';,.,s As if he is blind (of S.o.
runnels - .JIJ-l.
 454

rebuked for not finding/spotting s.th.).+_ d'i ke defining suffix: the, i.e . .s0~4.t. the
4
oy..;~"/ v.I. die out, become extinct (lineage, window <.so under. 0_ •

family, etc.). 2. close up (pierced earlobe);

d'2 ke adj. other. Syn . ./. E.g . .s o.S.s~ The
become obscure/ obliterated. 3. dry up (spring,
well, etc.) Syn. ~.I.J-i..s....:.JJ'+ j~_adj. lacking other ball.
verve/ spirit! enthusiasm (ofs.o.).+ OJU_ n. dry d'3 ke sufflXforming certain nouns e.g.~.vJ
watercourse. + 0J":'~.} / _ v. obliterate, blott out, q.v.
obscure. + 0_first element ofcertain compound ~ ke pres. stem ofthe verb ~~.J q. v.
nouns meaning: unmarked, blind, surd, dry.+
~~O_ n. marginaV barely viable village.+ ..solo- d's Ie relative pron. who, whom, that, which.
n., math. irrational/ surd root. + ~lo _ n. narrow/ E.g. ~.,.. ~JJ d' o.Sd'oJ~ The man who died
unmarked road; dead end.+ ~lk....!.o_ n. dead- yesterday. jj"-l~b.s o.So~ The one that! which I
end street.+ ,-"lSo_ n. dry spring; seasonal gave to you.
spring.+ i/~jSo- n. blind alley.+ JLAo_ n. variety .5' Ie conj. when, whenever; if (syn. 1. ~..;);
of adder snake.- JL..+ ..:..~o_ n. and adj. in order to (syn. o.S0""';J-t), so, so that (syn. 2.
person with weak eyesight; bleary-eyed.+ o.S- l.;). E.g. ~.... ,-"I~li.s If you can't, don't do
n. blindness. it. ~, - :.;.s ul. He came in order to tell you.
1"';..,5" kiJ!a int}. what, already! how could! so t JO;t~ u»-i d' pay me back when you can. + -

quickly! E.g. ~& 1;..,5" How could he arrive .l.J-iIJ also l.;I J - adv. therefore, in that case,
so fast. ~ 1"';..,5" °J ~ What, you mean he is then. E.g . ..sjl.i ~I~ Therefore he will not live.
already up! ..... ~ kebab n. minced lamb wrapped around
o.SJoJo";..,5" kiJ,eweri n. hardship, trial, tribulation; skewers and broiled. Cj ~jS .",,;.&,:..~lt»J
drudgery, toil, travail. JI~.+ ~_ n. profession of making and
~~..,5" klJstan n. highlands. Syn. t 'j.;:. Cj selling ..... l4.+ "'-_ n. maker/ seller of ..... l4.+

~~.;&. ~~..rS ~~..,5" v. move to the highlands

..:.t._ n. shop making! selling ..... l,..s.
(ofnomads).+ o.S- n. highlander. Cj ,-,,~~. 4.!l4 kebabe (A) n., bot. cubeb (used as a
spice).
koyle 1. n. devotee, ardent! zealous
follower (to S.o. 's word, love, leadership, u~ kebat n. variety of large, rough lemon
etc.). 2. n. and adj. slave, bound in servitude.+ having a very thick rind which is made into a
~~ d...:;S v. bel become enthralled or enchanted preserve/ jam.- 1,..0........
(by s.o.).+ ~~.} d...:;S v. enthral V enchant to the
;l4 keba, n. morning twilight. C.f ~JJ~')~'
degree of enslavement.+ )~_ adj. enslaved,
subjugated.+ o.S)~ _ n. enslavement, ~ kep See 4J,;..~.+ ofo..A4.l_ n. medicinal
subjugation.+ (J""!- also ~_ enslavement, powder placed on the palm and taken.
bondage, servitude. ~.s kepfe n. ladle.see ~.

0.y..,5" kwewe used with 4.l as a locative pro.! adv. ".d' kep, n. bower built on four columns, open
meaning: from what place/ where, whence. on all sides, having its roof covered with twigs
E.g. ..::......w~ 0";..,5" 4J Where/what place have and leaves and serving as shelter from the sun
you come from?> ~.,s. in the field or further reinforced and slept on
in the summer; arbour (syn. tl~p').+ ~~.}"..s
 455

v. build a bower/ arbour. + .:,1- n. timet season ~1S ketibe n. eaves constructed from red
of moving out of village and living in a.,.1.$ bricks.- ..;I"......,$'.
q.v.+ 4.5jJ- n. small .,.4.5 q.v.+ ~/IS~ v.
.~..s keti,e n. gum tragacanth. C.f ·.)It 'J~"s
curdle, fonn curds (of bioledl coagulated
milk).+ ~._n. Feast of Tabernacles. U~·

('i4.5 ker adj. lowered, bowed (head)- .:,.,Ijl"..; b

~1S kepke n. peak. See ~.vJ.
under 1,)1. ('i...s::J..; bent, crooked' (cf •.:..~
,JY.4.5 kepQ n. snout (syn. I. »1); nose (syn. }p).+ ':'~('i1S v. be lowered! bent.+ .:,~,j ('i1S v.
.:...vJ). lower, bow (i.e. the head esp. due to guilt!
embarrassment! submission) .
..5~1S kepek n. bran. Syn. ~,;....
~I kere n. full-Ienght sleeveless ~I~ q.v.
..5~1S kepenek n. sleeveless felt overcoat with
hood used especially by shepherds who spend ~2 kere n. having crooked! awry horns (goat!
days and nights out in the open. C.f •~ rami etc.).+ tL.:._adj. having one hom broken
•..5~ .jW,;S I~.~. (i.e. a goat).

.:..IS ket n. flour bin (in a bakery). ~ kerel adj. I. suffering from scalp disease .
2. bald. + .:,~ ~ v. be suffering from! have
.:,\;1.$1 ketan n. linen/linen fabric.
scalp disease.+._ adj. newly hatched and able
.:,\;1.$2 ketan n. flax . .:,\;IS.J.jJ. to take care of itself (esp. ofchiclcs).+ 4J~
':'»-i v. bel manage on its own (newly hatched
J,4.S" .:,\;4.5 ketan u kewan n. mosquito net.
chicks and used fig. for children). Cf
Syn. 4J"s2.
~~.;.4J.+ u- n. scalp disease .
..;\;1.$ ketane n. traditional Kurdish song.
~ kerf conj. but, on the contrary; yet (see
~\;1S ketant n. variety of almond -rblt. r~4.t);whereas. E.g. ~w> ~ u"" ~~
He told me, yet he himself didn't go .
..5.;4.5 ketk n. dried figs kept in a goat! sheep
skin.-~ .... .:,-;-.s kel!IIIn also J;-S adj. thoroughbred
(horse). Cf ~.-!.
~4.5 ketn n. roguery, rascality (cf uj~4JotS);
molestation, indecent advance; blunder, boo- ",,~1S kedti = "".is q. v.
boo . .:,~,j ~1S v. blunder, make a mistake; used
1l4.5 kede adj. and n. foreign, alien (syn. j.ol,;);
in comb. with ~
meaning: make an indecent
outsider, stranger (cf .}p . ..;~).
advance toward (a woman); induce/ lead!
prompt (s.o.) into making a blunder.+ .:,b",s/- ~ ke, I. n. ass, donkey (syn. ;i...).J.J..,$'): ...,::.;..~ u-
v. playa roguery on (s.o.); harm, molest.+. wild ass.-~~.~L..~•...;;. 2. adj. stupid,
,r-51 n. blunderer.+ .:,1;51- v. spearhead a asinine. Cj;J-4 ..;jJ4 ....< .: ::.+.:,.J.rt ~ v.
roguery; be the cause of a blunder. bel act stupid.+.:,,).,,..sJ~ v. stupify.<~~
~1S ketti n. implement used for excavating and .:,~."s.+..;L
1. adj. assinine, ass-like, stupid (act,
building irrigation runnels. behaviour, etc.). 2. n. s.th. exacted by one
person from another (as a thing which the
a,j..$ kete adj. broad-shouldered, heavily built. exactor regards as his due).+ "W ,,~L fig.
Syn . ..;L.:.)~. Cj I. r~.j; colossal. used as a disparaging/ insulting expr.
meaning: son of a donkey.+ ~I- fig.
 456

expression used in addressing s.o. indicating ~2 ker. adj. icy, very cold (esp. ofa drink). +
disaproval solicitously. E.g. ..:;.;...; I." ~I.,..,s Oh i,).)~ rs v. make icy/ ice cold.- ~..iol,j...u.s.
silly, that is not the way to do it. + l.i~- n.
~.;..s' ken n. I. part (normally separate and
gathering of fools (esp. when noisy and
disorganised).+ ~_ n. kind of thorny bush standing as a piece! unit). Cj 2. ~. I.. j.)•.J
favoured by a donkey for grazing. + ~ _ n. ~.)~ •.s.).l. 2. volume, book. See I . ..sfo. 'r~'
chameleon. Cj 4...S'J.;....)L.. •J.;4 .,..:..+ .,,~_ n. & 3. math. fraction:~L...l;~_ common! vulgar
adj. ass in the fonn of a man: assinine, fraction *~-,l;~_ complex fractio~_
stupid. + .r -
n. rude (of a person's manner of *4.iI~ reciprocal fraction *~4!U 1.5- decimal
talking). + ~.; _ I n. final round in the game fraction ...:-1.) ~ _ proper fraction *.J L.. ~_
of ~-".»-5. + ~-i- 2 n. steeply uphill slope/ simple fraction.+ i.J.w.~.,..,s v. be divided! made
acclivity. C.I ..s.).".,,~)..I'~.;A- .jI.).".,u.+ .)J_ n. into parts. i.JJ~~.,..,s v. divide/ make into parts;
variety of millet. C,f. iJ}. + ..1... _n. stupid cad. fractionalize.+ .J1."....s _ adj. fractionalized,
dumb and discomteous person. + »S _ n. bot. divided into parts. + ~.J4.',J _ n. bits and pieces.
orleander. Syn. .ulj. + j;S _ n. foal of ass. Cj~...,,;4J.+._ n. I. syllable (of a word!
Cj ~~.+ j45_n. vulture. See.,..,sJI'). ~.)~ verse). E.g. ~oI,j~ ~4!':".J." A tri-syllabled
.~.+ .)~.J- n. donkey caravan. Cj .)j4.J word. 2. first part ofcertain compound nouns.
.;,I.".)LS.+ ~.u~.J- adj. compatible, attracted E.g.".!J A.j.,..,s A bit of a devil. .).~ oI,j.,..,s sub-
(to)/ agreeing (with) each other (of two continent. + ~ _ adj. fractional.
things).+ Jj_ adj. stupefied, dull (of a
~.,..,s kenq,i n. thistle.
person).+ ..5-:.;...,- n. hare. Cj .s1,;,1-.+ .s...;.;...J-
n. shimmering (esp. oftall grass! crops in the ~.).s kerce See.:..S.
wind).+ i.J,),? ~...J.,..,s v. shimmer.+ ~...J-
t~ ken n. border, boundary. Syn . .).,,;-.
n. nap, doze. Cj ~Ji..~.+ .itJ.- n. lit. grey-
brown ass: fig. stubborn! obstinate person.+_ ~'-~ kenek n. clod, lump/ chunk (esp. uf
..s"..;S. n., zool. zebra. Syn.,r..+ ~._ adj. earth). Syn . ...s:.:...k.
pertaining! related to ass, donkey (as used with
certain words). E.g ~•.;..s' ~..)lt A donkey- ~~ kerk n. sleeveless gown! cloak.
load. + ..5..;~ _ n. worker bee. + ~ _ n. asininity, ~IS~ kerkfl!. adj. devilish, demoniac; fiendish,
stupidity. diabolical. + ~ _ n. devilry; fiendishness .
.,..,s2 ker suffIX indicating agent: maker, doer, i.e.
.s.;.s kerke n. peninsula. Syn . .$.)j,)~ .
.,..,s."I.) q.v.
i.Ju..s.;.s kerkeden n., zool. rhinoceros, rhino;
~1 ker. adj. deaf, partially/ totally incapable of
unicorn.
hearing.+ i.J.J.J-i.)...s v. bel become deaf; bel feel
.".,,~ ker.1J n. mold, mildew; fungus.+ ~.JI- adj.
deafened.+ i.JJ~rsv. deafen; stun with noise.+
moldy, molded.+ i.JL:;,.j4./- v. mold, become
~.,,_ adj. deaf-mute; fig. deaf and dumb.+_
moldy.
;?"s. adj. totally/ completely deaf.+ ,;-J'- adj.
unheeding, unmindful, heedless, inatlentive. + • ..;.s kere n. butter. Syn . ..5...:.;.,;..
• 1
ot...ll.J' adj. ingenuous and arttess.+ ~_ n. ~.~ ker.et n. time, one ofa series! recurring
deafness. instances! repeated actions (syn . .)~). E.g. Y;
f'."..s ~~~A.j.rs The time I become sick;
 457 ..
J.w.J'ol ..,.s
time, occasion (cf .:..LS •.:..L.. .J-).+ IS- £U#. ~ kezi n. lock (of hair). C.! ..:.JJj .u:wJ.:..
and adv. occasional; occasionally.
j4.S1 kej n. crag (rock! clijJ), hill (syn. l./}.+_
JJXo.,..s kerepfJ! n. occupation! take over (esp. ~., n. mountainous country.
ofproperty which is derelict or neglected).
j4.S2 kej n. wild! raw silk fibers (used esp. in
..r:0~ kBed n. small boat. Cj ~4.i •..;.:...s.
securing! decorating the ends ofa&: q. v.).
jo~ kere:. n. green herb used in pickling.
o.,lyS kejawe n. litter loaded on a mule/ camel.
.:-.~ kereste also .....~ n. materiaV matter/
jL..j4.S ke)ma[ n. posse. + ':'l,? jL..yS v. join a
element! substance (that enters the
posse.+ ,:,Il/_ v. organize a posse.
composition! makeup of things): ~1.)l;IoS-
cosmetics *~ IS - war material *.,~ IS _ raw ..S'jyS kejok n. sciatica.
material *,:,L.;;.;.L..IS_ building! construction
JJyS kejfJ n. woven girth. C.! 2. &,j.;.
material (cj .;IS.J4ot under .J4ot4) *~.vi loS _
stationary.< ':'l,?_O~~. joyS keje[ adj. piebald, spotted. Syn . ..S'J~.

rO~ kerem (A) I. usefulness, utility. See ~ kes I. n. person, individual; human being
...sj&.< ,:,L..':' rO~ 4.i .,:;.,.s rO~ aJ ·,:;l.ro~aJ. (cj ll..i-:.ml;). 2. pron. one, anyone, anybody.
2. generosity, bounty'+':'..t.t-f (~) r0.,..s v. be Cj ~~. 3. n. relative, kin. Cj.~.;;.
friendly, look with favour (upon- j4S'aJ).+rO~ r~'+ ':'.l.P-I(~)~ v. have someone (esp. as a

.Jl.;S v. only in.s rO~ please! pray/ kindly relative). E.g. 4t,",,~He has no one.+,:,L n.
(polite requeast to do s.th.).+ )l_ adj. people. E.g. ~),)LSl,;..s ~">';;L....s There are
generous. + .)1$_ adj. generous. people who are not informed. Cj ~. + .:.L
adj. personal, private. C.! ~.;;..+ "';oII.!L n.
l,;0r-S" ke!ena n. trumpet (wind instrument). C.! relationship, relativeness (state! facti degree).
I.~. E.g.'::';'li 1.,"';4tL...S' This is no way to be a
~o~ kerentU n. scythe. C.! Io,.h relative. C.! ...;~ L..:;.. + -..,.:.1_ also.s..:;. _ See
,:,L...S'.+ Jli- n. epithet, appelation.+ )l':'_ adj.
":";;';o~ kerentlne (E) n. quarantine.
impersonal (gram., etc.).+ .J!,)...... - adj.
.:..IJo.)..5 kerewat (E) n. neektie, tie. Syn. t~. unprecedented, unheard of.+ ,:,Ij<t-i_ adj.
• 2 unknown, not known, unacertained.
aJlJorS" ke!ewa[e n., zool. quail (bird). C.! JI...-l;,:,.+ V"1.i4.,.;- adj. of unknown identity,
jJO~ kerewu: n. parsley. Syn. IS) 4. C.! of no consequence (of s.o.) (cf JL.:.."S');
..S'.).,.}j. nonentity (of s.th.).+-=--....,,4.i_ adj. unwanted,
unwelcome (of a person).+ .)LSJ - n. relatives
*j& ke: n., bot. moss. Cf oj".u.
(normally close ones, i.e. the immediate
~Ij& ke:.axe n. vine trimming.+ ':'l,? ~Ij&v. family). C.! ,:,l-:;..+;;_ a/so~_ pron.
trim grape vines in the spring. Syn. IJ'--t- jOJ' someone, somebody. E.g. oil.! ~ IS ~ Is
there someone? + ~_ n. personality, the
,:,1j4.j& kezne:.an n. variety of tamarisk _j.s3.
totality of traits! characteristics! attitudes! etc.
;;).Ioj.......S' ke:.elliU n. manner! way of (of s.o.. s.th.), individuality. C.!...;~
conversation between girls in which the letter under:..ss . ~ l.;... L; . .,. ..r adj. personal, corporate.
z is incorporated in e,ver: word spoken.
 458

1J"'L.....t.S kestlS adj. wretched, poor and miserable k~ n. (act of) showing off (by
(.syn. 2. -,L..I~); crestfallen, dejected (syn. 2. movement! expression).+ ~~~ ~ v. show
:,$). + o,S - n. wretchedness; dejectedness. off (inJront ofl~~) .

.;l;......S kestane (E) n. chestnut. Syn. -'-'/"tl:... kesJukeramet n. esoteric

knowledge and miraculous gifts (said of a
-,l:...-S kesta", n. sour juice/ syrup of certain
saint! head ofdervish order/ etc.).
unripe fruits (i.e. grapes) used in cooking.
.s....:,.sl kq,k n. dried curds! cottage cheese.-
..5.::.-5 kestek n. snowball. cj ~J'
..s:...:..sJl ••~.»-.
...s-.s kesk n. & adj. green (colour). See j"......+_
..s...:,..s2 kq,k n. knuckle,joint.+ ~b'j/_ v. hit
-,I n. chard leaves pound into a pulp and used
with the knuckles (esp. on the head).+ ';;jo_ n.
in cooking.+ .J»--'- n. rainbow. Syn. ~~ knee-cap.
~"';...i.+ o,S- n. greenness (degree! lcind of).
kq,kol n. I. the beggar's bowl;
~.o>-s keskan adj. piquant, sharp, strong (in hodgepodge, mishmash; collection of diverse/
taste). Cj ~»-.2. rl'+ ~»-I~.o>-s v. bel hetrogeneous material, miscellany: o,S; ~Ij o,S-
become piquant. encyclopedia. 2. small silver replica of the
beggar's bowl worn on a necklace.+ o,S- adj .
•,r--4 kestre (A) adj. numbed (esp. from cold).
oval (shape).
See I. ,,-,jAj.
..5.s....:..s ke~kek n. dish made of boiled wheat
..;...sl kq, n. climate, weather. Syn.I.J4A-,-,l:.+_ and mutton.
~Ij n. weatherman; meteorologist.+ ~Ij_ n.
~~.s....:4 kq,kelan n. the Milky Way (see
weather forecast; meteorology.+._ n. season.
~ ~l!); also as ..54.J.,j ~~.s...:..4S' very high
Syn. ~. Cj I . ..i.J.-,I; time, occasion; tone,
place, place hard to reach. E.g. "';"....tP. ~
spirit, temper.
..54.J.,j ~~.s....:..s You are in a place I cannot
..;...s2 kq, only in ~,,:...s n. swagger, boastful reach you or You have put yourself beyond my
behaviour/ expression, pomposity. reach .
.]43 kq, See ~1.~4S'. ~~...s kq,man n. (act of) pulling! tugging at
.]4L.:.4 kq,akq, n. distress, suffering. Syn. from both ends.+ ~I~/_ v. pull/ tug at from both
ends (esp. in order to slrelch). Cj ~~J'
~.u.~.

..;..:..s kq,d n. ship, large boat. C.! ~~~. ~"':"4S'

quarrel.
r4.J4i .~~: ~L-l:o,S- spaceship *~I.J4!lto,S­
sailing ship *~LS.J.ilto,S- merchant ship o,S- J,;....:...s kq,ol n. broad bean grown without
*L..J'~ submarine ~o,S- warship o,S- artificial irrigation. C.! ...h~ .~.x.
*,;Il...sJ;~ sailing ship *A~4SJ;o,S_aircraft ..s..;...:...s kq,eng adj. beat, worn out, very tired.
carrier *;P"..:.o,S- oil tanker.+.)4! _ n. fleet Syn . .;..AS2. Cj u4S'~ •-'JJjL..
(of ship).+ ~I-,._ n. sailor, seaman. C.!
~ kq,;~ n. monk. Cj ~.
~I-,.~~.+ ~I-,._ n. navigation, shipping.
~ kesye also.~ n. yellow embroidered
turban-cloth worn by pilgrims.
 459

~ k~tne n. trout (fISh) . ....... L.. j..s' kel adj. 1. wanning, not full (of the moon).
2. chipped, have a small piece cut! broken
...;..5' kef n. lather. suds; foam, froth: ~UIoS-
from. 3. gapped, separated (esp. leeth).+ Ji.S
sponge, swab (syn. ~~); porifera (syn.
<J»-I v.I. wane (moon). 2. be chipped. 3. be
~..u-).+ <J~~..:u.s v. give suds, make lather
gapped (teeth). ~~ j..s v. make a dent in
(of soap); foam, froth (alsofig.)< <J~)"j4j~.+
(s.th.) by taking part! piece of.+ 'JI. n. ruins
JI. n. frothy/ soapy water.+ <J.... ~/- v. froth
(esp. in Ihe form of Ihe shelll standing walls of
from the mouth.+ ;.;~_ n. overflow, flowing an abandoned building).+ J4..I,J- n. effects,
over the rim. + ~_ See...,$..,....s.+j~- n. movable property/ goods. Cf ..5~"';':" 'JL;-l::.
plasterwork by hand. +j;.S J n. froth arising
_ j~Jl;~ .....,J household items! furnishings/
from s.th. on the boil. fig. intense activity/ chattles.+ ~;...sJ- adj. I. full of gaps and
excitement (often superficial or cursory).
bulging. 2. ruinous; misplaced and irregular.+
"';..52 kef n. (act of) finagling! maneuvering ~•. n. gap, opening, break.+ ii->-:";/ ~'_ v.
oneself out of a debt! obligation (esp. make an opening in, gap.+ i.?~-...;/ ~'_ v. be
financial). Cf ~~~.+ <J~/- v. fmagle/
gapped, have a break! opening! schism in.+_
maneuver oneself out ofa debt! obligation.+.
~. adj. having gaps in a row of teeth. Cj
<Jb:" / v.I. cheat, deprive (s.o.) of (S.Ih.)
j.S.;1~.+ "J._ adj. mutilated, crippled. Cf 2.
through deceit! fraud.
~.+ <J»-I "J....J4 v. bel become mutilated.+
..:...)i4.S kefaTet (A) v. gen. penance, atonement. <J:I..} 'J4J4 v. cripple, mutilate.+ ~_ n. I. realm,
<J»-I":"')u.S v. only in the expr. ~ ":"')uloS' sphere, domain. bounds. E.g . ..:u.-l.:-~IoS'4J
May your troubles be over (as greeting to IJ In the realm of politics. (cf J.~J~); limit,
person recently recovered from illness/
acquilled in trial). confine (see 2. ~aS). 2. cleft, crack (esp. in a
rock). cj j)~ .)lJ"':'.
..:.....Ju4 kefalet (A) n. surety, guarantee; bail.+
<J~~ ..:.u...JuloS' v. give guarantee, put up bail (jor j..s2 kel n. mountainside, sloping side of a
s.o.).+ ~l;_ n. document of guarantee. mountain.
j..s3 lei n. top, peak. Syn. ~ L.. + • _ n. 1. skull,
~1oS' kefte also ;15""-;';4 adj. helpless and
head: ;4-1oS- top of head. 2. cone, loaf(esp. as
pathetic looking (a person). Cj ~~ '<J~.j.
part ofsome compoundforms) i.e. .J...:..JIoS'.+-
;..5 kefT n. boulder, large rock. Syn. j..Jl;. C.! jI;4-t. adj. pigheaded, obstinate.+ <JI~.- n.
~~l;.
battering ram.+ ~4.- n. brains and totters (as
• ..5..:J4 keft n. catapult, mangonel. Cj ~ll....Jl. a dish). Syn. ~;4-. + ';;.jJ.J • _ adj. very cold,
ice cold (drink, refreshments). Cj :I)L..+._
j4...;1oS' kefel (A) n. the lower, inner part of the
J') adj. hardheaded. Cj ~.r-l.+ J4!..- adj.
buttock. Cj ..:.-. Syn. jL.~.
sb;bbom and temperamentaV high. strung;
~..5 kefll (A) n. guarantor; sponsor. Syn. erratic. + .J"':' 0 - n. sugar cone. Cj 1oS.J':'
~.~.- .:u...lu&. 4J4.+ &.u.} .-adj. bigheaded.

...s:....:J1oS' kevsil n. dandruff. Syn. ;..:. ~.}. J.,s4 lei adj. bald .

• ..)& lev' n. avalanche. Syn.lJ"'p •.w;. j..s kel n. and adj. male (esp. oflarge animals)
(ef ....;;), buck, ram (esp. ibex, moufflon), bull;
• ..5& lei =..5lS q. v.
 460

strong, powerful (see .,;;.~); high (see )~). ..5"J.s kelak n. carcass, dead body, corpse (of an
~~.+ ,jl_ I. n. chief. 2. adj. large, big. Syn . animal). C.f r?J •..:..~.
•,).,&.+ ~I- n. headman (c.f l;.,;.."s); head of
r~4 kelam (A):,. scriptures of the Kakayi-
citizen's committee.+ ,jb/_ v. put (cow) to
~41S r
sect. E.g. ~4'J By the scripture (as
bull.+ .;,;.;}/_ v. be in heat (female animal esp.
oath, solemn calling. etc.).
cow). C.f ;:J.t.S~.+ ._part ofcertain compound
..;~.s kelane n. bread stuffed and baked with
forms often meaning: male, he.+ y~ D_ n. cock
chopped green onion and served with syrup.
(of domestic fowl). Syn . .;......:.J.s.+.:-~.- n.
skin of mouftlon! ibex worn over shoulders by ~.s kelb n. small lump (i.e. ofsugar). Cj. jlS.
dervishes.+ J~'- n. he-man, strong! virile
~ kel.be n. canine tooth; tush (of a boar)
man. + ,jj. _ n. masculinely spirited! masterful
(.syn. I. '.r); fang. + ,jb ~ / _ v. strike! bite at
woman.+ ,;IJ-'- n. hard rider.+ tL.:.._n. I. with the tush or fang.
big mountain with a sharp peal" 2. hom (the
oJ"'~ ke/pos n. fur, hair-covered dressed hide.
brass wind instrument). 3. cupping glass.+ ._
~} ~ t L.:. v. cup, use the cupping glass on. + ,)~ keltfir n. culture. Cj. ..s;~,)u.+ ~_ adj.
~._ n. cock, rooster, the adult male of the
cultural

domestic fowl. C.! ..s....:..~. + ~. _ n' buck .;~.s kelxane n. gunsmith shop.
ibex; ram mouftlon (see ~.;I~).+ ~ D_ n' I.
..sj...sl kelk n. use (.syn. -'»-); avail, benefit (c.f
bull two! more years old. C.f I. ~ 2. Taurus
1. yU).+,j»l (~) ..sj.sv. have use, be useful!
(zodiac). 3. adj. domineering, masterful.+ _
be~eficial. < ..sj...s..! ~ ~ ..sj...s..! •..sj~ .
..;~~. n. domination, supremacy.+ ~.s~_ n.
v.-;.. + ~J....s ~ / _ v. be in need of/solicit
tall, high in stature (ofs.o.). C.! ~...J~.+ .:-"..._ (s.o.·s help. assistance, etc.)+ ,jl~/_ v. be of
n. thumb: ~~"...J.sbig toe.+ ~...;.._n. man
usel benefit! avail. + •~b / _ v. be rewarding!
of strong character.+ J~'- n. the biggest
advantageous.+ ~}/_ v. avail, be of use!
among ants. Syn . ..!J""";"L.:..+ )p._n. mating
benefit.+ ~~/_ v. realize/ obtain benefit
season of ibex and mouftlon.
from, fmd (s.th.) useful.+ ~},)'J~/- v.
~41 kela adj. aloof, distant, detached. (cj. benefit from.
~~); remote, distant, secluded.+ ~/_ v.
..sj.s2 kelk 11. eaves. See ';I""';.."s.
outdistance, outstrip, outrun.+ ,j~J/- v.
stand aloof! detached (o/-..!). .J...s;j.,s kelkele n. intense notion! ideal
preoccupation (with s.th.). E.g. ,;4-4,jjj.,.s'
~.s2 kela n. walnut designated and shot at in the
. L.:.:...
\oJ . ~.J...s;j.s He is obssessed with the
:.& ....
_..,,)
game of ~I J q. v.
notion of getting married. Syn. ...;""u. C.f
,)~.s kelar n. stack! pile of harvested tobacco. ~.,slj.

D,)~.s kelare n. brimmed hat. .;..$Ji.S kelklt 11. combed implement used in
weaving.
*oJ"'~.s kelllS n. corpse. Syn . ..:..~. C.! r~'
...u.s kelle =..!.s q. v. under J.s3 .
..;~.s kelll! =..;~ (all forms) q. v.
*~ kelmll. adj. given to bedwetting.
u~.s kelale = u":J.S q. v.
 461

},J..5 kelwaz n. spell of inclement! severe also as a game); fig. action! effort loosely
weather. Syn. .J';"'JL.~. founded and doomed to failure, ho~se of
cards, futile action. E.g..J4- ....;;..;~..J~ ,.a.:,
1...,J~ kelura n. goldfish.- ..,-L.. ":';.)'1; This (kind of) effort is fruitless.

1J";J..5 ke[os adj. having no front teeth (of a ~~~2 ke[ek n. trick, ruse, deception.+ ,ilt- n.
person). rouge, scoundrel.+ ..s,ilt- n. rougery, deception,
2 ••
n. pod (seed fruit/vessel of a trickery.+ ~_ adj. See ,i~..J~.+ ~IJ~/_ v.
leguminous plant, i.e. the pea).+ "'--D_ n. deceive, play trick! rougery on. Syn. ~ ~
worm that infests the chickpea pod. ~J.Jj;i .~IJ .

..sJ.J".l~ ke[wud n. kind of Kurdish song. ~..J~ kelekuf n., anat. shoulder blade,
..J~ kele also .J~ suffIX to certain adjectives scapula.

meaning: ish, bordering on, i.e. ..J~J»­ ..5..J& keleke n., anat. the flank (side above the
reddish. hips): ('JlS:..!. ..s~&.U.S Alas and alack! (jig. expr.
~~ kelebe, n. big hole/ wide gap (as in a of distress at the death of one's protector/
patron! head).
wall) (cf .;,;J.....s); schism, split, break
(cj ~.;4iJJJ). ..}..J~ keteg1 n. reception room with sash
windows. Cj ~ under ~ 1._ JJJjl.
kelebljing n. Catherine-wheel,
rotating frrework.. ~..J~ kelela adj. mutilated, disfigured. c.j
)..I....:.o...Jt .UUI.-o.+ ~»-t ~..J~ v. be mutilated!
~..J~ kelepre n. handcuffs. Cf'ujS.
disfigured.+ ~J~~..J~ v. mutilate, cripple,
JJY...J~ kelepa, n. heritage; inheritance, legacy. disfigure.
Cj },.....l:. E.g. ~A..!I"';4i..sJJY...J~National
..... .J~ kef.eme also .~~ n. I. two-piece collar
heritage. + ..s - adj. inherited.
by which yoke is secured.+ ~J~ ..... ..J~ v.
"J..J~ kete,.". also ,...J~ n., bot. cabbage. secure oxen to yoke by the use of collar. 2.
hoop, ring, loop. Cj I. 4i,ilt.
~~ ke[es n. cableway, suspended cable/ rope
used for crossing. ~~~ keiewi n. I. high-growing thorny plant.
2. barbed wire (.\)In. ~J~l:).
~~~I ke[ek n. I. raft (also as a wooden
structure resting on inflated waterskins tied ft,I..5 kelij n. authority, influence. See U~-'J.
together and pulled by a rope/cable from Cf r.t,i.
.
shore): jJ<l.:!..s- .
fantasy land, make believe
world. E.g. D»-t j,r-. ~.J~ ..s},... He lives in a ('io.S kem I. adj. and adv. little, not much
fantasy land. 2. pile, stack, heap (cj 2. (amount/quantity) (.\)In. 2. »-,). E.g. Jl:;:""~

~....jS); wall ridge, rampart (cj DJ""';'}< &":"JJ Little water; few, some (number) (.\)In. ~).
~~~.+ ~J.J ~.J~ v. stack, lay/ place in a pile, E.g. r4.S ~ Few people; little (while, time)
heap up.+ ~_I n. raft attendant! driver.+ D_ (.\)In. 3. J\.;' 3. Ji' cj ~). E.g . .v=!'~~~ It
part of certain compound nouns meaning: took him little time; scarce E.g. ~J~';":"-tJ~
pile/ heap of.+ ~J~ ..5.J~ v. pile up.+ .w..- It is scarce. + ~»-t ('..5 v. be less than enough!
adj. cumulative, increasing, snowballing. + _ insufficient; be scarce.+ ~J~,.4..S v. decrease,
JJ4.tD n. cairn.+~.; D_ n. crush! rout (ofpeople diminish, become less (in quantity/ number);
jumping and piling up on top ofeach other, do little. 2. first element ofsome compound
 462

forms, i.e. ':-D~AS q. v. + "';4,!I- n. minority, flask (bottle).+ J\.;- adj. little known, obscure
the smaller in number of two groups. + ~I_ (s.o.).+ ";J\.;- n. obscurity.+ ;jjJ- adv. more or
n. diminution, act! process of diminishing. + _ less, approximately.+ ~ISJ- also "';~J- n.
u-:!-I also ,.;_ n. insufficiency, littleness (in shortage, deficiency, want; deficit; drawback,
quantity/ number); scarcity (syn. ":',.;-); weakness.+ ";1""....5J- n. shortcomings,
shortage, deficiency (cf, ...;~.,..4).+ D":'»/I_ drawback, frailty, weakness. Cj .~ •.)Lt
v. decrease, diminish, become less (in number/ .::..I".J.~.+ ..5..:eS.- adv. a little. E.g. ..5.:;$~AS
quantity).+ .r--I- adj. forgetful, having poor .J~.J4.Ij:I:.t
Move over a little.+ <J~/- v. bring!
memory. Cf, 2. J.~under;.i.+.::..~I;;_n. fetch a low price, be sold for less than
short! brief account or chronicle. + .; _ adj. expected; fall short (syn. <J~'::"..uS). + u=-! _ n.
less! fewer (than-~).+ ,j-I~_ adj. least! condition of being few/ small in quantity.+_
slightest! lowest (in quantity. position! etc.).+ ~ also ~AS adj. a little.
~I,j.~_ adj. negligent, slack, remiss. Cj
L...s kema n. species offodder clover. Cf,
;~;..Ip •..:-.+ ~~_ n. negligence,
•.l.: .+ 1~- n. field! patch of L.AS.
dereliction, laxity.+ <J~.,s~I,j.~AS v. be
negligent, act in dereliction of one's work! t L.AS kemax See..:-.
responsibility.+ ~_ adj. ineffective, not
jL.AS kema[ (A) n. adj. complete, absolute, full,
producing the intended result. + 4i1~_ adj.
perfect. E.g. ~1~~L......s Absolute
impatient, restless, short on temper,
intolerant.+ jl>_ See .:-e~AS.+ »->_ adj. comfort.

sparing in eating. Ant. ;;>;j).+ ,.;;;>_ n. (habit! <J L.-.5 keman n. name of musical instrument
state oj) being abstemious! sparing in eating. + with metal strings.+ ~_ n. fiddle, violin. Cj
# - adj. sleeping little, insomniac.+ J.Jl- adj. <JL.AS~ ••;~.+ .Jo~- n. fiddler, violinist.+_
taciturn, temperamentally disinclined to talk. <JI~..,J 1~ v. play the fiddle! violin.
Syn. <JIJJ~,....4 under -:.,/.+ ..::-~_ n. adj.
impoverished, deficient, needy (syn. 2. j~ ;l;...s' kemtlyu n., zool. hyena.
under ;:r.\ insolvent.+ .vi~:... adj. scarce, ~..s kemko[ n. pericarp, soft green outer
not sufficient, rare. Cj ;lJ;- ..::..lJ.+ ...;;-~_ n. covering (of the walnutfruit).
impoverishness, need, deficiency;
;..-.5 kemo adj. brainy, astute (cf, •• ~;~
insolvency.+ JJ1 - adj. retiring, reserved, shy.
~); shrewd, calculating, canny (cj • ~JJ
See ~y..:...+ ..s...;.1- adj. pale (face); lacking
.$..;,.iJ. syn . .;,Ij;jj under ;j)I).+ ;1S_n. andadj.
sufficient colour.+ jL.._ adj. young. See ~.+
manipulator; manipulative.+ ;~_ adj. tactful,
~_ adj. giving! having little milk (female
diplomatic.+ ";;~_ n. tact, diplomacy, savior-
animal). Cj J~.+ ~_ n. (state of) having
faire.
little milk.+ ...;__)_ n. expediency,
convenience.+ .::..~_ adj. willing to aJ;..AS kemo[e n. wooden butt! big cask.

accept!settle for little, content. Cf, ,.;jl1'+ - ~AS keme n. 1. circular frame, hoop (i. e. ofa
.~~.}I V.t. decrease, reduce, lessen.+ __ adv. sifter/ tambourine! etc.). Cj 2. ~aJAS. 2.
gradually, by and by, by steps.+ ~AS _ adv. periphery, e~alboundary/surface;outward
little by little.+ <J~/- v. nearly/ almost be, bounds, confines. Cf, D~.+ u-:!-- adj.
nearly do ~.g . .V~j..t.J~~..s It is almost peripheral.
noon. ~r..J~~..s1t is nearly full.+ aJj_n.
 463

~4S'1 kemer n. I. the waist, place where a belt adj. horizontal (as of units in a similar status!
is worn. Syn. ~.u... li: ";.J'j..;- equator.+ ~_I. level). Cf u&.. Syn. ~l:.
n. valet, gentleman's gentleman (lit. one who ..,;:;.;4 kentor n. cupboard, movable closet!
ties the belt). 2. adj. immune (dipl., etc.).+_
clothes cabinet.
~ adj. invulnerable, impregnable; immune
.Li4 kend n. ditch, trench (cf ~.~ •....;,...),
(dip., parliament).+ ~_ n. immunity.+ _
ravine, big, steep-sided gully (cf ~~... l:).+ jl_
.Li4.t n. wide belt with pouches! pockets (cf
n. water course.+ .JI- n. gulf (syn. 4. .,.4);
u:- •J; girdle.+ ~- n. J. pleated jacket!
bay.+ ,j-l,j4-S] v. /. dig, excavate< ,j.Li4S'~ 2.
frockcoat. 2. spread (i.e. bed) (cf J..e:...e); cloth
discard, get rid of < ,j.Lia.S I~; let off, break
cover (table) (cf ft.-;4-).+ n. belted )~_
(wind).+ 0.;-;$... - n. ups and downs,
member of a corps d'elite in the old Baban
army.+ ~ _ n. type ofunderpants.- ;:"uu.+ ._ difficalties.+ ~._ n. trench; cutting. Syn
n. decorative belt (often made of gold! silver) J'~.+ .I LSo - n. excavator, one who
worn by women.+ ...,t._adj. equatorial. excavates.+ 1.S.lLS'o- n. excavation, digging.+_
,j ~o n. chasm, deep cleft! rift .
.Li.....4S' kemend also ~4S' n. lasso, lariat. + _
~ n. mystic, one who receives mystical J.Li4S' kendo See ~...)~ under .I~.
calls. + ~.J lA / _ v. throw lasso/ lariat.
.....t.Lia.S kendlJ n. big cylindrical earthenware bin
j;...4 kemel n. dung dried up on the sheep's filled (normally with grain) from the top and
wool from behind. has a small opening at the base; silo.

~4S' cemyon (E) n. lorry, truck. .;......:.;4S kenqt also..;..:.;.s n. synagogue. C.f
....js.u~~.
,:,..sl ken pres. stem of the verbs ~ and ~
~.+ .:.r..-also .:.r..-~ v. laugh. ~ kenger (E) n., zool. kangaroo.

,:,..s2 ken n. dim unitive of ~ n. girl; daugher. ~ kengi also..J.;4S' aliv. when? Syn . ..;4S'.+
See ~.+ ~.j_ n. maid companion; slave girl ,j _ adv. whenever.
(formerly).+ ~_ See ~.+ ~_ n. ~~ kenesme also ~ •.Li4S' n., zool. bee-
dim unitive of.,.s used as title: Miss. eater (bird). Syn. 4S'~.
~li4S' kena~e n. francolin (bird). keneft adj. forced, coerced (by
.IW kenar n. I. edge, the line where one circumstances), under duress. + ,j»t ~ v.
bel feel coerced! under duress. Cf ,j»tlj.+..;-
object! area begins or ends (cf tip .tJ~. E.g.
n. duress, compulsion.
,jL-l: ";.Ili...s skyline, horizon (cf I. ;.-l:).
L....).~ ";.Ili.....s seashore. 2. place, location ~4S' kenore n. curved adze used in making
(somewhat isolated! remote).+ ...1- n. outhouse, wooden spoons. Cf ~.

latrine. Cf .:-.~... l:.+ .,$_ adj. secluded, ~ tenir also.~ n., bot. melilot.
solitary (person). C.f..s....~. ~4S'.+ ~J/- v. be
~ kenise also ~ n. church. Cf .u~~
secluded, stay remote/ solitary. Cf ;~'.I"''''~
~4S'.
,jl;;......o.... + I.S~- n. seclution, solitude,
remoteness. Cf u •.."j~.+ '-=.Ili4S' q.v.+ ...,t'- .....sl kew n. partridge.- ,;-~ll .~.<
.....s.~lt ..,a.SL. •.....s•.r-;.+ ~Lt_n. baby partridge.
 464
l.,.s

Syn. .,.s.J~'+ j~- n. and adj. partridge fancier; accompany, go with as companion. 2. go
fond of keeping and caring for partridge as a along! act in concert with. + ji- 1 A:,j _ v. prepare
pet! hobby.+ ~jlt- n. hobby of keeping and oneself, get oneself organized (to do s.th.),
caring for partridge.+ )l..... _ n. late spring exert oneself (by making a speciaV effort). + _
(season indicated by the partridge liveing in .:-tl/....:.; v. come under the authority/ fall
the trees).+ ~)u_ n. snowpartridge.+ .,b_n. within the jurisdiction of (a person! body/ etc.)
method of decoying hen partridge to hunt (c.f ;"»-t.:-tl"'-l); fall into the hands!
gathering males. + ) L.. _ n. snake having possession (of s.o.). E.g. <:J.....#.:-tl ';jJ.,.s
brightly coloured striped skin. + ~_ adj. It is up to the govenment. + r.l 1 A:,j _ v. beco?,e
domesticated (of a bird). C.f JL.. known! be leaked out (to others). Cf .,~

•.,....»1.+ -;,,;4...J......lI A:,j - v. begin to chat; start a

.,&2 kew n. riddle, coarse sieve. C.f .$..ift.i
dialogue.+ ""JI..:.;- v. bel become revealed!
(under .~.:;l) ~IJ.,A ';".;4- • ..5. i: •. + .,.s
disclosed, come to the open (.ryn. I . .;.,;.,.s)u);
;"l.?v. riddle, put through a coarse sieve (to
be turned up/ shown (a card. etc.) (cf ~
separate grain from chafJ).
".J.J)'+ <:J"-.JI ~ - v. start begin! acting
.,&3 kew adj. blue, bluish (in colour). Cf ~+
formal (with-j..$..J). + iJ/ A:,j _ v. begin! set off
• _ adj. light blue.
on (jouney, trip).+ .J4-1..:.; _ v. fall to/ be the
.,..s" kew n. (act of) squeezing (afestered responsibility of, depend on.+ Il"....;4-1 A:,j _ v.
wound) in order to clean.+ ;"l,j.,.s v. clean (by take a whim. (of-~), be obssessed (with-~).+_
squeezing) and dress. j~ul..:.; v. begin to bounce, move/ walk in a
.4 kew pres. stem of the verb.;.,;.,.s q.v.+ bouncing! jumping manner.+ lNUI4,.;,j _ v.
~ -fA v. i. 1. fall, drop. - .;.,;.,.s:" •.;.,;.,.s j.u • be down to one'slastchance.+jlS.,)'IA:,j_v.
.;.,;"&:.r.. •.;.,;.,&~. 2. lie (down)(see ;.,L:SIJ); prattle/ babble (of a child). + -;,;;.)&.:.J • _ also _
be bedridden (due to illness). 3. rise, appear -;';;.)IJ..JI..:.; v. I. attemp one's last but failing
above the horizen (esp. ~.J~.$ •..!p). 4. part of effort, act! react while on the verge of failure,
cerain compound forms.+ b..::-jS''''-I_ v. be loss, etc. 2. kick about (esp. of a dying
animal).+ ~~I A:,j _ v. start! get into a buz of
afflicted with! ailing from (s.th.) terrible/
misfurtune. + • _ pari of certain compound conversation (said ofa group).+ 4S..J:,...1 A:,j _ v.
verbs meaning: get on, start upon, begin, set feel axiousl overwrought, be perplexed.+ _
about; be located! situated in; fall on (day, •.,....:.; v. I. break out (fire, pestilence). E.g.
dale). E.g........:. .,;;;..,...s",; fl.itl., I think it falls on
•J';jJ.,AS •-"'" L:.J There is a break out of cholera.
Saturday. 4J~ -.l.,.s I began to haste . ...;.-IJ"'-I 2. be born (to)/ descended (from).+ .r-il.~­
;.,.J,.;;.,,> 4...JjJ.,.s He has set upon studying in See •.,a.:.;.,AS ~.+ :.,....J~;.~- v. rake up old
earnest. + ~ 1 A:,j _ also )S1 A:,j _ v. start, begin
quarrel.+ ~~"":'~/~_ v. start a fuss!
operating; get on (with one's work).+ )"'-I1A:,j- needless bustle.+ L.~..J~/..:.;_ v. be in a
v. bel get in front! the wa'1 of; be struck by; tizzy; jump up and down (in excitement, pain,
become subject of. E.g. ..s..J... ~)"'-I.;jJ.,.s etc.).+ ..5...... 1..:.; _ v. join forces, colaborate/
He is the subject of people's rumour.+ _ cooperate with each other.
..s~I;/A:,j v. get into/ fmd oneself in jeopardy/
1.,& kewa n. full length loose garment worn by
serious situation. + 4..J.; 1~ _ v. begin to
men; full leagth wadded and quilted gown
insinuate/ hint (at-..J). C.f .;.,;.,.s 4J4j"'-l. 2. start worn by women (as part of the Kurdish dress).
shooting! firing (upon).+ ..54...JIA..:j_ v. I.
 465

.;,I.,.,ul kewan n. 1. bow (as part of bow and .;,;.S. - n. call of the rag-and-bone man. + ~._
arrow- .;,1.J4-S'~); carder's bow. (Z.~4.A. 2. n. doormat (where shoes are taken off and
Sagitarius (zodiac sign). 3. bow used with an left).
auger for boring.+ .;,~/ _ v. pulV draw a bow ~yS kew~en n.l. market, public place where
(archery).+ "':";$_ n. brackets (jor enclosing goods are offered for sale: Cj ;Ij~ •.;,lS.J~' 2.
written! printed material).+ ._1 n. 1. precinct, province of thought!action. -
parenthesis (jor marking off explanatory
written material). 2. arch. Cf 2. ~l;I.+.} n.
r.$y..S kewgir n. round, flat metalic spoon! slice
with holes and long handle used in cooking.
snowshoe made of interlaced reed. + ;I~. _also
(,,$""!._ adj. arched.+ .;,~~._ v.i. arch! curve j.,.,u kewl n. 1. hide, skin (syn. ~j: I.S-
back. + ~. _ adj. bow-shaped. •.J'L.i~}:.;l; wide piece of skin spread under
bread-making stool-~. 2. sheepskin coat,
.;,lyS2 kewan n. hero. Syn . .;,L...;ll. Cf 2. .;,1.,J4.
furcoat.+ .;,~~j"& v. flay, skin (syn. ~

~.,.,u kewtIJ adj. fallen (down), lying (dow'!); t"':';.J); beat up.+ ..:.-~_ n. fur (used as af/oor
\'laving failed (in exam, etc.); fallen, forgotten cushion! seat). + .J.J;~ _ n. sheepskin! furcoat
(esp. due to loss of prestige/ reputation! maker.+ ..,...j_ n. ravine/ cleft (worn by a creek!
etc.).- ,:?yS.
stream). + .;,j!t _ n. decrepit! worn out person. +
~.J4-S' kewrik n. spoon: 4-1.S _ teaspoon I.S- gen. only in I.S-~ goblin believed to
(normally smaller than spoon used in a cup)_ haunt domestic hearth.
•. - ':~I.S tablespoon .;I~J- wooden spoon of .;,.,.,u kewn = .;,j! (all forms); 1;1_ adj. ancient,
various. sizes (cf ~.J..s) .L.;.;.!.I.S- soup spoon very old. Cf .;,l.:.-l,..
• ~I.S- regular teaspoon • .J~L.I.S- deep
~.JyS kewut n. maple (wood).
ladle-like wooden spoon used for drinking
.Jl:.-L. (q.v.) from a bowl. Cf ~~. Jt.,..s kewer n., bot. variety of leek with slender/
~. + ";'l; _ n. wooden spoon maker. + • _ n. thinner leaves.
drip-feed from which grain drops into hole of
.;tyS kewe!e adj. exasperated, gravely irritated!
upper stone ofwatermill.
annoyed (esp. with one's poor health! irksome
.~.J~ kewrh. n. wooden spoon. situation! etc.). C.f ..,....;~.
kewden n. and adj. blockhead, ~~ kewij n. container used as a dry measure.
nincompoop; awfish, doltish. + I.S _ doltishness,
j;...,.u kewll n. 1. summerhouse. 2. small cave.
stupidity.
Cf~~·
..5;yS kewurk n. variety ofpear-;:"..p.
1.S..s1 key adv. when? E.g. ~lA I.S~ when did he
).,& kewj n. craving. See .J~ under ftt. + ~_
come? •.J"-!~4.l Since when? .;.;..,.,.w..: ~~ p
v. i. crave, have a craving (jor-.";'J.
Whenever you want. + ~ _ = I.S~I.
";'.J..s kew~ n. heelless leather shoe with turned
1.S~2 key = 2 4! lS q. v.
u~ and pointed toe _and high flap behind. Cj
";'"':JS •..s4.llY•.he·,- .J~.+ .J.J;J- also jj~_ n. »,~..s keybanu n. housewife, mistress of the
maker of ..;..,&.+ -....;.,..;b._ n. wooden shoes; house. Syn. I . .;,~lS.
wooden clog (syn. ,;,,~li).+ ..5._ n. game
IJ""!~ keys =.or.? q- v.
combining hop-skip-and-jump and leap-frog.+
 466

~4S key! (A) n. condition (esp. o/health). E.g. ..;:.-e li. + lSJ.s I _ n. single-stem weed (growing
A...,jk~.....s: How do you feel?; mood, mostly among tobacco plants).
temperament. E.g. 4.A.t..s 4.t Jjj He is in very ;.s ke!. n. line (drawn! projected). Cf u.> , 2.
good mood; pleasure, desire, preference. E.g. ~).
~4.J':p~4S As he wishes.+.:".»t (~)~.s v.
be in good mood.+ ~.}~.sv. make merry, r-S kt!. int}. denoting a grating! rasping sound.+
have a good time.+ ..;:,..;._ adj. happy, ;~J- n. prolonged loud grating noise.+ 1_ n.
delighted. Syn. ~.s~. a grating! abrasive sound.+ ~._ n. sustained
grating! rasping.+ ~w/._ v. make
~4S keyl adj. I. benumbed (by grief! sorrow).
grating!rasping sound.
Cf .J:.idl '.Il,..4>. 2. intoxicated, drunk. Syn.
..:.olftS keral n. shrub on which wild silkworn
";:';'.;1-. + ':".»-1 ~4S v. I. be very low in spirit,
feeds.
fell numb (with SO"ow). 2. be drunk.
l.;.$ kerd n. big knife. C! jl~ 'r.4.l4.i .
.:,,~.s keyltul adj. lovely, beautiful. Cf .:"Ip" J.
.:,,'J~. cJ.!-~ ktrostn (E) n. kerosine. Syn . ..r.-~~ .

,J-.4S keyn only in ,J-.~.s n. goings on (esp. ft?

- .
klj n. girl. Syn. rt.+ 4.lj_ also 4.l._ n. little
ones having a somewhat secret! mildly girl.
underhanded nature). ~4J~.s ~~ p He
~I kis n. water blister, swelling (cf ~,
is always up to something . .:,,4~4.J~.s
J.j..l,.).+ i;l.} ~ v. blister, swel and fonn water
~I"":'-Il~ What are you all up to. blister.
.:"I~.s Keywan n. Saturn (the planet). ~2 kis n. I. chance, prospect, opportunity.
-;",s ke interrogative and indefinite pron: who, (cf J-...-).< .:"~~4.l,.:,,ll~4.l. 2. also ~
whom, whoever. E.g. .»-I-;",s who was it?-"; bag, sack (normally small); pouch. Cf ,4~

~....: ~ Whoever comes I shall see him.. ~ ...s•.I~: rl..'-\S- washing glove (used in

l~.J:.ilt Whom did you call?+ ~~- also c?.- bathing) *•.I~\S- small bag! purse for money_
n. identity, the distinct personality of an *o.,;~ ~ or ~~.- tobacco pouch.+ ~I_ n.
ihdividual; individuality. C!~. bath attendant-.;li who will scrub and massage
one's body with a washing glove.+ .:"L.:.;S/I-
4J4 kttele n. small round earthenware pot.
also .:"ll..,J / 1_ v. scrub/ have one's body
Cf Ij!l 'ljjS.
scrubed with a wash glove.+ J .... .sJ.- n.
~ kef n. flea.+ ~JI- adj. flea-infested.+ powder pouch and belt.
jj4.S ..:.;~ / _ v. be visibly eager to get busy,
~ kfsel n. small water tortoise. C! 4.i1/'
itch for starting.+ .s...:..1.l- n. pest attacking ~.+ 0_ n. name ofa pest that attacks standing
truck garden produce.+ .:,,~~/_ v. get! have wheat crop.
flea.
~I kit I. pres. stem o/the verb .:"L.:.;S. 2.
ftS ker n. penis.+ ..u>- n. and adj. whore (often
weight. See 2 . .J:.i..... Syn . ..,-»S. 3. metre,
used as a word 0/ abuse! vilification).+ Jj-
measured rhythm of verse. + ~.} ~ v. drag!
adj. haughty, peremptory (person).+ ..,Jj_n.
drag along {cf i;l.} ~:,;.); attract.+ .:"LI v. 1.
haughtiness, peremptory behaviour. +J.:.i 1_ n.
put out, extract (tooth) (cf i;~.I.l); 2. weigh,
whip with handle worn on the hand. C!
ascertain the heaviness (o/). Cf .:"b ':"~4.i4.l. 3.
 467

draw, trace (picture, line, etc.).<.;,~.:.HJ.. 4. J..;S' kil pres. stem ofthe verb .;,"J.;S. + .;,,1-lj;S]
haul, carry (cf ~};:lu); bear, suffer (.ryn. V.t. plough, turn! breakup/ work (the soil! field)
ij ":e-). 5. last, take (time). (see ~~~). 6. in with a plough. C.f .;,1,)~~lS.+ JI.;- adj.
comb. as part of some compoundforms with ploughed (land, field). Cf 2. ; ..:,1.+ ..$_ n.
b .. 4.t meaning: strike at! hit onl throw on to. farm; field under cultivation (.ryn. &.;..:.s). Cf
E.g. I~J'j 4...trL..:.;S' I threw him on to the };'"J,j.
ground; also in comb. with ,;:,; ,I,),.;'') .I..,.~
~ kila = 'iAS q. v.
~ q. V.+ ~I_ n. (act! instance of) weighing.
.;,,)~..:;L.:.;S v. put on the scales, weigh.+ 'J..:;I- .:;.4S' kilo also rl}.,;.4S (E) n. kilogram (unit of
V.t. draw back, withdraw. Cf 'JI J ,) ..:;L.:S.<.p weight). + ~... _ n. kilometer.
'J":;L.:.S.+ ),)_ adj. time consuming, long ~ n. pus, matter.+ .;,,).? ~ v. fester and
kim
drawn-out, lengthy.+ .;,1.;- pass. of the verb generate pus (a wound! sore).+ JI- n.
.;,L..:.;S'.+ JI.;- adj. weighed; balanced, well yellowish runny pus.
adjusted.+ ..s _I n. sledge (vehicle for
~ kimya n. chemistry.+ .;&_n. chemist.+_
transporting loads).+ .;"L..._ n. extension,
\S.;..$ n. chemist's profession.+ <J!,- also \SJ-
lengthening; section fonning an additional
adj. chemical: \SJ-..}U: n. chemical weapon.
length: .;,l.....:.;S \S.J"-!IJ extension chord! cable/
line.+ .;,I,).;,L.._ v. grant extension, increasel .,.;$ kew n. mountain. ~j...Jl;\S- volcano.< ..:;1,)
extend the time of.+ .,r.?..... - n. wrangle, .,.;$.+ \S- adj. wild (animals! plants) (cf 2.
protracted! prolonged dispute or struggle; tug- ..}~,,) ,~L.);fig. wild, uncivilized (ofs.o.).+
of-war.+ ~LA/_ v. give, have elasticity, have ~_ adj. wild (offlowers/ fruits/ etc.).
the quality/ ability of being stretched.+ ,_ n.
problem, dispute, controversy. Syn. ~I"..... Cf
4 kine n. detestation, abhorence, extreme
dislike. Cf 1. iJ.!..l ' .,jd'< 4~·+ .;b_ adj.
..$..;,....,jS ,,~. 2. toil, labour. Syn. ~'d'+ ),),-
harbouring intense dislike/ grudge (of s. 0.). + _
adj. time consuming, long drawn-out.+ .;,1')/,_
.,r.? adj. rancorous, grudging.
v. work hard and long ifor-j&~). + """,~, _ n.
tug-of-war. + '';~J' - See .,r.?.....:.;>. + \SJ'j \S - n. )~ k1war n., bot. thistle. Cf, \Sj.$d,) under
2
gravity. d,) .
.;...:$2 k4, n. drag, smokability (of tobacco/
cigar/ etc.).+ .;,1_2 v. smoke (cigarette, pipe,
etc.).
~~ k4,wer n. continent, mainland.+ ,r.- adj.
transcontinental. + \S _ adj. continental.

~ kif n. case, covering; brace: .,.~,.;l.m \S-

pistol holster.+ .;,,).? ~ v. tumefy, well up (i.e.

gum around an infected tooth).
J.;SI kil n. tombstone; upright stone, monolith.

J.;S2 kil n. hut of boughs. Cf, t;S.

 468

lJ'3 ga n & adv. time.+~) n. occasion! time at

which s.th. happens.+ __ adv. one time ... another,
at one time ... at another time E.g. \S' \S'J lJ'''; \S' \S'
~...s..; ~ She was crying at one time and laughing
at another.+..s,-- adj. occasional.+ ~_ n. species
of pigeon-.;.;S.

)$ gar suffix to certain nouns denoting: doer i.e .

.)\S';..)~ or denoting condition, extent i.e . .)\S'"...:..

~I.) \S' garac also ~I~ (E) n. garage. + ..; ~ _ n. public

..s g twentieth letter of the Kurdish alphabet. garage! parking.

LSI ga n. 0.1", bull. Cf. ~L... I. \S'.j.u.+~_n. ....d\S' garj.s n. variety of millet. Cf .j:)J~.
species of non-poisonous snake bluish in
.J.I.i1.)LS L;...)\S'] garandin v. cluck, utter a cluck (of a
colour.-.)L...+~ _ n. leading ox on a thresher.+ .pt_
hen).
n. lowing! mooing of an ox. Cj '.pt.+ ~.J4.!- n. very
large stone. C! )-.J l..;. + .:..~ _ n. I. ox used on a •.)LS gare intj. denoting a clucking! brooding
plough. 2.jig. expr. denoting: s.o. big and lazy/ sound.+ )5_ n. prolonged c1ucking.+ .j~.} .)\S'•.)\S' v.
slow.+* ..;I~_ n., bot. vetch.+ v-- n. ploughshare.- cluck pesistently.
':"~. + .jl~ ~ ~_ v. plough with a ploughshare v'..)\S' garen pres. stem of the verb .jJ.JI.)\S'.
(used in terms of the many times a field is
ploughed fori during one crop). Cj .j~.+ .)~_ jLSI gal. n. I. bite. Cj j~..J. 2. pincers (tool).
n. bull-headed club. + ~ _ n., zool. moose. +_ Syn . ..5~...)..t..:-.~.+ .,$ _ adj. biting, which bites.+_
~jS' n. crowling on all fours (esp. a child).+_ ~J/ v. bite. Syn. I. ii-&.+ V'J~/- v. I. bite
at! into, take (a) bite from (i.e. an apple) .
.j~....s~jS' v. crowl on all fours.+jI.$'_n. herd of
Syn. ~J:.sJ j~.u. 2. bite, wound! pierce and cause
cattle.+ ~..s_ only in the expr.: ~4t~~\S'
pain by grabing with the teeth~ Syn. I. ii-&.+-
~~ (which when uttered while throwing dice is
..>:Jj n. a species of biting beetle.
supposed to bring luck). + .,;;$ _ n. ox used in
threshing. Cj ~\S'. + ....'S..... _ n. mutiny, open jl.S2 gal. (E) n. gas, gasious mixture of any kind:..;-
rebellion, defiance.+ .j~_ n. cotton textile .::.- inert gas *.jJ.Jl;JJ-IoS- fuel gas, gas lighting.
having ox trade mark.+ ..5j-1_ n. stick! cane
j lJ'3 gas n. I. only in .:..; IoSj \S' n. the flat of one's
resembling the shepherd's staff or crook. Cj
back. Cj ..:....;\.S..:>~. £.g ..:..",.,s ':";\.Sj\S'.)~.,J He
.jL.:.....;S.+.;.;... - n. buffalo (domestic). C! I. t'S~.+­
layed flat on his back. 2. blunt edge (of a blade);
Jj n. cattle shepherd! herder.+ ..,.-;I J _ n. long narrow side of s.th. rectangular (i.e. a brick)
occupation of tending! herding canle.+ jl;jS'J- n. (cj I.~).
flocks and herds.+ ....JJ- n. calf hide used as
jLS4 gal. n. call, summon. Syn.~~.+ .j~.}j\S' v. call,
receptacle for liquid. Cj ~.+ ~_ n. small
swnmon (s.o.) by calling.+ ..5j~_ adj. given to
breed of mule. Syn. ~'S~. Cf r-:;..
complaining! criticism.+ •.I....i_ n. complaint,
l.S2 ga also ~ suffIX to certain compound nouns criticsm. (cj ..;jS'j4-); grievance (syn.'S~);
denoting: place, status, position. i.e. ~. ~I)';. protest.+ ''''''':'~'}J.;..;.- v. drow up and lodge a
 469

memoriaV petition (against-..J).+ )LSo.i.J_ n. one believe/ take seriously.+ ~J- n. joking and light
who lodges a complaint! memorial. talk.

J.iLS gaw n. bleaching process done by beating )u(il$ galgal! n. kind of pastry (normally plain
with a bat while washing.+ iJ~.J)jl$ v. bleach. and not sweet) C.! ~.,$.

l)ojLS gazera n. middle, centraV middle part or ~l.S' galon (E) n. gallon (liquid measure); gallon
point. Cf. ~1~Jl;. (canl container).
~I$ gallske n. carriage. Syn. iJ~li.+ I?_ n.
~I$ gll!e n. pebble. Cf. ~;4i.~ .~..i.
carriage driver.
...;1$ gal name of the letter.s.
iJLS gan n. copulation, sexual intercourse.+ iJ~.J iJlS
":'LS1 gav n. occasion! time at which s.th. happens; v. have intercouse, copulate. + IoSJI _ ad}. sexy. + •
moment, particular period of importance, iJbl v. be sexually promiscuous (woman); submit
excellence, etc. Cf ..:..LS.+ ..s- adj. occasional;
to sodomy (man).+ )tl_ n. & adj. sexually
momentary.
promiscuous man! woman; coward! submissive.+
":'LS2 gav n. step, pace accomplished in one step ;JS".;;LS. n. mutual sodomy. Syn. "':;~.;4-.+ ..50_
(also fig.) Syn. JlS:.;.,.. 'Jll~ under J~l.+ iJl~/- v. adj. lechrous, given to lechery (of a person).
I. stroll, go for a leisurely walk. Syn. iJ~.J ~~. 2.
JLS ,aw only in iJ~.J JI$ v. rivet (as when mending
give chancel opportunity (to s.o.).
china).
:JLS1 gal n. peal millet. Cf.iJjp.+.s..:.4.t-n. type of
o)JI$ gaware n. cradle, place of origin.
herb with soporific qualities.+ ~_ n. bread made
from millet. ":"JI$ gawl (E) n., med. gout.

:JLS2 gal n. call, shout, (act oj) calling. See 2 . .s..:.l,..+ )JJLS ,aw", n. & adj. Christian. of Christian faith
iJb/- v. call (upon), ask, summon (s.o.) to do (syn. iJ~~); pagan.- )J&.+ ..;1_ adj. Christian like,
(s.th.). Cf. iJ~...s .s..:.Lt.+ 0_ n. hue and cry.+ 'Zr./o- characteristic of a Christian. + ..s- n. Christianity.
iJ~...s
v. I. raise hue and cry against. 2. crave and
~LS (US] gayin v. copulate/ have intercourse/
appreciate, like and indulge in (ofs.o. in s.th. i.e.
sleep with (ofa man).
kind offood).+..:...,$ ... n. gossip.
4 gif-ik also 4 adj. little, small. Syn. J.
..jlS' galle n. joke, kidding, gaiety and merriment
..5.J.,:t:-!.+ 4J... adj. tiny, rather small.
(syn. 2. J-:";" 2. ~~; (act oj) exposing to
laughter/ mockery/ derision! taunt (syn. ~...;. IoS~JS gidigidi intj. used when tickling a child!
cf. .r--J).+ iJ~...s (~) ...JI$ v. laugh (at), mock, calling a pet kid.

ridicule; tease, rally; scom.+ iJ~.J ~I$ v. joke, be .;5 gir I. pres. stem of the verbs~} and oy..;J}. 2.
having fun! kidding! jesting.+ ~_ n. jester, one suffu: to certain compound nouns meaning! taker,
who tells jokes.+ ~~~/_ v. treat lightly/ as a collector, occupier, holder. i.e. #.~ ..J.;;...; q. v.+
joke; look upon! think of as silly and make fun of. .;,-i- (.;5] v. J. catch, seize; capture, occupy (cf.
E.g. ~r«IoS~1$ He thinks I amjoking.+ I?_ n. iJ~...s.r.Sb under I~l). 2. hold, have! keep in the
& ad). practical joker; funny, humorous (syn. grasp. E.g. ..:..} IoSlSo)~~J- He held one end of
J\..i..-lJ· laughing stock.+ z.,.S _ adj. harmfuV the stick. 3. arrest, apprehend, take/ keep in
malicious (of one's manner ofjoking). + j.$4J 1- custody (cf ,;;-;} ~~ ..... under ...r-). 4. extract,
~...s v. kid! jok with (s.o.).+ ~~;.)I_ v. not to squeeze out (i.e. juice); skim, remove that which
 470
.} ~I.}

forms on top (i.e. froth from boiling liquid). 5. ~I gi!, n. flame, blaze (offire) (cf ~);fig.
show/ hold in (respect, esteem, etc.). E.g. ";}-.l burning zeal! passion: j~...s- I <J,JJJu...s- burning
~L;, ~ He does't respect anybody. 6. break in zeal! emotions within one (resulting from grief,
(a horse). 7. hold, have capacity (jor) E.g. r.$ JL: distress, anger, etc.).+ <JI~/-I v. fire, light up
'"..;}..:. It holds little (amount of) water. 8. bear, (stove, oven, etc.) Syn. 2. <Jb}L:. + <JJ.j-.-I_Seeo
give, produce (of flower, tree, etc.)- .;41.9. hold, ~}I.+ <JLS - adj. volcanic (of a mountain); rrre-
convene, convoke (meeting, conference, throwing.+ "s _ adj. inflammable, capable of
gathering, etc.). Syn. ~. 10. block, obstruct, catching fire easily.+ ~}I_ v. I. flare up, burst
hinder the passage (of). E.g. o~} <Jlt.$l$..;,-.l They suddenly into flame 2. be provoked! stirred; be
have blocked the road! way. I I. second part of burning up (i.e. from anger).+ ..uJ}- adj. ablaze,
certain compound verbs with adj. and prep. i.e. aflame. Cj ,JL...r-S'b.+ ..A...J- n. flash in the pan.+_
~}:..,; .~}b .~}"..) .~}j4A. q.v.+ 1}L:4iI_ v.
~J n. pretention, vanity, ostentation.+ ~;J- adj.
expose to fue/ heat (s. tho wet to dry! warm up). + _
ostentatious, pretentious. + • _ n. I. hot wind, dry
4.:.J verbal part ofcompoundforms meaning: take
heat.2. inflamation.+ <J~.r./o- v. be parched!
upon, apply to, throw at. + ;:;.-..i ~ _ V. undertake,
shriveled with heat.
make one's responsibility.+ ~'Jlt4.:.J- V. cany
~ gi!. adj. I. hoarse, grating (voice) ~.~;
(child) in one's arms (.syn. ~'Jlot ..;~.J); embrace,
scratchy, scratching (sound, noise). 2. prominent,
hold in one's arms.+ fo.~- V. adopt, take (course
sticking out (front teeth) ~I~.+ <J.J.J-t~ v. bel
of action); follow (road).+ 'k)~ ~ _V. frame,
become hoarse, be scratchy.
put! enclose in a frame. + ;> ~ _ V. I. take upon
~ gi!, n. (act! occasion of) striking (s.o.) out (in a
oneself, undertake; admit (responsibility! guilt).
Syn. "';j":'~. 2. take (s.o.) under one's wings/ game).+ <Jb/_2 V. strike out (s.o. in a game,
protection! oversight. +j~ 4.:.J _ v. take seriously, mormally by touching). Cj 2. ~~.+ JIJ~_adj.

feel offended (by s.th. said! done).+ j;S ~ _ See struck out.+ <JJ),..I _I v. bel get struck out.
~} j;.S .u. + •J~ - CS'l V. I. catch (s. tho in the air! ~4 gi!, n. circular motion, revolution.+ <J~)"'1_2 v.
thrown); catch! pick up/ rescue (s.th.! s.o.from go/ tum in a circular motion, revolve. + __ int}.
moving water). 2. shut! tum off (as water in tap,
uttered repeatedly meaning: round and round. E.g.
etc.). 3. set (broken/ slipped bones). 4. prepare by
',J~oy..S')~~4i.:.ol..JJIt went (flew) round
mixing (medicine! paint! cement! etc.). Cj ~
and round and landed oil the tree.
<J~.,s. 5. hold back, check.! tighten. 6. make,
comprise, add up. E.g. o~Jl; .J.j0J"': .:.o.$4iL..- ..sjIJ gi!,alk n. wormwood.
Your calculations don't add up to that; take up, rl} giram (E) n. gram (unit of weight).
occupy (space) 7. mean, be intended (jor).
directed (at s.o.! s.th.). E.g. oJ';}..;jj 0"'; That was .Jj.i~I} giramefon (E) n. gramophone,
directed at you. 8. hold open (hand, bag, etc.). phonograph. Syn. <J1,Ju ~.,,;-.
Cj o~} ~o~. 9. catch up with E.g . .:.oj.! 'JJ,J~
<J1.;5 giran adj. expensive, costly, dear, high-priced .
•~...,,$l; He is far away, you can't catch up with
him. /0. read (palm), fortel (by horoscope). c.j Syn. )...u.;lot. c.r t}4i. 2. difficult, hard, tough (syn.
.~}jU. J1. verbal part of some compound 2. IJ"~I '~'..i. Cj ),JjJ .~). 3. heavy,
forms with prep. i.e. ',J...:.;}b q.v.+ ~_ n. weighty (.syn. 2. ~~). 4. suffIX to certain
detainee; prisoner.+ 1....il>.uJ _ n. detention! compound adjectives meaning: ugly, heavy,
internment camp; prison. (.syn. ";~~). + ..5.; _ n. unpleasant, i.e. <J1.J...:...u .<JI.J...-:;. q. V. + <J.J.Joi<JI} v.

receipt; voucher. bel become expensive; be hard of (hearing ...sfi); _0

 471

feeV heavy/ sluggish (-2. ,Jl.r.S Il); be tough! ~ girj adj. 1. sullen, surly.< j}JJ~' 2. wrinkled,
difficult.+ <J:!;oS <J1} v. raise/ increase the price (o./), shrivelled. + <JJ.J-i ~ v. bel become sullen or surly;
make/ render costly; make hard! difficult. E.g ..J~ be wrinkled.+ <J~..,5~ v. make (one'sface) look
r~~ <JI~ ~ He made it even more difficult for sullen; wrinkle (one's eyebrow/ forehead); frown
me.+ I.~_ adj. valuable, precious (syn. ~); (upon! at, normally accompanied by:)_ at).+.
high in price, expensive.+ '-!~_ adj. important .~.J.J,d v. be aggravated! intensified!
(s.o.) (cf~~~; significant, having high priority exacerbated. + ..s _ n. J. sulkiness. 2. state of being
(cf ..5...:..J).+ <J4- adj. charging high prices wrinkled.
(person! shop/ etc.).+ ~y.SI_ v. cost much, pay a V"} gin adj. dense, compact. Cf.:.A-·
high price for (also fig. and oftenfollowed byiJ
.;,..j} glrift (P) n. 1. complication, complexity,
.J4--). + ~ L. _ adj. cost expensive; valuable
complicating factor/ situation.-~}~. 2.
(see I.~I.J). + Uo _ n., med. typhoid fever. + ..s _ n.
indigestion.+ <J:!;oS.:-J} v. have/ suffer from
I. famine, an extreme scarcity offood E.g.JI...
indigestion.+ .) _ adj. aftlicted (with, by), suffering
...s~I} Year of the famine; dearth, paucity (syn .•
(from), entangled (in). Syn. 1. o~Jr-S'. + <Jb'..J l;.j} v.
"':'j- 4 ":"U). 2. expensiveness, costliness. 3.
be suffering (from)/ entangled (in).+ <J:!,} ;I;;,i} v.
seriousness, severety (i.e. ofdisease). Cj 1. ..s.J,j~.
cause to suffer, involve/ entangle (s.o.in s.th.).+_
J! (~.!1 g;!an v.i.burn, be lit (offire! lamp! etc.) ..s.) n. affliction, suffering.
Syn.<JlJ"..,.,....
AoJ} girfe n. sound ofa blazing! brilliantly burning
~I} giranit (E) n. granite (rock). fire. + .,j} _ n. prolonged sound ofa blazing fire.

..5..;} girtik n. shred of meat on bone. CfJ.,.. r~ girm intj. boom! E.g. 1l}t;<J~~~r}Boom!
went the canon. + <J..LjI-£~}] v. boom (sound);
~~1 gird n., topog. hill.+ ~j_ also .s:.Jj_ n. small
rumble, thunder (i.e.clouds).+ ~~J- n. much
hill, hillock. Cf .s:.J~<IJ.
noisy booming! rumbling.+ 0_ n. boom, a
~.?'- gird I. adj. round (in shape) (see 1.1-); booming! rumbling sound or cry.+ <J~..,5 .....} v.
circuitous, circling; collected, gathered in (people, make/ cause a booming or rumbling sound.+ 1._
things). 2. n. total, sum. Cf r~~'+ 0"';»11_ v.
int}o boom!bang! + r~o- n. sustained! successive
cluster, throng, gather (informally/ aCCidentally).
booms or rumbling. + ~I./. _ V. boom, go off in a
Cj I. o"";»IjS. Syn. oJ":'»'.r.+ 0"..;:!,}1_ v. collect,
boom, give a rumbling sound.
gather in; sum up, round up, bring together and
summarize.+ jSJ_n. collection. Syn.l.jS.+..sjj_ ~;..} girmole adj. rolled up in a ball (person/
adj. piled, heaped.+ 0_ n. 1. gram. clause. Cj 2. animal). + <J»-I ..J;..} V. be rolled up in a
~~. 2. totality, aggregate, sum. 3. only in..r:W.r. ball.+ <J:!..,5 ~;..} V. roll (oneself-~) up/ recoil (as
o~~ pudding rice. 4. part ofcertain compound from cold! fear/pain); make/ roll into a ball (raw
forms.+ Lt 0_ n. whirlwind. Syn. J.oJo~}.+ .r-0- n. wool! cotton! etc.). Cf <J~,}~,jj.+ 1$.- state of
cross section. + J ~ 0_ n. man of short! dimunitive being rolled up into a ball.

stature. Syn.~~<IJ~.+Jo_adj. dimunitive of~'p; ...:,~} girmejine n., med. prickly heat, heat rash.+.
pudgy, tubby.+..s- n. 1. the quality of being <J1~Jo:!1 V. break out in prickly heat.
round! collected. 2. totality.+ ~_ adj. small and
~} girmen pres. stem ofthe verb <J.J:.L.} q.v.
round.
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~ J gtrllle n. small pit! indentation (in metal, knots.! nodes (0/ wood).+ ~b/_ v. tie in! with a
etc')'+UJI_ also __ adj. pitted, marked with small knot, knot.+ JI;~- adj. tied in a knot. knotted·.+_
indentations. "';o~ n. socket! hole into which door pivots go. < .J
..s..:.J giring adj. important, characterized by great ~.)'"'i...;~J.+....J.,l- n. slipknot.+o.,..;..,s"_ n. knot
significance/ consequence. Syn. )~L:.. Cr ..5j}~ which is difficult to untie; intricate knot, (lit, blind
knot).+ __ adj. I. lumpy, not smooth (e.g.food
2. ;i~.<~J..s...:.J~'+~»I..s...;Jv. be important!
consistency/ texture). 2. knotted, full of knots (e.g.
significant, give significance (to) (cf ~~..$ 1;.,.5).+
string). 3. complicated, tangled up. See 1.
U. n. importance, significance; consequence, JLSj;Jli.+ I""';~..$j~ U - v. reveal the secrets of
effect. Cf u)~~4t .)~. (one's-~) heart, divulge one's thought! feelings

j,,$ giro n. large group, big number/ crowd, (to-jt).

multitude. Cf 2.j..I.....jS". Syn. I~W.+~_ adj. u.,S1 girl n. supposition, hypothesis. + iJ l.o_
collective, mutual, joint. standared expo meaning: supposing that, let us
j:,.,S gi[.o1. adj. grumpy, pettish, dissatisfied (esp. 0/ assume. E.g. 1..$.; ~jj ~ 4} suppose you couldn't
a crying/ demanding child). + ~»-t jJ.rS v. be make it.+ .;L.. n. assumption, premise.
grumpy. u.Jl girl pres. stem a/the verb ~J q. v.
• ..5jJ girok n. wild silk.- ~.JJli.
~L..}I g/ryall n. weeping, crying.<o~IJ'~. Cf
jlSJ; gi[.uga[ n. prattle, chattering (esp. o/baby u)j •~I~. + ~I~J" n. weeping and lamenting.
first beginning to talk). < jlS.J./ 4ZJ~'
~L"pL..,;.)'] giryall v.i. weep, cry, break out in
JuS gira pres. stem 0/ the verb ~JJJ. + ~ -[JJ}] v. t. tears.+~~[v;....}l v.t. make/ cause to cry, bring to
skin, flay. Syn. ~~..$j.,.s. tears. Cf iJlJ' .,;~.

-;,s~ gi!,Wi adj. mangy, affected by mange (person! ~ g/ryi pres. stem o/the vet:biJlJ' q.v.
animal); affected by dry·rot (wood).+ iJ»I -;,s~ v.
~J giryill pres. stem o/theverb ~~IJ' q.v.
be mangy; be affected by dry·rot. + jJ!. _ n. mange;
dry·rot. .....:....} gir4.me n. coquettish! flirtatious gesture. +_
jliJ n. coquetty, dalliance.
I~ gire n. volume, holding capacity, measured
ability to contain. Cr ..5j~j.! .1;ltU. v--Jru.?1 girill v.i. cry, weep. Syn. ~~.+ )jJ_n.
weeping and wailing.+ ..5j_ adj. & n. cry-baby.
JIJ girew n. I. bet, wager. 2. stake, s.th. staked for
gainl loss.< IJIJI~ a.::.........;. '~»IIJIJ .J.+ ~~..$ JIJ v. j-SI gil. adj. unfair, done/ taken in a dishonest way.+.
bet, wager (on·~/ with.:J&..J).+I""';~ftl_v. U n. cheating (esp. when using trickery that
win a bet! wager. escapes attention, i.e. in playing cards). Cf-,j;j
-;,s~ gire n. 1. knot (on rope! lace! etc.); hard node . < ujS ~.+ ~~..$ u} v. cheat, swindle.+ ~_ n. &
(on a tree! etc.). 2. small lump, swelling, tumor adj. cheater. Cf j l,.l;i.
(under the skin); lump, small round mass (o/s.th.
sticking together).+ uJ1- adj. in lumps.+. ~4t- n. :P gil. n. fixation, mania, intense desire. Syn.~'p-.
report, detailed (normally written) account.+;:;/_ uS gl1.IT adj. dried: I;} ulS hay mown and dried
~.,...s v. have a knot, be knotted.+ ~_ adj. (for /odder).+ ~~..$ I;} v. mow and dry (hay).
embroidered. Cf J. i~·+ iJ~}~/- v. get full of
 473
.j}

tuS gizze n. nursery expression urging baby to bite ..lSI giv adj. 1. bushy and fluffy, disheveled (of
on s.th. hair). Cj I. ~.+ ':'»t..AS v. bel become bushy or
J.S} gizgil n. large kind of oak apple. Cj .J.JjL.. 2. disheveled. 2. dense, thick. + IJ _ n. density,
used fig. and in humour to describe s.o. short! thickness.
small. .J...S2 giv int}o denoting a rustling! whizzing sound.+_
4SjS} gizgililke n. part immediately behind the ear ~ n. humming toy (i.e. metal strap lied to a
and referred to only as ~ 1J.$j$}. string and swung in the air).+ t_ n. a rustling!
whizzing sound.+ iJ~~..J! v. whiz. E.g.~~...s IJ.J$
..5-.;,} giVng n. I. first rays of a rising sun. Cj t~
b~~IJ"'l It (a bullet) whized by myear.+..ASt_n.
,:,lt~.2. name ofa wild flower.+ ,:,b/_ v. emerge,
sustained and prolonged rustling sound.
rise, come up (first rays ofthe sun).
J.SI gil n. I. roll, rolling motion. Syn. »IS. <JS' ~
J"'J giz/r n. headman (syn. J.lu»",); overseer,
~.,..s. 2. parI of some compoundforms, i.e . .J1)"j.$
forman; person in position of authority.
q. v. + ,:,~~ J.S v. play game of bouncing ball and
11 gij n. stature, height. < ~~ .,:,~ I~ ~.
making a complete tum between bounces. + .JI)-
~ gij only in I.e!~ n. vegetation; forage, herbage. n. habitual nervous spasmodic movements or
restlessness; chorea. + ~~ ~ .J1) _ V. be
~~ gijntj also .ft.~ n. coriander: ft.~ J,&; sweet
nervously restless, move about spasmodically
coated with coriander seeds (sold as sweet for (esp. a child).+ ,:,I-IJs1 v.i. roll over, fall (horse!
children).
rider/ bOlh).+ ,:,..t..iI-LJ.;1S'] V.I. cause to falV roll
t~ gije n. sound of strong wind blowing. + lot _ n. over.+t~»t/_ V.i. roll, roll overt down.+_
windstorm.
t~~)I~/ v. be held back. stay longer than
..s.....s gisik =..5...-& q. v. expected (esp. when delayed! Jcept).+ t~b/ _ V.t .
keep/ retain (s.th.) in one's possession; hold back!
..:....:.s gql adj. all, the whole of Syn. 1.»1' .... Cj 2.
keep (s.o.) from leaving (esp. by persuasion);
~.+ ,:,~.,s..=-:.s v. generalize, draw inference/ accept! agree to take (a gift, present); put aside/
general conclusion from, make generally save part (of;:) i.e. money/food! etc.).+ t~~...s/­
applicable.+ IJ)L.S" _ n. generalization, loose/ v. make/ causetoroll.+)j_See~(allforms).+_
sweeping statement., imprecise/ vague notion. +_ ,:,Ut n. place where animals lie down to rest.
..r--S adj. comprehensive, all-inclusive, all- Cj;.J.,.,s.+ ~-adj. gathered, assembled (people);
embracing, sweeping. Syn. jLoI). Cf '1J~lfo­ collected.+ t~»t';;'- v. assemble, gather; bel get
~I?--.+ I.S- adj. public, relating to/ affecting all; collected, be brought together/ rounded up. +;._
general, universal. Cj ~I »1' ....
t~~...s V. cause to assemble; round up, bring
.::....is gift (P) n. I. verbal promise/ comminnent. together. Syn. I. t~~...s]$.

Syn. ~4.i' Cf I. ,:,lf~. 2. way/ manner of talking. J.S2 gil n. smarting pain (esp. in the eyes).+ ,:,~...s JS'
See J....,.,m. + ) _ n. word, say (ing). See I. A.....J. +. v. smart, feel smarting pain.+ ~_ n., anal. eyeball
,:,I~/ v. promise, commit (oneself) verbally.+ :'s.J- (cj':';":"'; .~); fig. used as an expr. of
n. negotiation (cj ,:,.l.il::....~b); conversation, talk, endearment. E.g. ~AS4 .J.J~P Dear heart.
discourse, parly.+ ,:,~...s:,S.,,;,A! v. negotiate, discuss,
iI
g- n. loam, soil, moist earth. C! ~ •.pJ.+_
converse. Cj ,:,I.J.J~ .,:,~...s A.....J ·iJ~...s IJ"'1ot.
..;.....~ n. gum ammoniac, ammoniac.+ .J1_adj.
ritually/ ceremonially impure or unclean, defIled.
 474

Syn. 2 . ..5.;1:-.+.J»-I J'j,$ v. bel become ritually make/ grievance to show (against- .u).+ .J~)'.s.~
defiled.+ .J~.;SJ~ v. cleanse (oneself from s.th. v. express one's displeasure/ grievance.
ritually unclean) by applying moist dirt! mud and ;)S gill pres. stem ofthe verb . .J'JS q. v.
washing with water.< .J~.;S J";;..$:,.;..+ 4S,iji-_ n.
earthworm, angle worm. - r)'. + .J lS _ n. bricklayer ~ gilice n. anat. upper abdomen.
(esp. one plastering clay). Cj liAoi.+ lS.JlS _ n. clay IJ'...,.-$ gilfsrin (E) n. glycerine.
plastering.+ j$ _ n. grave mound. Cj. ;;S.+ .r-S _n,
~ gilln pres. stem of the verb . .J.JJ;J.S q. v.
riddle with large meshwork. Cj .~.u . ..5~
.s...;fti.+ ~ _ n. clods of earth! dried mud! loam! ....s gime n. coo, cooing sound (as ofa pigeon)+_
clay. Syn . ..5....y.S .jS...-:.-. Cj j--..;J.+ .J~I- n. r5 n. continued cooing.
layer of earth covering the roof. + .JJ.;S.J It...k v.
.JjJ:.S gindor n. melon. Syn . ..5JlS.
cover with a layer of earth.+ ~._ n. chalk!
chalky material. C.f. "--':'~u.+ .J..lI-' _ n. kind of j!I go n. ball, sphere: ISJ'jlS- the (terrestrial) globe
red c1ay.+ .J"-'- n. kind of fine white chalk ...s........1S- nipple, teat, mamilla.+ ..5j~_ n. set of
powder used by women in hair treatment! gold! silver chain with bangles sewn to the edging
shampoo.+ ..,...v-:..-
n. inscribed clay tablets.+ Vt- of the ...;..,- q.v.+ J,jAoi_also~_n. 1. tumult,
adj. earthenware, clay.+ ~_ n. clay pot. hubbub (either in s.th. entertainging or gravel
chaotic). 2. rabble, assembly, multitude.+ ..s..:.~_
.J"J..5 gilar n. individual grapes (fallen of the •.,.....li v. cause tumult, create controversy.+ ~_ n.
cluster).- Zs.; .~. bud (syn. I. 1~); sprout (syn. &.).+ .JJ)' ~_ v.
grow bud, begin to sprout.+ ~_ n. bud (on a
I;'JS gi/are n., anat. pupil (of the eye). c.j 4.
branch).
~ gifpe = ~ (all forms) q. v.
# go n. ability/ power to function, endure, etc. Cj
';"% gilop n. bulb, lamp (light). .::--t- •O.JJJ. + .J»-I ( ...... ) ;..S v. have the ability/ be fit

J.;.k gilol pres. stem ofthe verb ~% q.v.+ [...i%J to function.+ \)J.;S;S v. work, function, be in
~ _ v.t. rub (e.g. one's eyes esp. after awaking commission. E.g. .::..LSli;S !'""'".J liL...J"-"" I can't
from sleep). c.j ~%j.,... move my mouth from cold. + .JlS _ adj. functional,
operative.
j;S)S gilukoz. (E) n. glucose.
).,s guwar See y.S1-llt.
~% glole also J.;:J.,s n. ball (string, wool, etc.).+
.J~.;S ~% v. wind (string! etc.) into a ball; roll up
.).,s guware n. earring.- .J~)' wS .u.
(towell etc.) into a baW bundle. + ISftJ-..;; y.S / _ v. o.,..:;-I.,s [;;..,$)guwastinewe I. v.t. transfer,
have things go wrong! workout for the worse/ take convey, carry, transport, move (s.th. from one
a down tum. idiom: ..:-I.>...,...s ~....;J -.; y.S ~% ..s place to another). Cj .JJ;li. 2. v.i. move, change
;:V-L;::r. Once things start going adversely for you, one's residence/ location. 3. v.t. consummate
you will be shunned by others. marriage be moving one's bride from her parents'
home.
IJ.!A.JS' giley; n. complaint, grievance; criticism
(usually mild! friendly); used also in the expr.:
.J1.,s guwan n. udder.
~ ~.s...J$ J do apologize, I hope I have not j~ gopal See .J~.
caused a grievance (lit. Do leave your complaints
behind).+ .J»-I ( ...... ).s...J$ v. have complaint to
 475

..:..,;.51 got adj. crippled (esp. with lumbago).+..:..j$ tomb.+ ~_ n. stone lining ofa grave; stone-lined
;,,~ v. bel feel crippled. E.g. t"»t..:...;$liL.fo-.J I runnel.
feel crippled by the cold.+ ;,,~.J..:...;$ v. cripple. p52 gO! n. depressed stretch! expanse of land. CI
..:..,;.52 got n. jolt (given by one of the riders of jj~. + ;" 40 _ n 1. realm, sphere, scope, domain. Cf
..s....J4i~~ (q.v.) to throw the other offbalance).+ ;"I.I.!..... 2. square, roundabout.
;"b ~/_ v. give (s.o.) a jolt. p53 gO! I, pres, stem ofthe verbs v-4 and oJ.:.-4

jl;.;$ gotal n flocks. C.f. 2. ;,,11 , 1. ~. q. v. 2. See pS)l,;.+ ;,,1_1 [~pSJ v, i. change, alter,
become different.< ;"lpS ~ .J.+ .;,1_2 n. evolution,
0';.;$ gotre 1. n. comm. bulk, mass.< 0';.;$ I..i. 0.;.;$.J;
unfoldment, change and growth. Syn . .s~I.".i. + _
lot, a number of units! whole quantity offered or
;L.S:.i1 adj. evolutionary. Syn. ;oJ-'~I; •...;Lr~.+ -
bargained on as one item or as a whole. Syn. 3.~.
2. adj. casual, desultory, random. .s;LS:.i n. reshuffle, shake-up, rearrangement. CI
.s;l>.;.....o~.+ z.; - second part ofcertain compound
.;,.I.,s [J I gutin = .;,.IJJ q. v.
nouns meaning: frequent! constant change, i,e.
..s.;.;$ goteke n. variety of leapfrog oudoor game. "..sS? q.v.+ ~- [~I V.t. change, alter, make
Cf .:u-~I~.
different; shift, switch, tum (i.e. a TV channa/);
transform, convert. <':"'-'>4~.+ oA- [pSI 1. v,l.
t,;.5 goc adj. maimed in the hand.+ ;"»t&v. bel (mutually) exchange, reciprocate (ideas, views,
become maimed in the hand.+~.J & v. maim.+. etc.); change, exchange (money, s.tk bought,
.s n. maim, maimness of the hand. etc.); barter, truck. swap. 2. n. barter, swap.-
.:-:,jl:. Syn. pS)l:.
;"l>..;S gOf-an n. crook (esp. ofa shepherd's); polo/
~I gU! n I. velocity, speed (syn. I. ~I~);
hockey stick.
momentum.< pS~. 2. energy, strength, stamina.
j.>jS goxi[ n. one who reapes rice (normally a
CI 1. ~.+ 0~/_ v. try to gain momentum!
hired hand).- ojo~.
speed, limber up.+ ;"b~/_ v. speed up, increase
..,~.,s gudle n. curled! front part ofa man's hair. the acceleration of. CI pS .... I~ .
~I gO! n. grave, one's burial place. Syn. 2. J.iJ. 2. pS2 gU! See pS~~.
gen. unhappy/ adverse circumstance which is
.;,1.J,j.S Koran n. name of a tribe in Eastern (Persian)
thought to be rightfully someon's lot. E.g. o~
Kurdistan; non-tribal peasant (syn. ~).+ .s-I
;.r. ..:..pS You deserve what has befallen you. + -I..i-
name of a dialect spoken in parts of KurdiSlan.
adj. unlamented, unmoumed, (person) whose
death is not regreted! considered a loss.+ pS I..i pS ..r'1# gorani n. song (cf .... I~ .I~ •..N..-); (act!
;,,~ v. die without being missed! lamented.+ .... ~_ art of) singing.- hl:.+ fti- n. singer.+ ;"I~j~ ~/_
= ;,,~pS q.v.+ ;"I.:...._n. cemetery, graveyard.+_ v. sing a song in praise of(s.o.l s,th.).+ v-~/- v,
;l';'Jo also ;L.:.JJ- n. pressure of earth on fresh sing.+ .;,.IJJ/- v. sing.
grave (hence: torture through crushing! squashing
jI..;.} gurbiz adj. robust, vigorous. Syn . .v-;I..i.
the body).+ ;"b;L.:.Jo_ v. torture by crushing!
squashing the body (cf 1. ;"I~ }jl,;); cram in 4.J..;.} gurbe 1. n. tomcat, male cat. Cj ~. 2. adj.
(s.o.).+ ~Uj"-A/_ v. abuse dead person.+ _ teddy bear (fig. and in reference to a chubby little
A..- n. gravedigger, one who digs graves.+_ person/ anima/).

~~ n, zool. badger.+ ;"IJo_ n. guardian of

 476

~~ gurp intj. denoting a palpitating! beating showers.+ jLh_ n. growling ofa wolf. C! .;.,.,J.+
sound.+ ._ n. palpitation! rapid! beating (of the 4ljJ•• n. easy, bounding gait, lope.
heart). + ~~._ n. continued palpitation!
&.;.,$ gurge n. wall coping of twigs used in building
throbbing.+ iJ~.J~.;.,$.- v. palpitate, throb.
the eaves ofa wall. Syn. iJ.J•..i.
[.~ ,ure I. adj. & adv. agile, nimble, quick (cf
*.~;.,;S' gormize n. mustard seeds; mustard .
..5~); keenly alert, brisk; quickly.<~.;.,$ 4.t.
C! I.,.,:;..;.. 2. intj. impelling s.o. to speed: hurry! .,p-S guCe n. murmur of crowd.+ ~_ n.
come on!+ iJ.»-I [.~ v. be agile/ quick.+ iJ~.J [..;.,$ intimidation, bullying (see ":"pS".:...~); menace,
v. hurry. E.g. 4.t[..;.,$ Hurry up! Cf .~~.J [..;.,$p.+ threat. Cf iJ.~. + ; IS..:.. _ adj. hazardous, risky;
j;.S.J- adj. agile and active, vivacious, Iively.+_ menacing.+ •.r-J - n. fuss, ado, pother. E.g .•pS~';
~jS'J n. activity, vivacity, vitality.+ u- n. agility, I.F': 4J ~D.[I.J What is all this fuss about. + •.[IJ.pS
nimbleness . iJ~.J v. be fussy, make ado (about).

.J.P..;.,$ gurfli n. crop (of a bird). Syn. "'I~. up;.,;S' gorewi n. sock: ;;y.: u - stocking u;1 J•..i~..s­
over the calf socks *jj~~ ..s- stocking. - •j~D..i
~.;.,$ gurrile also ~.;.,$ n., anat. kindney: u.J1.:
iJl~ u.J.;,;.S'';';' .u!I~. + ~- a/so 4.L n. species of
- nephritis *-u~.J4.t kidney stone.
falcon. C!..itt 'iJ~~';.
~~ gurd adj. heroic, lionhearted, intrepid. Cf
'".,;;.,;S' goCi pres. stem of the verb iJl;.,;S' q. v.
l..il.:.+ ..s- n. heroism. - -
*u;.,;S' gori n. sacrifice .
..i~ gun n. I. club with pliant handle. 2. strike,
assault. attack. E.g. u..iL..)... ~~.;.,$ A military :;;..uS guriz n. avoidance, evasion, dodging.+ :;..uS
attack. + ~~.;.,$ _ n. game played with clubs. + • iJ~.;S v. avoid, evade, dodge (usuelly usedwilh..J-

iJ.J.jL.;.,.J/ v. strike with! swing club; a/so usedjig. from) C! •.,.z~ ;.J.J~ ·iJb ~ p.
with .;.;._ self meaning: have one's say/ tum (lit.
1J""'..uS guris n. rope, cord (esp. ofgoat's hair). C!
swing one's club).+ __1 n. big bundle (cj ~~);
...:;..;.. I. ~. I. iJ4.t I • 2. ~~ •~ •..i.;.,$. < ..r..uS ..J
package (cf I. ~).+ __2 n. math. prism. See
~.+ ~~_n. tug-of-war.
..5j1~.+ ~ __ n. beam.+ ;L-._ n. a species of
snake possibly python.+ ~._ n. cable (rope). "").;..uS guri/a n. zool. gorilla. Syn. ;WA-o.
Cf 1J*..uS. ~.;.,;S' gorin adj. the very same and well-known, the
..5~ ,ur, n. zool. wolf; fig. crafty and rapacious same old (normally preceeded by the noun being
referred 10.) E.g. ~..pS .~lF""lte~~~ Are we
person. + JJ~},;...;I_ I. adj. having been taught a
back discussing the same old fight.
lesson and learned not to repeat the same (of a
person) 2. n. guts, entrails; duodenum (see ;1»5 guzar suffIX used as part ofcerlain words. e.g.
is....s•..;;IJJ~).+ iJ~JJ~;I~ L$.;.,$ v. be taught a ;lj,$.;....:;. q. v.
lesson.+ ..i~I- adj. in league with the enemy,
.;lj,.$ guzare n. meaning, sense, signification,
traitor. + is.J~I- n. kind of a nursery rhyme. Cf
import. Cf 2. l..;1.J.+ iJJ.J-t (.u) .;I~ v. have
4.!.~~.+ iJ~.J~IS.;.,$v. sing nursery rhyme (jor-
meaning; be meaningful.+ ;I~_ adj. meaningful,
?/).+ ~""J- n. false dawn (/it. co-existance of wolf
having purpose/ significance/ import. C!
and sheep). + ~. _ n. dozing with one eye open. +
;1 .........;4.1. + u! - adj. abstract, metaphysical, mental,
is..i'' n. weather of alternate sunshine and
intangible. AnI .•JV-Itt. Cf ";J.J;.~.
 477

,:hli.;.$ gozirwan n. a species of bugloss.- ~.,$I gU! n. hempen string; string made from jute.
.;,IJ;:;:,S~. Cj2.~ .

•jj$ C! ~.+ ;_
goze n. porous earthenware jar. ~,,52 gU! pres. stem of the verb ~.,$.+ ;I _ n.
n. maker of ojj$; potter.+ 0.,0.;.5;»-- n. kiln pressure, force, constraining influence,
fireman! attendant.+ 4L n. small 0:;:,S. burdensome state. Cj~ .~~",.; .;l,,,:'i.+ ';''',Ji;l-
v. apply pressure/ force/ influence (to-j-t) +.;,1;-
jlj,J guzer n. I. section of bazzar (normally
[;;~A pass. form of~~ q. v. + JI;- adj.
rvofed) occupied by members of a particular
squeezed; wrung (wet clothes) squeezed! pressed
trade/ craft, i.e. .;, lS'4.!. j)j..i ..s;0:uS The goldsmiths
on (as in a handshalce). + oJI;- n. extract, product
section! quarter.- ..s~~ './.i~. 2. access,
prepared by extracting. Cj I.Jli.+Ift-C~A; v.t.
passage, entree. Cj .h,-t ..;,I.,..!.,I;.+ .;,1.,/- v. give/
squeeze (as to extract liquid! juice from) wring
allow access or passage; acco~odate. 3. sector, (wet clothes); squee~, press on all sides (as in
distict part! division; zone. C! u.;.5.+ .;,.,.} ;':uS v. handshake! holding s.o.).- ~~;.;.
pass! go through, penetrate. + LS _ also ..s _ n.
~;51 gO! n. I. gen. raising, upbringing. 2. suffIX to
passage, way (esp. one leading tol passing
through a ;.jjS). + ..s- adj. sectional, off relating to certain expr. used with 4.-f , i.e.~;5 ~..iJ.,.;
a particular section.+ J-t- adj. passable, clear, q. v.+ .;,.,~~;5 v.t. raise (esp. a mother raising an
open; navigable. infant and breast-feeding him).

;);0;.,.$ guzeran n. livelihood, means of support! ~;!2 gO! only in~:,$ Jl.:.:,$ adv. from ear to ear
subsistance, way of Iife.+ .;,.,~ .;,1;0;.,.$ v. manage (esp. in slaying! cutting throat).
supporting oneself, make both ends meet Syn. ; •., .,l.:.~ gU!ad also l.:.~ adj. void, containing nothing,
.;,.,J""/. C! 1. .;,~o",;...,"'-/.+';'»-I (.u) .;,1,0;.,.$ v. vacant Cj <JI.l.:.j.t. +..s _n. void, vacuity, vaccum.
nomrally used in the negative. E.g.... ~.;,I;o:uS ... .,.;
.:...:..:,$ gO!t n. fAeat; flesh:;I.tJ~..s_gristlymeat..s­
This is a dreadful way to live.! -.i1;0:uS ....,.; Is this a
.~ ground! minced meat .jlS'..s- raw meat..s-
way to live?+ ,;,,,-[u-J,;o.;.,S1 v. do the best one can!
• JI.}•.,0;»- fried meat ."';-.i..s - lean meat. + JI- n.
make the best of (an adverse! dijJiculli not too
meat stew. Syn . .;:..!.~JJI,;. Cj l.~. idiom . .s4.lk
propitious situation), manage. get along. E.g ..;j~
......~uJl:...:..;S' J~~u~ You can hardly be
~.;'.i~....;! ~k How are you doing? I am
counted anything or who do you thing you are?+_
managing! getting along.
0;4 adj. bruised (spoil part of the body).+.;~:,$
,.:.,.S gujm n. 1. violence, vehemence; fervour,
.;,~ v. bel get bruised.+ ~_ adj. difficult to heal
passion.< r»S "'-/. 2. (an instance of) swinging
(one's body/ wound! etc.).+ ~_ adj. & n.
one's body (to work up a swing/ stilT/ a pend~/um
carnivorous; carnivore.+~J..,-.t_ also;l..5_ n.
motion on s.th. suspended).+ .;,b/_ v. swing (on a
butcher. Syn. y'-J.+.;,_ adj. stout, fleshy, heavy,
swing/ s. tho suspended). + 0_ n. I. violent! stormy
thickset. Cj ';"':":,$.t. .~~.+ ~J/- v.i. put on
attack or assault. E.g. iJ1;I-I..s4.Aj,$ Rainstorm. 2.
weight. Cj.;,J.J-I~~.+ ~_adj. vegitarian.+._
heafty/ considerable (weighll ~mounll etc.).
';'JJjJ adj. healed! cured (jIesh wound! injury).+o_
.j~.;S'. gosale n. yearling calf. Cj .$o;..,!.
0.J4-.iL:,;. ';'JJjJ v. i. heal, bel get cured (a flesh
:: '.:-~ gus/ax adj. bold, intrepid, fearless. Cj wound). Cj .;,~~...,L.. .
.$.#. "'-! • .,;.,S. + ..s - n. boldness, fearlessness.
;;,r.~ gu!re pres. stem ofthe verb .;,I,r..,$ q. v.
 478

""":'.;$'1 go!,e n. 1. comer (normally visible! J.,.J' gul I. adj. & n. leper. 2. adj. tainted, detestable
unsheltered): J 4- o.S - comer of the eye. Cj. Vi1,.i· (of a preson).+ iJJ.J-I J.,$ v. be leprous, contract
2. angle. Cj. 1£»-: ~lj~o.S- angle of elevation. leprosy. + o.S - n. leprosy.
*~ o.S vertical angle *..;I~.o.S- opposite angle(s)
j.".5 gul n. flower, blossom. Syn . ..5""J.,$. Cj.
*.::A.~o.S. plane angle *r.:;o.S- acute angle *.;~­
~~.+ ~~."..sj,..5' v. blossom, flower.+.JI_ n.
dihedral angle *Dk"s _ angle at the circumference
anemone.+ D;»- ..JI_ n. wild red anemone. Syn.
of a circle*..5w- spherical angle ..:....I~ right
..5.u-'? ..5~L.,..+~I- n. second month of the
angle *:,.$o.S- stright angle *DJI.} o.S- obtuse angleo.S-
Kurdish calendar.+ JI- n. rose water.+ v'~..JI- n.
*J ~D J right angle *J ~ o.S _ angle of inclination..;_
rosewater spray.+ iJ~."..s ~~}J';. spray with
*JJ-lJl.....i vertical angle * ...... DJL...;o.S- angle of
rosewater.+ ~}/ JI _ v. make/ extract rosewater.+.
depression *~D~~_angle of radius. 2. suffIX to
o.SJI n. species of pear having good flavour and
certain compound nouns meaning: raised!
aroma.- ;:"p.+ D;';"""':_ n. firefly.+ ~I~_adj.
brought up with, i.e . ...:..;$'~ q.v.+)~_ adj.
shapely, having graceful and elegant body (of a
angular; having corner.+ .r-S- adj. recluse,
woman). + ~uLt_adj & n. almond-shaped pattern
solitary.+o.S~_ n. reclusion.+ ~_ n. aspect,
in textile (esp. women's c1othes).+..s.:.'-t_ n. I.
point of view; facet. Cj. ':'JJJ~ 'J~J-l.jIJJ-l'+­ invocation, appeal, prayer. 2. welcome
D)J n. divider (math. instrument). announcement! speech! etc.+ ~~_ adj. choice,
...:.;9 go!,e n. cushion (often ofa triangular shape). selected. + ~O~ ..... _ adj. fresh (of vegtables, fruits). +_

Cj..:..;J4· i.J"'.J..... ~~ Syn. ~I"""...::i,;.+ -l~- n. flower bed.+ ~_ n.

See,,;:)';.+~/ _ v. pick flower. Syn. j.".5
;lJjS govar also n. magazine, periodical:o.S_
D~~.}.+ ~1;o"""4..>_ n. twining plant bearing yellow
~L.;..- quarterly magazine/ journal *~l.Ao.S­
rough surfaced fruit with dark red coated seeds. +_
monthly magazine *..;I;.i-.A o.S- weekly magazine.
;b adj. flowering (plant! bush! tree). + iJb _ n.
*~U.;$' govaht n. testimony. flower vase. + .$...;o.J _ adj. having lovely/ flowery/
healthy complexion.+ iJ1'}--l- alsoiJl)-I_ n. (act of)
~}.;$' gogirt also ~}.;$' n. sulphur.
scattering! throwing! showering flowers (over
J.;.S gol n. 1. furrow (dug and built up to serve as s.th.l at s.o.).+ )j_ n. flower garden.+ ~L:;...._ also-
runnel for irrigation and lines where seeds! ~ n. rose garden.+ ~_n. name ofa Kurdish
seedlings are planted). Cj. Jlr!l. 2. rivulet, dance.+ ;LL n. horticulturalist.+ o.SJU' _ n.
streamlet. C.! ;I...J-l •..$:,:.:. + __ adj. in furrows or horticulture. + D~~.} / _ v. pick! cut flower. + ~} /_
tracks.+ 4.- n. groove (as that on a record! v. blossom, bear flower.+~,; _ adj. decorated
disk). with! having flower design (fabric, etc.).+ .5.:.J - n.
j;5'1 gol (E) n. goal (scored in a game, e.g. soc~er); tassel.+ D_ first part of compound nouns (esp.
goal, arc/ structure in which goals are scored.+j;5' names of jlowers).+ J""'~D- n. aspecies of
~~.} v. score a goa\.+...;:_ n. goalie, goalkeeper. chrysanthemum.+ t!..,.D- n. rose.+ D~j.J~D- n.
sunflower.+ D;lA~D_ n. buttercup.+ Dj,!~D_ n.
;J;!2 gol adj. male, he (esp. ofa dog). Cj. ~~.
zinnia.+ojJJr.D- See~L..~D~.+O~~o_ n.
jjS3 got only in j;5'~~ q. v. maize. + jJ.P _ n. pompon dahlia. + ~D _ n. spike/
ear of barley. + "':;..J~- n. camomile. Syn. ~~4.!.+
"";ot.>o_ n. bastard saffron flower.+ ~;OjD_ n. variety
 479

of yellow rose: ~J0-i_~I.,.J4.> dish made from yellow r;$ gom n. pond: small lake (cf ~lou). idiom. r.;S'
rose petals, suger, almond and oil.+ .;lS~_ n. 4...!.j.> ~A..l-..;:r. j.»i lJ (lit. the deeper the pond, the
thorny bush bearing red berries used as a better the swimming).+ JI- n. pool (of water).
laxative. +.;,~ _ n. passion flower. + ;:}4io _ n.
r.,$ gum adj. lost, no longer in one's possesion
camomile. + ~I.,..:;o _ n. morning glory. Cr /'i J 'i. +_
(cf .J.i-/); mislaid, misplaced syn.~JJ).+';'»I r~ v.
~4.io n. cockscomb. Syn. j~1 .2. I.I"'JJ~lJ.+­
be lost; be misplaced.+ ~,,~ r~ v. lose; lose sight
.t...tlSo n. com plant. See,-,,"l.!.4.l.t.S.+~o_ n.
(of-~).< ';'''~r.,$:,.>·+I-1- alsoZsr adj. I. astray,
milfoil; yarrow.+ ~~o_ n. anemone.+ Jli~o- n.
away from the morally right! conventionally
pomegrante blossom. + jft..Ao _ n. marshmallow
acceptable, heretical. 2. unscrupulous,
flower.+~_ adj. roseate, rosy, rose-coloured.+_ unprincipled. Cf ~ l.;. . ..sJ.r-. + .;J1-1 _ adj.
~~ n. fig. life of the party (said ofa lively misleading, deceptive, delusive.+ JL;- adj.
sociable preson).+ oJ~- n. variety of red obscure, lacking prominence, nameless. Cf J~"li.
anemone having short stem and smail leaves and Syn.JL:.;. under~3.+~JL;_ n. obscurity,
petals. Cf OJ»*" J~."s.
namelessness. + ~ _ n. loss, disappearance,
('i."s gulac n. capsule (medicine). forfeiture.

... J,5' gu{bene n. flu: J~";~ _ flu of a built-in .;,L..."s guman n. doubt, lack of certainty/
baking oven. conviction/ trust. <~ L..A under ~3 • ~ L.."s.t...t.
Cf ~".+ ~J.J-i (.u) .;,L..~ v. have doubt, bel
..s..JjS golk n. sucking calf. Cf 4S0)..,5'.
feel doubtful (about-4J I~).+ ~~~ .;,L.."s See.;,L.~
...u~ guNe n. bullet. Cr ..s~: j..;..J\S- stray ,;,,,,..+ JLt- adj. suspect, open to suspicion. + ~Jlt­
bullet.< ...u~~ .;1".+ ~IJlt- n. heavy rifle fire. Cf n. suspicion; scepticism.+ ~"~/_ v. doubt, be
~..r-0".+ ~,,~ ~IJLt.JJ."s v. subject (s.o.l s.th.) to uncertain (about).+ ';0-1_ adj. habitually
heavy rifle flre.+ ~~~ 1_ v. be hit by/ get struck doubtful. + ~ _ adj. doubtful, suspicious; sceptical
with a bullet.+ ~~_ n. machinegun.+ .;,lio.kl- v.t. (of a person).
fire a bullet at, shoot. + .;,,,}~ I_See ~~ ~ ...u."s.
..s~."s gumirg n. customs (duty/ tax or the agency
..J."s gu{me n. chunk, lump (ofs.th. soft! lean). 0/).+ ~,,~ $~~ v. pay duties! custom (on), clear
Cr &..:.. through customs.+ ~~_ n. custom house.+_
';'.J:.--.I v. levy/ collect duty or customs (on s.th.).
go{mez n. c1amorous/ tumultous
entertainment. Cr .$..:,....;!. gumgume n. large, conical brass
container with long slender neck and handle used
~~ gu{mix n.large iron peg.
for heating! hawling water; flask (cf oI,j"J.t) .
.s.J~ gu{ink n. vagina.
.,;-..."s gumete n. bound, leap. Cf -ilt2.+ ~b/_ v.
J.;:i~ gu!.o{e =J.,k q.v. bound, leap .

J.;S' KO{e n. bar (on a door! window). ...:;,j-....;S gome{te n. heap, stack. Cr·..s;.:,..J ..;:i-..
I}.!..
...;.~~ gu{ejene n. big spindle used in winding
thread. Cf~. ~ gun n. testicle. Syn. ~Lt. < ;.u$4..i. + )" _ adj.
peremptory, masterly (person).+ ';0J- n. pet
, . .
aversion, bete noire. + j _ See~. + -u';Jo _ n.
spermatic cordi duct.
 480

l;j$' gona n. cheekbone. Syn. ~,.,s-. Cj ~,J,Jd' ..5.;)' gunk also..S'J,j)' n. round lump (esp. o/dough
oL;~~ gunah enough to roll out into one bread); clod.+ "';"j_
n. and adrj. sm,
. transgression, wrong
adj. stingy, excessively frugal.+ .;,;J/- v. make
(syn. 0..i~); offense; guilt, crime (see .)1,Jl.;. cf
(dough) into lunps for bread making.
jLo,:); sinful, wrong (act! behaviour! etc.).+ol;)'
').JJ-i (-.....) v. have guilt, be in the wrong; bel .;j$' gone n. way, manner, fashion. Syn.~.
considered! seen as sinful or wrong.+ .),)),·ol;)' v. ~j$' goniya n. divider (math. instrument).
sin, commit that which is wrong! offensive.+ .I~_
~-'~
~ gunye n. gunny sack. Cf ..sO.l~:_~
adj. sinful; guilty.+ .).)~ .I~l;)' v. blame/ accuse
prisoner's uniform made of rough, canvass like
(s.o.) of a sin or wrong doing.+ IS.I~- n. guilt, material.
offense. Cf 1S.ll,;IJl;.+ .I1S_also.l.$ _ n. sinner, one
.",$ glJ n. I. feces, excrement (human! animal).
who sins. Cf.ll,;I.Jl;.+~.s/_v.beconsidered!
Syn. uo!~. 2. dross. E.g . .;,,-1,;.vS Dross of
looked upon as guilty of having committed s.th.
wrong. E.g. .:..:..:..,.,s-~.s ~L.;)' It was wrong for iron . .).),,$ ~ V. go. to the bathroom, relieve
you to kill it. oneself. + JI- n. contents of a septic tank. + 1S.J1 -
adj, filthy (see I. ~j; pattered! stained with.vS.+
..J~)' guntlJle n. variety of yellow grape.-~.
~. n. algae, pond scums. Syn. 0..i,,-J. + .)>>1"...; / _ v.
~)' gunc n. artificial drainage pipe/ channel for be spoiled, ruined, messed up.+ .).))'''...;/_ v. spoil,
water normally lined with sections of earthenware ruin. wreck, mess up. Syn . .)b ..s:.;;.+ ~_ n. dung
pipes. < ~)' ~.).))'. - -.:.;'9~. +.)1.) ~ / _ v. excavate
beetle. Cf ~;JIJ. + .).)},..;./_ v.
fig. say s.th.
and construct a ~)'.+ 1.S).5 _ n. occupation of
terrible, make a stupid! offensive! nauseating
excavating! building~)' q. v'" 0_ n. funnel. Syn. remark.
"';_od' }.oS ,owa, = )Jj$' q. v .
.)~)' ~A guncan v.I. get along! on (with
~.",$ glJp n. cheek (when inflated) (cf ~J.J.I);
s.o.), be compatible. Syn . .).))'~. 2. be feasible!
inside of the cheeks, wall of the mouth.+.)_ ad}.
practicable! workable (under the circumstances).
having chubby! fat cheeks. + ~.vS _n. children's
Syn . .)~.<;:r....;)'...;. 3. fit, match, conform.+.),)_
game where two take tum' in deflating each
[~A v. make feasible/ workable; adapt, adjust
other's cheeks by pressing them with both fists.
to a specified use! situation.
.)1.1.",$ [~.I.uS1 gu,an V.i. form, develop; assume a
. ~~ guncaw
,J L.....; adrj. 1. compatible, consonant,
given shape/ pattem.Cj ':-J.I.) .~..s.;0d 'Uoily,j
agreeable. 2. feasible, workable; adaptable (cf
.)>>1.
..S'jSl ).
...sj1j.J,,$ glJja[k n. colocynth .
..:-!..-~
..~~ ,
guncayq,1 n. space (cf ~); capacity
(cf o./). .j.vS guv n. wild animal's den! hideout.Cf.;y

;:r....;)' guc~ pres. stem o/the verb .)~)' q. v. ..;.....VS gumez. n. dome; domed building! structure
(i.e. a tomb).+ IS- adj. dome-shaped.
~)' guncen pres. stem o/the verb .)J,j~)' q. v.
*Uoi.lL..)' guhartin n. change, transformation.< ~la
J..:.)' gund n. village. Syn. 1. ~.).+ IS),J- adj. rural.
Uoi.lla)'.
Cf~~o.).
jj.lla)' guharto n. alternative; variety.
0.ljJ,j)' gundore n. melon. See ..S'JIS.
 481

~ Kwe n.1.ear:.:-I.!'.Jl.iIS_middleeauo.J0.Jl.iIS_ audience. Cf;65ft~. Syn.~ .. 2. adj.

inner ear. idiom. ~ rs
,j~~~'; May the devil attentive, obedient. See ~I';~. + ,jl} _ adj. hard of
not hear and spoi I (what has been said ofpraise! hearing.+ ~}I_ v. I. listen, pay attention by
good news). 2. edge, brim. Cj t1;- 3. first listening. (Cj ~};,,) j.» 2. hold! catch (s.o.) by
element of some compound forms, i.e.~..;...;~ the ear; block (one's) ears (as not to hear). +..5"J_
q. V.+ ,j1~}L.;_ n. fireside: ,j1~}l;IS- 1S4....l frreside n. side of the head; side view of the head and face,
chat.+ ,jl~ltl _ V.t. admonish! reprove (a child) as if profile. Cj ..$'j;,~.J~'+ ,j.,L; IJ.....J 1_ v. listen
by twisting his ears.+ il-- adj. having the ears cut slavishly, pretend to be listening (to-;..).+..:......04..1_
(esp. a dog to make it more alert! vicious).+ 1JI..f.1- adj. gullible, easily swayed by what is said.+;,,) 1_
V.t. fig. outwit, outsmart.+ ~)4I- n. sheep's iJ»-I v. hear, perceive! apprehend by the ear
sorrel. + J.-t - adj. having big flappy ears; fig. (.syn. ~); overhear.+~~/_ v. keep the ears
dumb-looking.+ ~_ n. dim of -;.s.,s q.v.+~_ open (10 pick up news/ rumour! etc.). CfuiJ i;.}
n. ventricle (of the heart).+ ..,...L-4- n. sea shell; 0.J";~.?'
scallop shell. + ,j.,L; u-...> I-v. close one's ears (to),
o~~ KUWere only in 0;~4t prep. according to-IS, in
ignore, disregard.+ .....;I~/_ v. give heed to, take
keeping with-IS' E.g. .J"":' ..)lS"'---'ollSo;~"--i
notice of, take into account, mind; bel feel
According to what he said. C.f ~4I.
deferent to, concerend about or interested in (s.o.,
s.th.). E.g. Z;)O~~ ~ Don't mind him.o)o~Z;'; .so;~ gwereke n. calf. Cj jASJ4I underJ414 .4l.~ .
.:..S.J~ listen to your father. Cji;.}~~.+­
:,;~I gwl: pres. stem of the verb o.,......J,;~
~..;~ n. ass, donkey. See 2. ;65.+ )tl_ also )..J_ n. &
and 0.,.:.;-1'; q. v. + 0""';1_[;....$] See 0.,...:;-1';.+ 0.J1)-
adj. listner, hearer; attentive.+ ,jl...!;Sl./- v. give
adj. tranfered, transported.
(s.o.) a wigging by actually pulling! twisting his
ears (.syn. ,jl~~ Z;".S'); warn, caution.+ ~Ir adj. ~..P Kwez n. walnut: ~.m.s- bad (empty) walnuL
amenable, docile, obedient (esp. of a child). Ant. *tL-lSfull walnut • ..5.....;.u IS - fresh (green) walnut
~ under;",_? Syn.I.J--";~'+ J&.-!Ir n. • ~~ IS. empty walnut • ..s.;ftt.J l.i IS _ forever on the
obedience, amenability.+ ......0)_ .
. adj. having big move (by force of circumstance).+ ~_ n. game
sticking out ears.+ 0.J....:,1$..;,))1- v. feel a whirr/ played with walnuts. Cj ~I.J'
ringing sound in one's ears.+ ..;1"..._ n. eaves, the
,jl~~ Kwezan n. razor: ';1)-.; IS- razor (shaving)
border of a roof overhanging a wall. Syn. ) L.. lot. +_
blade.- ~(j .
..5»- adj. having an acute sense of hearing.
Ant. ,jl,.....s:.;....$.+ ~»-_ n. acuteness of hearing.+. .....;lto';....$ Kwezebane n. sweets/ other food prepared
,j~~ J..:..I v. listen intently, lend one's ears (10- for guests and friends on the occasion ofa child's
j-I). + ':"'".J - adj. having pointed! perked ears;fig· birth.

cute and smart looking.+ 0.J";~.J ':"'.Jj/_ v. perk up )0';....$ Kwezer also )~;.$ n. carrot.
the ears (for an animal upon hearing a sound! :,...;S Koyij n. the hawthorn fruit.
person upon hearing s.th. interesting).+ IJ"~-
..;;~ KWen; =..;,'; q. v.
SeeJ~~.+t~".J- adj. alert, having the ears
open.+ ~ _ ad}. deafened, stunned with ..51 ge also LS suffIX forming certain compound
noise,j.J.J-I ~IS'; v. have one's hearing partially/ nouns denoting: place, position, status, i.e. &)S
totally lost (due to blockage. illness, etc.); be q.v.
deafened! stunned by noise.+ ~ _ I. n. listner,
 482

J2 ge pres. stem 0/ the verbs ~& and ~.;.;lt preposterous claim, unfounded assertion;
iJ!..$.+~[..$1 v.i. reach, arrive; used with,-/ trifling pretext to pick a quarrel with.+J,u
meaning: meet, come in contact with. + ~ -I &] v. i. :J~....s(~) v. wrangle (with) (s.o.) and put up
J. reach, arrive; meet. 2. ripen, become ripe; come unjustified claim. Cf ~J;:r. 4..i1.'-/. + ;..5_ adj.
to a head (boil, abscess).+.}-e!_ adj. ripe, fully given to quarrel and wrangling over false/
grown and developed (esp. o/fruit). Cf 2 . .:JJot. unjustified c1aims.+ .:J~J- n. bUllying and
molestation/ pestering .
.;1& gebr See ;.,&.
r..53 ger n. tum, circular motion; functioning,
..$~ gebirge n. I. big drum. Cj. .:Jj.At~. 2. kind of
operation.<:J~ 'J..$...J 'J& ~,~ .;;.,.s, ~L:.:;,.
dumbbell exercise. Cj. IoSj~.
J,u.+ :J,_I n. J. wandering, roaming! strolling
<;-1..$1 gep n. light talk, chat.<<;-I& .,,,,;;jlS; gossip.+_ around for pleasure. Cj.:.......:..&. 2. search,
<;-I&t n. continued! noisy light talk; gossiping. searching. + :J'_[~J..s:J2 V. i. I. look, search (for-Jot,
after-~..,....!o ~). Cf~. 2. wander, roam (esp.
<;-1.$2 gep adj. bulky. See ~.
for pleasure) (cj :J~....s ..:-.:.&); used in comb.
~..,s.,;~& gecerugucer n. crowd of loafers, array with OJ'.;4--'-I _ over meaning: perambulate, go
of idle and otiose people. Cj. ";:~..Jd:p. around and inspect, follow to watch; cadge for
hospitality.<:J'r5;:,J ':J'~'~ ':J'~ )'J ':J'~.:J-",+­
G...$ gef n. gypsum; plaster: ..........;l; loS _ plaster of
Paris. c.r G...$t~;'-/.+ .,'- n. whitewash (syn . .,'J';); :J..L.J'l;A V.t. take/ show around (as on a tour),
escort! accompany and show around. Syn. 2.
med. any kind of chalk mixture. + 1oS.,'- adj.
:J',r-s.+ 'J4,j..l.L[~-1...s:J V.t. return, give (s.th.) back;
spattered! stained with gypsum.+ IoS;lL n. plaster
turn! send back.+ '~'-[~J&] v. return, go/ come
work. :J~.? 1oS;~ v. plaster, cover (with)/ apply
back; go back (on one's word or to-?- one's
plaster (to).
previous position); improve/ rehabilitate oneself
b..$ geda n. beggar. See l.~,-""". Cj;l~, 'M by refraining or stopping (excess use or
.under;:,.3. + ..r- _n. beggarliness. indulgence in s.th.); relapse! fall back (into- ~ a
former worse state).+ 'J'- adj. aged (o/fermented
t~& gede n. stomach. Syn. ~L:, 1. ..5.-. alcoholic beverages).+ ..5j_ adj. wandering (i.e. a
.:J.,~~& gedewl See;,J. pedlar).+ o..l.....,!- adj. I. widely travelled. 2.
exploratory, fact-fmding.
;..$1 ger suffIX denoting doer in certain nouns,
i.e.;&..:....L: q. v. ';..$ gera n. spawn, roe (fish, etc.); egg (o/insects)
(syn.jp. cj..s.J:;.).+ :J~.}';&v. produce spawn!
;&2 ger conj. if. See ;&.;.
egg (inside the body).+:JLi'~/- and :JL;/- v.
~I ger adj. mangy, affected with mange.+:J..2Y-~ spawn; lay eggs (insect).
v. have/ be affected with mange.+ .,'_ n. sulphur t';..$ gerac (E) n. garage.+ ~t._ n. public garage!
spring (for bathing and curing skin disease).+ .:Jj- parking building.
adj. contemptible, pitiful, miserable.+ t_ intj. ..5~;& gerfek n., bot. caster oil plant.<..5~~jJ'
denoting a belitting! scornful/ attitude: (you) puny
miserable creature!+ 1oS- n. mange; scabies. ~;..$1 gerd n. I. speck, bit; blemish. E.g'IoS.Jj'J';
~~~;..$ It was Gust) a bit. .~~;:,J 1oS~;& It
J..52 ger n. false/ unjustified claim or assertion
doesn't have a blemish on it. 2. dust. See l . .u;. 3.
(cf .... ~); pretext, excuse (.ryn. I. J~):IoS-
 ~83

molecule.+a.. 1 n. powder. Syn. I . ..s~.+4.l.t- n. t..,;,S....Jlt ~.u I am yours to command.+ 0_ 1 n. col

atom. (cj .J...); pass over a mountain range (cf .I.i,",..Jo~).

:p gerd n. tum, turning round; change/ turn in t~~ gerde n. raw silk. Cf ~..JJL:.
course or direction. + ,;,1_ n. I. turning, place/ time
j...Ol~ gerdemil n. neck (esp. as a cut ofmeat for
of change in course or direction (hence ,;,b~~
food).
turning point). 2. gram. conjugation. 3. suffIX to
certain compound nouns, i.e.,;,I~~lt q.v.+,;,I_ o~~ gerge!e n. pulley. Syn . ..5~
,;,~.;$ v. conjugate.+";I_n.necklace.+";I_ac:ij.&
~~ germ ac:ij. I. hot (cf 3. til); warm (cj
n. sacrificial; sacrifice.+ JI- I. n. fig. confused
~a.4!.). 2. first part ofsof/le compoundforms, i.e.
tumult and bustle. 2. whirlpool.+ ,;,If-$ / JI- v.
~~ q.v.+ ,;,~~~v. become/ get warm; heat
cause tumult, create trouble. Cf o"';liy~L:.+_
up (cj ,;,.I.i __ Jl;); fig. warm up, gain tempo/
oJ~L; / JI v. create tumult! trouble.+ J,;.J- n.
rhythm! etc.+ ';'J.;$ ~~ v. heat, make warm, warm
rotation, Cj ~»-.+ OS..$J- n. dawn (cf I. S..;:J);
up, cause gain tempo, etc.+ 1_ n. hot weather;
first appearance.+';'JJ- n. celestial sphere; heaven,
heat.+';'»-I ~~ v. be hot! warm (the weather);
firmament. (cf ,;,L-L:); fig. fate, destiny.
feel hot! warm (a preson). E.g. ~~j.s jjj I
Cf ~l; '.:-!,,"';j_.+ ";JJ- n. waterwheel.+ ~t_
am!feel very hot.+ ';'l.,$ ~jJ v. turn/ become
n. upheaval, convulsion, violent disturbance.
warm! hot (the weather).+ 1"'- ac:ij. insulating,
(cf oJI~L.;. syn. 0...,;I.:.); revolution (see ~';;:").+~o_
nonconductor of heat.+ J.Jl.rt- ac:ij. impaired!
t""'; L; v. cause/ create upheaval. + J..uJt _ n. dust
damaged by heat.+ ~.JJji/l- v. come, arrive, set in
devil, sand spout. Cj ,;,o~ ,.s~t~.
(hot weather). + "";;1_ n. thermometer.+ ,;,~I_ n .
..5o~j.s gerdek n. curtain screening bridal chamber. fourth month of the Kurdish calender. + j~l_
~.;..5 gerdin n. neck (esp. the front part). Syn. j.... + See JJ~.JI~~'+ ";1- n. warm place/ spot! area. Cf
';'»-1 ~ljL.;/. only in the expression: ~ ~ljL: .:;.;~~ ,;,le,.j~.+ JI- n. bath, hot bath.+ ~~JI_adv. at

You are forgiven! free from all obligations-:+. once, right away, promptly; while the opportunity
is good.+ ~I_ n. warmth; heat; temperature (see
,;,~.,..s ~ljL...;/
show tolerence and forgive
v.
..,..~. + t""';J.Joi/- v. become/ get warmed up
shortcoming! oversight; give permission to go in
peace. The actual formula exchanged in turn (after being! feeling cold, i.e. s.o. s.th.); become
between two people is: ..s~ljL:f~~ Would you warm! hot again.+ ~L.I~/_ v. turn warm, get
forgive me, the second answers:~ljL:J~j>':;';~~ warmed up (esp. when covered up); feel warm!
feverish (one's body).+ 0",;~.J/- V. I. make/ keep
~ You are more than forgiven (and the same is
(s.o.) warm; warm up (esp. one's hands,feet). Cf
done again in reverse.)+ ~~ljL..;_ n. mutual!
I}L.;"-I~}. 2. warm up (esp. leftover food). 3. fig
reciprocal acts of forgivness and dissipation of
resume/ renew with eagerness and tempo (an
grievances! ill feelings (esp. at a time ofa public!
activity). Cf o.,...;\j."s b ,.""';.l.ilj~ b.+ tJt.;.$ _ n.
national festival or occasion).+Vi-I.,..~~ljL;_v.
heater, contrivance that heats.+ ~J- ac:ij. and
ask for such assurance and forgiveness. + ri.s _ ac:ij.
adv. nice and warm, warm and co~ (bed, place);
submissive. Syn. ri~'+ ~ - ac:ij. rebellious, warmly and snugly, in.a manner affording warm
insubordinate; indomitable, unconquerable. +_ secure cover/ shelter.+ 4.lj_ n. calorie.+ t_ n. heat!
~ See~~~ Cj ~~~.+~_ n. height! stress (of action! condition) (cf 1. .sp'.
defiance, challenge. also in the expression: fl~ syn. I. ~~); midst, middle (of conversation- .....:;)
(cj .::-1~tJli ,,;,~,,,"").+ j~O_ adj. (bread) backed
 484

in the begining and while the oven is very hot. Cj. j..52 gez n. I. ell, unit of measuring cloth normally
)..t.,i4J.J)l....-.;,li.+ "';je_n. heat rash.+ ';:-'_n. wann in the form of an iron rod. equvalent to O.5625m:
region; the plains (see .;,~~.+ ~._1. n. kind ~_..;_ Syrian (Allepo) ell = O.668m. *L;.~
of ball game. 2. adv. without let up/ pause/ long (imperial) ell = O.72m.+ .;,Ij..$_ n. heavy
break.+ .:,;}b~._ v. abuse roundly/ severly.+_ snowfall.+ ';'J,...5''ilt- _ v. feel ten feet tall, feel
.jJJo n. calorie.+ .,r..ojJJo- adj.calorific.+.;,~_n. very happy/ elated.
the lowlands, level country, the plains. Cf
j...53 gez n. bOI. tamarisk. Cj .;,lj"';j...5'.+ JJjL._n .
.;,l.:...-;.."s'.+ .;,l.:...-;.."s' J';'~- n. the seasonal migration
tamarisk gall.
of some tribes between the highlands and the
plains. ';'J,;--S .;,l.::..-;.."s' J';'~~ v. migrate "';Ij..$ gezaf n. boasting, bragging; exaggerated!
seasonally.+ ..,;~_ n. and adj. lowlander, native/ empty promises or talk.+ ~....;._ n. exaggeration
inhabitant of the plains; off rehating to the plains. (syn. ~)\S""";'JJoA); rhet. hyperbole.+ .;,b:.)/_ V.
Cf "';W.."s' '~~J.+ ~_ n. hotness (the level. make empty/ exaggerated promises; boast, brag
degree/ amount 0/).+ ~ n. temperature. E.g. ~~ (see .;,L.:.;S'j-.. ~).
~)..$ Temperature level; heat (see u!L.~.+­
.o..ij4$ gezne n. bot. stinging nettle.
~ n. thermometer.
jj..$ gezo n. manna (the dried exudate); _..;1".1-
~IJ~ gerwanke n. pack (i.e. cigarettes); small
Manna naugat *_~;lJ Manna tree.- '1.,;;.+ ';'j~J-n.
bundle/ parceV packet! sachet. Cf ..:.....5'4.
sweet dish made with Manna.
JJr-S gerd n. 1. gorge (syn . ..,J.J); defile .;,oj..s gezen a/so ;;'oj.$ n. hann, ill, detriment. Cj
(mollntain) (cj. "';J)&). 2. anat. throat. Syn . ..5J.J.. ;ljli •.;,~.
C! .s...:..JJ~'
~ [j..sJ geslin V. bite (with the teeth). E.g.
~J)& gerwq,e n. med. angina. .:.......& 1"""~"';L.j I bit my tongue. (syn. I . .;,l.....t.,i~;
..50)..$ gerek 1. adj. wanted, desired; necessary (see bite, pierce, wound and cause pain (with fang.

I. ..:.-...~). 2. n. claim, demand Syn. 1. IJb. 2.

sting. etc.) E.g. ;:sj4.;.o..i !...s...
Don't! it will bite
you. (syn. I . .;,IJ .~) .
.:-1".> Ant. ~o)..$li.+ ';'J,J-i..50.;J v. want, need,
desire . •\vn. ~-,.+ ';'J.? ..50).$v. claim, demand, ..s.--s gesik n. broom (for sweeping). Syn . ...:..;.:s.+-
ask for.+ ..;_ n. exigency, need (syn. ~~); .;,~ ~/ V. sweep/ clean haphazardly, give it a
necessity. Cf t'.jJ4J. quick sweep.+ .;,IJ/_ v. sweep/ clean with broom.
Cj I. ~L..+ )OJ_ n.sweeper.+.;,IJ:.)/_ fig . V.
..50~..$ ge!..ek n. quarter, part, section (of a town).
clean out (a dish by eating up everything in in),
C! 3. ]$.- ..50-!&0~";'. sweep and leave nothing behind (i.e. s.o. robbbing
o)J'io~J ge!..eiawje n. disharmony, lack of melody/ a house).+._ n., bot. broom.

order/ plan/ etc. o)J 'io~ ~ J,J-i It turned into a ";'..$ ge! adj. fresh and blooming
mess. (flower); beaming, radiant (face) (cj. ..;.;.;.JJ~);
~~.$ ge!..e pre.~. stem of the verb .;,I-!.$ q.v. blazing (charcoal. flame); bright, shining (star.
etc.). + 0y....;;;,I_[~ v. t. cause to open up/
JJI gel. pres. stem of the verb ,jI.j.$ and iJ-4S q. v. bloom; help come ablaze/ tum into embers
- jlS'. + 0;;' _ adj. I. given to biting. 2. harmful. + ...;_ (coal).+ oJ"-"-[~&] v. bloom, open up (flower)
n. hot. stinging nettle.+ or-- [j..$J v. bite. See (syn.o"..;IJt"0J); become/ look vivacious; tum into
v.-s. embers(coal).+ ~I_ n. development, expansion,
 485

growth Syn. li~. C! "",ly~ 'lSjl).+ .;,L:.;,.~­ together and form a crowd Syn. I. 0~.w.j.S.+.
v. develope, evolve the possibilities and promote 0J"':'J.}I v. gram. make plural, put in the plural
the growth of.+ o~.w.I- v. be made into ember form.+ __ adv. by groups.+ 0_ n. I. troop, flock (of
(coal); look delighted and vivacious.+~_ adj. animals), group, school. 2. first part ofcertain
auspicious, propitious, rosy, promising; optimistic compound forms meaning: collective, group,
(syn. ~4 .h•.t-...;....,;).+ ~_ n. optimism, i.e.~....j$"';& q.v. 3. range, series.+':"JP.o_n.

hopefulness.+ .~~.JI- v. build (coal) into embers. concerted drive to plough a land.+.;,l>o_n. pen,
C! 3. .;,~.J ..;~.+.s _n. rapture, hysteria, ecstasy, enclosure (jor animals) C! 4~ 'lJ~.+";;"'tJt-
joy.+ .;,~.;-S ~ v. be rapturous! hystericaV 1S;4-! n. collective security. + .s"~..J110 _ n. group
overjoyed. + )b.....5 _ adj. rapturous, hysterical, discussion! deliberation.+ ~....j$ 0_ n. (against,
overjoyed'+';'JJ--i ;I~ot..-S' _ v. get hystericaV towards); united opposition. C! ';1~'+ ...;&
overjoyed.+~)'4..L =';'J.;-S~ q.v.+._ n. .;,~~ ~....j$ v. band, join forces and cry/ raise a
growth, increase, rise.+ .;,~.;-S....:...5 v.i. grow, fuss (against-;:,..I).+~_ also~_adj.alot,many,
incraese, develop; V.t. in comb. with ~ meaning: considerable (quantity/ number). E.g.)~;:,..1..5
help/ cause to develop or grow.+ JJ~~'- adj. Many times. ~.Jj& 41 r--.J..5..:;J& I talked with him
developed, grown, heightened, enhanced (of a a lot. Cf I. )Jj .~.;:, ....
situation! potential! condition). C! .;jl) •»'"lr-j
j4.S1 gel n. the crotch (ofaperson).<j.$J\';'+-
under .;j2.+ IS- n. radiance, vivacity; glow, blaze.
jWJI adj. straddling (position! walk! etc.) .
..;...:..& g~1 n. tour, traveV journey (jor pleasure); E.g. .:..1 J~ j4.S J~..5 He walks with the legs wide
travel, joumey.+ ~~..;...:..& v. tour, go on tour; ap'!rt'+~J- n. the crotch and posterior of the
travel. Cf .;,1.rS. + .... \,;_ n. travelogue, record of human anatomy.+ ~J- n. the crotch and the
travel; intinerary.+ ;lj,}J-n. tourism; travel. + jOJ- male's sexual organ.
n. explorer; traveller (syn'l~I)L..:.).+ )-!_ n.
j...52 gel n. dried leaves stacked in trees to be used
tourist. Cf ..5j.tS . ~.;S.
as animal feed during snow season. Syn. 2 .. ..tk
;..,:..& g~e pres. stem of the verb 0~L.:...S q. v. ~J.

;.;.:..& ge!,en pres. stem of the verb o~';:' l:.A5 q. v. ~..5 gela n. leaf, foliage: J~o).;- compound leaves
*J...;S"4.i.IS. simple leaves.+.;,~~~..sv.leaf, shoot
..;,..s gef 1. n. barking (i.e. ofa dog). 2. pres. stem
out! produce/ grow leaves (of a plant).+ ;I~_ adj.
of the verb ~& q.v.+ ~J- n. threats, threatening
leafy, having! bearing leaves.+ ';'1- n. (act! process
gesture! action.+.;,~~(;:,..I) pSJ- v. threaten, utter
of) denuding! divesting (a plant) from
threats, make threatening gesture (against). + 0_
leaves.+ .;,~';-s';'1 ~J V.t. denude/ divest! make
=...:,.....5 q. v. + ...:"...$0 _ n. continued! sustained
bare.+ .;,I':";--l- n. the eighth month of the Kurdish
barking.+ .:n-["':"&] v. bark. See .:.r. .}'J' calender; fall, autumn (lit. season offailing and
J..S gel I. n. people, the mass ofa community, folk scattering of leaves).+.$..,j.,s _ n. flat wooden bat
(syn . .s.:i....>. cf )oJL.~); assemblage, crowd (syn. used in washing clothes (.ryn. 2 . .s~); bat used
.:..L.~. c.f ..,J~.u); nation (see o~.:,. for beating and pressing edges of a mud roof. +_
cf ~jS). 2. suffIX to certain compound nouns ~ n. grapevine leaf.- 2. .,..;....+ JojJ- n. roofing
meaning: group; herd; fleet, i.e. ~.s q.v. 3. material (esp. twigs and leaves) constituting a
layer between the beams and the top earth. + )0 J _
gram. plural. Syn.j.S.+~/_ v. assemble, meet
adj. deciduous (of a plant).-.;r..;oJ.
 486

J'J4.5 gelal n. coarse (often slippery) graveV shingly ~I gen pres. stem ofthe verb ~&. + )1- n.
riverbed. Cj ~ .t;-J. smelling pool (often su/phorous).+ ~-£~ v. rot.,
decay, putrify. Cj ;;~.? ~j.t.+ -.H- adj. rotten,
~"M' gelale n. outline, sketch, broad! general
decayed, putrid (cj ..;.l!l;);fig. corrupt.
description! summary. Cj .~~.~~

..s....:..D-l.+;;~~& v. take shape, be broadly ~ gen See Jj&.

outlined; take form (sculpture/ etc.).+ ;;J.} ~& v.
'4.51 gene adj. & n. young, youthful; youth. Syn.
take/ carry beyond planning stage, give a general ~
JjoJ~"":" .;;I~. Cf ;lSo;~.+"';';"_ also..;_ n.
outline (to); put into a recognizable form! shape.+
youth, youthfulness .
.... li. n. blueprint, written program of action; bill,
draft of a proposed law/ legislation. gene n. treasure (s).+~_n. I. treasury. 2.
back room used for storge; c1oset.+,)~_ n.
~.J 'J4.5 Gelawej n. I. fifth month of the Kurdish
treasurer (cj ;~L..j); depositary.
calender. 2., astr. Sirius (the bright star of the
constellation Canis Major).+ ~~/_ v.i. tum cool ~ gend also..s..:.4.5 adj. malodorous, stinking,
(of the weather around September). fetid. Syn. 2. ';'&j.t.+ ~)_n. filth (alsofig.).+ 0_ I.
:,;.& gel!!o adj. ignoramous, numbskull. Cj ;;oJ~. prefIX to certain compound nouns meaning: light,
small, insignificant, false. 2. n. fraud, imposter.+_
;;.1& gelor adj. doltish, stupid. Syn. 2.~1.
.s....:..~o
n. quack, pretender to medical skill,
.vJ& gelu n. species of millet grass.c.f jlS' I.;;;;.... charlatan.+ J~o- n. measly/ contemptably small/
insignificant man.+ l.;, _ n. light fever. Cjl; .;,I}
..;;..J& geleri (E) n. gallery.
.+ »->-D_ ad}. indiscriminate in eating, inclined to
~4.5 geli a/so ~& n. gorge, deep narrow passage eating inferior food. + ;~o_ n. petty thief, pilferer.+.
in the mountains (syn'JJ;&); canyon. (cjj"jJ. O)DJ ";;~o n. petty theft! thievery, pilfering.+ )So_ n.
~.) meniaV lowl humble job or profession. + ..s~;& 0_
"j;L..4.5 gemaro n. siege; blockade (cf 4i~l;); n. caper spurge.+jo_ adj. moulding, decaying
encirclement: ..;;».'L:..;_ economic blockade..;_ (esp. of wood).+ .b-A 0_ n. light downy hair (esp.
*..r-. L.....;DJ naval blockade *..;)o~ ..; _ land on theface); fuzzy hair.
(continental) blockade. + ;;IJ/_ v. besiege, encircle; t4.5 genim n. wheat (cf jtOJ): o;~..;_ spring
blockade. Cf I ;;IJ ili,1; .~}'J}~ .;;IJ 4i~I;. wheat* IJI;-l";- Rizawa wheat (known for its
goodquality)* UJ;oj..;_ yellow wheat (normally
jL..& gemal n. mastifT(dog). C.f ).:..J.... -..$4-.
used for making )oJ'- q. v.) *..;;~oJj4i..;_ superior
~J gemj also D~4.5 adj. puny, stunted (of a quality of wheat used mainly for making bread..;_
person).
*JI;J~ variety of small-grain wheat.+ ..;v- n.
o;JY'& gemlire n. thickened saliva (on the /ips). grainseller (/it. wheat seller) idiom. J~j#: J~} t&
formula used for the separation of two teams in a
.... & geme n. I. game, playing Syn . ..;;~. 2. joke,
group game (/it. wheat gathered barley scattered.+
kidding See~lS'. Syn. 2.";-;:'.+;;J.} ....&v. play
..;~.,s- adv. ceaselessly, without respite/ stop.+_
(with- j&..J); joke (with- j&..J). C.f ;;~},..I-l'
~ n. popular group game played indoors and
...r-J gemi a/so -..,.4.5 n. barge, flat-bottomed while sitting.+ 0_ wart. See..s-,-",~.+ ...r-L.:.o- n.
transport boat. C.f r-4J4{ • ~. + D_ n. arc:..; L. Indian com, maize (syn . .;.oIl;); popcorn.+ .Jl;"S'D-
C""'; Noah's Arc. n. dish prepared from crushed wheat.+ "";l.:;....;i..,s'o-
 487
.JJ"1t4[~) --

n. variety of wheat reddish in colour grown in the supermarket. +;jJ _ n. big village (cf 1.;jJ, .I.i.,!);
highlands.+..;_ adj. wheat-coloured. sub-district (see..;&~).+ )LS'_ n. amplifier.+~_
..:..S gene n. tick (pest. insect): l$~.,!..;_ fig. n. eldest daughter; grown-up girl. (cf~ Dft'.).+-
hanger-on, leech. Syn . ..5~j4.t. jL.. n. aristocratic/ high born family/ household.+.
If"! n. size (cf ..)j); importance, greatness;
..:..S..& genegene n. quinine. E.g. ..& a tJl4.>
distinction.
Quinine pill.
jJ.,,$ gewz 1. n. rolling motion! movement. 2. pres.
,& gew n. arch, vault. Cf I . .. ly.S.
stem of the verb ,jJ.j~ q. v.+ .;,I_[;jj.,...s] v. i. roll
JlyaS gewad (A) n. pimp. about (of animals. s.o. with pain. etc.); wallow,
luxuriate (in-ot..l).+ ~1-[u-'.jA v.t. roll, tum over
},....s gewar adj. acceptable, satisfactory
and over (in - DJD .. ...J); rough (s.o.) up by wiping!
(Ant. )yaSli. cf },.....).; wholesome, healthy.
cleaning the ground (withJJ .. ...J). <.;,.l.iljyaS'p.+•
jl"...s gewal n. I. patch (i.e. of cloud). 2. group. .;,IJ/ v.i. toss and tum (in bed). Syn. 2.J'y-~4.
Syn. 2 . .;....OJ.+ __ in patches; group by group. ';'J.? 'y-JJ4..+ Ift-L)&] =,:,IjJ& q.v.

JlyaS gewale See ...JI yt.>. ;jjJ& gewze pres. stem of the verb.;,lj)& q.v.

•I"...s gewah n. witness, preson who testifies! gives u-'.jyaS gewzen pres. stem of the verb ';'.l.iljyaS q. v.
evidence. Cf~. +..; _ n. testimony, evidence.
j'i.,.s gew/a;, adj. much married.
C.! ..;~L..!,.+.;,IJ";_ v. testify, give evidence/
testimony.+ ... ~_ n. written testimony/ proof. J1"...s gewlJ! also ..5;)J.,,$ n. sheep pen (cf J~);
winter stable (cf ...LJ~); shallow cave used as
...~"...s gewc adj. & n. foolish, silly, simple (cf j;,S);
animal shelter.
fool. + ';'J..,s ~J.,,$ v. make a fool (0/), make look
';'JJ& gewun n. tragacanth shrub.
silly; in comb. withrselfmeaning make a fool of
oneself. DJ.,,$ gewe n. curvet bend (in a road). Syn. I.~;

;,& gewr also.r.& n. Zoroastrian Cf )JJlS'. device.+ )15" _ adj. devious, evasive, wily.

';~ gewre I. adj. big, sizable, large (in ';'DjyaS gewezn n. species of stag. Syn . .;.,;!lS'.
dimension! bulkJ exrent) (cf Jj 'r'ioj); grown (in )4A yaS gewher n. I. gem, precious stone: I.?.,..:...;_
agel maturity). 2. adj. important, mighty, great carbuncle (stone). Cf~IJ~. 2. quiddity, esence.
(S}·n . .;,j4....A. cf ..s..:,..J); distinguished, respected
C.! I . ..5j'? ,.~.+ .l.i4.t- adj. jewelled, set! studded
(syn. 2. ;--!~). 3. n. head (of a family); chief
with precious stone.+ )J_ adj. exquisite, precious;
(cf ..5j;4-); senior, elder. E.g. ')J.,,$ ..;Ir, Elder
essential, vital, crucial (syn . ..5V4...t. cf .,5,.;..J).+-
brother. 4. parI of certain compound forms
).$ n. jeweler, one who makes! repairs/ deals in
e.g. JL.:; o)J.,,$ Man of importance. ')J& Jl.o WelJ-
jewelery.+..;_ adj. essential, fundamental.
know! distinguished household.+ ,jJ.J-'-I o)J"'! v.
increase in size, grow up, mature (s.o./ s.th.) (syn. ..;.,,$ gey n. grudge, resentment. Cf I. iN.. + ; _ adj.
~..,s ....:..$); become important, gain eminence.o)yaS
grudging, resentful. indignant.+ ~;/_ v. be
~..,s v. increase the size/ extent (of.;), expand; resentful! carry a grudge (toward~ VJ)· + ';'»1".) /-
bring up, raise (child) (cf ';'J.? OJ)'J)~ ',jJ.? ";>"-1); v. harbour grudge/ feel resentment towards.
give importance (to-..;), exaggerate. E.g.•)J&":"!'
.;,.I.i~..5 [~..5]geyandin v.t. I. convey, transmit,
.s........:. He exaggerates things.+ ;ljLt- n.
communicate (through delivery/ word of
 488

mouth) . .;,,~~...S'~ •.;,,~~...S'~ •.;,,~~~I-/. 2. used in prefIX to certain compound nouns meaning: life,
comb. with 0 meaning: help reach! arrive at (a i.e.~~ q.v.+ ).)_n. & adj. living being; alive,
location! spot/ etc.); take/ carry/ accompany (s.o.l living. Syn'.)'J0.J..:w.,j. C.f .)~~.+ ,jl.)/_ v. be at
s.th.) as far as (an intended destination). E.g'r"! one's last gasp, be dying. Syn. ';"»1 Il J ~4.i~ .u .
•.,I,.i~ ~~ Take me as far as the market. 3. n. Cf .;".)~.+ ';'~.)'')/_ v.i. die; fig. be at the end of
communication. (one's) tether.+ .;,.).)l:-/_ v. i. die (used in respect
~~ geyq,t 3rd pers. sing preterite of ~~ and esteem when refering to S.o. 's death).
q.v.+...S'_ n. arrival point!place/destination.+ JJ- E.g. .).)L;.-..s1.>~~4$ He entrusted his soul to
adj. received, delivered. dust. +..::..:0-., _ adj. suffering long before dying. +_
~ n. Azrael, the angel of death.+ ~_ n.
~~ [.s:J gey41in See IJ::.!.~.
animal (cj l.o.L...i,r); living being (syn .
.:k...S' geyen pres. stem of the verb.;,,~~~ q.v.+ .)'_ )~l,$): )')'J'~ 1oS~- vertebrate '*';'>4~ 1oS~
n. conductor, a medium that conducts heat, etc.
predators '*.)4J..J 1oS.)~ - rodentia '*.).$~-.J IS 1oS.)~.u­
IJ::.!....S' [.s:J geyin v.i. arrive (at- 0); reach. meet, catch ruminants '*~~ 1oS.)~ _ mammals. + 0_ n. &
up (with- ~). E.g. o.,..j~ ~~~ We will arrive adj. dear, dear heart (when addressing s.o.).+_
home. L":..-j.o~ ~~...S' I met! caught up with the ~o adj. weary. Syn. \J"'-/'J'+ .$._ = 4.i~ q. V.+ J~'­
teacher. n. death throes. c.f, .,$.)~',;4-.+ .,$~._ n., anat.
~~ gey,", adj. ripe. spinal cord.+ .)'J'- See )~~.+ ~Ij.).)._ n.
zoology.+ 1oS.)')0- adj. zoological. + 1oS-1oS- very
~ ge pres. stem of the verb 1J::.!.lS' q. v.
close, bosom, intimate (s.o.).
4$ n. grass, herbage, green (cf ~JjS); first
giya ~ gipe n. tripe bags filled with rice, meat, spices
part of certain compound nouns, i.e . ..,,;I.)~ q.v.+_ and boiled in its own broth .
.;,,~
n. aromatic herb used in cooking.+ -/~_ n. hay
°r-i$ gepe!e n. only in J..loSo-/~ part of the neck
field (before mowing).+ o).~_ n. weed having a
just behind the jaws (esp. indicative of the
cauterizing effect used in the treatment of thickness ofthe neck as a sign ofgood health).
hemorrhoids.+ "u-il.)- n. piquant herb used in
;:ll;;S' ghal adj. paltry, tawdry, cheap.
cooking. + ..s;.;0r n. cane-like weed the leaves of
which are used as dye.+ ....I.L.._ n. a weed the roots ..;.:;s geli n. world (syn . .;,~).
of which are used in making ice cream.+...r.""- n.
j~ gefel n. quarrel, wrangle. C.f 2.<-/~.~~
weed the bulb of which is crushed and used in
;:l~.
dressing wounds.+ .j".L n., bot. sucker weed
living off a tobacco plant.+ f"",,,L n. wild oats.+_ ;..51 gel I. adj. lame (esp. in the hip/ upper part of
\J"'L....i n. herbalist.+ ';"j.)~_ n. slender foxtail the legs). Cj I. j.I..:.. 2. adj. curved, bent. Cf )p.
millet.+..r-._ adj. herbal.
.r-9 gel (E) n. gear, shift, transmission (on a car,
,jL$ giyan I. n. soul, spirit, psyche; breath (oflife); etc.)
life: .;,L.;~ 1oS- God (Iii. life of all living)(see I. ~ gel suffIX to certain compound nouns meaning:
.;,L..j).< ,j~~. 2. n. the whole human body, the maker, agent, organizer, i.e. ;.?.)IS q. V.
body (all over). E.g. Jl; ~ J,J-/f4$ I got wet all
over. Cj..;.J. 3. adv. yes dear (expr. used in
;..54 gel n. I. turning! steering capacity. 2. pres.

answering when called). 4. adj. Dear (when stem ofthe verb.;"l,;$ ando~l;.? q.v.+.;,I-l;.$1 V.t.
addressing s.o.). E.g . .;,~IJ"'i Dear brother. 5. I. administer, run, manage, conduct (job, org.,
 489

etc.) (syn. <J:I.}i '';-./4.1); organize, arrange for (partyI I . .:,..j}); problem, unresolved issue/ situation. 2.
meeting)(syn. f.i.-.> ...s;,.;-./); roll (roof with ~:I}~ obstacle, stumbling block.+._ n. I. vise (tool). 2.
q. v.). 2. take/ show (s.o.) around or on a tour.+_ limitation, restriction, qualification.+..;_ n.
•""";I£r-5J v. relate, tell, give an account of (s.th. inflexibility .
said or a';';'.;;.}.J4- q. v.); narrate.+ '.,1.)_ adj. told 'J1r-S giTawe n. solution, mixture, suspension.
(short story/ account), narrated; n. folk tale (c./ Cf. 'JI"...
<Jl:....1:1).+ 'J')'- n. narrator.
~L-A;:,-..,,$] girsan only in ~L..,.$I:I and~
giT I. adj. inflexible, unyielding,
~L..,.$ q.v.
uncompromising. 2. adj. caught, stuck. 3. n.
concealed barrier/ obstacle/ difficulty. 4. n. power 'J4.iL-.,.$ t,....,,$]girsanewe v.i. be stopped in fall,
of resistance/ abstention! self-control. + <J»I.,.$ v. be caught up/ entangled on s.th. (i.e. kite while
be inflexible; bel get caught (on)/ stuck (to- ...J); be being jlewn); come down, land (cf.
fixed! firmly established (c./<JI;j ..... 1:1).+1_ adj. .~).-I:I.~.

fulfilled! answered (of prayerl imprecation).+. :..,....,.$ girsl pres. stem of the verb ~L..,.$ q. v.
~:I~ I v. hook (on), attach (to-.u).+ ~I_I second
.:r--.,.$ giTsln pres. stem of the verb ~~ L..,.$ q. v.
part of some compound nouns meaning: eclipse
of; blockage, i.e. <JI~L. q. v. + ~1_2[~A v. I. giT/an n. pocket. E.g. ~I,. ..; _ Breast
pass. of~}: be caught! seized. 2. be held! pocket.+ 1'- n. pickpocket.
grasped. 3. be arrested! kept in custody. 4. be
extracted (juice); be skimmed. 5. be held in .;.$ glre n. threshing with oxen. C./ I. ~~. Syn.
(respect! esteem). 6. be broken in (horse). 7. .u.,;.-.+ ~:I.? 0,;,$ v. thresh with oxen.+ ~:I..$:s.I- v.
second part of certain compound verbs formed put to labour, get hard work out of. Syn. I.
with prep., adj., etc. 8. be heidi convened
.~~L-~.+ ~:I.? l..;il- v. fig. tum upside down
(meeting, conference, etc.). 9. be exlipsed
(preceeded by ~jr sun or~L.._ moon); be (room/ place/ etc.) E.g .• i...s
~ ..;.;.$.- _:.''': It is
turned upside diwn (lit. it looks as if it has been
blocked. + JI- adj. I. caught; arrested. 2.
threshed in).+ ~..,;.:._ n. lit. the ox that disrupts the
blocked.+ ~JI- n. shadda (the doubling sign ,',
team in threshing; fig. adj. disruptive (preson.
over an Arabic consonant.). + ~:I}';' I_v. I. bel get element, character).+ ..,:;...,,;.....:._ n. disruption,
trapped, be stuck (in- ...J). C.! <J~~;';' 2. be held interference, unsettling act! behaviour/ effort.+_
back, forced to stay/ remain.+ )lS_adj. difficult, ""';';)J n. vexatious/ wearisome situation/ act!
hard to please (of s.o.).+ ~.,.sl- v. be obtained! treatment. Syn . ..;~~ •....:..uJ 4.i.+ ~ ....:.:;,sJ-
gotten.+<JL../_ v. be held back, be stranded.+ j_ ~:I.? v. harrassl wear out (s.o.) by giving rough
also .:lj_ adj. I. confronted! burdened (by S.o., time/ treatment.
s.th.) (syn. ':I.".,JL.:); afflicted, stricken (with)/
~or-S gf!.egi!. n. presistent and prolonged egging!
suffering (from disease, defect, etc.) (syn"J\;.i} complaint performed in a drawling manner.+
~.",;). 2. tied down, restricted (by), stuck (with). ~:I~ r--S'r-Sv. complain! utter discontent
See <JL...~. 3. captivated (by charm, trait, persistently. + ;4-S - adj. given to persistent
etc.). C.! ~:I.+ ~4....{J- n. renovation, complain.
refurbishment.+ ~:I..$ ~4.1~ v. renovate, refurbish, ~.,.$ gire pres. stem ofthe verb. <J1.,.$ q. v.
modernize.+ ):lJ- n. dominion; sovereignty.+j_
...r-..:J n. I. affliction, malady. 2. captivation.+_ :r-S gil. int). denoting a whizzing! whistling sound.+
~J...il_ [~...r--Sl v. produce a whistling! whizzing
..:-j}J n. I. difficulties, vicissitudes, pitfulls (c./
 490

sound or noise.+ l~.J- n. much whizzing! hissing ->~ gllaxe n. bot. star of Bethlehem (the plant).
sound (esp. of fast moving objects i.e. bullet) cf
...,.~ gelas n. cherry (fruit! tree). C.f •..5.vf"i~
;.J~~.i-+ .- n. whiz; whizzing (as ofa bullet);
hissing! whistling (of a samovar).+ :r-$.- n. nJlt.,.ll:·
repeated/ sustained whizzing or whistling sound. ~ gilk n. small wild hyacinth .
.;';.$ gizer n. carrot. ~ gllke n. a species of small red ant.- ..J.J.J;;".
,:;.:r-S gizin pres. stem ofthe verb. ';"..I.il~ q. v. ~.J;$ geleki n. a type of Kurdish song.- ";1;;5'.
gij I. adj. dizzy, giddy. Cf ;.J.J. 2. n. whirl, ~ gelgele n. I. tassel of semi-precious stones
rapid rotating! circling movement. + ';"»1:;.$ v. bel and gold worn by women on the side of the head.
become dizzy.+ iJ~~ftS v. cause become dizzy; 2. name ofa traditional Kurdish song.
fig. harrass, hassle, confuse, exasperate. E.g . ..,s.;4- j •..L:.,$ gendel n. bot. vetch.
~J;S:;.$ He gave me a headache/ made my head go
~ gingle n. I. coil (as a series of loops/ rings/
round.+ .JI- n. whirlpool; predicament, dilemma.+
spirals). 2. wiggle, wiggling! tossing motion.+.
iJl},.>/- v. I. be turned! spinned around. 2. get
.;.,~},.>/ v. coil self up, wind self into rings/loops.
dizzy.+ iJll/- V.t. I. drawl pull (5.0'/ s.th.) in (said
Cf 1. ';"l}"'~~'+ .;.,Il/_ v. toss/ flounce/ wiggle
of a whirlpool/ a rapidly moving/ overwhelming
situation! etc.). 2. swing around. Syn. 2 . .;.,Il ;.J.J-"+ (e.g. in bed).
~-'.J- adj. scanerbrained, flighty (of 5.0. 's :,;;S geno n. plant from which yellow dye is made.
behaviour as well as state ofmind).+.- n. crown
.~ gewe n. shoe having woven upper part (i.e.
of head.+ ..s~._ n. whirlwind (syn. I:;.$lt'l.$lt;
";"'JS q. v.).
cyclone (cf JnJ'l~ ,»-Lt).+ iJ.- n. menace,
peril, danger. Cf ..,....;..... Syn. ~pS.+ &..:.._ n.
dangerous spot, menacing situation.+ ..,s- n.
dizziness, giddiness .
..5.-$ gisk n. kid of three to six months old. Cf 6.
;lS.-.;.,.i-/.
gisli n. locks (of woman '5 hair). Cf
~..J.;,.+ it-- adj. outcast (woman).
~ gi~e n. haycok, stack; stacked sheaves (of
cereal)/ rows of tobacco on string, etc. Cf 4!\;.

~ giv adj. fluffed, puffed (feathers, hair); putTed

up (with pride! elation! conceit/ etc.).< ~ j.>

';"l,?

J..;,S gil adj. simple-minded, devoid of subtlety. C.f

(.J..$ ,s. .: ::
under ;:"./+ ';"»-IJ..;,Sv. be duped!
gulled.+ ';"l~ j.;S v. dupe, gull, make a dupe (oj).
';"l~ j.;S j..>.+ .S"j_ adj. dummy, rather stupid.+..,s_
n. simple-mindedness.
 491

adj. I. removed, set aside; eliminated;

abolished. 2. deducted.+ <J~Ji/- v. I. remove by
lifting! pushing aside/taking away (see 3. j-..
~.J); take (s.o.) off(ajob, oftenfollowed by
~) (cj I. <J~~JD~). 2. deduct, take (from-
j) (syn. 2. <J1~iS;); delete.+ ~_ v. expr. used
as command! entreaty meaning: don't, leave
alone, take off. Eg. ~'J ~~ Take your hands
off.+ J4.t- n. remover, one who/ that which
removes! dissipates. Eg. ~";a>~'" !$J~'J
It dissipates all worries.+ D~_ n. breast collar
J f twenty first leiter ofthe Kurdish alphabet.
(part of the breast harness).+ I"....~_ n. by-
~1 fa n. J. side, right/left part of the trunk of product; secondary result. + _ ~ _ adj. and adv.
the body. E.g. ~~!$~ My left side (cf 2. sideways, with one side forward Eg. 'J 4.t 'J
jL;,~~); place/ space/ side/direction with <J~ J.... Carry it side ways; slanted (in
respect to the center of s.th. E.g !$'J I"AJ position); peculiar, slant (point of view/
DJ.o... li~ On this side of the street (cf 5. J~); altitude); incidental (see I. JDJ'J). + u!--~­
upright surface/sidellong narrow edge from the n. slant/ slanting positioD.+ j~_ n. side slope
view point of the observer E.g. .oD~\#.!$'J 1"'; (of a mountain); flank (of the body) (syn.
This side of the house. 2. side glance/ tum of ....~4l).+ J~- n. implied criticism.+ ~ J~/­
the face.< J4-!$'J. 3. one of two or more ~J v. criticize by implication! inference.+_
opposing groups! teams/ sets of opinions. E.g. jI~ n. and adj. meddler, buttinsky;
I".J";;,; !$'J or I will be on your side. 4. distinct
meddlesome, inclined to intrude in other
aspects! points. E.g. 4!.... ~I?!$'J J";~!$'J It people's business.+ .r.,- adj. marginal, on the
has good as well as bad points. 5. part of fringe, peripheral. Syn. u!-,-,".o. + ;:r. _ I. adj.
certain compound verbs meaning: aside, out.
incidental, side, accidental, indirect. 2. n.
Eg. DJ'J4.t~DJ";iS)~ Put thatasideforthe
narrow/steep track, goat-track.+. ~_ adj.
time being. 6. part ofsome compound nouns
tilted at a rakish angle (i.e. a turban). Cf ) 'J. +
meaning: side, i.e. iSd'J q. v. + <J»I 'J v. I. be at
(the house! place oj), be with (s.o.). E.g. !$'J
.J'}; _ n. jink; quick step/leap to the side. Cf

~';""'-»I <Jl.o L-
Where you with Samanl at
j ~ 'J. + c:.~.r' - adj. inverted, turned
(about/upside down) (cf JJ~Jl:); taken out of
Saman's house? 2. be estranged/feel
disaffected, be at odds (with s.o./s.th.). Eg. or context. 2. nonsensical, humbug. C.f 2. 'c:..JY.
i" 'J D;;;!$D)S I".J I feel at odds with what you are ~.+ ~...;_ adv. flinchingly.+ .s-.....;/_
doing.+ <J~~'J v. go wide of target, miss and <Jl:-DJ v. flinch! recoil! shrink (from- .J); edge
hit on the side. Cf <J~.} .]4-.+ i"~';- n. side away. + ~~ _ n. sub-species. + "';Ir' _ n., anat.
effect, secondary result. + .:..~ ~ _ n. secondary/ flank.+ D:r~ _ n. lower part of the buttocks.
incidental issue or concem.+ ~"'-I~_ adj. _
-.:.-. + ..s.....)~ adj. reserved, reticent, retiring
incidental, contingent, secondary.+ Jlt- n. (person). Cf J. 'J.o.+ ~~ _ adj. I. lateral,
merchandise shipped/loaded along with the situated on/directed toward the side;
main item or cargo. - I. J~.+ .i~- n. ajump to peripheral. 2. secondary; trivial, insignificant.+
<J~~~/- v. tum one's side to; ignore. Cf.:...!t
the side.+ <JbjLd- v.jumptotheside.+ ift-
 492

~J."s~.+ ~~_ n. the shaft! thilV pole (to the side of the head.+ ..s:.;.... _adj. unbalanced,
which the horses are tied on a carriage).+_ not in equilibrium.+ ..}:.___ n. imbalance,
..s:.;~ n. temple (side of face). Syn. ..JSa.i.+_ disequiJibrium.+ ~l;._ adv. sideways, with one
J~ adj. unco-operative, not synergetic (s.o./ side forward.+ .;"':"_ adj. pacific, pacifistic,
s.th.).+ ~_ adj. passing, ephemeral, fleeting. peaceful. Cf .i1~L:.+ o.S.;":"- n. pacifism.+_
C[ LiLS.+ ~~/_ v. step aside, remove .s:.L~ n. side of the face by the lower jaw.
oneself, get out (of the way) (cf ~IJ ~); step C.f ....;~~.+ ~~_n. doorpost, doorjamb.+_
down/ out (of positionljob) (cf ~~ .)1.,); J4.l n. side flank. + .)LS _ n. sideline activity/
disappear, pass from view suddenly/ gradually work.+ IS.JLS- n. part-time job/ work.+IS.J~
(c.f ~L.....;). E.g. jJ~.)~~~Getoutofmy ~J.,s v. work part-time, have a part-time job.+_
sight. J~ ~ IS- ~ "-' He stepped down as king. IJ"";:I.} v. tum (one's face) aside, glance aside.
~L.; ~ j4S,,-!lJ My fever does not go away.+_ C.f I,...:.b ';J W. + ~ ~;..S _ n. back street, side
....;~ n. side of jaw.+ ..s~_n. anecdote.+~ street. + ;.;~ / _ v. I. be slanted! bent to the
JI~ adj. excluded, ruled out.+ ij....;./_ v. I. side. 2. be situated in a place ofT! other than
place (s.th.)/ lay (s.o.) on the side. 2. suspend, that of an intended or mentioned location. + _
defer, render ineffective, hold in abeyance. ..;..::.$1 adj. occasionaV infrequent (smoker).+_
Cf ;.;J1.;. + ~IJ/_I v. 1. stop ofT! by (a place on
..;..::.$2 n. long narrow rug (generally one ofa
one's way). E.g. Il j ~ /jl,....J I stopped by the
matching set of three spread together). Cf
market. 2. go/step aside (syn. ~J~ ~); detour, jl';D.) __ .+ ~...)~ _ n. parallelogram. + ~_
proceed by a detour; change (the subject), try n. rectangle.+ ,J-.~- adj. rectangular.+ •
to avoid. E.g. Il ..... ~ .s....
W Don't change the
~}/ v. take sides, ally oneselflbe with one of
subject. 3. pulV draw open (curtain/drapes);
lift, remove (veil); push! put on one side. 4. two or more opposing groups/ opinions! etc.+
deviate, stray, swerve. + ~IJ} n., phys. Ir.:--S. golden chain and hook with
n.
aberration.+ .)"-!IJ_ n. part-time wetnurse.+ .)u_ interspersed golden coins (often golden lira)
and big bright red coral beads- ~ ~ used by
n. deviationist; adj. deviating.+ ~~:I_ n.
Kurdish women to decorate the headpiece.+_
feedback. + ,j_!U _ n. a type of •...;.I.,s q. v. + IS:I-
IJLi.l n. comer of the mouth.+ ~.vJ- adj.
n. country (as opposed to city), countryside,
rural area. + ..r-tJ _ n. and adj. villager (syn. estranged, alienated, disaffected. Cf J~D.J.+.

";~J); rural (people), rustic.+ "':"'r n. J. ..,..;J.,J n. estrangement, alienation.+ ...,J /-

malignant tumour. 2. disease attacking tobacco DJ"':'l.} v. fig. help, aid, extend a helping hand
leaf stalk.+ ~} "":"1/_ v. have/develop a to.+ ~_ n. side of the neck.+ ..s......... _See
malignant tumour.+ n. sidetrack, ~~IJ~.+ ...J..... _ n. side stroke swimrning.+ _
diversion.+ ~.»-i JI.; ~ v. be diverted! ..s.JJJ n. parasite, hanger-on.+ ~DJ- adj. 1.
sidetracked.+ ~J.? JI.; ~ v. sidetrack, lead (s.o.) minor, incidental, secondary. 2. foreign,
off (a subject! issue! etc.); divert. Syn. IS.;...J outside, external (influence! bearing/ aspect!
etc.). Cf .;-.L..; ....... ~ .DJD.JDl.+ J~.u- n.
~~.)Il.+ ISr n. side/secondary road.+ ..s~_
adj. untutored, ignorant; unintelligent. Cf sidestep.+ ~J} J~""~ v. sidestep, evade.
..> &: ::.+ ~~_ n. ignorance, smattering; ~2 la prep. at, around (ofplace! time). E.g. o.S~
unintelligence.+ 1.).»--_ n. kind of apple j.;D~ Around noon; (in the) presence/ front
flushed on one side. - .,;.....+ I~_ n. tassel of (o/). E.g. ~JJISIJV-Oo.S~ He said so in my
gold!semi-precious stones worn by women at
 493

presence; in the opinion (oj). E.g. 0~~'J"i In IJ"'J los n. persuasion, inducement;
my opinion; by, near, in proximity to-~, Eg. brainwashing.+ ,:,~},.>I_ v. bel get persuaded
~I~ oyt..:.. ~'J She sat near me (cf ~~).+. or induced; be brainwashed.+ .:,b/_ V.I.
.:,L;bl v. leave (s.th.) with/in someone's care; persuade, induce (cf .:,..I.iU..... ~ . .:,~.? Jl;) .
place next to/near by.+ oJ.;I~/- v. stop by/ at
lasar adj. heedless, disagreeable.
again. + ':'JJ-i .:,1.,51- v. consider arduous! fmd
obdurate.+ ~_ n. obduracy, heedlessness.
difficult (to do/accept/say/ etc); find expensive
(in price); be annoyed! get angry (by s.th. said! i.T-l.... 'J lasayi n. mimicking. imitation; ridiculing
done).+ ':'JJ-iIJ/- v. believe, be of the opinion, (s.o.) by imitating.+ .... 1_ adj. imitative,
think! suppose so. Eg. ':""-!li,,-!IJi"'J I believe unoriginal, simulated.+ .~~.?I_ v. mimic, ape,
he is not coming. 4jJJ~.? ~IJ~'J He though imitate; ridicule by mimicking. Cf u-l J4-
you had done it. ,,-!IJ i" 'J ~ I think so too. .:,~.?+ ~_ n. and adj. mimic, one that mimics;
-.r la n. half (as one of the two sides/parts of given to mimicry.

s.th.). C.f o~.+"';';'_ n. part-time job.+ 014!,- ..s..;:-'J lastik (E) n. and adj. rubber, elastic;
n. page, one side of a sheet of paper. Syn. made of rubber, elastic.
1!-'.JJ1· Cf 114!,· ..5-'J lask n. I. stalk, stick (of celery, rhubarb,
~'J lap,in n. boot. Syn. ~~. Cf w~. etc.); bot. petiol, leaf stalk; stalk (of barely,
wheal, etc.), stem (of flower). 2. stem (of
.:..'J lat adj. I. broke, peniless; bankrupt, socks, stockings, boots).+ .:,~.}.5-'J v. separate
insolvent. 2. poverty stricken, destitute.+ _ petiol from leaf (e.g. grapevine leaves for
)~J n. bunch of poverty stricken and strange cooking); trim the stalk/stem. + /...)~ _ adj. long-
people. Cf ~~~""+':"~J_adj. wretched stemmed. -~Jo.;:,$.
and miserable (normally used for more than
~'J la~e n. corpse, dead body (of
one person).
person/animal) (cf ~I. i"~); carcass (see
(~'J lac/ac n. name of a legendary patron of
..s'JAS). + ~ _ adj. carrion-eating.
gambling.
~'J lat;iye adj. artificial, false (teeth! hair/
~.J'~'J laciwerd n. lapis lazuli. + ~ _ adj. bright
limb).
blue; light blue. Cf 1. ~.
J'J la/ n. bragging assertion, vainglorious
.J'J lar adj. I. leaning, oblique, bent from a
display (of s.th.), vaunt. Cf 1. jL.:.:,i.+ ~/­
vertical position. (cf I. )..,»; tilted (cf ~'J).
.:,I~ v. assert/display oneself in a boastful
2. See.J'J ~.J. + .:,~ J'J v. be leaning, bend. +
manner. Eg.
- -
I~""';u-l ~..I.i~.JJo~~'J He is
IJ..:.~/- v. I. lean, bend. 2. die. Cf I. b'J"i
boasting of wealth.+ JljJJ- n. bragging
.;,;~.+ IJ.;~.?I- v. bend, cause to lean.+ r;jJJ/- assertion and exaggeration.
adj. bent and crooked, sinuous. Cf ~J)"'>'+
JU'J la/aw n. flood, deluge, inundation. Cf
0_ n. oblique Iinc. + .J'J J~ _ adv. and adj.
JL...;;..J. Syn. .:,l...j... JI.:.+ .:,l....j.u/_ v. come, rise
swayingly; swaying.+ ~.Jd.J'JJ'/- v. walk
(flood, water).
with a sway.+ ~_ n. I. obliqueness. bending!
leaning position. 2. dissent, disagreement. J'J /aq n. leg. Cf [U. Syn. I . ..5:..:J.
difference of opinion.+ ':'J.,-! (u) ~.J'J v. be
dissentient, disagree, object (to _ .J).
 494

y~ laqe n. restr. (act! instance ot) tampering deprivation, state of being displaced! persona
(with s.lh.).+ iJl.rS AJ~ v. tamper/ fool (with), non grata.

touch. Syn. 2. iJl)' IS; ~.).

-
iJ "L -Lan second part ofsome compound forms
i.e. iJ~'l;41 q. V •
..5'J lak n. carcass (of animal esp. when slain
for food). C.f ..5'JAS. ..,~ law n. youth, young person. Cf 1. ~.s.+_
~Il adv. youthfully.+ ~_ adj. youthful,
....5'J lake n. only in ~l.A ;A-1SA.5'J v. feel
vigorous; chivalrous. + ~ _ also ~ _ and IS-
lightheaded (esp. from hunger).
n. youth (age/lime o/J.
J~ lal n. ruby. Syn. ~..J.
jI..,'i lawaz adj. feeble, frail, weak; thin, skinny
j~ lal adj. mute, dumb (alsofig.).+ iJ»Ij~ v. (cf ~ •..J'-"~); weak (see ~). - jI..,'i"'d..J.+-
bel become mute.+ iJ.))'j~ only in iJl)'j'i:';' v. IS n. I. frailty; weakness (of an argument!
act! pretend to be dumb or stupified. + ~~. _ n. standi point of view). 2. med anemia.
half-mute; stammerer.+ IS- n. muteness,
~I.J~ lawtulle (E) n. lavender-water.
dumbness.
.~~I"'~[~J~) lawandinewe v.I. elegize,
'~~~I~~I la[anewe v.i. implore, beseech. Cf
mourn (s.o.) at a funeral (normally among
•..,~Id~· women), recite elegy ifor- ~). 2. treat with
j.N lalo also..J~ n. maternal uncle. See 1. jl>. kindness, try to please/ pamper. Cf ~j~...b

.~b.
jL..,.,N lalupa[ adj. here and there/all over in a
disorderly manner.+ ~..,AS/- v. lie doWQithrow 4,j1..,~2 lawane n. 1. conduit, channel (also fig.).
oneself on the ground haphazardly/anywhere. 2. walls of a grave above ground.

V"lt...;.N lalot;ebas = V"W~ q. v. •~I.., ~ lawanewe n. elegy performed by woman

on a funeral occasion.
",.,Nt lale n. 1. tulip (flower). 2. candlestick with
internal spring and glass globe; chandelier (see '~.J~ lawJe n. kind of Kurdish ballad oflove in
')JL.:).+ V"~- n., bOI. four o'clock, marvel of song.
Peru. + }j _ n. tulip-bed!garden . ..,~..,~ lawlaw n., bot. convolvulus. Cf iJl~.J)'.
..J~2 lale also.;.N and ~~ n. maternal uncle. ..5..,..,~ lawuk n. kind of Kurdish song.
~ lale n. supplication, entreaty, plea. '''' ~ lawe n. coax, blandishment.+ __ n. flattery.
~..J~ lalengi n. tangerine, satsuma (fruit). '-!~~ laylaye n. lullaby. -~;~ under
r~ lam n. the Arabic letter lim :.,J4.J IS _ the ~l.+ iJ.))' I..t~~ V. sing lullaby ifor- jot).
Kurdish velar L. + ~...a.J. _ n. the Arabic oJ"-t ~ layen n. side (as a position/point ofview
compound letter ~ (lam-alit). supported or identified with). Cf 1. ~. Syn. 2.
~ L.:. + .;oS_I. adj. partial, biased; in favour of
iJ ~ Ian also ~~ n. liar, den (of a lion); fig. land
of the brave; nest (see ~~. cf ~~."s).+ jl..,._ 2. n. supporter, backer. See 1. iJl~.+ ~}/_
V. take side with, be partial to; support, back
adj. dispossessed, deprived, displaced
(person). + ISjI..,. _ n. dispossession, up (opinion! view o/J (cf ~} .:...!.J.+ IS.;L n.
partiality, bias; endorsement, sanctioning.
 495
.L,J

.)4.1 libad (A) n. felt. See ..$JJ4,. Cf ..,sJ4/' I. ~ lifke n. I. bot. loofa, luffa. 2. washcloth
..;t.+ ._n. quilted overcoat. made of coarsely knitted wool. 3. end of
turban cloth hanging at the side of the head.+.
~ lip n. branch (of a tree). Syn. .;.1. Cf J.i..t. ..r L.:. n. fibrous green product of loofa plant
ccJ li~ n. lower lip. C.f .,;.1.+ iJ.).J ~ v. look used as washcloth! sponge/ etc.+ ~j/_ v.
sullen! glum! surly (lit. make lip).+ )~_ wash! scrub with ~.
adj. thick-lipped.+ .~.).J },;./_ v.i. pull a face
~ Iiq n. 1. bough, main branch (of a tree) (cf
(as a sign of displeasure! disagreement).+.
2. ~ • I. Zk-. 2. Jli . ~); branch, section,
iJJ....j.j 1.)/ v. pout, wear a sullen expression.+.
subdivision (of organization! office! etc.).2.
iJ.),rS ~/ V. pout.+ iJ- adj. thick-Iipped.+ .,;.IJ- mil. comany. Cf 3. ~ .~t4.t.< J..!.I..... +.
n. the lips.+ iJ.),rS.,;.I*,v. cut off lips (esp. in 'J":'»tj/ v. put forth!grow branches.+ ';-'';''..J-
folklales as evidence of having killed the n. foliage (as represented by the secondary
demon).+ ._ adj. having thick! protruding lip branches/twigs/leaves of a tree). + I.) ';-'';''..J-
(often used derisively by adding it to S.o. 's iJL:.;,. v. strip (a tree) from all twigs/ leaves/ top
name). 2. kindoffish.-~L...+iJ..I,jt.;.,lj.u/_ (as an act of vandalism).
v. wrinkle/ pucker one's lip as a sign of
apathy/ indifference/ doubt; pout (see I.) ccJ ..>....J lik n. I. section, division, branch (of a
iJJ....j.j); wrinkle one's lips (at- j s.o.) for fun! bigger body). 2. loose end of turban; pointed
end of 4,yu or I".s'; comer (0/ a hankerchiej)
derision.
(cf ~).+ '~»tj/- v. branch out
t.,..l lux intj. denoting a snorting! wheezing
(business/ org.l etc.).+ ~.J- n. ramifications,
sound.+ iJ- adj. given to snorting! breathing consequences.
with a wheeze. + • _ n. a snorting! wheezing
iJLS:JI~1 likan v.I. stick, bel get attached by
sound. + t,..-!.- n. continued/persistent snorting
affixing! being glued (to- 4.f). Syn. I. iJL....,.,;. 2.
or wheezing.+ ~u._ v. wheeze (of one's
be linked together when mating (i.e. dogs).+_
chest); snort. E.g.~.) ~",s4» He breathes
iJ.)[~] v. cause to stick, glue (one thing to
with a wheeze.

J."J Ii"n. gulp.+ iJ1.)j/- v. gulp, swallow

hurridly/ greedily; grab/gobble secretly and
another). Syn. iJ..I,jL..,.u.i.

'.JLS:J likawe n. annexe, extension, wing. Cf 2.

quickJy.+ J~J- n. noisy, persistent sound (of ,;S:.:. ~.
s.o.) shivering from cold.+ ._ n. I. birr, birring
i~ likenraw adj. glued, attached by
sound (of wind); flutter (offlag, leaves in the
sticking! affixing.
wind) (see .,;4-1). 2. the sound one makes when
shivering from cold: birrrr.... + J ..,...J.- n. J~ ligaw n. game of dice.
continued ..,j) q.v.+ ~LA/ ... v. birr/make a r-' lim n. sand. + ",sJI- adj. containing!soiled with
whirring sound (wind); sound cold (o/s.o.). sand.+ Vo-!- adj. sandy, covered with! made of
Vi-l1~1 listin also 'J'-£~] V.t. lick; lap up. sand.
< .~p. Syn. 'J4.il-;l. jj..l limoz. n. 1. snout (of an animal) (syn . .w.4S);
JW Ii!.aw n. bit (part of bridle). Cf ~.+ JW muzzle. 2. face (used jokingly or in a
derogatory way). Syn. ~..J.
iJ.).J v. bit, put a bit in the (horse's) mouth.
 496

..s...:..J ling n. leg. Syn. J~; in comb. with -;s/..5.:t in.+ __ adj. full of bends! undulations!
denoting: one of the two legs of trousers or creases.+ I.S- n. undulation, crease.
;:)1 J).t....!.; one of a pair (i. e. shoes) (.syn. 2. ..5\;).+
t;.l lox n. membrane. < <I.i\.:>.j.l}j....
~IJ/_ v. run, gallop, cause to go at speed (an
animal). See ~b ;It. + • _ I. first part ofcertain .JjJ lode n. a long deep trough for storing hay.
compound nouns meaning: one of a pair. E.g. Cj~L.:.
Jlt~ one side of an animal load. ~b)~
.;j.l lor n. condition, state of being. C.f 3. Jlt • 2.
Millstone. ;l:_oJ~ Quem stone . .;jS~
Lone pigeon. 2. adj. comparable, equivalent, J lS'~jJ'

tantamount. + ~»-I.$.:J v. be comparable (to)/ pJ Lu! n. and adj. Lur, the Lurs; Lurish,
equivalent (of).+ :";)0_ n. spasmodic kicking pertaining to the Lurs.+ ,;,l:..._ n. Luristan, land
of a dying! slaughtered animal. < ..:;~
of the Lurs.+ I.S- n. and adj. language of the
;:;)~.+ ~J.;S~)./- v. kick spasmodically Lurs, the Luri dialect of Kur ..:....,J
while dying. + I:..uiJ' - adv. head over heels. + _
.;...uJ lort (E) adj. very well-to-do/prosperous
-;s~. n. (condition of) shaking! getting weak at
financially, very rich. Cj .J.j~.uJ'J.
the knees (due to fear/ cold! etc.). C.f ~.u..;
,j~j.i~. ..5.;j.l lori! n. mixed whey and milk.

jJl 10 n. fold, part doubled! folded over (syn. .;.;J lore n. kind of song (more in theform ofa
J41); ply.+ ,jJ.} j.l v. fold, double over. chanting recitation).
1.S.;j.l lori (E) n. lorry, motor truck.
;.i 10 only when allached to numerals to form
adjectives describing playing eards. E.g. 1.Sj.lj.i J0.J..j.jj.l lo;.ender also J~'jj.l I. n. person
..5~ Nine of clubs. having an imposing! towering figure, stalwart .
2. adj. monumental, outstanding, massive.
jJ' 10 n. kind of fodder grass.
»-1»1 lojloj adv. in a sauntering! idle and
~ 10 I. prep. for, to. Syn. jot. 2. adv. why. Syn. leisurely manner (o/s.o.·s walk); in a slouchy
.?~. way.+ ~.,j~ __ v. saunter, stroll/walk about in
an idle and leisurely way; slouch.
~.;J lobiya n., bot. cowpea.
IJ"'jJ los n. makeshift rope handle for lifting
~I J.~j.l lolrewan adj. ridiculous, bizarre (in heavy/ awkward objects.
appearance/ manner 0/ speech).+ I.S- n.
,jl.i.j.l lo~an adj. revel-like, gala, very festive
ridiculous behaviour, bizarr manner/ posture.
(normally used as second element of some
.,.;j.l IOle n. withered! nearly spoiled grapes.+_ compound nouns, i.e. ~lt;lt~ q. v.
.,V> adj. garbage-eater. Cj .,V>'J,j&.
Jj..i loq n. stride, long step. Cj J~""+
u-"j.l loti n. gypsy musician/ dancer; monkey ~.J..jl.[.:,.;lj.l] V. trot.+ ~..)J_ also.;,_ adj. having
trainer (as an entertainer).+ ~_ n. clownish long step/ stride. + 0_ n. trot, trotting.
behaviour. <.uj.l&..uS.+ ~J.}/'_ v. trot (horse).+ ~.J~/­
c;;-' lo~ n. bend, flexure, undulation (esp. in v. take long step/ stride. Cj .;,l; J~"'.
clothes). - ~~.?. Syn. .;..~. C.f I. JOJ.+ ;:;/_ Jj.l2 loq adj. wobbly. -Jj.l..,l..J . Jj.l..,ll;.
~j4S v. become undulated. have a bend!crease
 497

~j.l loqen pres. stem of the verb .;,.,IjUj.l q.v. ...;1~..oJ q.v.+ \)JftJ-tl- v. sniff al detect!
recognize by sniffing or smelling (also fig.). +_
":;';oI.lj.l loqente n. restaurant. Syn. .t...i~l;.
D.,.....:;lA I~.,;. J"-I"-il v.i. learn one's lesson. regret
..5j-J 10k n. seal, device (both the seal and red (having done s.th.).+ j~_ adj. snobbish.
wax used in sealing and securing things). Cj having an offensive air of superiority. C.f
2. ~.+ .;,~.;S..5j-J v. seal, secure by a seal.+_ '::-J~' idiom. ~ DJD}p,,:;;fo.~..oJ~J~
i j adj. sealed. ~ He is disdainfully conceited.+ ~j~_ n.

....sj.l loke n. cotton: ij.t...i~~_ginned cotton snobbery, snobishness.+ .;,4- adj. having a flat
*0 i,S ~ _carded cotton. C.f -,-"","'t. + DJ.t...i~.? I-v. nose. flat-nosed. + .;,I~I _ v. bleed from the
card cotton. Cj ,j':'i .... nose.+ 1~lj»,,:l_ v.i. feel offended! hurt.+_
},.> adj. having crooked nosc;fig. estranged
~....)lS'j.l logoritm (E) n. math. logarithm.
(see .::....u-l'i).+ .;,I~/_ v. be prone, favourably
..s.Jj.l lolke n. dish specially prepared for a disposed!inclined (towards- ~).+ ';'.,Ijljb/_ v.i.
mother after childbirth. look sullen! gloomy/ silently depressed.+ Jj-
j.lj.l 1010 n. a type of Kurdish song. ad). big-nosed. Syn. ~..oJ.+ v--rl- v. wipe the
nose. Cj .;,~.;S ~.+ .;,IS..:../_ v. feel humiliated!
~j.l lole also .s~j.l nursery version of J jd q. v.
humbled.+ .;,.,Ij15-:..1 _ V.t. humble, take down a
uj.l lome (A) n. blame. See..s:.;.t...i • 2. jAl;. peg, mortify.+ J~- adj. humbled,

..s.;j.l long n. I. kerchief(cj ..,.....-~); napkin

mortified. + .;.J - adj. having big nostrils. + -
(see ~~). 2. loincloth; toqa-like gannent.
~..,l adj. having beaked! curved nose.+ .s_
n. peak, top. summit (i.e. a mountain). Syn. 2.
&..,;j.l lone n. ply, strand (ofyarn! thread). E.g. ~jl.~;;. Cj IJ'"-js'+'::"JJjO_adj. suddenly and
.t...ij.l JJ~ ~J.iJD~ Two-ply thread. face-to-face, eyeball-to-eyeball (confrontation!
encounter).+ '::"»'..J- n. disdain, feeling/gesture
.v-l Iii n. swollen gland; tumour. E.g. ..oJD;';>
of contempt and aversion (for s.th.).+ JJ- n.
Malignant tumour. Cj ~jj. + ';'~.?JD~I _ also_
kind of fish with a long snout. + D _ adj. big-
u"U ~ 1 v. have swollen gland, develop
nosed; also used as part of nickname i.e.
tumour. --';J."J~ Big-nosed Mustapha.+ 'iD_ adj.

;I..oJ luwor only in ;I..oJ.,;'i q. v. estranged. See .::....u-N.+ .t...iIJD_ n. nose ring/stud
used by women asjewellery.+ .;,.,Ij~;;j ... l_ v.
.;,1.v-l1;S.v-l1 luwon v. i. afford, manage to bear
crinkle one's nose (at- ~).
without loss/ detriment (syn. .;,b ":-D~); suit, be
compatible with one's ability/ resources. E.g. .::..~ llit ad). bare, stark. -.::....oJ.,;'i.
DJ1..tr-lj..-t.)"4 He can really afford it.+
UJ."J llide n. stack (of hay/straw) .
.;,~[v-"....u-ll v. make compatible/ attainable,
make suit! agree with one's! other's desire or ';'.,IjIJ..oJI~....)..oJ1 lurondin v. howl (wolf/wind).
ability.
IJJrJ lure n. hawling.+ J.v-J- n.
JI..oJ luwow adj. attainable, likely; agreeable, in
prolonged!persistent howling.
accord.
JljJ."J luzew n. tide, current. Cj ';'I~-d'
IIJt n. I. nose. Syn. t L;.t- • ~.s. -..:....oJ.t...i~.
1
.::...v-l
2. first part of some compound forms, i.e.
 498

I.I"'."J IJis adj. I. soft and silky/tender (skin); weaver's shuttle. 3. first part of certain
smooth, having a continuous even surface compound nouns, i.e. ~)~..t."J q.v.+ ,,;-,ji'_
(syn. ..:.0~ , ....H_I); slick, slippery (see j»; n. barrel ofa big gun! cannon.+ yl,..s,- n. one
sleek, young and good-looking (Iadl boy); ylta-S q.v. rol1ed up inaflapofbread.+~,_
hairless (cf ~ ,4:.-,.;s). 2. part of some adj. cylindrical. + ~)-,' _ n. golden chain with
compound forms meaning: smooth, i.e. cylinder-shaped ornaments worn by women as
1.I"'.uJ.;~) q.v.+ "'.J..1-{I.I"'~ v. bel become a necklace. + ...,-!., _ adj. cylindrical; tube-
slippery; be smooth.+ ..,~.;OS I.I"'~ v. make shaped, pipe-like.+ ~_ n. small earthenware
smooth. < ..,~.;OS IJ"~ j->. + ..s _ n. and adj. water-jug with a long spout. C.f ~.+..;­
beardless youth.+ 1.1"'»-',.)- adj. newly shaven n. curliness, frizzliness (hair); state/ degree of
and groomed, spruced up. < ..,~.? 1.I"'.v-..J'""..t."J jj-. being rolled up, wound or wrapped into a roll.

"'.Li~..uJI~..uJ1 I14kandln v. sob. Cf 2. J~."J lJi/aq n., anat. shin: -..;l.i.-;i tibia,
.., l"..}; make a sobbing sound. shinbone .

.s:......:...uJ Il4.ke n. a sob/sobbing sound. Cf .s~.

.ul prep. 1. from (governing a noun!
Ie
independent pronoun and used as a function
..,~.;oS.s:......:...t."J v. produce/ make a sob-like'
word indicating a source. E.g. j.i.,J From you;
sound. + ..s....:....t."J _ n. sob, sobbing; continued
in comh. with 0-,0 •• .,J - from indicating where a
sound like that of sobbing (often used with the
physical limit! movement begins. E.g.
verb ...:.;.,.s - to start). Eg. ~.,.s..;~..;;; J~
..:.ou ,.,......;~l,;.,J.,J He came from school.
..s:.....:...t."J.s.::...t."J As soon as she saw you, she ..,- l..;,~ From twenty to thirty; in comb.
started sobbing.
with b indicating cause. Eg. lJ'" Il..,L.....,..u She
~..t."JI~..uJJ la~ln See~..t."Jj.... died from starvation.2. at (indicating
presence! occurance! goal of an indicated or
J."J lui adj. curly, frizzly (hair); rolled up, implied action). Eg. ~.,J I am at work! the
wrapped round itself in the shape of a roll
office. ~'::"""...JY.~....J Where were you at?
(paper/ fabric! etc.).+ ..,~J..t."J v. bel become
br~l~ I hit! struck (at) Shirwan. 3. in
curly; bel get rolled up.+ ..,~.;S J."J v. make
(indicating special inclusion, normally used in
curly (esp. by treating hair); make into a roll
comb. with b). Eg. ''''';';..,J~ Il Jl;.,J It dissolves
(i.e. paper), roll up (carpet! etc.). Cf I.
in water. 4. to (indicating address to a
'-'~~.+ "'l}';'/_ v. be capable of being rolled
person!thing). E.g. lS'...; j ...:.....!.l,. jj", He is
up/ wound! bent! wrapped round itself into a
roll; curl up (hair). C.f ..,~},.>~.+ ..,I~/_ v. saying hello to you .•.,....;;..)4.;~I~.i<l..:!.,J She is
roll up (i.e. a map).+ ..5_ n. wind pipe (music). pleading to God. 5. of (indicating the whole
which includes the part denoted). E.g. ~"-t
See l. j~.+ i"s _adj. rolled upl treated for
....;.; .,J He is one of us.
curls (hair); rolled up (i.e. rug); made into a
roll (paper). + ..,,~ _ n. wind pipe player. See .Jl Ie adj. like (indicating the same/nearly the
..,,;jL.:.....:..+ ,_ n. l. rolI, s.th. rol1ed up into a same). E.g. ~j.i.,J He looks like you.
sylinder (cf 5. ,,;-,ji); pipe, spout, stack (cf 2.
J Ie used as prefIX to other preposition, E.g.
......~); tube; scrol1; barrel (o/firearm); cylinder
;jU q. v./nouns, Eg. ;l,..,J q. v.; also as suffIX to
: ,-,~~Hl,;..;L. test tube *$..;...,i;";L. barrel ofa
dim unitive forms ofnouns and adjectives. E.g.
gun *~.JJJ)'~ ..; L. capilary tube *..:.0J~"; L. oil ..JI flO ...L..,.;s.
pipeline *-,I.?~~..; L. marked tube. 2.
 499
oJ .J

Ie conj. than (as used with either u.;/o~.; faillfounder.+ ,.,....;~;I...tl- v.i. deliverlhave/
and comparative adjectives. E.g. (,~) ,j4.l give birth (ofapregnantwoman).+~»,:;~/_
o.,,:;..:.lt It is better than that; as, like (as used v. have miscarriage, loose a baby through
with the pronouns r.;1 ~). E.g. (~) j4.l ~~ miscarriage. E.g. ~ ;~ 1S...s.u~ She lost the
~ Do as he does. baby.+ ~yaS ;lt/- v. be incapacitated!disabled;
deteriorate (i.e. a situation), decline, fai\'+_
Ie as prefIX to some prepositions!first part
~.,;.,......s adj. incapacitated, disabled;
in forming various compound adjectives.
deteriorated. disintegrated, downhill.+,;~_
adverbs. nouns. verbs. as indicated below.
idim . .;.....)L...jiot...l~b~~L.;ot...I He strikes out prep. concerning! regarding! in relation (to- IS,
right and left! He tries to please all.+ 1);_ adj. normally in comb. with 'J" E.g. 1S,)~ot...I

current, standing.+;,,~ bl;L.;/_ v. be in general ,.,....s'jj,(. With regard to the project.+ ~lt- in

usage. have currency. E.g. bl;l.:4J ;Jj .!.ioU '; case/ the eventuality/ if it happens (that- ...s).
~ This colour is not much in use; be the E.g. ..:..;,.lS:;...)ltot.../ In case he comes.+ IS;~- n.
subject (of discussion! consideration). E.g. suitability, opportuneness, timeliness.+ ~t..­

~lll;l:.tJ ;b;4-IS~Li Sardar's name is being prep. on, upon. Syn. I.~. + -t- - See •~jS.u. +
considered; be mentioned! refered tot brought ~~'.r-d- v.i. I. be overcooked (food); be
up. E.g. ~ bl;l.:4J ""'.; This was not brought overbaked (pollery). 2. reach beyond the
up.+ ..:-l;_ adj. in the direction (of-IS); right! desired mark! ..tage, reach the point of
exactly at; in the presence/ face (ofs.o.). E.g. diminishing returns. < ;,,»': o~ IS~' + JOJ/- adj.
.:.:-l.:4J ;:;ljLi ~ 1Sj...j- He is meek! feels rising (in demand! status! etc.).+;,,~ J'J/I- v.
humble in your presence.+ ;"ll~L;/_ v. ford! be in demand, have market; enjoy prestige.+_
cross body of water. Cj I. o"...:..~.+ ;;-:'1_ ~ ~'.r.1 v. cause a slump (in); discredit,
~.J.J-I v. be the responsibility/ obligation (of- scofTat. discount.+ ..;....Ji-prep. instead of, as a
IS).+ ;"Il;:'-:'I_ v. behead. Syn. ;"llJ...u.+_ substitute for.+ ,J._prep. I. below. under. Syn.
br~~ adv. finally, in the end, as a result.+_ ).f-l. 2. part of certain compound verbs
;u.........'jlJ.i.; adj. extraordinary, unusual, meaning: from the roots. radically.+ ~lA,J./­
remarkable.+ ~lt- prep. concerning, v. become extinct, be defunct; be spent! used
regarding, about. E.g. ~1~~lO~~~W What up. (i. e. one's wealth). + ;., ~ 1ft / _ v. obI iterate.
did you talk about? Syn. ,;lO'l.+ ...;It_prep. finish off; dissipate, spend completeJy.+ J.i- in
instead of. as a substitute fori alternative to. comb. with IS' ~ meaning: so that, in order
Syn. ...;~.u.+ ;~_ adj. I. positioned, put in the that. E.g. ~ ~"'IS'~~ SO that we can all
right position, placed correctly (s.th.). 2. go; for, in deference E.g. •i..s..;.; ~ It has
convenient, suited to personal comfort! easy been done for you (see 2. ~.u).+ ~_prep. I.
performance; agreeable, amenable, willing
(s.o.) (ant. ;~.uL.;).+ ~""...,;~.u v. be in in front of, before. E.g. r~ISJ~ ;~.u Before
position/placed correctly; be convenient.+ • my own eyes; by E.g. ...sl? )~.u By the lamp;
in E.g. .....;J~;~ It is in front of you; at (in
:;»-1 b ;t..1 v. be capable of (doing), have the
faculty/ courage/ stamina to (undertake! comb. with Il); on (clothes. in comh. with b
perform). E.g. '-e-i b;~ ~ He is not capable and verb ;,,~). E.g. ~.J'I b;~ ~ What did she
of anything.+ ~l.rl;I...tI- V.t. abort, cause have on? 2. for the sake/in consideration of, in
abortion: cause miscarriage (to- IS); cause to deference to. E.g. :J.}":'r;'l";';?-i.u It is in
deference to you that I did not expel him. Cj
 500
..J

2. ~ •.s..;.P.. 3. from memory, by heart. E.g. may your memory get stuck in sludge.+ ,r-i/-
~Ij!~ ~ He knows it by heart. + (,}J~ ~ v. (,}~.r. v. cause to forget, make (s.o.) miss (s.th.)
I. know by heart. 2. in comb. with I~ meaning: by forgetting.+ oJ-....j~.rI.r--tl- v. make (s.o.)
be on/worn (clothes).+ ('}~.},;4-I.J v. I. learn by forget; cause to lose train of thought; get
heart. Cf (.)J~~. 2. put on/ wear (clothes).+_ (s.th.ls.o.) out of one's- ;> mind.+ (,}J.P. .r-tl- v.
~';)4f ad\!. hence, therefore. + t~)4f- adv. I. forget, fail to recall at the proper time.+ ..r-I/-
therefore, consequently (/it. because of that). oJ4--iJ.P. v. belbecome forgotten, fall into
2. that (is) why, the reason (is) that E.g ~ oblivion (cf 1. tJ~»!.;;A; forget, cease to
rJ.P.":' ~J'; That is why I didn't go.+ J~)4f- adj. remember (s.th. know before); lose train of
visible, in sight (see J~~); in the public eye; thought.+ ~..r-I- v. expr. used in a game of
remembering when said upon receiving s.th.
considerable, marked.+ (.)J~J~J~.J v. be in
offered by the opponent. indicating that the
sight! visible; be envisaged! visualized. + _ sayer still remembers and hence not forfeiting
if.-,.;. J~~ v. get (s.o.) disenchanted (with)/ the game.+ (,}Ir-S ~/_ v. get stucki trapped in
lose interest (in) (s.th.ls.o. else), cause (s.th.) the throat, go down the wrong way (food). + _
to fall from (s.o. 's) eyes.+ ~J.s J~,;4-I- v. lose ..;4 I. prep. after, subsequent in time (syn.
appeal, fall from the eyes (ofs.th.ls.o.). Cf j~
IJ~...J. cf ~...J); in comb. with OJO meaning:
(.)I)~ . (,}1,;..5 ju. + ./.)'-i _ ad\!. what for, why,
aller, subsequent in order, behind. E.g. ..;4..1
for what cause! rcason! purposc . .~vn. ...s>.,J.i. + _
~J!'; t~J~ He was walking behind his
(.)I~ ~)"--i/ v.squander, spend wastefully/
father; after and in view of. E.g. J~";4...J
foolishly (i.e. money/ material things). C!
\.~.;S..;"":";' ~uAfter all the work I did. 2.
(.)1: j~"'-I.+ b ':-t~ )"'-1/ _ on~v in b ..:-~~ J4f.J
conj. after, subsequent to thc time when. E.g.
(,}J.J-i v. be within reach.+ l~rt~)4f_prep. in the
;..;~.s ..;4..1 After your arrival. + \,;,,4- also
presen~e of, before; to the front! in front of.
1~L..;.4- adv. later, subsequently, afterward.
E.g. ~ 1.J,.,";>I.f""0~.J4f.J Say it in front ofhim.+
E.g. O~-»I;.S ~4A L.:.4.J Later we all got
iJ.-:.t.j';J~/- v. be flowing! streaming (body of
together. Syn. ..r-IJ~'+ (,}L.~";4/- v. leave
water that has inflow and outflow at the ends);
lose, effuse (i.e. blood).+ (,}l-j... .J4f/- v. stand behind (ofs.o. deceased). ~~JL.J.4f";4.J~

up!rise as a gesture ofweicome/rcspect!esteem What has he left behind.+ J~~4- n. estate

(for s. 0.). + OJ'J J'-i .. _ prep. besides, aside of deceased person.+ ~4- adv. behind the
from, except for, in addition to. E.g .J-"...J back, in the absence of.+ o~4- ad\!. while
»!-....j..)..,..s oJJJ4f Except for me, no one else sitting back, while sitting there and doing
was there.+ IJ .. .:Y-'-i- See I~ .. (.)I;;";...J.+ _ nothing. E.g. IS..; J,i..;-..-1 P o~4.J While
(.)I~~~/ v. run!pass through a sifter or sieve, sitting back and doing nothing he has an
opinion on everything. Cf o.,J44f·+ ";4- adv.
sift (syn. oJ~I~); fig. screen, select!eliminate
widthwise, crosswise.+ .r-.- adv. suddenly. all
by screening (cf 4..;;;.).+ .r.:-I- adj. mindful,
of a sudden, quickly and unexpectedly. + _
heedful, solicitous. + (,}J.J-i..r-l...J v. remember,
I~..r. adv. all ofa sudden.+ ~_adv. behind,
recall; keep in mind, be mindful of. E.g. l.:....:..;J.
in backlrear of (normally takes oJo). cf li"".J .
.........~ I still rememer it. idiom. J~r..r-l...J
I. ..;4....J.+ ~_ adv. continuously,
~ I~ ";~J~~ ~';;'.r---I • ~';;'..r-I....J
expr.
unceasingly, persistently.+ ~J.s;....,J",,/- v.i. be
exchanged between two players ofa game of
memory: May I remember and you forget and incapacitated/ disabled (syn. ~~ )It...J); be
 501

totally exhausted! tuckered out (cf .,.,J.jL. so for so good. 2. first part ofsome compound
.J»-I)'+ ~_prep. I. behind, inJ tot toward the forms, i.e. .JJ~~'+ ...;4_prep. instead of.
back of (in comb. with b) with the connotation See ...;~.+ .J~Ji~/- V.t. cause to slipl become
of concealment! secrecy. E.g. 4tb"sl!J'~ li~.u dislocated! disjointed.+ .J~~/- v.i. get
He is behind the door. 2. in comb. with b disjointed! dislocated, slip out of joint (i.e.
bone/ finger).+ .J1J,;-,40/- v. print, put into
meaning: under the shelter/ protectionJ
safekeeping (o!-I.S). E.g. VoII~I~l.Sli~.u May printed! published form. Cf .JJ.} ,;-,~.+ .,~_ I.
you be in God's protection.+ ~'..r..I- V.t. n. formula used as a battlecry/ toast/ etc.
here's to. E.g. ';;"J~.u Here's to you. 2. used in
fatigue/ wear (s.o.) out as to keeping him off
his feet.+ ~_ perp. in comb. with IJO comb. with b meaning: compared to, in
meaning: in front of, before. E.g. o".,.:...~.u comparison with, E.g. I.,.,J.}':' ~.:.r" IJjj J~.u
»-I He was in front of me. (syn. 1"0~;4I.u); in Compared to you, I have done nothing.+ J~/­

comb. with b meaning: prior, before, earlier ~ J..s v. expr. of appeal and encouragement.
than the time when. E.g. by.j~J~.u prior E.g. ~.,,,s ':":"'1.S.,~.u Come on now/ I rely on
to his arrest. 2. adv. ahead, inJ toward! close to you! Don't fail mel Here we go.+ .J 1,.,,$ J~/- v.
an advantageous position.+ .J.,.t-I~~ v. be used in expressions as to remind (s.o.) ofa
ahead! in an advantageous position.+ ~/_ deed! favour not appreciated. E.g. .;;.,.,~~
~J..s.,~ See ~.,,,sJ~~'+ .J~.}"..s!.I- v. put on .:;.;.,r-S You should be more appreciative.+ ~­
(footwear); wear, put on (clothes donned over I. adv. (from/for) what? E.g. ~~.u What
the feet, i.e. trousers). Cf I . .J~.} ~.+ "..s!.1- dose it look like? ~~.u';;"I.i0.iI"'; What are
~.,..s V.i. be unable to walk! stand on one's you bickering about? 2. used in comb.
feet, lose the ability/ power to walk (from meaning: why botherl get involved! be part of.
exhaustion! fatigue/ etc.). Cf~.,,,sjJ..,J~.u.+- E.g. ~~';;"4l~ or-:-I".u;; Why should you get
.,l.:« in comb. with I~ meaning: for the sake/ in involved! be part of such a ruckus.+ ~.;.I_

the interest! on behalf (o!-I.S). E.g. I.S.,~~ .J.JY. See .J.JY. ~.+ .J»-I b .;;.,.....j>1- v. be in
1J.j~ For the sake of the motherland.+ Jl;- company/ in escort (o!-I.S, denoting politeness/
because/ under the pressure/ intensity/ force honour); be under orders/ at the command (of
of, E.g. 0..,....~ Jjj ., L.; L..ya.S J l;.t-l Because of s.o.).+ .JJ,J"'! ~/_ V.t. I. lead (s.o.) astray/off
the heat I drink much water. Cf 2. '1.J".J.u the path, influence/goad (s.o. into doing s.th.).
2. pick (lock), crack (safe).+ ;4{~- adj.
J~'+ Lil.,l; _ expr. meaning: feeling the
deceptive, illusive, crafty.+ j.>_ used in comb.
strainJpressure, fearing the heat! force of. + •
meaning : from self, at oneself, i.e. .J1Jj.>.J; in
.J..!J-i b lil.,,; I v. be within one's capacity/ability,
comb. with IJI meaning: by/ of oneself,
E.g. ~ b ~ I.Slil.,,;.t-l It is not within my
without being told!asked. E.g. ~b 0y.....:;>.u
capacity/ I cannot do it. + ..5~ _ prep. along!
He sat down without being asked.+ I.J".;I.~­
together (with-b) (see j.....$.u); next to,
adj. Good-fearing, upright, scrupulous. Ant.
alongside.+ ~~ _ adv. in comb. with 0.,0
1.J",;.....;I~.u.+ },.>_ prep. in comb. with OJI
meaning: beside, by, next to. Syn. ~~.+ • meaning: beneath, lower than (in rank!
.J~.;;.,~I v. work improperly/ irregularly (of position! etc.) (cf J-~); beyond, farther,
a watermilf).+ ~_ adv. I. in place/ position; down from. E.g. 4to""';'; JL.. }~.u It is farther
according to planJ expectation. E.g. l:..-;.: down from our house.+ I.J".J.....;I~- adj.
~ ~.u.JL.."sI;lS All is going according to planJ unscrupulous, unconscionable. wanton; not
 502

God-fearing (syn.~4t).+ u--.;.,;I~- n. you.+ IJ~I.JJ- adv. afterwards, later. E.g. .:;;
unserupulousness, lack of scruple. + ",r-i.t p /_ ')'.J IJ",r-I.JJ..J You come later.+ .J.JJ_prep. after,
(.)>>-1 v. get too big for one's britches.+ p/_ in pursuit (of..s). Syn. I.JJ4t. E.g. ~JJJ..J '.wl.
(.)J)>>-I v. neglect oneself, renounce things for He has come after/ for me.+ 'JD).J.JJ_adv. from
personal pleasure (esp. through dedication! afar!a distance. + .:..........J _ in comb. with b
devotion to s.th.! s.o.).+ (.)~j>/_See ';;...J meaning: in the handS/within the power or
(.)~p.+ ~Id bj>/_ v. consider/ find oneself· authority (oj); also in comb. meaning: from
capable, competent or qualified (to dol the hands of, in fear! disgust from. E.g. t ~
undertake! accomplish). +(.)b j-> / _ v. beat ;;..:-J..J Woe from you. ~~~":-'J..J
oneself (esp. in grief! anger). (syn. V'oo{-'j.:>-); '~jJ)L..:. He is hiding from the police.+ _
apply/ put! inject into oneself, E.g. ..J )lj,j}l (.)>>-1 .... b ":-J/ v. be out of one's possession/
~IJ"" ~ She puts on too much perfume. + _ lost, fail to keep. C.! (.).,t.;1 djJ. + (.).w. b ':"-J / _ v.
~I? adv. for no apparent reason. without be in the hands/within the power (of..s), fall
provocation! pretext (syn. ,,;;S4-t); vainly, under the authority! scope (oj).+ (.)b ':"-J/_ v.
fruitlessly, futilely (cf o..I'!l?4t).+ ";;~_adv. lose, allow to be forfeited! to get away; let
on an empty stomach. + b";",,>_ also IJ (.)~,,>_ (chance! opportunity/ bargain! etc.) pass or be
lost. E.g. u ... ~j> ..:-u..J Don't let it pass you
expr. meaning: from joy. being so
enraptured. + (.)J;oS:,.;. / _ v. estrange, alienate by.+ (.)~ ).J .:.-.J/_ v. I. be freed! released
(someone).+ (.)I~:";'/_ v.i. act! behave in an from the hold! hands of; release accidentally!
unintentionally. E.g. ~)u ':"-J..J ~~.J.J,s He
affected or simulated manner. + (.)b ~~ / _ V.t.
accidentally let a bullet go off. 2. be too late,
dye, apply dye to.+ (.)I...:.;S"J"'~,,>/_See ~,,>4.l be lost (0/ a chance. oppartunity. etc.). E.g.
(.)IJ.+ •..,;.>_ 1. on one's own initiative, without ~)'J~J..J.jl.; Now itistoolate.+':"-J/_
being asked! told. E.g. ..sJ,j ."..."p..J He did it iJ'L.. v. be of the nature! inclination/likely to
on his own initiative.+ ~'U~/_also~..J do or accomplish (s.th.). E.g. ~~J..J
(.)~)u v. grow, become independent, be on ~I..s::.tld He is likely to run away; be capable,
one's own (child. babyanimal).+ ~'r~­ have the competence! wherewithal. E.g. ~
adj. self-reliant, on (his) own.+ V'~ld .,.;./_ v. ~ li .:.-oJ..J He is not capable of anything. + _
wake with a start, be startled out of sleep. + _ ~'J I. from the mouth/lips of, E.g. ":;p ~,...J..J
(.)L.."J~.JL.i-/ v. wake up, get up from sleep. ~ I heard it from your own lips. 2. first
Syn. ''''';..I.,uI4t.+ (.)~)'J~/_ v. reach age of element 0/ some compound verbs. i.e. ~.~
discretion, grow up.+ iJ'L..).J,b/- v. escape, (.)I},,; q.v.+ (.)IJtLm/_ v. break the spirit, spoil
get out of (difficulty/ adverse situation).+ _ the mood (of..s); snub, rebuke. + (.)1).; ~OJ / _ v.
(.).J.J-I~IJ/ v. bel get born, come into the be a slip of the tongue, utter inadvertently. +_
world. Cf (.)~ ~I.. + ~.)J _ adv. lengthwise, \J'~ lJ ~OJ / also (.)~ ~.w /_See (.)1).; ~.J..J. + _
longitudinal.+ ~.J"JJ/- v. take seriously, take •.,..;.,t.;~~'J/ v. recover (i.e. meat) from an
to heart, be in earnest about.+ I.JJ_prep. after, animals mouth.+ •.,....1,;.$ ~.J/_ v. save up! set
subsequent in time (syn. ';4..J). E.g. .:;; ..s1.JJ..J aside (esp. by economizing/being/rugal) from
~U He came after you; in comb. with '.J' one's own (often to provide for other).+ _
meaning: behind, in! to the back (syn. ":"';..J), •."..s.;....'J adv. for a long time! sometime, since
E.g. ~IJ .,,;; ..s1.JJ..J He was sitting behind sometime past.+ (.)1,rS )Ju/- v. be sacrificed,
 503
..I

E.g. ~~ ..:.oJJI~.u May I be your sacrifice (as jj.-> v. cause to lose power of speaking (i. e.
expr. of devotion).+ .:.-Id - adj. directly illness, shocking news, etc.).+~.,.s .:"l..j/_ v.
opposite, facing; in comb. with b meaning: in lose power of speech, be tongue-tied/mum. + •
the face (0/), up (to s.o./s.th.). E.g. ~I~ ~} ,?...il v. overlay with gold.+ JJJj_prep. in
I~IJ I.S~ In the face of such force (cf comb. with IJI meaning: above, over; higher
~Ifo.).+ JJd- I. adj. frank, open 2. in comb. than, superior to (in rank/degree/etc.). E.g.
with b meaning: in the face of, back at. E.g. °~.;4- JJJ~ Above your head; beyond and
1~lrs j4A I~JJrJ He snapped back at him; in farther above. E.g. o.,.s.;~ JJJj4J Farther
comb. with IJI meaning: due to/ because of, beyond (above) the hospital.+ ~~_ prep. in
comb. with I~ meaning: under, in! into a
E.g. 4.!.1.J4~~JJ.rJ It isduetopoverty.+.
.:"L.I~ JJd l
v. feel compelled! obliged (to dol position below or beneath, E.g. 1~4S~oJ~;jtJ

say/ etc.) in order to avoid under the tree (syn. I. ~); in comb. with 0JO
embarrassment!save face. Syn. ~} JJd'+ • meaning : from under/ below, E.g.;J.J
1""';1r5 JIJ bJJdl v. talk back to, snap back at; oy.....So}J'!~ From beneath the wall; adj.
stand up against, tum upon, oppose. + b JJ/- surreptitiously (hence JJ~.}JLS 0Jo.......j- adj.
.:"l:...-IJ v. stand up to, confront, defend oneself working in the dark! behind the scene.+ J'-/-
against.+ IJIJJr only in the expressions: in .:,,~ v. lose sheen/luster (oflooVweapon).+.
(this! that) respect, for (this/ that) reason, from ':"~JI.) J»-I v. transgress, breach! exceed (a
the angle/ aspect! point of view of, E.g. ~JJrJ limit/boundary).+ ~_ adj. I. cocked
lyI-I..)JY.l; From the economic point of view. (firearm). 2. ready; on the go, always moving
~1.,.....)~li~JJr-' It is for reasons! out of around (of s. 0.). + ;;',;4- _ adj. and adv. even-
necessity.+ ~uJJdl- v. have the face! tempered, deliberate (ant. ~...); slow (Iy),
boldness, not be shy/ bashful (to dol say). Cf without haste (syn.~I~. cf 4.,S!.~).+
.:"I......J .+ ..,-'JJd- n. frankness, openness.+ _ ':".v-t;;'J"""'" v. be slow/ measured! deliberate/
--:"-.pSld alb I by the roots, eradicably.+ - unhurried.+ iJ~~;;'~ v. dol carry out in a
~JI~-} adj~'sidetracked, deflected. + J'~ -..s/- measured! unhurried fashion. + .:,,~ ;;',;4- I_v.
.:,,~ v. I. be derailed, go off the road (train, faint.+ oJIy.$;;',;4-/_adj. defensive.+ ~J"'­
car, L.c.).2. go astray.+ .:"I~), ~/_ v. I. go off n. lack of haste/ hurry, deliberation, care,
the tright-..54) path; abandonl1eave the prudence, thoughtfulness. + ':'-1~,;4- _ adv. in a
(wrong~I~) path; be led to/ off. E.g. I~ handstand position; in comb. with b meaning:
I~~ ~I?~ May God lead him off the let ... bear witness (as form ulafor promising!
wrong patl-t. 2. stop on the way (while giving one's word). E.g. ~ b,;.; ~Ol ~
travelling); get off the road.+ jJ-}_ in comb. r.t..S.; Lr"' It You bear witness that I shall never
with I~ meaning: in line/ queue; in a row, one menttion it again. + .:"l:-I~J"'- adj. in labour,
after another down the line. E.g. f\u,.o4A jJ-}4J in travail (of a pregnant woman). Cf .:"I~
~Jl..~ I counted them one by one down the line; ~}.+ ~..Jd,;4-/- v. I. continue/ keep/ go on
on the same level, in line with.+ ':"~JI~ "':"-}I- doing, carry on. 2. persist! insist! be incessant!
v. uproot, pluck! pull out from the roots. Cf adamant (in an argument/ request/etc.). Cf
~Id' + .:" l..j - in comb. with IJI meaning: on .:"I~;:r. o~..)~.+ ':"JY..:"l..j,;4-/- v. be on the tip of

behalf of; also as first part ofsome compound the tongue.+ ':"»-I.:"L.:..~/_ v. be the
forms.+ .:,,1.)1..,..; .:"L.j/_ See .:,,1.)1..,..; rl~~.+ .:"l..j/_ responsibility/ duty/ task of.+ .:,,~~ .;4-/- v.
 504

allow to participate! join (often in a game). + _ L.{;lS in comb. with D.JD meaning: from the·
D~~.J J4-1 v. defend, stand by, join (a person bottom (ofl.S), with all. E.g. D".,....:i~ l.SlS..ilS.J
in fighting another); defend (in From the bottom of my heart.+ ~~iJ~.JI- v.
court/dispute).+ D.JD;ASy.-_ n. defender, be feasible! attainable/ workable.+ ~_ I.
protector.+ "'i;~_ on the side (o/the position prep. at, with. E.g. .J.1'!;; uS4.l ~..J~ Yesterday
of s.th. resting/ being carried). Syn. 2. "'i4t"'i.+_ he was with you! at your place; in comb. with
iJ.J~ ~D.J~I V. be under! sent for repair; be D.JD meaning: next! adjacent to, by (syn. "'i);
under doctor's care! orders.+ iJl:-D.J~/- v. near, close (syn. .s......;). 2. adv. in comb. with
wait fori on, await.+ I~l)~- adv. on the ~ meaning: supposedly! presumably!
way, along (one's) course! way! direction.+_ supposed to (be). E.g .. - _·~"';":"j.>uS4.l;;You
D.JD~ ~.)~I on the other hand.+ iJb D;I.J:;-I- are supposed to be studying. + ~;,,5 _ adv.
v. hang, execute by hanging. + D"':"'-.t- ,r-:..I- v. succinctly, in brief. + D.J':"-.t-"';;,,51- v. cut short
wean, accustom (child! young animal) to loss (convertsation! tale/ etc.). Ant. iJl~::r. D~.)~.+_
of mother's milk.+ lilJD;j<l..&_ adv. in eager 1~.J.1'!j;..S1 v. get off(s.o. 's) back, leave alone
anticipation (oj), from earnest concern! anxiety
(cf .:,1.:;. ul.h); be rid of. + '..J"o.i~.Jj;SI- v. get
(about). C.f .JlJ.J.+ ~<I..&_ See iJL..~4.l.+ _
(s.o.l s.th.) off the back, rid (oneself- j.>/ s.o.)
iJb ..5.poJ1 v. deflate (s.o.) (with a retort/ stern
of (s.th.).+ ~"..s~j.SI- v. be free/ rid of, have
remark). C.f D~~.J ,jJ.)~.+ ~J ~/_ v. cast
(s.o.ls.th.) get off one's back.+ ~J~jS/- v.
(s.th.) in mud. Cf ~} ~4t.+ ~ pJ/_ v. be
tie/wrap around the shoulders. Cf ~jS .:.;J. +-
covered with mud; fig. be cursed! damned. + _
iJ1d.wj;..S1 See D.J";.Jy.~jS.J.+ ~".s- adv. I.
iJb iJ4...:;1 v. weigh with a steelyard (cf iJl.:.;S);
where, at what place; in comb. with I.J'
size up. + t l;.u _ adv. at the edge of (see ~4.l);
meaning: where from, in! from which
on the outskirts (of a town! etc.).+ ~_ adv. direction. E.g. '.u-i~,,,;;,,s.J Where has he
let us pretend! act as iff assume; on purpose, come from? 2. where (denoting disparity/
wilfully, intentionally.+ iJ~ ~"':;I_ v. get difference! incompatibility/ distance between
caught on a hook! splinter! nail.+ iJb~~/- v. two). E.g. ~~".s...J;;.J Zs.,S 4.l ~ You and I are
run through a coarse-meshed screen (cf .J worlds apart/We have entirely different
iJl~ ~ftt); screen.+ iJb D)li~/_ v. 1. put (meat) situations. + ~.JAS r';.$ 1- v. cease to be useful!
on the butcher's hook. 2. hang (s.o.). Syn. serviceable; be hopelessly spoiled (i.e. a
iJb .;I~.+ iJ.J~ l~iJl.r-.u/- v. be in a touch- child).+ J...s- only in '.JI}'>':';~iJ~~ul.,s4.l
and-go/ risky/ uncertain! unforeseeable v. be less adamant, be more reasonable and
situation (i. e. a patient! state ofaf/airs/etc.). + _ meet halfway; abandon one's flawed/untenable
poslt\on.+ ~sj.....sl_ V.t. render
b ~ adv. out of spite/rancour/anger. + ..:..lL in
useless/unserviceable. + ~ y...S sj.,s 1_ v. cease
comb. with b meaning : in time; timely,
to be useful. Syn. iJL..~iD;.$4t.+ .J~_adj.
opportune; in comb. with the indefinite article
~ and b acting as a conj. meaning: while, at! lost, missed (chancel opportunity).+ ~/_

during the time (that-.$); at a time (when-.$).+ iJ~ v. lose! miss the opportunity (o/keeping/
iJ.-> )S1_ v. put out of work! function, lay obtaining! taking advantage ofs.th.); be lost
(see iJ.J.Y. iJ.J.J)· + iJb .r-:$I- v. t. make/cause (s. 0.)
(s.o.) off a job/ employment.+ ~.J.s )51_ v.
lose or miss or forfeit (s.th.); cause to lose.+_
stop working! functioning, quit (i.e. carl
machine! etc.); be unable to/ out of work.+_ •.,,$ adv. here. Syn.•ft.J.+iJ.JJ-II.J.JI- v. be at
 505

stake.+ ~J.r.":'o:;..JI- v. open! break through a used with b). E.g. b4!~r'.u In this place; in
door by dislodging its pivots. + :? _adj. busy, comb. with the plural! ending ~I meaning:
occupied.+ o~j$ _ adj. and adv. the lot/ whole From these, out of these. + I~J""" _ adv. from
(quantity! number); casually, desultorilly, now on, henceforth, in the future.+ ~J.r/­
without prior thought/plan/notice. + ~..tP. j$1- o~ld& v. almost/ nearly lose one's life (in or
v. bel become unable to function/talk (esp. due from illness! accident!etc.).+~IJJ.......I_ v.
to cold! sickness).+ jj-> j$/_ v.t. render (s.o./
behead, decapitate.+ o~ 'J~~ _ beyond this;
s.th.) incapable of working! perfonning.+ j$/_
except for this, aside from this. + d..... _ adj.
~ ~4S v. run out of energy and be unable to
belonging! (a) pertaining! proper to (cf 4.lJ-),
function!perfonn.+ ~.r..;.,SI- V.t. ride a
E.g. V"l.t........ .)~.uIoS.,s~ The stallion
swing (made ofV""..;.,S q. v. and hanging from a
belonging to Hayas; of, the (indicating the one
tree!ceilingletc.).+ ~.,s- I. adv. on!at the edge most familiar). Eg. ~ .)u.uIoSI.r.lS' It is the
of. E.g. .,so~l;~.,s.u At the edge of the water. 2. Sheikh's man. + .)40U _ adj. and adv. ago. Eg.
only in the expr. \i-'y bLS..;;;.,.5.J v. be .)....ou.u jL... OJ Ten years ago; before now (l}'n.
completely unaware/out of touch with (s.th. ~-,..... .u); previously (cf ~I)~).+ .,;.;.-'u_
saidldone!happening).+ ~J.,.s-ws/- v. I. wear,
adv. before now. Cf I. ~.+I~J.,...._adv.
put on the ears (earrings). 2. forget, let slip
from now on, from this timet moment on.+_
one's memory, overlook.+ ~~ brsl- v. be
~ I~J""'" adj. potential. + 'J.,.... _ adv. from now
functioning!in working condition.+ jj-> ~/_
on.+ o~oft.o- adv. a long time ago.+ I~li_ adv.
v. cause to quit, put out of order/operation.+.
~~4S rs1 v. cease to tum; quit working, cease
inwardly, at heart, deep down.+ l:.!.li_ on an

to function. + ~~ rs _ adj. out of order. + _

empty stomach, prior to having eaten anything.
Syn. ~~.+ ~L.Sli_ adv. suddenly,
j..J' I. prep. in comb. with IJ meaning: with,
unexpectedly (l}'n..r..u 'I'''';~; precipitously.+
along! together with (syn. S4..i.u); at (of a
-,1..;_ also ';;'_prep. in comb. with IJ meaning:
position in time). E.g. 1..;~~~-.'lJ j..J'.u At
inside, in! into the interior of; among, between.
twilight; as soon as, E.g. ~.vi":"":"'~dj.$.u As E.g. 1.LiL...;> ~li.u Among ourselves. 2. in comb.
soon as he left, 1 went to bed. 2. con}. in comb. with 0-,0 meaning: from within! the inside.+_
with .,s bo""'; meaning: although, in spite of the
~I~I..; adj. frequently mentioned, much talked
fact that, eventhough. 3. adv. in comb. with
about; raised, brought up. + ~J.rI-' I..,j I-v.
b ';'o~ meaning: nevertheless, nonetheless,
dispose/ get rid of, eliminate; destroy, finish.+
however, also with I~""'; meaning:
.J"-i-,li- n. destroyer; eliminator.+ ..tP.-,li- adj.
nonetheless.+o~~ adv. on the side, indirectly,
disposed of, eliminated, destroyed. + ~..tP. -' li 1-
as a secondary/ minor effort! concern! etc. + _
v. be eliminated! disposed of; be destroyed!
O~U4!'J on the one hand, on one hand fmished (.syn. ~lJ""";).+ ..5.w..:;_prep. in comb.
(normally followed by: o~"'; ..j4!'J.u on the with 0-,0 meaning: close to, near by.+ o~.,s.vi­
Other/ hand.+ ~~ prep. by, through the from the very beginning! right from the
agency/ instrumentality of (coupled with beginning (of a story! tale! account). + :;..,;/_
o-,o).+~IJ":"..u-l~ v. snub (.'1.0.), slight, put down. o~-,p' give up/ stop saying one's prayers. Cf
C.f ~.Li ~..:....u-l. + ~ - combined form ofr''; and ~~~ ~..,.;. + ~I""';'; _ also ~I~ _ prep. in comb.
.J meaning: from this (when used with 0-,0). with IJ meaning: between, in the timet space/
Eg. O-,O~Jr'.J From this side; at/ in this (when interval that separates.+ -'_ compinedform of
 506
oJ

~ and ...J meaning: from him! her/ that; like, source, origin, etc. 2. cease to be friends, have
resembling! similar to him/ that. E.g. ~ J4I relation! connection broken up . .;,.,.? ..5,,-!...Jv. I.
He looks like her; in comb. with the plural look alike/ similar.2.come between! separate
ending .;,1 hence .;,IJ- from them.+ !'-'.J- two (people) from each other.+ ';'.»i~..5~/­
compined form of !'-'~ and ...J used with Il v. attack each other and engage in a fight (two
groups or single combat ofpeople! animals).+
meaning: in best! perfect! height! full (0/-';),
.;,b ~ ..5"-!/_ v. cause/set two parties or animals
E.g. b~I~.;~J4lln the height of beauty. + _ against each other. + iJ1}; ..5"-!/ _ v. come apart,
oJL..J combined form of OJO and .:A.. and J4I get disjointed from each other (of two things
meaning: since then! that time; since then!the secured to each other).+ .;,~..5"-!/_ v. look
time when-4.S.+ J"-J- compined form of J.... alike/ similar in appearance/ behaviour/
and J4I used in comb. with OJO meaning: on the disposition! etc.+ ';'l).,..;...54-t/- v. be
way back, from the other end. + OJ'i J _ from the permissible for two players (gambling! etc.) to
other side, through the other way.+ IHj.JJ/- bet against each other (normally used in the
negative).+ .;,ll..5A-!/_ v. I. collide, clash
';'J.J-I v. be within one's ability/ capacity, be
against each other (of things). 2. strikelbeat
capable of! match (to-I.S)'+ J'l~J- outside of
each other. 3. join (two things) to each other.
that. + OJ'i J~OJ _ adv. thereafter, beyond that;
...J le suffix to certain nouns denoting Ihe
except for (that), aside from the fact! point
(Ihat-...s).+ ~oJ- adv. prior to/ preceding diminutive form. i.e. JojjS q. v.
that. + 1JlO J _ adv. from then on, from that time/ ~ leb, (A) n. word, remark., conversation. + _
instance/ occasion on (cf IJlJ ... "'-'); then (cf ,;,....,r-:. adj. pleasant and polite (in manner of
3. ~).+ Z,sJ- compined form ofZ,s""; and "'-' talking! sociali::ing! etc.).+ .;,1,rSaj_"'-'- v. say
meaning: there, inlat that place or spot. + 1;-,_ nothing to, not even exchange one word with.
and Z,sJO~-'- See Z,s..,.,J.+ iJ~;;'~;"/- v.i. E.g. 'AI'Oajl.S.x...J "'-'I"~ I haven't said a word
faint, lose consciousness. Syn. '~.)J.»i' Cf to him.
';'l.? "'»"j.+ .;,I.,.;,~/_ v. whet (edge tools) on! ....:....jt4l lebdne n. I. diamond-shaped marzipan!
with whetstone. C.I ';'l.?~.+ .;,~_ in comb. sweet almond paste. 2. diamonds (playing
with b meaning: at the same time/ place, in the cards); rhombus (geom.); lozenge.+ oJ!._adj.
same condition! circumstance/ state.+ ~.. _ diamond-shaped; rhomboid-shaped.
in comb. with I., meaning: at all, in every. E.g. leblebi n. parched! dry roasted
I., ~L..S ~.......,..,J At all times. idiom. chickpea.- ..5;;.
a.4.s~IJS,,-!,,-lS'~~ He is a busybody/
~ lebe n. fat. See I.SJp'.
buttinsky (iii. he is the ladle in every bowl). +
~ ~/ _ for no reason, without any prior ~ lep n. palm (of hand); front, flat face (of
cause/ reason. + .;,b ..5J;. / _ v. sift, run through s.th.): ~l';_
palm ofthehand.+':""-'I_adj.
a sieve/ sifter.+.;,.»i ll.d_ v. keep memory (oj), with the palms of hand facing each other and
touching. with the front flat faces (of too
remember.+ ';'l.,$ llt/- v. forget, fail to
things) facing!touching.+ iJL..- n. (act oj)
remember.+ ..5~_ at each other, each other
leveling/smoothing out with the palm of the
(esp. when in comb. with verbs). E.g. ..5,,-!"'-' hand.+ .;,.).;SiJ~ v. leveV smooth with the
~lSaj They didn't understand each other. palm of the hand.+ J.,.}-'o- adj. flat on the face;
Syn. ...s:...;J. ';'J.J-I..5~"'-' v. I. be of one/ same with the face down. + ~ ~ JJpo / _ v. fall flat
 507

on the face. Cf ~.,.s Lm4,o.+ o,S- adj. palmate; '.J"i.LiI~loJ...J""-lJInandinewe V.I. make/ cause to
palm-shaped. vibrate; cause to wave! flutter.
oJ.Li~4..II~4..IJ lepandin v. lap, take in (liquid! r-J Ie! adj. skinny, emaciated (used basically
food) with the tongue. for animals). Cf .h"':i·+ oJJ.Io!.r.J v. be skinny.+
~4J lepke n. string of blue bead- ~ o,SiS.~nS thin as a rake.+ o,S- n. (state oj)
)J"':iJ " adj.

worn on child's forehead to ward off evil eye. being skinny.

- }j'J~. j.J4-1 len I. n. shiver, tremble; ague, chills. 2.
~4J lepe n. pap (food, sometimes used as first pres. stem of the verb oJlj~ and ~...i~ q. v. j~
part of some compound names ofdishes) :_ oJJ.J-/ (~) v. have the chills. + oJ1-[jyI-J] See
~~ pap made of rice, sour juice mint and oil ~...i~.+ oJ.l..iI-LiJ...i.J4..I] V.t. cause to tremble/
• jlJ L.." pap made of cracked wheat. shiver; shake, quake (cf '.J"i.LiI~).+ ...;1_ n. 1.
spasm, involuntary and abnormal muscular
~4J leper n., med exanthema, skin eruption. contraction, twitch. 2. ...;lj.fo;L..l: q.v.+ ~..r-J.t/­
v. shake up, unsettle, shock (by chiding!
..:.M.J lei n. piece, fragment (cf 1. ~.)~; half
hurting physically).+ \;J- n., med malaria.+"
(see .~).+ oJJ.Io!.:..4J v. be halved, break! split
~J/ v. have an attack of ague.+ ~la~/_
into more than one piece. oJ~.;S..:.M.J v. halve,
v.l.be trembling! shivering (from fear/cold!
cut! split! break into halves or pieces. + is _ n. siclcness). 2. cople down with! have chills or
dried half (of fruit! chiclcpeal etc.); dried half ague. + ..5j_ adj. trembling, trembly, shaky
of pear (usedfor making compot).+..5;;.s _ n. (due to ill health).+ ._ n. shiver, tremble (an
split chick-pea. + ~ _ n. budget. Syn. •jl..,..
instance of). + ..5. _ n. tremor. See •j~4.0J.Io!. +
iJ:~~. Cf I. JJjl~. + __ adj. in pieces; in
.J-! -liyI-J) v. i. tremble, shake, shiver (i.e. from
halves. + .:.-..~ _ adj. in bits and pieces!
cold); tremble (of the heart. ~j~4J~).
fragments. Cf J4..~.+ oJ»t~.,.4J v. be cut!
broken into bits and pieces! fragments. + oJ...i~ IenJn pres. stem ofthe verb .J.Lilj~ q. v.
oJ~~ .:u.......,.4J v. cut! break into pieces!
..5~ Inok adj. vibrating, ocillating; waving,
fragments.+ i}.;4J~- adj. cut into pieces, in
fluttering. - •.,...;I~.
fragments. + .:..,,$J _ See ~4J. + ._ adj. haIti'
piece of. E.g. ";-;4J Half an apple. •.J4-I lere n. vibration, oscillation; flutter (cf 2.
is4...!.).+ ~_ n. continued vibration/oscillation;
~ lerik n. kerchieti' scarf used for the head
persistent flutter.+ ~~ ~.~ v. vibrate;
as a bonnet. + ~.J ~ v. wear a kerchief as a flutter.
bonnet.
~~ /ere pres. stem ofthe verb •.,...;I~ q. v.
~ lerer adj. miserly, stingy (syn. I . ..5J u:.
cf ~~); mean, low, despicable.+ o,S- n. oJ...J""-l leren pres. stem ofthe verb '.J"i.LiI~ q. v.
miserliness; meanness. .~...J""-lll~~] lerlnewe = •.,...;I~ q. v.
~ Ie!!"" (A) n. soldering.+ oJ~.J ~ v. .~~ lerinewe n. resonance.
solder, repair/ join with solder.
j4..1 lex I. n. speed, pace. Syn. 1. IS!I~. Cf I.
'.JA-iI~I~.J4-IJ leranewe v.i. vibrate, quiver;
~. <~. 2. pres. stem of the verb ~,j4J q. V.+
flutter, wave. Cf •.J"ilS'oI.!..
 508

;;5 - adj. fast, speedy.+ ..,;..~_ n. speedometer.+ ..::..~4.l leqret (A) n. curse. See I. ~~ ,~»",L:.
~_[j~] v. hurry, haste. See ~J.? ~~.
t"-..&.4.l I~em (A) n. I. mine (explosive device
"::"oj..J lezet n. taste. Syn. t"li. < "::".j~4!.+ "::"oj~ syn.~). 2. tunnel. See .~~~.,;;..S.:.­
~J.J'i ( .... ) n. have taste, be tasty (offood). ~"s.+ ~1..i'J/_ v. lay/ plant a mine.+ ~b..)l_
v. dig a tunnel, tunnel through.
~ Ie! n.. anat. body. Syn. ~I • ~~ • 3.
~. C.f j..:;\;.: JJ).l....IS_head and shoulders J..J leq adj. loose, slack, partly free from
attachment. + ~»I J~ v. bel become loose. E.g.
*",,}">IS- lower limbs *J.i0JL;IS_ trunk.+ )lt4!-
adj. sickly, habitually ailing.+ "l..!.jJ4!_ ad). oJrI J..J..,..s:.;;b He has a loose tooth. ~J,} J4.l v.
prone to sickness/ ailment; sluggish, indolent make/ cause to be loose; destabilize, disrupt
(of a person). + ~_ adj. ritually unclean (i.e. the smooth functioning of. + ~I_~.......J] also_
nol disposed 10 fastl pray).+ ~_ n. ritual iJ-!V.......J] v. i. be loose, feel slack! partly
uncleanliness.+ ~lt....s~/- v. develop the detached, wobble. C.f ~ ~~.+ ~J.i' _[~~] v.i.
body.+ >J~..5..::;I- v. feel ill/out ofsorts.+ ;!J_ I. move/rock to and fro or from side to side,
loosen by moving. 2. nod (i.e. one's head in
adj. dimentional, bodily; geom. solid.+ b/_
approval). < ~1l..JJ..t;4-. 3. twitch (ear).+_
~,~ v.i. feel indolent! sluggish! slightly ill
J.j-J." adj. loose and wobbly.+ J........l.- n.
(from overexertion! bodily disorder).+ t l...._
movement of s.th. loose/ partly detached. + _
adj. healthy, well, enjoying good health. Syn.
~J,;S;,r.J..Jol v. keep moving/rocking (i.e. to
..:-J)J. + ~»-I t l.... - v. be/feel healthy; also as
shake s.th. 100se).+.;;y..S-:.r.;,...J.I_ v. bel feel
formula for wishing s.o. continued good
health. E.g. ~ t L- ~ May you enjoy wobbly
continued good health (said to s.o. doing a J.w~ leqleq also ~~..r.-l> n., zoo!. stork.
good job/an honesl day's work).+ ~L.._n.
.u4.l leqe n. kick! pound with the sole of the
health, 0.5»-_ adj. active,
well-being.+
foot. - .u~",:,~; kick (by an animal, i.e. mule)
energetic, brisk. Cf i--;,} •',;IS •..N~.+ J»--
(cf 4....,j~).+ J.;-!.- n. repeated
n. briskness, agility, activity. + ..,...»l- also_
pounding/stamping to knead, squeeze or
J.,$ adj. slow, sluggish, lazily inactive (ani. compress.+ ;:,.;)_ n. kicking (spasmodically
..s~); sluggish (in body).+ ...,....»J- also_
esp. when dying) (ef o~ll~~); kicking (for fun
""';'} n. sluggishness, inactivity (due 10
between two or more people esp. in a sealed!
laziness); state of feeling sluggish.+ ) ~J- n. /iying position. Syn. ~)&..:J idiom. ':'J.r ~J.r
good/shapely figure. + 0_ See ~'~.+ ..s _adj. ~~)u~ Why not go down brave? (lit.
bodily, pertaining to the body. death is certain, why the kicking!.).- ..:.;y.S
.J..-:-J Iq,kir n., mil. division (army unit) (cf ~)o....J..J. + ..::.."..s _ n. repeated stamping/
l:- . 3. ~); army (syn. JJJ~). - ~.JA-.+ pounding with the sole of the foot. + ~b ..) 1_
~J"..s.f.-:...J v. mobilize an anny (esp. one V.I.kick! pound at with the sole of the foot;
kick with one hind leg (i.e. a horse); deal a
Iribally led); also used with j meaning:
blow to, blow (an opporlu'!ity/ s.th. going well
mobilize against.+ LL n. military camp.+ _
in one's favour). E.g. •J .... ..) ..s.u~ ~.J'J '.Po It
1S;;5 n. military strategy. C.f "';'JL;-.+ ~_ n. is God sent, don't spoil it.+ ~J.i\;..J/- v. throw
military centre, garrison town. kicks with one hind leg (ofmulelhorselele.).
Js.~ legl n. ruby. Syn. J~. Cf ~J.il..!..J ..,,;~.+ ~ •.,,_ adj. restive and
inclined to kicking often.
 509

yu4.l leqeb (A) n. title; surname. See J"-:-'4.l lemper n. barrier. obstacle. hurdle (syn.
)li.;4-. )lijli. ~jS. cf ~~); drawback. limitation.

;:}.J leqe pres. stem of the verbs ,;,lJ4.l and ~4.l ..

restraint. + ,;,.Lil~ _ v. overcome barrier, beat
obstacle; transcend/rise above limitations.
q.v.
~4...I lemf (E) n., anal. Iymph.+ .;- adj.
~4.l leqen pres. stem of the verb ,;,.Li lJ4.l q. v.
lymphatic .
..s4.l 1 Lek also ~4.l n. dialect of Kurdish.
~.J lenc pres. stem of~.J q.v.+ ,_no
..s.i lek n. lakh, a hundred thousand. gait/prance (of a woman).+ ';'J.} ~4.l v. walk
in a gait, prance. + J'i), _ n. swaying gait, posh
.JLS4.l lekan n. type of snowshoe with furtop.
and prancy walk (of a young woman).+ _
..s4.l leke n. spot, blemish, mark (syn. 1. 4.l~). ~[~4.l] v. sway/ walk with a prance or roll.
E.g. .J 4- .;...s4.l corneal opacity; defect, failing,
.Li.J lend n. elevated land! isle (i.e. in afield)
fault (i.e. on one's character/ name! etc.).+_
surrounded by water.
)J adj. tainted, corrupted (of a person);
s.;~ leng I. adj. lame, disabled in one or more
stained, spotted.+,;,..Lt-! )J..S"4.l v. be tainted!
damaged (in character/reputation); become limbs (cf .:..~......). 2. out of balance, unequal
stained, soiled.+ ';'J.? )J...s4.l v. taintlblacken the (scales! trade, etc.); lopsided, top-heavy. 3.
reputation of (cf ,;,.Lil;j )li); taint/soil.+ ';)J_ pres. stem ofthe verb ~ q. v. + .J»I..$..;4.l v.
n. taintedness, corruption. bel become lame; be out of balance; b
heavy.+ .;_ n. lameness (cf u-l~);
legen n. basin (for washing).-
imbalance.+ ~-ls.;.....J] v. limp, walk
,;,&4.l~; large metal bowl used as kitchen lamely/with a limp.
utensil.
Jd:..i4.l lenger n. 1. anchor. 2. equilibrium,
J.J lei n. a word/sound/noise (normally used in
balance. C.! ))jIJ.Ij.+ iJ.->1- v. I. throw/ cast
some form of Ihe following: J4.l~;;;-.Jli He anchor (of a vessel). 2. reach equilibrium,
doesn't dare say a word.+ ';'J.,.5j.J v. say a establish/ attain balance. 3. land, settle, touch
word, make a sound/ noise.+ J'?"";u-l.J He down, come to rest. Cj O)";L...r-S'.+ ,;,IJ;;}I_
didn't make a sound. See I. IJ--.;. J&':'4.l.+ L}~/- v. I. hover (plane!
bird! etc.). 2. be in! get into a state of
.J4.l 1
lele n. tutor (syn. JI.!.JJO)J~); male servant
equilibrium or balance. 3. help (s.o.) fly a kite
in charge of children .J»I4.l4.l v. used fig. E.g. by holding it high in the air ready for the other
! i";'; .;.J4.l ~....r>.J.!
What do you think I am, to pull.+ ._ n. pendulum.+ ~-.J~/- v. cast
your servant?+ ~~/_ v. havelhire a male anchor.+ .;_ n. I. balance, equipoise between
servant. + o.r! - n. work! profession of a male two contrasting! opposing elements; balance,
servant in charge of children. poise, stability: ~.;_ mental balance • .;.;,.._
balance of power. 2. metre (in verse). 3. large,
4.l.i lele n. notch, nick.+.J»I (4A) 4.l4.l v. have a
round wooden tray. Cf J~4J.2 • ...r-- .
..$.:.;..Ij.
notch in. ';'J.? 4.l4.l v. make a notch! cause a nick
in. o~.J lengeze n. downpour/ shower of rain.

~4...I lempa (E) n. lamp (syn. I~); tube C.! .....:,;.1.

(electron! radio/ TV). (cf I. 4.l.vJ). .jI~ lewaze n. forklift; implement for hoisting!
dismantling heavy objects.
 510

4...!.1.,.u1 iewtl!e n. oven-baked bread in long E.g. oil'~~,j~)b We have run out of
flaps thinner than 0;.,.J.,s" q. v. - ,jli. firewood.+ ,jlJ"il- v. insert! put! pass (s.th.
long) through or into. Cf ,j.LiL.:w.; ~.+ -
4...!.1~ lewa!e n. twitch (used on animals to
o~lJlI v. win (money! bet) from; defeat (in a
restrain while being shoed).+ ,jl~ 4...!.lyJ v.
contest! game! etc.).+ .:.r-.t- I - v. cut oID deduct!
restrain (animal) with a twitch.
discontinue (s.th.) from (s.o.); cut (piece! pari)
tiyU lew~ See ~~Ol.+ 0_ adj. garrulous. Syn. off from.+ ,jl)>>-II_ I. v. pardon, excuse,
..iL,..t......;~;
insolent.+ ti.J4-lo- n. noisy and forgive (syn. 2. ~",-!. cf ~~~ J~); let go.
unattractive manner of eating! chewing food. + 2. n. amnesty, governmental pardon (esp. for
..r.-0- n. insolence, impertinence. political ofenses): oJ!o~";;;''';l)~'';JI~...J
V"yU lews n. pendulous lower lip. < V"yJ~Ol Amnesty International. + JJl)~ - adj.
q.v.+,j_adj. thick-lipped. Cf~. foolhardy/ forsaken (person).+ Ol)>>-I_ adj.
forgiving, willing! able to forgive. + .J»I- n.
d0yU lewe! n. grazing; grazing ground. Syn.
disassociation. + LeJ.,,> 4-i ,j»-l I_v. become an
J4!~. ,jl~ dO .,...I v. graze. + ,jl-l~-!~ v. i. graze;
obssession! fixation with. + ;,v~.} ",-!,j»l I_v.
in comb. with 0JO)~ meaning: live/spong on.
become a constant source of irritation! worry
E.g. ~d0.J4-l":o"",:",~.s:..;.JL... He has been to.+ 0~»I1_ v. I. be finished with, have (s.th.)
sponging on me for a year. + ,jJ..iI- [~..J0yJlv.t. done/ completed. Cf ,jl~ h-.;. 2. be/get
put to graze. Cf ,jlljjL:.+ lS_n. pasture, land separat~d! detached! removed from. E.g.
designated for grazing. Cf .JIJ~.+ ~-[~lyJ] o~o»l~ ";&0;4- Its top is detached; let go,
See ,j1.lyJ. leave alone, stop bothering. E.g. o~li~ He
does'nt stop bothering me. 3. stem! develop/
.J•.,.u lewen n. reed. Cf ~l:;.
result! branch out from. E.g. :" ";~..J ~
~...,.u lewi~ n. one handfull. Cf ..:.-. !.~ How many roads branch out from
it?+ iJl~/- v. lose interest in (s.th.)/ apetite
t. ~4J leylax n. highland; summer camp. Syn.
for (food). Cf,j.bt )ftt· + ,j»'-r. I-v. be fed up
.Jl:.-;..,s". Cf ~.J"-.
with (s.o.), have had enough of.+ i,...r.- n.
..s..u4.J leyluk n. swing. Syn. ,,;~p.. person held responsible! answerable (for s.th.).
Syn. ;l~-.J'..;4-I. Cf ..::-Ol......; IS. + ..;i.,....r. - also. -
~ Ii 1. prep. governing only a pronominal
,-"oi.....-.r. n. responsibility, accountability.+ _
suffIX, from (cf 1. ..J). E.g. o::JJ";)IJ...,;J He
0~.r.1 v. ask! inquire about, question
didn't accept it from him. 2. first {!.art of
certain compound verbs, i. e. ,jl~ ~ ~ q. v. (others regarding s.th. entrusted to them), Cf
. . 3. O~l~~.+ .Jl~.r.I-v.t. incite/prod/spur
,j»-l ~ v. bear/ have by. E.g. »I...,;J ""L:..-;:'"
on (s.o.) against (s.o. else).+ ,jJ.....iI~/_ v.
She had three babies by him; bel be present at.
E.g. ! »-I;:,J 1.S~,.r.$ Who else was there?; be sprinkle, spray (esp. with water by hand).+-
,jl~.r-;I v. become chronic (disease).+ ~/_
deprived off estranged from.+ ,jl~~ v. do
(som:thing) with! to! about (s.o.! s.th.). E.g. ,jl.,$ v. worsen, take a tum for the worse (s.o. 's
! l~ ~ ~ What did you do to him! with it?; healthl disease! wound), develop
deprive of, separate from; load upon, burden complications.+ 0~:;;;1_ v. look closely into,
with; feed (grain to hopper of mill! quern); investigate. Cf o~jS~ .0~.r.;:,J.+ -
make: to appear/ look like! be thought of as. < .J~ ~ I v. get mixed up/ confused! be at a
,jl~ ~ j..>. + :it- I_v. lack, run out! be short of.
 511

loss about. C I .:,,~..5...:;; ~ J-' + ~ _ adj. (coin). 6. blow (whislle! horn! etc.); let out (a
similar, alike, resembling, much the same.+. cry), release! utter (a shout! roar! etc. . i.e.
.:"IJ ~ ";0r4. q. v.). 7. make (boast! brag, i.e.
.:".L-il ~/ v.I. liken, represent! introduce as
.:"b~j~ q.v.); fmagle, wangle;
similar! comparable; assimilate, absorb
(politically! cullurally).+ .:,,~/_ v. I. look misappropriate (i.e. funds for personal benefi/)
(ef ':"J.,..s IoSjJ)·+ .:"IJJ/_ pass. of .:"b~ q.v.+_
like! similar, resemble. 2. be leaking, permit!
have leakage. Syn. 2. .:"b b under b l .+ 4.~/_ JIJJ n., malh. multiplicand.+ oy.:...~.)/_ v. stopl
.:,,~~~....s v. be unreasonable, refuse to cut down! curtail reduce (s.lh.); withdraw! cut
access (to). + JJJ _ n. commentator. Syn.
compromise! meet one halfway, be adamant!
inflexible. Cf •.J~}~~lA.:,,~~~...s..r.+ • ;..;.:;IJJJ.+ .:"I.JJJ/- v. I. discuss, talk! discourse
0~JP./ v. stop doing, cease performing! about; comment on; commentate. 2. talk about!
of critically. Cf ~,} ':'>0.,. + JOJ _ part of some
practicing! producing. E.g. ~..J ~.s...:..~
compound forms aCling as noun of agenl
oJ";oJP. The chicken has ceased laying eggs.+.
denoling : player, -er, striker, i.e. JO~.s:...
"';JP. n. similarity, resemblance, likeness.+_
(coin) minter.+ ':"J.,..s JO')/- V. I., malh. deduct!
~~ n. analogy, correspondence, subtract from. 2. make out, be able to read!
correlation.+ iJ..->/- v. I. rub with/against, identify! assemble.+ .:"I:.-.JI;/ _ v. I. give
touchlbring in contact with. E.g. ~ ~ r-0J respite/ more time to; want! pause for another
»-i J"'J I felt it with my hand! rubbed my hand to catch up (ef .)J~~~J4-). 2. formula
against it, it was rough. 2. remove/ dismiss denoting tlveoJ/ warning: just (you) wait and
from. Cf .)J.,$ .)f.).+ .:"L:.;./_ v. rub/ touch see.+ V-O.l;l- v. leak (syn. 2. .J~~); flow
lightly (esp. in passing).+ .:".JjL:.;./_ V.t. rub over/ into.+ .:"Ij_ n. amateur, dilettante. CI
against, grate!chafe! fret by friction. Cf ~ ~.ljOJL..:.'l~.+ ~Ij/_ know about,
V.

.:"J.i~.+ ~_ n. and adj. driver, one that have some knowledge of, be an amateur in .
drives/operates; driving! dynamic! active E.g. ~Ij~ ~ ~ Does he know anything
(force, power, etc.).+ .:.r---...»>/ _ V.I. about it?+ .:"..Li~/_ v. take! seize! grab from,
drive!operate; urge on!direct (d;aft animal) dispossess, take away from (by force/
(cf v-o~u-;).+ ':"J.J'i.P:;>/- v. forgive, give up pressure! argumen/); charge, ask for (as price!
COSI). E.g. ~. - _.: '~;:,J r..Li~ How much would
resentment! ill fee ling against. Cf .)JJJ.J'i ~. + •
.:"I;.....,j.;./ v. be concerned! anxious! you charge me?+ .:"Il-..s~/- v. discard part
preoccupied with; seek! search for a way out from, take pcpt ofT (price/ quanity/ elc.).+ •
of.+ ':"..Lil,S;..!.b/_ v. lower! come down (on the .:"l.,..s...,..~/ See .:".).,..s~~.+ .:"L.J,u/_v. get
price oj), give! ofTer for a discount; divert! into trouble, fall victim to adversity! affliction!
withhold part of.+ .:"b/ _ v. hit, strike, beat (cf hardship; be faced with (S.Ih.
strange!oddIbizarre).+ JL.J4-l- I. adj. in
I . .:"l.;.,s'. I ..:"I.J..... u-;); feel, touch, come in
adversity, afflicted (wilh trouble! misforlune)
contact ~ith (normally preceeded by a noun),
(cf ':".JJ-tOj);" 2. n. victim (of a cataslrophe!
i.e. .:"b~':'-J q.v.; stablhit with (a Icnife!
bullel/ elc.); knock on (door, etc.). 2. play dislress/ wanl), injured party.+ ..5_combined
(percussion! slring/ wind inslrument) (syn. 2. form of..s4.t. and &J meaning: at! from each
.:,,~oj); play (radio, record. elc.);jig. drum up. other (employed as pari of some compound
3. bore (tunnel); dig (underground canal); verhs).+ ':"J,H 1~l;..5_ v. become aware!
sink (well, mine shaft). C.I .:"..Li.s~. 4. plant cognizant of each other's plans! intentions (of
(seedling! CUlling). CI ,J.J.iIJJ.,. 5. mint! strike two people! parties/ elc.).+ .:,,1,r...5- v. lose
 512

contact! connection with each other; drift a for them. E.g. I)~ ~ J.? ~ I exposed him. 3.
part.+ ~~~..5_ v. break apart. get disengaged! call/ invoke (curse) upon, have (amulet/
separated. 2. fig. be about to burst (from charm) written against (s.o.). - ...:....::.y.+ •
anger/ disgust/ etc.). E.g. ~J~...>.;J "::'>~J I am ~~,).?/ V. I. pick from (fruits. flowers);
about to burst (syn . .jJ.r.J......:.).+ .jJ.J'I~..5- v. remove from, get! take (s.th. off s.th. else).
tackle/ grapple with each other (in an actual E.g. 0,,0').;$ 4So}J-!J..J r.5....... o-/1 took the picture
browl/ heated argumen/).+ .j1,)~..5_ v. urge/ off the wall. 2. open for (as to allow passage
incite/ set (two sides) against each other.+..5_ in! out). E.g. o"....LSl;j r..5lS)oJ He wouldn't
oJ":'J.} 4 v. I. distinguish, perceive as being open the door for me; open (mouth) against
different, differentiate between. 2. separate/ (s.o.) in a verbal attack! insult.+ oJ"';lJo'JS/ _ V.
come between (two fighting sides).+ ii->..5.. gather/ cluster around. Syn. .jb )J~,)' + •
v. rub against each other; cause contact! o~jSl' v. examine, look at closely, pursue
friction between.+ oJb ..5_ 1 v. assemble, fit and observe carefully. C.f oJ"':"'~ 'oJ').?"';". +.
(parts oj) together; connect! join! fasten o~;S2 n. examination, close study/
together or to each other.+ oJl.LS} n., math.
observation. + oJb"i 'J..5 / _ V. avoid, stay away
multiplication. + ~yt-ib..5_ v. I. examine/
from, ignore (s. 0.). E.g. ~ 'J.5 ~ .f.J.i flj l; I
inspect with the intention of analyzing!
explaningl int.erp.reting (the meaning/ content don't know why he avoids me.+ ,;,;,,&/ _ V. I.
oj) (c.f ~J~jS~); weigh. ponder, consider become a has-been, have passed the peak of
effectiveness/ vigour/ popularity. 2. touch,
the pro and con of. 2. worry/ be concerned
come into physical contact with. (esp. hy
about. have constantly on one's mind. 3. figure
accident); be hit! bumped into/ struck by (syn.
out, calculate (numbers/ cost/ etc.). 4.
2. ,;,;JU~); drop, lose (c.f .jJ.;$ oJJ). + •
reassemble. put together once more.+ J1).JS-
oJa...:.;J.5/ V. descend! come down from (a
adj. and n. compound (i.e. in grammar).+_
particular stock, ancestry. etc.). + .J.YJ.5 _ also
~ JI)..L....S adj. calculated, having had its
~,,&. adj. has-been, having passed the peak
probabilities! pros and cones estimated.+..5..
vigour/ success! etc.+ 0~L.:.;$/- V. I. withdraw
~J~J.5 )JJJ v. tum away from each other.+..5..
from (s.th.), take (s.th.) back! away from;
~~J~-/ v. come apart! unraveled/ loose.+..5..
extort, blackmail, exact from. 2. put (male
~J"':'J.? v. I. separate (two fighting sides). 2. animal) to cover female.+ ~}/ _ V. I. hold
distinguish between.+ iJJ.} ~)L....5_ v. arrange! (s.th.) against (s.o.), blame, begrudge. E.g.
conclude the marriage contract (of the judge of ~;........r.J Don't hold it against him. e}~...r.J
Sharia).+ oJL.;..5.. v. close (~'es, esp. with the .J~ Don't begrudge him, he is (only) a child.
intention of sleeping) (c.f .j..l.i4."J); shut 2. second part of some compound verhs
(one's mouth), be silent (esp. lIsed when meaning: block, cut ofT from; skim from, i.e.
demanding s.o. to cease talking), E.g. ..J..;J oJ ~} j Zs-/ q. V. 3. find! discover in (s. O. 's)
~ 0 shut it up. + iJ L.:.~ J :J~..5- v. break up, possession, catch red-handed with. E.g.
cease to exist as a unified whole, fall apart.+. oJ"';};,,) iJL.>~ll They have found contraband
.jJ.;$ / V. I. load, place!put on (pack animal/ on him.+ iJ1;}/- V. mistake (onefor another),
truck! conveyance). E.g. J..HJ.? j r)b ...s:.;.;Lt I bel get confused about or mix between. C.f
.jl;}:;.>.u.+ ~..pS/_ V. mislead! fool (5.0.) by
had put on it (the animal) a load of firewood.
2. u.~ed in comh. with the prep. 4...t and a misrepresenting or making an impression not
in accord with the facts about s.th.+ .jl-/&/ _ v.
follOWing noun as a compound verb). E.g.
"-0) 4...t.j,).;$ j 1oS.5...;I.r-- He spoiled the picnic leave (s.o.) alone/ to (his) devices (syn. I. jlJ
 513

.;,L:;,.~); keep away from, leave (s.th.) alone becoming for, look good on E.g. Jjj 1.S.;1l ~

(c.f 2. .jJ~ 1.S)S.~o~). + ';'»II~ / _ v. come true ~~..,J He really looks good in that suit. + _
against (of imprecation! curse called by one .vJLA adj. competent, fit, suitable (c.f .Jl:..•.,;J);
person against another).+ ."";1;.$/_ v. take becoming, fitting (of clothes/ etc.). +V'"," 'Ju/-
away from! hold back (part of an excess v. raise (one's hand) against; let go, raise, give
weight! quantity/ etc.).+ ';'~J'l 'l/ _ v. deduct rein (e.g. one's voice when singing).+ "Ju./-
from.+ .;,~.,s .J~/- v. give (girl) in marriage to. .;,~ v. exert inescapable/ relentless pressure
C.f ';'l~ •J ~ ..5.:;J. + •~»I P-" / - v. frown, scowl on (s.o.); make difficult! unacceptable
at (s.o.); look frowningly at (s.th.).+ .;,1:./ _ v. I. demands persistently from. C.f "Ju ~ ..5..:.-..;
cook. fIX, prepare (jood). 2. put! apply ~.+ D~I~jU>/_ v. recur/ come back to (esp.
(paultice) on (a sore/lesion! etc.); put (load) an iIIness).+ .;,L.....~/_ v. rise against! in
on, load (animaV truck) with; give/ call by
(nickname) (c.f .;,L; JL;).+ 1..1::-~/ _ v. write/ opposition to.+ ';'.J-:,1f~/- v. have a
smattering! superficial! peacemeal knowledge
report against; attack! assail (s.o.) by writing
about (often preceeded by..>.;:.....!.); eke
against (in a newspaper! etc.).+ V'~/ _See
out!realize (small benefit) from (s.th.).+·jU>/_
V'J'-i~.+ ~/- v. 1. get down tot tackle in
,;;~ v. come by/ one's way, present itself
earnest (work! meaV etc.). 2. ride (i.e. a
swing).+ DJ":'.J.J'ilJJJ/- v. scrutinize, look at (apportunity/ s.th. soght after).+ ';;}jU>/_ v.
(s.o.l s.th.) critically and searchingly. C.f J~ I. put up with, take/ tolerate from. 2. be
approved! sanctioned (by God. usually used in
.;,~~ ~.+ .J- combinedform of.J. and ~
the negative). 3. clip (coin).+ .~ltsjU>/- v.
meaning: from, out of.+ .;,b DJ/- See .;,Il.";;
mutiny, tum against (s.o.l an authority);
q. v.+ ~}JoJ /_ V. I. accept (gift! bribe/ etc.) change one's attitude, reverse one's course of
from; receive (Ielter/ etc.) from; take from (as action! opinion to wards.+,;;~ju/_ l". I.
to help carry). 2. borrow/ take/ quote from.+. mount! covert engage (female) in.mating (ofa
."";Its J'J/ v. I. retort. answer/ speak back to male animal). C.f V'~'+ ';'»1...1-../_ v. lose
(s.o.). 2. tum to (s.o.) and face.+ .;,I.:- J /- = (one's way/ direction); confuse (s.th.) with
.;,l:..-oJIJ..,J.+ .~l:..-oJ/ - v. stand up against, (s.th. else). C.f .;,~.,s.Ju.;:,J~.+ 'JDJD~..s- v.
face.+ .;,~l:...J/ _ v. I. lay (hands) upon, touch. standard expr. meaning: let's shake hands.
. .
E.g. ";;':'.y,..,J ~'l~t..J~ Don't you dare ~ [i pres. stem ofthe verbs,;;"s and,;;JJ q. V.
lay hands on him. C.f .;,~L..:..J~' 2. haunt,
.;,~ /iyan n. snowshoe.
touch (of a g~ost! spirit inhabi!ing a person).
E.g. 'JJ~l.!.oJ..,J ..r-D~ 4S"~~'; As if he has ~ lip n. I. long step/ pace. C.f Jl.S:.;u.. 2.
been touched by a jinn.+ .~l.!..J/ _ also length, piece (of string/ thread). 3. amount of
food that fills one hand! constitutes ~ big
DJ~DJ[~OJ] v. be looked upon! considered
morsel. C.f JJJ~'+ ~JI- See .,;Ji,;J·+ ..,J/-
qualified, fit, capable (jor ajob/ task! etc.), be
Iikely/ expected (to meet a challenge/ etc.). .;,IJ v. dig into with hand (describing s.o. 's
E.g. oJ'-:',~ 'j..j.:;;..:.. ~u He is liable to hearty way of eating). Cj ';'JoJ""j.$ JJJ4.

do anything.+ JL..:..J - also 0Jl.!.'J- adj. fit,

J L.::..J
• lilaw also 4 n. puddle of soft slushy
qualified, suitable; apt, likely, Iiable.+ ,;;~/ _
mud.Syn. J~'
v.I. happen, occur to, befall. E.g. ~.:..~..,J...",.::­

What happened to him? ':"~';;:,J";;~ ~ It j~ Ii~a[ n. preserve, jam:

was still bleeding. 2. befit, be seemly/ suitable/
 514

~ Ilxin adj. slightly muddy (water), turpid. ~ lis pres. stem ofthe verbs o"';L..;J and
Cj 2. J;.l. ~.+ •..,...,;1- [~J V.t. lick; lap.+ .;n-L.,-;J]
also .A- See .-'•.;l.••.;J.
...:;.J Jer n. wood, dense growth of trees. Cj
.. ''':: ,.:"l:....)~.+ )-,0_ n. jungle. ~I /Is n. stick, staff, truncheon (cj 'j.;.i).+"
.:"J..j.,$I.)/fig. outstay one's weIcome.+ '"
V.
.r--J lir n. skin rash in the form of small red
':';;"':"Jl. ~~ v. talk wildly from ignorance/
bumps! nodules.+ .:,,~.,s r--1 v. break out with
without much knowledge.
such rash. + .:,,~~ ;u/- = .:,,~~ r-l q. v.
..,..J- lis n. roost! perch! place with perches (for
.;I.,,;! lerane = o.,,;! q. v.
birds to rest! sleep on).
o...:;.J Jere adv. combined form of oft. and ~ ~ lis only in 4S',;J~~ \.S- spider silk \.S-
meaning: here, in! at this place, spot or • .ui~ thread of soot hanging from rafter in a
location. E.g. ~I.) 0.;..1 She sat here; in comb.
building.
with b meaning: at this point! particular
~ lisp n. strand of plait.
instance. E.g. ~0.J'i;:""; bo.,,;! We must stop at
this point; in comb. with O.J. meaning: from ~ lIste (E) n. list, an item-by-item account!
here (as point ofstart! departure). E.g. o.Jo.;..l series. C.! 4A~.
~ We will go/ leave from here . .:,,~ •.;..1 v.
~ /lsk n. beam, ray (of light! energy). Cj
be here/ present.+ •.JI-,~"-i- from here on,
~.
beyond this point.
.......;,J lise n. plasterer's trowel. Syn. ~L. .
.$.;;.1 Ihg n. bird sanctuary.
~ Ii!. also.JL:.;J n. and adj. rushing! surging
.&.;;.1 Ihge n. string of beads. - .J.J.JY'.
water (cj .JL....,;;.J '.JL...i~); superabundant;
r,;:;.J IhIn also -,L..;;.I n. torrent, torrential flood. excessive, extravagant (cj jj~.+.:,,~-,L.:.;J
Cj .JU~.+ 0_ n. shower/ hail (of rain! etc.). v. be plenty/ superabundant; influx, inrush.
C.! ~o;. .u;.J life n. quilt. idiom. w> \.S4.i;.l4i ~ P
Jej adj. sloping, slanting, declivitous ~ To each his own.+ -'J;:i-n. quilt maker.
(terrain! road! etc.). < ~ -'.;....... + .:,,~ft.l v. bel
.~ levki adj. verbal, unwritten.
become declivitous; bel become insecure. <
':"b-i ft.l ;:r.;?. .:,,~~ ~ See .:,,~~ ft.l ;:r.;?.+ -,1- n. • .5.;.t;.J levok adj. funny, comical. Cj 1. fl. .......
rapid stream; rapids (syn. '..i~.u).+ ..r-I- n.
~ liq adj. soft and elastic in consistency.+.:,,_
slope, "sloping! declivitous place.+ ._ See
adj. soft. too ripe (i.e. grapes).
o~ .Jt;....... + \.S- n. declivity, incline. Syn.
~ Ilk See allforms under ",",.
~»-.
~ lik n. slobber, spittle. Cj ...... 'r..J 4i .+ ~
4..iftJ lijne n. 1. wood-pile, stacked firewood. 2.
.:".).,$ v. slobber, let spittle drool from the
(A) committee. Syn. ~.;S.+ ~~.;ftJ v. stack,
mouth. + .:" _ adj. slobbering.
pile up in a stack. + )~ _ n. woodpile.
J...;.I III adj. I. hazy, clouded; opaque; filmy.+
':"»-1 j....;J v. bel become hazy, misty; get murky/
turbid.+ .:".).,$j....;J v. make cloudy; cause
 515
I...,J

become turbid. + JI- n. puddle. + IF-I- n. I~ IIwa (A) n. I. province (administrative

pellicle, film (esp. over the eyes). + b~I/_ unit). Syn.LS;..)~ 2. mil. brigilde (army unit).
~LA v. have/ develop film (eye disease); used Syn.~.
fig. to rebuke s.o. clumsy/ not observant; also
used fig. when sympathizing ~ith s.o. in
trouble! distress. E.g. u.;..,,:,;, I.) !"'!~ My heart
goes out to himll feel so grieved for him.+ ._
n. twilight.+~_n. haziness; murkiness; lack of
clarity/ vision! etc.

~ limo (A) n. lemon (fruit): o~~_ species

of lime used fresh! dried up in cooking I?
-P...,;lemon * ~ I? orange-size light yellow
sweet lemonllime.+ .,;li_ n. lemonade (both as
refreshment and a kind oflaxative).+ c...i'- adj.
touchy, sour/ irascible (person).+ IF-- adj.
having! of pale yellow colour.
~ lime n. piece. Syn. ~.J~.+ __ adj. in
pieces. iJ.).J ~ ~ v. cut into pieces . ..:u..J..:u..J
iJ.).J·

~ line adj. slimy; sticky, viscous.+ JI- n.

slime.+ ~J- adj. all slimy and sticky.+ ~_ n.
sliminess .

.,.,4 IIndlJ See -P.;,,-p.

.,.;J Jew n. lower lip (cj ~). < iJ.).J 'J'.,;.I ;~. + -
) n. 1. lip, edge (esp. of a hollow vessell
projecting edge). C.! jil;. .tI.~. 2. brink,
verge, point of onset. E.g. ~ ~).,;.I Brink of
war.+ iJ1- n. drinking cup/ bowl. Cj I. r~' J.
tb~.+ .,;.IJI- adj. full to the brim. C.! 1. -t-. +
iJl.)/- v.i. be easy to pour from (ofa container
i.e. jug/ decanter! etc.).+ ~-J-?' surplus,
overplus. Cj I. JL..:.;.l • 2. ~.+ ._ n.
paroxysm, fit. Cj I. ~.+ ).)o_adj. having!
affected with fit! paroxysm. + ij..:.,J.}:;;. ~ _ v.
bite one's lip (from anger/ anxiety/ ete.).+ ~/_

~ j-> v. fig. bite one's lip, regret, feel

remorse.
 516

~l.. mato! (E)n. motor.+~l-n. morotcycle.

I.»JL.. matore adj. trivial, trifling, insignificant.

Syn. ~»',Jr.'

.wl.. mate only in ~IJ';l.. v. bel become partially or

nearly ripe (offruit! vegetable). Cj ~..s;:,.).

~ JP-l.. maclimi n. chewy kind of sweetmeat.

~L.. mac n. kiss. ~J.} ~l.. v. kiss. E.g. J.} ~l.. ..s;-OJ
He kissed his hand (in respect! humiliation!
etc.).+~IJ/_
v. give (s.o.) a kiss. +~l..- n. mutual
rIm twenty second letter ofthe Kurdish alphabet.
kissing. +~""'.J _ n. smooching.
2
r m. I st. pers. sing. pronominal suffIX; substantive
~L. mart! n. & adj. spade (mark on a playing
verb 1st. pers. sing: am E.g. r'..,;.J I am here;
card). E.g. ~L. ~j.i Nine of spade.
possessive adjective: my E.g.rlS..s- My dog;
pronoun (as the object of a prep.): me E.g. ~rJ.i ,:,~~L.. maxolan also ~.PL. n. melancholia; an
Bring it to me. extreme state of restlessness/ disquietitude/
disconcertion.+~.,..s;:,./_ v. have melancholia; be
l..1 ma n. bare/ rugged mountain. C.f ~.
restless, feel jumpy/ nervous.
2
L.. ma feminine prefIX to certain nouns denoting: J L.. Mad also ~ n. the Medes. +loS- n. and adj.
female, she- i.e . .,.s"l.. q. v. +~ also ~~ adj. she, Median.
female (esp. of a mule). +.;45- n. she-ass, donkey.
.JL.. 1 made n. I. clause (as a separate section!
Cj ~.fti.+..J....,;AS.- n. adulation, flattery.+.,.s.. n.
distinct article in a document). Cj 2.~. 2.
hen-partridge. C.f .,.,.s.fti.+.J""'- n. hen, chicken.
subject, subject matter. Cj V"lt~. Syn. ~lt. 3.
Syn...s....:..~. +~ n. mare, female horse. C.f~
matter, stuff, substance. Syn. )>>il,.. Cj .....;45.+•
.+~~ n. merry-go-round.
.:-~ adj. materialistic.+..s;-~ n. materialism.+.
l..J ma adv. why. Syn. ~.J.i. jl~ See..:-~ oJ L... +loS- adj. material, of tangible
matter.
uL.. mat adj. pensive, suggestive of sad! worried
thoughtfulness; silent (.syn . ...$:.;.4.). ~»i ul.. v. be uL.. 2 made n. baker's cushion on which rolled-out
pensive; bel become silent.+uL..<~J.,..suL...;.>
dough is placed and slapped on the oven wall for
baking.- .).J.i.'; .~J.} ,:,l.i.
~J.,..s.+....;l..L. n. stealth, furtive/ sly movement.< ~
.wl.. .wl... +~L. adj. dejected, down-hearted. +. uL..J made n. kick (esp. on the buttocks). Cj
~I n. feeling of melancholy/ depression! ~.+~IJ ~/_v. kick. ,:,lJj~;:;J~.

dejection. E.g. I~.J ~IJ ~....;l.. She seems very .)uL.. mader n. mother. Syn. ~IJ.+I;_ adj. native,
depressed! she looks melancholic.+1oS- n. I.
acquired from birth, mother- E.g. I;.)IJL.. "';L..j
pensiveness, silence. 2. med depression.
Mother tongue .
.Jlil.. mataw n. moonlight. Syn . ..,.:.. ~l...
':"Jl.. maden (A) n. metal. See l;lS.
.$.;l.. matik n. mascara.; - ~I);
.)L.. 1 mar n. snake (cj lr-J~): ).J~Oj loS- rattle
~l.. matl1 n. the Martini rifle. -...$:.;-.j;. snake. idiom. ~Ji~..,>JS 1.)L.~"j~ IJ~ He is very
 517

greedy (lit. passing by the snake, he cuts and tucks .J.JjL. mazIJ n. gall, gaUnut.
away its tail).+L...L:... adj. serpentine, sinuous.+_
j~1 adj. snake-bitten; jig. having learned one's
lesson (cj~~).+...;~_ = Jl...o"';~ q.v.+~_n. ~.J.Jj L..... mazulik4 1. adj. loyal, stounch,
flexible tube of hookah-"';.$fti q. v. +~ _ adj. steadfast. 2. n. servant who remained faithful to
spiral, winding, helical.+ok_ n., bot. asparagus.+ exiled prince in Baban limes.

~ n. monitor lizard. Cj ~JL..+J-n. & adj. ~L.L.I~L.J masan v.i. swell, puffup. Syn. ~L..Jl:.
snake catcher.+~_ n. aader (snake).+~j)..... n.
.:-L. mast n. yoghurt, curds. Cj'~b;..,,-
baked piece of twisted dough made for children at
tl»-'.- .... I.".:..L;"-/ under L;,,-/I.+.JI_n. drink of yoghurt
home when baking bread.+~L.... n. eel.+jA- 1. n.
diluted with water and chilled with ice. Cj j~. +
one who sucks poison from a snake bite. 2. adj.
confIrmed hookah smoker. +~ n. the common ~~..r--S .J~L. v. make yoghurt drink- .Jl:-L.;
lizard. Cj I. 1oSp.i'~~~'Jo~-.4,~~.+ j.$4....n. also b~~.J ~JL... .Jl:-L. ingratiate oneself (with- j.!)
knee-length footwear made from felt worn to by flattery/ adulation.
avoid snake bite. +.J~? n. reptiles and insects, &-L. maske (E) n. & adj. mask; masked.
creeping! crawling beings. +.J-I")b- n. millipede.
..s:.i.,...L. masulke n. muscle.+~ adj. muscular, off
Syn. ~lj4A. +j;S0.. n. scorpion. See ..s..:....J..J~.
relating to muscle; brawny.
2
JL. mar only in JL..JJ\j q. v.
..J..u--L. maslile n. 1. bobbin. 2. whistle. See~.
uJL. Mart (E) n. (month oj) March. Cj~":"o;.
....L. mase n. table. Syn.~. Cj ~I~.+..,..,.t,.i.n. desk
..,...., l...o lfUI!is n. & adj. 1. atheist; atheistic. 2. (for office! writing) .
hardheaded, willful. ~L. mase pres. stem of the verb~L.L. q.v.
~JL. marke (E) n. mark, label, name (of a
1r"'L. mas; n. 1 .fish:.s:..;~ L.. turbot .....~l,i. 0.. trout
commudity/ machine! etc.). Cj ~L..
...l;-o.. catfish.~D;~ goldfIsh - O»-'j.i
jJL. maro n. blaze (on a horse's face). ...,-L. o~Joj '1r"'L.. 2. Pisces (zodiac sign).+o.;j>- n.
species of duck living mainly on fIsh.+ ~j)- n.
oJL... IfUIre n. marriage, betrothal occasion!
fishmonger, fIsh seller.+}_ n. fIsherman.+.:;}/_ v.
ceremony for the conclusion of a contract for a
future wedding.+ ~~.J bJL. v. betroth and promise catch fish, fIsh.+o}_ n. kingfisher (bird).
(through contract) to take a wife. C.! ~~.J ..0-:..;:,1 ~L..l m~ n., bot. Indian pulse; green gram.+~..rI.J­
< ~~~ OJ L... +.r-- adj. betrothed (of a girl betrothed adj. grey, mixed black and white in colour (i.e.
by contract). C.! ~I.r--Sjo~.+~-.ti/- v. betroth, one's hair).+.r.-o.. n., bot. black-eyed pea.+4 n.
conclude the marriage contract. +~ n. bridal soup made from Indian pulse/ green gram.
money, dowry/ price from the bridegroom. ~l...o2 m~ pres. stem of the verb~L. and
~oJL. mareke n. light saddle for newly broken colt. D~L. q.v. +~[~L.]
V.t. conswne, eat up, clean
Cj~..). out.+o.J~~l...o] V.t. empty (food) into the mouth
by handfuls (esp. of dry food. i.e. roasted seeds/
U.u....;L. marifet (A) n. polish, refmement, urbanity. nuts).
E.g. i,j~L.;'" Jjj He has no polish whatsoever.
..cL. m~qe See..cL. .J..cl:.
oj...;L. manje n. name ofan edible plant.
U':;':'L. m~ot n. caterpillar (larval moth).
 518
jL.

4..!L. 1 ma~e n. ejector (on afirearm); touchhole of water course. Cj .,,~~ .&~. 2. thick soap
matchlock. stock.
1
":'1.. mtl!e n. fish trap made of reed. .j,.uS'l..o maklJze n. an acquatic weed resembling
cress. Cj 4J'j,.uS'.
...il..o mal n. 1. right(s), power/ privilige to which
one is justly entitled: u~~...t-ie' ..s- right of free ~L. maktne (E) n. machine, engine. C/.~\;
passage (international law) * ,p ~""';',) ~..s- right ~L.. +~ n. machine operator/ driver.
of self-determination * ~".r"..s- natural right..;-
;:ll..ol mal n. 1. home, family's place of residence,
*..:,~ human rights * I.. p"';..s- civil rights; right
domicile; house (see "",;1-». <~.J..Hj~...J. 2.
(esp. to claim! have share in s.th.). C/. l;l.o!
position secured in backgammon by pla~ing two
.::.o~~'J. 2. bearing, relation. Cj J..I.i •.Jo!""""+...il..o men in one space of the inner table. - 4J"lJ. +jL.
~~ (,u) v. have the right! be entitled (to-IS). ~J~ v. secure a position in backgammon.+~I_ n.
E.g."'--o!"~L.; ~1~'Jc,)l..o You have the right to used in a special sense denoting houses and
vote. +~"'-'"1."';'1- v. have share! part in, have the places in one's neighbourhood. E.g.~.-tS ";~L.
right! claim to. E.g. ~.~~c,)L."-!.;~~You -.....;: The homes! families in our neighbourhood. +
have no right! claim to this money; have bearing I"L.:_ n. formula ofparting good wishes: farewell
upon! relevance to. E.g. "-!-i '''''':''lSotSlIo-l ~ c,)L. and good wishes. ~~ 1,,\;jL. esp. in the formula:
It has no relevance to what I am saying.+~b/_ ~ I" L.: jL.o Good-bye or ~ IJ L.:.:JL. May your
grant right, entitle; permit! bestow the right for-IS house prosper (as expo of gratitude! friendly
(of law/constitution). Cj ~IJ~-!.+~..Li4-I_v. win! admonition). Cj ;:"~I;-,.;jL..+ .....,!I J \;- also.....,!IJL
gain! secure (one 's-,p) rights. n. expr. offarewell.+ ~l.? ~IJL:,jL. v. say good-
bye/ bid farewell (to- ~). +~--r-I_ v. burglarize/
;.",.;1.. mallJ, n. carpet. Syn. ..}p .~U. C/ './'-1'
break into a home/ house. +oJ'J.pJ 4.t1- v. reduce
~.uL. malete n. kind of worm said to be fatal to to ruin, devastate, cause (s.o.) irreparable damaee;
sheep if eaten.+~b~/_ v. be fatally struck reproach in a friendly/ earnest manner. E.g.4.t.:JL.
through eating ~.uL. q.v.; fig. be struck with .::.oJ~ ~ jot -;;,r-S p3. You forsaken soal why did
death (used as deprication against s.o.). you do it? +~I~ ~ ~/_ v. be afflicted a great
,pil..o maqo! n. hole in a rock where rainwater misfortune/ loss! tragedy.+i,.$.pJ4.t- a~. forlorn,
forms a puddle. forsaken, bereft; good-for-nothing, reprobate. +.
~ n. house search.+~/_ v. unpack and start
;:l..ul~ maqul (A) adj. sensible, sound. Syn. 2. -:r.-4.t
getting settled (in a place! location! etc.). Cj;lo/
.< j..ulL.,,~.
~.+,;..;... adj. close, considered a friend of the
~ mak n. 1. med complication, ,side effect;.,s- family. Cj ,,~l;.+~..s:.;~/_ v. keep house,
.......lJ\; axillary Iymphadentis in smallpox. 2. arrange and manage a home. C/ jL.o ~~"'-'"1'+.
cause(r), originator, the one behind! causing s.th.; ~L. n. children's game of visiting.+~j_ n.
mother, source, origin: IS) ~ ..s- mother of pearl.
little cozy home/ house.+jL...:..J- n. wife and
3. essence, the real and ultimate nature of a thing
children. Cj ~I,,;;.>. +~I,ri-, _ adj. ruined, desolated,
(as opposed to its mere existence). Cj • ..5JrS
devastated (by loss. in addressing s.o. in
~J~. ~J",....s...S'\- v. develop side effect!
admonition. E.g. ~I;-""L-.p--S You ruined
complications. +,,1 _ n. I. main irrigation channel;
(impoverished) fellow!+ ~I;-, _ n. state of (s.o. 's)
ruin! destruction! affliction. +j L.o JI- n., gen. from
 519

house to house: jL..J'-~ house-to-house t"L.. mam n. 1. patemaluncle. C.f 1.j~.2.

usedas
search . .;,.)....,sjL.o J jL.o v. frequent houses in the title of respect: uncle (when preceding the name
neighbourhood; go from house to house. +.JI- n. 1. of the person addressed! mentioned), i.e. I-L..
home (normally used. when referring to one's .;,L-'J Uncle Wesman.+~I....... n. variety of yellow
hamel house). E.g. •.,.Jl.o J.i ~ I am going home. grapes·-iJ~·+j- = 1. t"L.. q.v.. +.;,jj_ =.;,jj..L.;
2. one's wife/ everyone at h,?me (normally q. v. + L:;..-j _ also L:;..-o J _ n. teacher; instructor;
referred to in plural). E.g. u-ik •.,.Jl.o How is your schoolmaster: ;..-(;1..; loSt:-.;.. college (university)
wife/ everyone at home? +\oS- adj. domesticated prof.; professor (academic title) (l)'n. I~,,-); title
(birds/ animals) (cj .;..~•.); tamed (cj 1oSj4S); of respect for a learned person.+.;~l;;....j.. adv.
domestic (animals).+ .;,~.)l- v. become scholarly, in the manner of a professor/ learned
domesticated; be domestic.+.;,.)~JL.o v. person. +1- See 2. t" l.o. +4.0~1- n. worrywart.
domesticate, tame.
maman n. midwife.<.;,L..l-:.~.+\oS- n.
jl-2 mal (A) n. possession, property, goods; midwifery, the profession ofa midwife . .;,.).? .)L.l.o
wealth. <jL.. 4-i.;,.)....,s.+.::..L n. flocks (considered as v. be / work as a midwife (to); practice midwifery.
a sign of wealth).+)~ adj. wealthy, rich.
;.1.. mamiz n. gazelle. Cj ..s::....l:.
See ~,,-.uJ'')'+IoS)~ n. good housekeeping;
economics.+ .;,.)....,s 1oS).JL.o V. be thrifty, practice ';'1.. mamze n. spur (on a rider's heel).
economy and good management.+.::..~ n. revenue, ~L. mamk n. riddle (cj jl.;4.0); enigma, mystery,
income (l)'n ..::..ub).: ~ \oS- state revenue.::.. ~ \oS- puzzle.
* oil revenue. j..L.. mami[ also J.e..l.o (A) n. regular customer/
jl-J mal pres. stem of the verb~L.. q.v.+_ c1ient.+ I- n. bargaining, (act oj) doing business!
-
.;,1)[iJ)L..] pass. oftheverb~l.oq.v.+~jl.o] V.t.
- dealing (with s.o.).+ .;,.).? J..L. v. do business! deal
sweep, remove/ clean by sweeping. Cj
... ... ... ...
..s-s (with-;:}4S.u). +e,;~1- n. earnest-money (to be
.;,1.).< ~l.o ~ .~l.o I.). ~l.o ~ .~l.ol;. forfeited on a breach ofcontract) .

JL..
4
mal first element of certain compoundforms ~~J..L. mamlequ~e n. pointed hood. Cj J'j.S.
denoting: rubbing! smoothing! sweeping action.+_ 1oS~'J~L. mamnawendi adj. medium,
.;-! n. rubbing! sweeping action.+.;,I.)':":'_ v. rub intermediate in amount! size/ quality/ position!
down, smooth! polish.+~_ also I- n. plasterer's! degree. Cj ~ld'JL;. ~'JL; .';'~4.0.
bricklayer's trowel.+ .;,.).? Jl.o v. apply plaster with
S-J;..l- mamotk adj. artful, adroit, good (in
a trowel.
planning/ organization). Cj ~JJ' L;b.
U";JL.. malos n. sow, female pig (also fig. used
J4.0 I.. mamele = J..L. q. v. See also b J"-.
disparagingly against s.o.). Cj..$~ .jl;4l.
Jr---l.o mamiran also.;,~l.o n.. bot. species of
.vJ1.o ma[iJ n. harrow.
gentian.
t".vJ1.o mallim n. rabbi. .;,L.o 1 man n. state/ position of standing firm;
~.J4.lL. malewen~e n., bot. species of bindweed. obduracy, obstinacy/ unruliness (i.e. of a child);
strike (refusal to work). +.;S- adj. 1. unruly;
U"~L.. mannus (E) n. red-ink like solution used obstinatly demanding (a child). 2. n. striker, one
in treating some eye disease. who goes on a strike. +.:;'; / _ v. refuse to work; in
 520
.;,L.[.;,;.oJ

comb. with ~ meaning: demand in an obstinate/ pregnant, '-"4..J"";'> ~L.. Its her (delivery) month.+.
persistent manner (said of a child). E.g.J;J~ ~L. +..il I. n. monthly salary/ pay/ etc. 2. adj. monthly,
~~.J~ He demands sweets. by/ per month; monthly (periodical! bulletin!
etc.).+,:,I,r-S/- v. be eclipsed (the moon).+.,..:..... I .
.:"L...1[v-;..) man I. v. be alive, still exist; be left in
n. moonlight. 2. adj. moonlit (night).+1oS- adj.
place/ position; remain! stay/ continue in place;
monthly, by the month, once a month.
continue/ stand firm (on- ~). E.g...s-.....J)~..J
! ":"'-JL.....::...,;.> Do you still stand by your word? 2. v. L.!.;L. manga n. cow. Cf I. lS'.+:J+S4.t- n. cow in

part of some compound forms, i.e . .:"L.1»*")~ heat.+I.I""l.o.. n. cowfish. -I.I""L..

q. v.; also in comb. meaning: nearly, almost, just J.j..;L. manend adj. like, the same/ nearly the same.
about. E.g. ~J~ »IL...; ..s1J.j1~ I almost fell. 3. n.
existence, endurance/ continuation of life/ ~L... mant = L:,L. q. v. +)~ adj. significant. Syn.
existence.+oJII.. v.i. remain, stay (behind/longer as .$.;.J.
a guest, visitor, etc.) E.g. !oj. -:.:a": ~ How JL.. maw I. adj. existent. present. 2. n. remainder.+
long will you stay?; continue to be. E.g...,:.p.; 4.t
.. n. I. while, period! span oftime (esp. in comb.
I~L. He remained sick; in comb. withJ.-t
with.~ -for/4J -in). E.g. ..s~'JL.~ For a while;
meaning: have as one's lot. end up with! be left
distance. E.g. J...e...;:'-..s'JL.. The distance of three
in. E.g. IJ4!.L.J.i~1JJ1 He was left in disgrace.
miles; range, scope (cfr- ,~11). 2.oppurtunity,
l
.:"L... man pronominal suffa 1st pres. pI.: we, us; chance occasion (.syn. ').JY-); respite (see 3. ~.
our. E.g. .;,L...,;.> ourselves . .;,fL:,.:..L..;J They don't 3 . .:"L..l;).+.:"b/1I.. v. give chancel opportunity to-
buy from us. "-I); let, allow (see-,:,I.) ~1). +..::..~ II.. adj. of short
4
.:"L.. man suffa to certain nouns denoting a type of duration! span! spell, short-lived.
action, i.e . .:"L.JJ.),.U.i • .:"L.JJ.)') or place, i.e.,:,~ 10jJL. mawu! n. mauser (rifle).-~.
q.v.
..s~L. mobek n., med parotitis, mumps.
L:,L. mana (A) n. meaning. Seeo)j}. Cf liIJ.+)~
adj. mean ingfu I. + ~ adj. asbtract. ~L. mobl n. ivory.

JJ"';L... mandu adj. tired, weary, fatigued. Cf ,.::..;.5 .)).~L. mahlzerd n. bare mountain peak. - ~"J.

.;.uS..:... + ':".JY- JJJ.j L. v. bel get tired. + iJ.).? JJJ.j L. v. V""!L. Mayis n. (month oj) May. Syn. )~l;. Cf .:""!J..,!.
tire, fatigue (s.o.l s.th.)+~~ n. greeting to a
~ L. mayinre n. shank (meat! joint); muscle (see
traveller/ newly arrived person.+~ ~~JJJ.jL.
~-"""L.) .
.:...)~ v.t. greet (a traveller/ newly arrived person).
E.g. ~ JJJ.j~ JIS May you not be weary ~L. maye n. I. original cost! price/ worth (cf
brother. +'-"~ also r..r!- n. fatigue, tiredness. I. t/> ' I. 4,.11! ~); operative capital (cf *'! L.~). 2.
Cf ,-".s..:... reason, cause, origin, bases.<.)L...,j *,!L.. Cj I.;..
3. matter, substance. Syn. ).JY-Lt.+..::..~ adj.
.s..; L... mang n. I. moon; crescent: I,)).p.1oS- full
fmancialy depleted! exhausted (cf "::".JY-L..;);.
moon *)J.J-' loS- Red crescent * ~ ~ new moo~
insolvent (see ':'-1..LA.s).+~»+ ~..I.H ~L..+)~
* I~~ new moon. -iJJ.H IJL.;. j.s, ~t.j...A. 2.
adj. solvent; wealthy (see J.j~..JJo').+..s)~ n.
month: ~u b loS- next month * JJ').J.H11 1oS- last
month; month (in relation to pregnancy). solvency; wealth.+.)t.....i,. n. root cause ofmischiefl
E.g. ......s:.;L.)~..?- She is four month roguery/ etc.+ )o~ also )J- adj. substantial; real,
 521

true (c.f~J~L:.). + ':"J....,s ).~~ v. substantiate/ become dead. C.! 1. o..I'!l~..s>"..;S .I".....;~.)-.;~
verify/ establish the reality of.+.;,JY.'p~ v. break ~y ..;,L.;...s;,:;Jr-u .~,} under rl. Syn. ~ ~;-.;~.
even (in business/ gambling). 2. n. death; mortality (as number! proportion 0/
deaths)'+'J"';\.t;~.;,~ v. feel to have died and
1Sr--1..!~ mayesiri n., med hemorrhoid, piles. Syn.
brought back to life, go through a terrible ordeal
.J.v-ol,..
(due to pain! embarrassment/ etc.).+.;,l;.v-o~~ v.
~ mit adj. silent and motionless. Cj ":"~.+';"" try one's best (to convince! impress upon s.o.).
';'J.J-'/ v. bel become silent and motionless.+~ E.g. r-J,}"'; 1S4...l ~ r-l;.v- J r-J~ I tried my best (but)
';'J,} See ';'J,}';"" .p.+':"JY.} n., bio. dormancy. he wouldn't listen to me. +.!.J~ I. adj. dead,
deceased (cj 1. J'":"'Y); dead (jig.) 2. n. the dead,
4,jL..;;.. mitmane (A) n. trust, confidence; reliance.
one(s) that is dead. E.g. J)L..j.;,L:,;lSoJ~J~ They
Cj IS)>>=- ~.+.;,~ ~ .... L..;;.. v. trust, confide
counted the dead. +.;.;..:.~~~ n. person who washes
in.+ .;,J.;oS~ .... L..;;.. v. rely/ depend! count on or
the dead in preparation for burial.+.;,I~/ JJ~ v.i.
upon (s.o.). Syn. ~~~.
be damned (esp. as in the standard
~ mito adj. affable, kind, friendly. See ..r.P~~~. /ormula:~~":"JJJ.".. damn you or~~""":"J~J"'"
negative 0/ the former used ironically/
~ miturbe =~~.,...q.v. sarcastically). +JI."..JJJ- adj. damned (used in
condemnation! as exclamation 0/ admiration).
~~.J~;;'" mitum8ra n. spangles and beads (as
E.g. Di......JJ.lI~ The damned fellow.+JI~4,jJ~.lI.r­
ornament). Cj -';~:j.
adj. negative of JI""'~JJ~ used sarcastically to
~ mitil n. sheet (esp. linen! cotton cloth/or mean the same.+~.~ a4i. pale as death.+..r,;SD~
bedding! cover/ etc.).Cj:;;....;6-. 2. ~~.s. n., bot. sweet marjoram.+..5,;.. a4i. mortal, earthy,
~ micro adj. blind. Syn..;~.+~n. blindness. capable of death. Ant. ~-.;.

)~ micewur n. mosque 'sleward! servant. .".. 2 mir n. fowl.+ ISJI- n. duck (bird). Syn. -';j-.+.
...;-l,.o n. woodcock.+...,;:..!..~ ... n. guinea fowl.+~
~ m~ n. tick (parasite). See -';&.
n. chicken, hen (cj ...;;,J.s); fowl, chicken: .r.'.} ~
..54,j~ mi!!enek (A) adj. and n. well-bred; breed intruder (lit. of fowl and also fig.) *D.;6- ~ egg
of horse known to be of good stock. laying hen*..,...~~ Guinea hen*~~~,}~
~L;.... mixabin also ~~.,... adj. & adv. regretable, large species of fowl * ~ ~ species of wild
unfortunate; regretably; also in the expr.: ~lN it fowl *!4.t'" broody hen * ....:.•.} ... 1. coot. 2. the
is a pity/ regretable. first stage of Koran reading , i.e.~..".. ~&
....:..~ v. complete/ accomplish the first elementary
~ mir pres. stem 0/ the verb ';'J~ q. v. +.;,....;LL:;.."..]
stage of the required Koran reading in *..,...L.:. ...
v. t. bel cause the death of (cj I. i,j..!..,!); deaden,
0.r:~/ ..:,..,&~ guinea fowl *~"s' ... short-tailed
suppress.+;1~ n. carrion, flesh (0/ dead animals)
species of chicken *~"s' ... species of speckled
unfit for food'+'~JY.;I~ V.i. die (said esp. 0/
chicken.
birds and some animals) (cj 1.~y); said
jokingly o/people when/ailing asleep: pass out.+ r I
mi! adj. I. contented, manifesting satisfaction
~;L~. n. & adj. carrion-eater.+...s:.;~;1~ n. (as after a good meal) 2. in comb., i.e.• ~~
peroxide oflead'+JY..~.;I~ a4i. dead, perished (0/ ~J~'..rS'~ q.v"+';'»-I~ v. bel feel
non-humans).+.;,~r..,....] 1. v.i. die, lose one's life, contented. + ~.;OS r v. sit aside and look contened,
 522

look pleasantly detached.+,;,L../_ v. be ready to J4-0r mir.miyaw mI}. denoting a meowing noise
seize the opportunity, anticipate by staying on the (made to encourage a cat to meow).
alert.
j~ mirow also ~j~ n. man, mankind, human race.
2 • I
r m1r =t~ q.v. Cj I. J~ ,.)lftAo.)l;.+""';Ij_ n. humanities (subject/
""l>I~ miraxan; n. straight-cut jacket reaching to study/ etc.).+~L-l1. aq;. humanitarian,
the knees worn with! without ~I J~ q. v. philanthropic; manlike, human. +...;"""-! 11.. I. n.
humanity, humanness, human attributes/ quanity .
.)Ir mirad (A) n. wish, desire (see.:.rIJl;, &jj.».+_ 2. adj. humane'+;-JH aq;. humanitarian.+_
';'»-IJ.-~/ v. have one's wish come true/ desire ':-j~q;.humanitarian; phylanthropic. +..,J- I.
realized. aq;. human; bumane. 2. n. generosity,
';'..I.,jlrl~.rl mi!,andin v. growl (as ofa dog); munificence. Syn. "';oJ~' Cj u).,...+ ..:......~_ aq;.
grumble, growl (o/s.o.) > _{"'. humanitarian. < ~JJ"'..) LA.

~JI~ mirawke n., bot. spurge. ~~.J.r" mirumJ4 = ~ »-";... q. v.

tr-o I mirx only in ,j,)'? ~ji-:.) tr v. have design! 4#;J .J.r" mJrIJrre n. ant. Syn. 4.lJJ;""'+ .J.)'? ~JJr v.
scheme for acquiring or getting, have one's eyes I. simmer, boil gently. 2. tingle, have/ feel a pins
set on. and needles sensation (one's body).
. 2
mirx intj. denoting a gentle snore/ purr. +. .:.r-J~ miruwet (A) See "';oJ~.
~
';'..I.,jl[~~] v. snore gently; purr.+~aq;. inclined or I mire n. growl, growling noise/ sound. + n. r-
to light! gentle snoring! purring'+d~- n. continued growIUng); sustained! persistent
prolonged noisy purr.+o_ n. I. a gentle snoring! grumbling. +,;,.).;5:.) / - v. growl! snarl at. +.:,;l./_
purring sound. 2. med glanders (disease).+tra.. V.i. be heard growling.
n. sustained purr; continued low/ gentle snore. _r2 mire n. insect which batches in and feeds on
~~ mirxl!. adv. busily, diligently, draggingly winnowed wheat! barley.
used only in the repeated/arm. E.g.~~~~ L,-~ mireba (A) n. preserve of fruit, jam. Syn.
L:.;S": lSI; He was busily dragging it along. ~-d'
~~ mirxin pres. stem of the verb ~l;.~ q. v. ~-r mirek; adv. enthusiatically, with fervour and
energy (as part ofexpressions normally preceded
J~ mirq intj. denoting a grunting sound! noise. +
by JJ.)/"..s--). E.g. .:.r.,s:.).JL.:-u~0r--- With
';'.L...i'-(~~lv. grunt; speak through the nose,
fervour we joined hands (lined up for dancing).
snuffle.+~ aq;. snuffling, whinning.+a.. n. a
~ mil. n. fee, fixed charge/ rate/ wage. Cj, ..;~LA
grunting! snuffling sound.+ ,;,.)~ 4.J~ v. let out a
grunt. +Jra.. n. sustained grunting! snuffling. + a..
:.us, .:-tJJ..... +~}:.)/_ v.t.·deduct one's wage/

.:,;l. v. be heard grunting. fee in k.ind'+;JJ- I. n. hired hand (cj ~..;.-);

mercenary. 2. aq;. venal, mercenary; servile,
w~ mirqen pres. stem a/the verb. ,;,..Lit;~ q. v. subservient. Cj o..LiA-i.+IS;JJ- n. state of being a
mercenary; subservience, servility. Cj ..;:,$o..Li4.{.+
..s~ mirk n. elbow. Syn. ~l;.
to n. fee in kind.+~l;L. n. miller's fee in kind.+;4.{a..
.JlS~I~» mirkan See .JlS~ I.). n. wage earner, employee (cj ;lS:;...$).+IS;4.tL. n.
~~ mirke pres. stem of the verb.JlS~. employment by wage.+;l.o!- n. worker.+IS.J~- n.
employment. Cj ;lS.
 523

.J.i.A miu adj. tart, slightly sour. Cf I . ..r,; .";~.+ *J.J.J,j... mil'l (A) adj. occupied. busy. Syn.. JuJ"-
4Sj_ n. stew of meat, egg and onion flavoured ..s..~.+~I_ n. occupation. +.!.. n. office. place of
with sumac and tomato puree.+~ n. tartness. work! business! etc.

J&:,.o mizger also ~ q. v. under~. ~ mis n. copper (metal).+~I}';:';/_ v. usedfig. in

comb. with -;;.J -ear in reference to S.o. who does
~.J&:,.o mizgewt n. mosque.
not hear in spite of repetition. E.g...:.;...,! ..,;j...; ~
..r::?:,.o mizglnl n. largess! tip given to one o.J1}';:'; ~ What is the matter. can't you hear/ as
bringing! bearing good news. Syn. ... I~j... if (melted) copper has been poured into your
ears.+;&- n. coppersmith, person skilled in lining
; ......:,.0 mizemiz n. tedious! unskillful
cooking utencils with ~ ~u q. v. +..>.;w- n.
elaboration.+ ~~rS ;-":,.0 v. elaborate tediously,
profession of a ~. +,;r- adj. cop pel)', made of
prolong (conversation! acconut! etc.). in an
copper.
unskilleful manner.
.:-.. mist n. fist, the hand clenched; adj. fistful (of
j...1 mij n. J. n. puff. drawl drag (from a cigarette/
s.th.); palm (as when containing s.th. and
pipe/ etc.). Cf r~' 2. pres. stem ofthe verb V''';''
c/osed).+.JiS... n. clenched fist; blow with a
q.v.+~I~~/_ V.t. take puff! drag from (cf~r~
clenched fist. +~y.S / _ See ~ y.S ~.
~I.); fig. take a searching look at (esp. said ofgirl
watchers).+..5j_ n. blotting paper.+J'" adj. ;:Jl&..- misqal (A) n. unit of weight for gold and
sucking, suction (i.e. of a pump).+~~]lv.t. sliver. pennyweight;fig. modicum, tiny amount.
suck; draw (liquid) by motion of the mouth. ~li....... misqaf.l n. calico (fabriC). See I.SJ~'
Cf V''';'' ~.+,;r-2 n. absorption.
~ misk n. musk.+IS- J. adj. fragrant; having the
j..2 mij n. mist, haze. Cf r';' <j.."..;. scent! odour of musk. 2. n. lemon. Syn.~.
~Ij... mijann. hake/ clevis on the plough beam to ~ miskln n. serf; non-tribal villager. (c.f.
which the yoke is attached. Syn. .;.:;s:...l,.. ~I..#) .

..;I.)j.. mijdane n. largess! tip given to the c¥Tier of ~:;..-.. misoger adj. ensured, guaranteed. made
good news! tidings. Syn. ..r,$:,.o. certain! sure of. Cf ~I.).+ ~.v"u&j...-..t v. be
Ilj... mijde n. good news, glad tidings (esp. when ensured! guaranteed.+ ~.).;--S~;.....- v. insure
brought! conveyed by s. 0.). < ... I.)j...~.v.o ~ o~j.. v. possession! acquisition (o/J.

have/ be carrying good news. E.g. ~~~~l.So.)j.. JL!.. m4ar (A) n. saw. Syn. o~ .)~: rl;~

I have/ bear real good news. +~b / _ v. break good hack saw.
news, convey happy tidings (to- "-I); also having a m4 intj. denoting a soft nasal sound.+~ adj.
congratulatory meaning coupled with a desire for given to habitual breathing through the nose.+_
receiving a largess in return. E.g. JO~ -;;Jo~ rO')j..
(~.J n. prolonged loud breathing through the
..:....;~ congratulations. you have passed, (and)
nose. +... 1 n. a soft nasal sound. +J...... n. persistent
how about a tip? also used when hoping fori
breathing through the nose.
asking to hear good news as in the standard
formula: -;;J0..l..t rO~j... Let us have the good news. +_ ..:......:... m4t n. fist.+~}I.)/_ v. take/ grab a handful.+_
JIS n. saviour, deliverer. j~.J n. (act o/J polishing! cleaning and
bumishing.+";.J0J.).J_ n. uneven fight.+r.J- n.
..5jj.oj.. mijmijok n., bot. bugloss.
discussion/ argument carried out by two or more
 524
J..

persons nonnally within but separate from a larger j.i.oj.Lo miqomiqo n. buzz! confused munnur/ flurry
group. Cj;S.,;.;s. ;;;~UD~. E.g. »I ;)"--r"~ p of conversation among a group. E.g. ";~j.Lo
They kept having a lively/ passionate discussion. They are in a buzz of conversation. < j.i..o j.i..o ..:.:;yS.
+..s~.J- adj. controversial, contentious,
debatable. +.J.J- n. hilt (of a dagger/ sword! etc.). ~ miqeba (A) n. cardboard.
Cj I . ....>..-D~.+L. n. I. punch/ blow with the fist.< v:;.u miqen pres. stem of the verb .;,....;l&.. q. v.
...:.....:... D~"':". 2. shoemaker's mallet.+ ';'Djo... n. boxer.
..s;$-- migizi n. appetite.
+~.JI..L. n. boxer.

t l:..:... m41ax n. area cleared for drying raisins.+.;,I_

J.. mil n., anat. neck. Cj:;-.:. . .;,~~.$;part ofsome
compound nouns, i.e . .....s:.;I)..o q.v.+.;,I~ '-1/- v.
n. season! time of year during which raisin is dried
(.ryn. j4JjD~).+D~l;/_ v. clear and prepare area for subjugate/ make yield (esp. by pUlling one's arm
tightly around the neck).+....;4-.t_ also ~_ n.
drying raisins.
muffler, neck scarf.+.;,I~/_ v. yield, submit, give in
~ m4k n. mouse (cf ~,.): L.~"species of
(to- j-t); used also in comb. with °meaning: keep
squirrel (cf O.»--).+D"s'.. n. kite (bird).+o~L. n.
on, continue to apply oneself to. Cf ..;b.:-o~.+.
mongoose. +"'::";"D~L. n. large species of rat. +o;..,sL.
.;,\5.....:,./ v.i. break one's neck; used in the
n. mole (animal). C! ,j)~.
subjunctive when employed disparagingly against
~ m4ki n. silk piece of material used as head E.g. ~~ You can (break your neck) go
.'1.0.

piece/ turban (by men and women) or as shawl (by to hell for all I care. ~.;,~..,Lo Has he gone/ Are
women only). Syn. "';':"D~. we rid of him?+.;,....;~/_ v. break (s.o. '.'I neck);
bring calamity/ disaster (upon), ruin.+~4.S_ adj.
~~ mqQr n. care, attention, consideration,
submissive, humble (from shamel embarrassment!
forethought.+';'J},.>/_ V.t. tend to, apply oneself to
etc.); meek.+ ';'J.;S~..s J....o v. lower one's head (in
planning! arraging for, accommodate.+~ adj.
humility/ submissiveness); comply, abide (by-;..),
accommodative.
confonn (10- ~).+~_ n. submissiveness,
~2 m4e n. free and plentiful (esp. offood).+.»>- humility. +~J/- V.t. 1. confront and hold
adj. parasitic, cadging.
responsible/ answerable. E.g. ~ ..sJ.;,;.. ~..,Lo Why
.;.i.~ m4exl adj. exiled (selfimposed).+.;..>~ do you hold me responsible? 2. keep following!
';'J.? v. exile, banish. continue on (a road! palh).+...,;J- n. tendency,
propensity, inclination.+';'.v-jl~.....L v. put
..:....i..o mift adj. gratis, free; costing little/ no charge.
(oneself.;.» in danger/ jeopardy/ peril. +;:"')L.... n.
C! .r-I~.+~ n. one who chases that which is
confrontation, challenge, opposition.
free/ effortless; hanger-on, sponger. <~ ,,-/.+. (cj ~~~). + .;,~.;S~;A.J... v. confront, face
j;...J adj. effortlessly obtained. (s.o.) in challenge.+.;,l;/_ v. set! start out (for-;...
~ Mifti (A) n. Mufti; official expounder of loward-.JD.;A-i). +.;,1,,,,,,:,/_ v. hold out, refuse
Islamic law. - I":";. submission (to another '.'I willi aUlhority). +."s:.;I.J-
1
n. necklace. Syn. ..5.J.Jw. C! 1. .;,1;1.':'. +L. n. .
.J-I.il&..Iv:;.u1 miqandin = .;,....;l.i~ q. v.
lopog. pass over a col. C!.J..;4-; part ofsome
i.e. ~;J~
2
~l...:..U miqnatis (E) n. magnet (.\yn . .;,.$u).; compound forms, q. V. +L. n.
magnetism. +" adj. magnetic. competition, contest. + ';'J.;S ~ v. compete, vie pit
oneself against. C!~~;".P •.;,l;."s'p. +~.t-L. n.,
 525

med parotitis, mumps.+~.,lL. n. (act oj) sticking feeling gone. E.g. o~ r>-
.;L..i. ~ 1 still
one's neck out (to listen! observe! etc.).+-.;;,;.iL. n. have that stuffy feeling in my stomach.
neck (of a bird as cookedfood).+..sL. n. mane (of ;LeJ... milyar (E) n. and adj. billion.+~l- n.
a lion). Cj j~.+~L. n. necklace in the shape of billionaire. Syn. ~.
big golden beads.+.;,I."L. n. neck band; collar
*~ milib n. fork.
(see ~~). +~ adj. I. having a thick neck. 2.
stubborn, pigheaded, obstinate. .J.j.:1.. milyon (E) n. million.
~ mille n. slimy lees/ greasy layer (in or on s.th. ,jJ> min independent personal pronoun I st. pers.
fermented, spoiled, etc.). sing: I, me. E.g. ~ ~..:..:... What do you want me
~ mils intj. denoting a munching sound.+~~.,,_ for? ':"."J...;....-o 4.t J""'; He told me. idiom.~ ~,jJ>
n. prolonged loud munching.+L. n. a munching ~ 1 am who (what) I am, who (in the hell) are
. .
sound! • noise. +~L. n. persistent munching. +~ you? +!J"''';;'''- n. differences/ formalities (esp. as
.;,~~ ~ v. chew and eat in a noisyl munching they are removed! forgotten among friends and
manner. associates). E.g. ~J-I';~";;":""r"':' why such
formalities between us! +~* n. selfishness,
...s:l.- milk (A) n. property, real estate: OJO;O~..?­
egiosm. Syn. ..r-.J"'-I";>,+..?- n. egoism.
country property (farmland, estate, etc.) * ).:.."li..?-
city property (house, business office, buidings/ o;L;.. minare (A) n. minaret.
etc.).+jL..".. n. fortune, riches, wealth.
jl.;..- minal also jl;.:.. I. n. child. baby, person not
r..i;J... milo'!.im n. I. bogey, source of annoyance/ yet of age; child, offspring (syn. A.Jj/i' 2.
perplexity/ harrassment, bugaboo. E.g.r:u.L ..soJ ...s:JJ.r-): IJL....?- infant ...»>o~..?- sucklin~
fL,$ 4,j1.. Like a bogey he began pestering me. 2. *...:...,;;. male children. 2. adj. childish, immature,
hobgoblin. infantile.+.;,.t.t-I (4,A) j~ v. have children, be a
~~~ millJmu~n. one's hunt! search for food parent. E.g.~.. ~~;.,- He has three children;
around the hou.se, frequent snacking! have/ give birth to a baby. E.g. jJ'i ~L;.. ~J~ She
nibbling.+ .;,~~ ~»-"~ v. search for food, keep had a baby yesterday (syn . .;,1;); bel act childrish.
busy with snacking.
E.g. "-iu jL:.o Don't be childish. +.......;1_ I. adj.
uj1... milome n. axis; axle, axletree. Cj I. t"'J~' childish, childlike. 2. adv. immaturely, in a
juvenile manner. E.g. ~.;~L;.. ;j; .;o."o~".s He
n. tingling! pricking
behaves very immaturely.+~I;~_ n. fig. puerile/
sensation.+ .;,~.,s~."L.. v. tingle, have/ feel a
immature scene, set up, undertaking, s.th. which
pricking! tingling sensation. lacks seriousness/ substance (i.e. a discussion!
~~ mUwen (E) n. million. event/ etc.).+.;,I~_n. womb. C.f.;,b:r..'+';'-'.Y':;I~..J/­
v. have miscarriage. Cj ';'~J"!)~A.J.+~j- 1. n.
~ mile n. species of stag beetle which barracks in
small child. 2. adj. childish (of an adult).+;<\.tL.
the ground and eats plant roots.
adj. having (small) children to look after, tied
L....J.... milema n. breather, small crack! vent in an down/ preoccupied with rearing chilren (esp. ofa
airtight enclosure. +.;,I,r. I_v. i. cease to breathe, mother).+..s~;JJL. n. a number/ group of children

breathe one's last.+v-o.,r.l- V.I. make airtight.+. age 10 and under, tots. E.g. oJOjJ'i:;Sz)r;j;..JL;..
~I v.i. feel/ be relieved of! have one's stuffy .;..s~;J'" 1 was swamped by little children.+..?-n.
childhood. E.g. .JJ-I ~~~. . ~~ '-i As a
 526

child! in his childhood he used to be sick all the 1l;.,.. muta[a (A) n. reading, studying, perusal.
time; immaturity, juvenile behaviour. Syn. 0.J"-i.L:j~. + ~~~ 1l;.,.. v. read; peruse, study;
.u~ mincete n. freckle. Cf 2. ~.,s. revise.

~~ minceminc n. demuring! floundering ~.,.. mutu,be n. grafting, propagation by

manner of talking! conversation. ~~~ ~ ~ v. grafting.+ ~J~ '-I';"';.,.. v. graft, propagate (a plant)
be reticent! act hesitant in one's talk. flounder in by grafting. Syn. ~~...s j~.
one's speech (esp. due to fear/ embarrassment!
.J.J')~Y"" mutumilriJ =.J.J.)~~ q.v.
hesitation); beat around the bush plaintively. +~_
adj. floundering in expression! manner of talking. 4.S~~ moteke n. nightmare; inccubus. Cf
jl..L:... minda[ =j\;.. (allforms) q.v. ~jo~~. +~.w. },.../_ also ~)' / _ v. have nightmare;
be visited by the inccubus in one's sleep.
~ mingin adj. I. having a twangy way of
speaking. 2. nasal. ~ mor also G.»'" n. kissing. See ~.,.....~.

mingeming n. twanging, speaking ~~~.,.. mu/!ateme (A) n. trial. See IJ"'J!. ~b (all
nasally/ through the nose. forms).

t? minox adj. humbug, fraud, fake (s.o.).+1,$- n. rtr-"" Muf!e!mI (A) n. Muharrarn, first month of
humbuggery, hocus-pocus. Islamic lunar year.

~ mine n. (aci oj) verifying! checking.+ ~~...s ~ v. tJ-o mox n. marrow (of bone). Cf .J.J..IP: 0/,-1-1,$-
verify, test the truth! accuracy of; substantiate. spinal cord! marrow. +.JL.; ...... ~.1.J'I/ _ v. feel sapped!
(cf 0~j;J .~b L-;).+ij- a4i. verified, checked; worn out (esp. when making continued but futile
substantiated. Cf ~~...s-..s.J' o~.»i ~').J' effort with s.o./ s.th.).

iY-~"" muxabin = iY-lN q. v.

~ mind (A) n. favour, act of kindness, feeling!
state of indebtedness.~.J.J-t.::"w v. used mainly in .)~.,.. mu.xla, (A) n. headman of a town quarter/
the negative formula as an expr. ofdaring s.o. village. Syn. J'..J. ~lu..lJ-'·
E.g. ~~~.;~~.::.;~ You don't scare me,
do whatever you want. +.)Lt- adj. indebted;
.»i-.,.. 1ftIlXII, n. birdlime. Cf ..:.J.,-./.

grateful, thankful.+~.w. .)~~ v. feel indebted (to- ~~~ modne n. mouthpiece (of a pipe); cig
IS), be grateful.+~~~I~,.. d_ v. never let (s.o.) holder (see ofo..)b).
forget a favour rendered to him.+~Li;:,J/- v.
~1 mor a4i. violet (colour) (syn. jJ!"':'M); mauve
remind (s.o.) of a favour.+~)'~/_ v. feel
(see~lp~).
beholden (Io-IS). E.g. i)'Li"ju~~~ lowe
nobody any favour. ~l mo, n. seal (esp. the engraved piece! type).

.;r.o minho n. version, fonn! variant of an original.

Cf..5:,J. < ~~.+ ~J.;S ~ v.t. seal, secure with a
seal.+~L.; o~/_ v. t. affix seal to (document! letter/
..50.)~ muba,ek (A) adj. blessed. See jjr-; (all etc.) as signature. + ~I n. dice (games); math.
forms).
cube. 2. cube-shaped. (syn. l...)j).+~~ ~ ~
v.
~..;.e mobile (E) n. couch, sofa (syn . .u4.i.u); I. be out of fashion! vogue. 2. be outstripped!
furniture. surpassed (by development! events).+~ ... _ n.
seal engraver/ maker.+~~~/_ v. engrave/
make seal.
 527

~ mo! adj. frowning, scowling. Cj.t...-;;.. +. grouped, bunched together (said of sheep).jjJ
'~»i/ v. frown! scowV look sternly (al-;:,J). ';'.J.r! v.I. bunch together. 2. be substanriaV
Syn. '~l.}~;:,J j>. C.f '~l.}.A;:,J J~' considerable.+.;,ll/_ v. corral, hold in a corraU
group.+.&- n. sheep pen; corral.
.:,,1.»-0 moran n. fog. Syn. raj. Cj .~.,.2.
u...,~ molet (A) n. respite, break. See 3 .• ':"~JJ
4.iI.»-o morane n. J. clothes moth. Syn. ..;1.0;... 2.
.;,L...I.:.oJL.... C.f .}.u.... +.:"b/- v. allow/ pennit (to
corrosion. Syn. ,JI..u~ll.
dol happen); give respite (to).
l.»-o mord n. myrtle plant.+..;L n. mytle grove.
J""~ moleq adj. staring, gazing, expressionless,
~.»-o morfim (E) n. morpheme. Cj • ~.»-oJlA blank (of the eyes/ look). < .:"l;...oJ J..J~~.
.Jk. 4.S4J~ moleke n. bewilderment, perplexity.~.,.s

..5~ murk n. vainglory, ostentatious display/ air of ...s..J~ ~ • ...s..J~. Cj ~I~ .

self-importance.+.;,L;~/_ v. give oneself an air
rjJ mom n. candle; wax (l}'n. 2 . ..L:,j. Cj ~).+.;,Il­
of dignity/ importance.+~~~ n. dignity, self·
n. candlestick.+Jot...!- n. candle maker.+~ adj.
respect.
running at the nose.+1Jl!L;- n. ozocerite.+\..!_ n.
..5~ mork n. fact, reality (of a case, situation, mummy (alsofig.).+ISJIS~ n. embalment.+ ij~­
etc.) adj. mummified; embalmed. +~ wax cloth,
1

Lt•.»-o moreba n. stone believed to be antidote for oilcloth.+~_ n. raincoat.

snakebite.
~~l momin n. turban. Syn..Jf~ •
..;1....;.;.. moryane = ..;I..u.- q. v.
~ mon adj. glum, broodingly morose.+ ';'l.}.;u.. v.
~1 mol. n. banana (fruit)(l}'n. IJl,.IS~"); canna. bel look glum. +IS- n. glumness.
~l mol. n. horsefly. Syn ...;l$'.... ...:.;.. ~~,. muhendls (A) n. engineer. See )~I.w;.
~J mol. n. sulk, sulky/ sullen mood.+ ':"l.} ~ v. ~ mli n. J. hair (l}'n. 1. ..5~); long hair (human!
sulk, bel look sullenly withdrawn or aloof. +~J /_ animal) (cj:,...J '~):~IS- pubic hair
v. exhibit a sulky/ sullen disposition. idiom. ~L..; l.:.t"'--l ....... .:"L....v-o We are as thick as
..$JJjyo muzurg n. bank (of a river). Cj OJ. thieves (lit. no hair can pass between us). 2. felon,
whitlow. idiom. ~;:,J 1S.J.1-'" .:..;~j also ofrebuff
";l>.~ mozexone n. museum. Syn. ..;~...:.
and admonition to s. o. revealing a secret!
4.iJ~ moziqe (E) n. music. See jL.... Cj jlJI.:. predicting evil: May you suffer for what you said
(lit. maya felon grow on your tongue).+ ';'l.} .v-o v.
.:"W..,..,. Musulman n. & adj. Muslim. I. be more than willing! desirous (jor- ;..). 2. be
lt~,. mu!emma (A) n. See ,-"IJl,.. extremely sharp (lit. be sharp enough to split a
hair, i.e. a cutting tooU weapon).+ISJL adj.
bairy.+...... _ adj. tight, well·fitted, airtight.+I.i:Jl.i- n.
j4.uJ,. muqurbal. adj. scamp, mischievous, rogue. maker of rope/ sack from goat's hair.+t 4- n.
wig.+~ n. tweezers.+)l- adj. hairy. Syn.
;:};.. mol adj. J. tidy, considerable, substantial, more
.:;.S~.+.Jl.} JOl/_ v. show first signs of hair (beard!
than adequate. E.g. u.,.u-':-'lu-l~~~'J4 He
mustache). Cj ~t..;:,J ~ .';'l..;S ..5~.+4.S»>- n.
made a considerable amount of money. 2.
scalp disease causing loss of hair. Cj ~~.+.
 528

...,...;~ n. person (esp. a woman) who spins goat's "''''.I.JJ-A mUrlJ n. bead. Cf .... ~lj.+4l. n. wood
hair.+l.llj_ adj. having blonde hair (of a male 10use.+.... I.J'S'o.. n. string of glass beads and cowries
person).+..s..;lj_ n. eyelash. Syn. ..s..;1lr..+~~lj­ tied on to a donkey.+~o.. n. bluish mineral
n. eyebrow. Syn. jft.+~_ n. tweezers. Cf ~.+• crystals used in local medicine.
.;.,;u;:"JI v.i. 1. develop felon/whitlow. 2. See~ J •.I~ murege n. backbone, mainstay, linchpin:1,$-
~l.;S .Ill.+I;';~o.. n., med. alopecia; loss ofhair.+~ .:-; spinal column, backbone.
adj. hair-like; hairy (see 1.S.,,1~).+..r- - also.:.n- adj.
I.S.I~ muri n. ant. See ..J.".,,;.,...
bio. capillary.

).JJ-A muwar adj. crucial, critical, trying (time! ~.JJ-A I nul! n. target! jack in marble game. Syn.
phase! etc.). ~. <~~.".,-.+~~}~/_ v. hit a jack and keep
it.+~~.;Sb/- v. put down one's jack as target (said
mubeq (A) n. kitchen. See • .... l>~\;
of players of marble game).+~ n. marble game.
Syn. .;;:-.".
~~ mute n., zool. crested wren.
..;~1 nul! only in ~~)...q.v.
~~ miJf only in~~.,,~L. q.v.
...u....:.~ lfUl!edeme also "':';"'I~~ n. bellows .
..5~~ miJfi!k n. shiver, shudder, tremor (cf
..5~~ mU~ek n. rocket, missile. Cf .-:' ..5...:.=.';'
I . ."."j....); ague, chills.+.;.,;u ~/_
v. shudder,
Syn. ..5....:.....+1,$- adj. ballistic.
tremble convulsively, shiver; have chills.
~~1 mUfe n. 1. salary, fixed pay/ wage. 2. share, t...JJ-A ml4. n. Zoroastrian priest. Cf·~uJL..~...
allotment (steady/ regular). Cf I. ~.+.iP- I. n.
and adj. salary/ fixed pay earner; employee
..5~~ mUle!k (A) n. holy relic.';'»t..5l";~ v.
(.syn. ~L.)); salaried. 2. n. person receiving!
bel considered holy (esp. ofarticle obtainedfrom
living on gratuity or pension from another.+I.S~ a holy person! shrine! tomb and kept as source of
n. I. wage/ salary-earning, employment. 2. good lucie).
dependence on someone else's gratuity/ pension.
.".... me negative prefix for the imperative: do not.
~~2 mlife n. pastern. E.g. ~ Don't go. ",;.;;,....~... Do not scare him.
~~J mUfe n., bot. burning bush; the gas plant. medaba lest, that (used in an expr.
)~
1
mlJr See..5»". denoting apprehension! uncertainty). E.g. b~

2
..:..;,.~~ Lest he comes tomorrow. Syn. ..51.".... .
.I.JJ-A mUr n. pise, puddled c1ay/ earth as building
material. mebesl n. intention, purpose, design
(syn. jL.:,.i • ..5.1___); import, intended meaning.
)~J mlir n. ant. See ..J.".,,;.,...
Cf~W\;.jjl.+ ~~. 4:", v. intend,
).JJ-A 4 miJr used only in the exclamation:I.S)~ contemplate, aim (to dol say/ accomp/ish).+;:"J/_
...i,,~I.S~ help! May the prophet in his virtue ~.J.ri v. mean! have (s.o.l s.th.) in mind as the
come to the assistance.
purpose (of one's act! etc.). E.g. »t .... jj..J ~~
.I.JJ-A
s mur also )~I.I.JJ-A n. stump of tree; log.+. I didn't mean you.+)~ adj. purposeful,
..s..;~1 n. boss of water· mill rotor. determined, having a goal. Cf ~L.\;.+.;;;._ adj.
positive, constructive, productive.
 529

~.r.~ mepine v. 2nd pers. sing. neg. inperative of r~ mel!kDrI adj. firmly established! in place.
the verb IJ.!-.r. q. v. used as interjection meaning: Syn. I.H.. Cj ill~l~ .~u.-.
believe it or not, I couldn't begin to tell you, you
~~ mel!keme (A) n. court. See ,J'~I~.
can't imagine. E.g. .:..L...J"-"-i,:,4-.r.~ You
can't imagine what happened to us. ~ mel!leq n. cartwheel, lateral handspring.+.
•.JlJ..... metare (A) n. canteen (water flask). Syn.l . ,:,b ;:,.I / v. perform cartwheel! lateral handspring .
..j•..tJl:. ..5~ mel!ek (A)See..5~~~ __ .

~ mate n. harmony, agreement, confonnity (in

';..)lJ~ metarh n., mil. trench. Syn. I.~. action! decision! opinion).+~;_ v. arrive at a
decision, conform! agree (to ajoint action! etc.).
jlJ~ melal n., mil. parapet, breastwork.
~ me:qel. n. torch, flambeau. Cf ." - J~ \;.
r:3~ met!! (A) n. praise. See ~ l:..... I?Jk .J'.J.J~.
.;~ melir (E) n. meter (unit o/measure). J~ mexllJq (A) n. people; being. See . ..sj.;.
c.r-';~ melirst n. I. apprehension, dread, fear. Syn. ..j~ 'r.J~~.+.:..L n. people; living beings.
2. ~~. 2. danger, peril, menace. Syn. 2.,:,.~.+ Cf rJ~~·
':'b-/ (u) c.r-';~ v. have fear/ apprehension (of! ~I~ medalyOll (E) n. medallion.
from-.J). Cj I.J~ .~.
.r- m~ n. ewe, sheep. Syn. ~ •,:,~. Cj
jj.I•.;~ metrelor. n. machine-gun. Cj ~\;.0d. ,:,1.;4-1. <':"~I....J.t-: .....;~ I? sheep sent by
~~ metkeb n. drill (tool). bridegroom on wedding day to bride's house
where it is decorated with ribbons! silk! etc.~
4,j~ mete n. drill (tool).+~orJ- n. screw. ':'b-/ v. only in the expr.: o~~..; or4!I.J~..5o.J
Syn. .vSJ/. He is like (as gentle! harmless as) a lamb.+4.iL n.
j.I...;~ metel n. riddle, puzzle/ contrivance designed sheep-tax. Syn. .:..lS~.+.:..~I...>- n. (jIoclu of) sheep
for testing ingenuity.+,:,L:;.I~/_ v. propound a and other grazing Iivetock. Cj 2. jojl:.+•.J..tJ-L. n.
riddle! puzzle; ask a riddle (from-;:,.I). +,:, L:.;,. ~ / _ wild sheep.+IS.,,;s't- n. wild sheep, mouflon.
v. give/ know answer to a riddle; solve a puzzle. ,:,ltl~ mertqllft n. scythe. Cj IoI""b .
..5;-.~ mecr1sok n., bot. meadowsweet.
JI~ meraq n. I. worry/ anxiety/ agitation
~ meclls (A) n. I. social circlet gathering! resulting from concern. 2. great interest!
meeting. 2. assembly, council, diet. Syn. .:..~. fascination! absorbtion. Cf LeJ,P·+ ':'b-/JI.JA...t v.
Cj ~~..;. ~.;..:. ~.+I.JL adj. good company, have worry, feel anxious; be keenly interested (in-
j&.J).+ ,:,~..rS JI.JA...t v. worry/ be agitated (about).
convivial, affable.+~/_Se~~.+~;/_v.
E.g. u~JI~ Don't worry.+~ adj. I.
hold meeting, come to session (o/members o/an
assembly). worrisome, causing anxiety. 2. fascinating, highly
interesting. +IS.JL adj. anxious, tending to worry
..r-.J.P.4.t Mecust n. Magian.
(o/s.o.) .
..5~ merek n. wrist.-.:-o~. j;:i. ,:,I~ meran n., bot. jasmine. Syn. ~--lt.
 530

c.T-1~ meray, (A) n. adulation, blandishment. See in pejorative reference to s.o.).+~...tJ.i/- v. kill,
~~~JJ~ ·1J~,.,s ~j~. bring about (s.o. 's) grim! calamitous fate.+~~II...
n. fish poison.+";'"",...11... n. rat poison; arsenic.+.;-
rz.~ mere n. I. condition, stipulation, proviso
adj. fatal, deathly.
(syn. })4J.,JJAl); qualification. 2. bet, wager. Syn.
I. JO}. + 1J~,.,s r:..~ v. bet, wager (onl about-~ ..J). ~~ mer.me! (A) n. marble (stone). Syn...;~.J4I
Cf 1J~.;oS JO".s. + IJ Li b / - v. lay down! impose ~~.

conditions/ provision.+1.S- adj. gram. conditional; ..s~4.~ me!!,emJJke (A) n. the angels Munkar
subject to/ implying! dependent upon a condition. and Nakir believed to quetion the dead regarding
IJ~.J~ merean n. coral. his faith.
.~ mere n. severe pain! harm! anguish.< 0~4i
~~ merl!aba (A) I. n. greeting formula
1J~.ft .~ 4i • IJ~'
meaning: helo. 2. intj. hi! hello! normally
answered by another saying: rJ~ ~ ~~ hello ~~ merexes (A) adj. excused, released,
to you'+IJ~~-;,)/- v. greet! say hellow to (s.o.).+_ allowed to leave'IJ»i~~ v. be free/ have
1J~,.,s...:. -;,) /
v. take no notice of, refrain from permission to leave or do; be released (from s.o./
greeting (s. o. as an indication of unfrienlinessl s. tho 's hold); also in expr. of politeness when
lack of good relations) E.g. ,J4S\.;..s",-!~ ~~ taking leave of S.O. E.g. ~~~~~..J I
They are not on good terms with each other. must take leave of your presence.+ 1J~,.,s ...,...;..~ V.
~~ merd adj. manful, corageous, brave. Cf 1. allow to take leave, permit to go; dismiss
(subordinate! S.O. from one's presence); release
IjL:.+...:.I_ adj. & adv. manful; courageously,
(see 1J~~'jJoA)'+1.S- n. leave, authorized absence
bravely. +~~L n. manfulness, courage and from duty/ employment.+V\..-I,P1.S- V. ask fori
resolution. + 1J.»t (",.) ~ ~4tL v. have courage and
request leave.+~}.J'-'1.S- V. take leave, be on
resolution, possess manfulness'+rJ - n. human leave.
beings, people, mankind. Syn. ~1~uW.+1.S­
j.~ merez. n. mohair. Cj ~.
See~4tb~.
.j.~ merez,e n. rice field, paddy field. Syn.~~.ft
j.J.....} men n. boundary, border. See .J-»-'
Cj y ~ • Jo..... .J41. +IJI JII... n. 1. border officer. 2.
frontiersman. y4S.~ muekeb n. ink.
1 •
j~ men also v-I~ n. double score! point due to .;,I~ n. auction. Syn. rz.1~.IJ~..$ .::..I~ v.
mez.at (A)
fast or easy win (esp. in backgammon).+I.!'}-;,)/_ auction, sell by auction. Cj o~I~~.+.,I,)_
v. score double point against (s.o.), sweep the adj. auctioned, sold by auction. +.J4-S'- n.
board. auctioneer.+4.~ n. auction room! place! house .
•j~ mene n.. bOI. thyme.+...L.,,;S'1I... n. wild
.,;...j~ mezbete (A) n. formal written complaint,
thyme.+~~_n. wild thyme.
grievance memorial. Syn. •..LijLS'. Cj ~\.;~IS:.-.+•
4,j\S~ merkane n. porous earthenware vat! jar. •.,.....;~,.,s / also ~~ / _ file a formal written
Cj~. complaint (against-;:,J s.o.).

.s~ merg n. I. death. Syn. 2.1J~~:r..Y~1.S- 4.iJ~ mezJrge n. site, place; shrine. E.g. ..s.Jj~
sudden death. 2. sleep/ sleeping (used 1J\S.j~ The holy places! shrines. Cj 1. ~.
pejoratively).+ 1J~,.,s.s~ v. sleep, go to sleep (said
 531

~).i4-- meueq n. whirlpool, eddy, vortex. C.! 2. meslehet (A) n. advisability.

~. aptness. + ';'.JJ-t .:.-,1 ' . v. only in the standard
formulas: ~IJ":"~ It is advisable/ It is only
~)j"" meue pres. stem of the verb .;,JjI.J.i~ Seel.)
proper that..),..5.s1 J ..:........J..-.... It was seen best to ..
.;,Jjl)j~.
Cf.sJjoJo n4.t·
.;,~ mezin also .J.i L.. adj. J. great, eminent,
~ mese n. butcher's knife sharpner.
distinguished. (cf 2. oJ~. E.g. .;,j.... .s~l:....;4-I
Great Britain . .J.i.... .sl:.-,;.o l.o Great! Distinguished J.-.-.- mesel (A) n. example, s.th. proverbial.
teacher. 2. predominant, prevailing, Syn. ';':"J~;A-.+o"":'~j-!/- v. relate/ convey (to
overwhelming. E.g. .;,j__ .s.......;jj overwhelming s.o.) by way of an example or anecdote.+L for
majority. < ~j4.....04.t. +~I_ n. splendour, glory; instance. See ~JJt.
augustness, sublimity.+~ n. greatness, eminence;
~ mese n. baker's pusher.
predominance.+.si~ n. self-glorification, glory-
seeking tendency/ inclination. ~ mestne n. water pitcher/ jug with a spout.
.Jjj.... mezinde (A) standard expr. meaning: it Syn. oJl.:;,jI,;. Cf ...:.eJ.,.,J.+,:,...S..JJ- n. water pitcher
seems! appears/ looks as if. Cf j~..,.,.; in reality/ and basin (esp. as usedfor washing hands/face).
matter of fact. .;,.).;-5oJjj-- v. surmise, infer, ~ mt!!.ak n. cudgel, short heavy club. Cf~.
conjecture.
~ nrt!!q n. drill (cf ..;JSlJ); practice, exercise
'.i4-- meze n. J. appetizers! relishes (esp. when (.ryn. .;,~IJ); training (cf .:-!oj;'J); parade
taken with drinlc). 2. taste, flavour, savour (see I. (.ryn..;,L...).+ .;,.)~ ~ v. drill; practice, get
I"l;); sour (seasoning) . .;,.).}.~ v. taste, ascertain
trained.+~ n. trainee.+~/_ v. be under
the flavour of. +~ JJjt / _ v. like/ wish (for- ~). +_
training, undergo instruction! discipline/ drill.+•
.;,-;J~ adj. appetizing, inviting, appealing.+)~
.;,b b/ v.t. train, teach.+Jd~n. trainer.+lS'_n. drill
adj. tasty, flavourfu1.+.;,I.)/_ v. give/ add seasoning
hall, training! parade grounds.+JoJA.. n.
(to cooking).+.;,"'IJ~~/_ v.have liking for, feel
practitioner.
inclined! favourable towards (s.th.).
J~ meskale n. small skin bag used especially
~~ mefl n., anat. brain. Syn. ..s:..:.;...
to pack dried figs! mulberry/ tobacco/ etc.
~1 mest adj. drunk, intoxicated (.ryn. ";;;';4-); Cf .s.:.......
elated, enruptured. + .;,~..:-... v. bel get drunk; J~ meskole n. small .s.:...... q. v.
feel elated.+ .;,.),..5..::-....... v. intoxicate; enrupture.+.
.s..:...... mt!!ke n. animal skin (esp. goat! sheep) used
.s drunkenness, intoxication; elation.+~I~
n.
for hauling and carrying water/ oil! churned
n. in vino veritas (lit. there is truth in wine).
buttermilk! etc. Cf ..,..o"":'jt.- .s....:......oJ4.t.+oJ~ n.
~2 mest n. leather sewn over the heel and toes species of locust. Cf 2 . ..u.,s'.+~oj/- v.t. chrun
of socks. milk! buttermilk! etc. (by suspending the two ends
~~ mesteki n. resin, mastic. of the skin from a wooden frame and rocking it). +
;:';oj. n. children's game offorfiets in which two
~ mesqel n. kind of women's facial makeup/
players hold a third by arms and legs and swing
cosmetic. him to and fro. + .;,.).} ~ ~oj.s..:...... v. swing (child)
~( .... mesket n. cube·shaped sweetmeat of flour, as in ~oj.s.:.......
wallnut and sugar.
 532

..s.:...... mesek n. rocket, missile. =..s..:..~ q.v. .-s~ megese n. foresight (on afirearm) .

1.J~l&.~ mequmele (A) n. bargaining. See 3. b J _. ~.s~ megen n. magnet. Syn. ~l.:..i:...
Cj D.lL...;,.o.-..L.L..
~1.reS~ megiran See JJft!.
Djli...... mqaze n. store, shop (other thanfood
r-!~ megiz n. appetite; desire. C.f JJjD.ll:.
stores). C.f I. ~lSJJJ.
J... mel n. bird. Syn. .IJJ.u",. I. D..I.Jlt 'J!~' - j":';41.
~D.)~ me/req n. bronze (metal).
~~ mela n. mullah, Koran reader, cleric in a
~lJ..... meqa~ n. tongs (esp. one usedfor stirring mosque who is often trained in traditional Islamic
fire/ picking up ember). Syn. ~ .J..;",. doctrine. Cj ;:,Ju: ~ D~I JJ ..s~"'" Mullah well-
rlJ~ meqam (A) n. I. brancbl fonn ofa grand read in different Islamic laws and doctrines; well-
infonned person (often used sarcastically).+_
system of tunes based on Iranian notes. See
l$.:...DJ. 2. See I. ~ 4. ~I~~ n. time of call to first prayer of the day;
early morning (cf ':'~~•.)4t).+~..i~- adj.
meqesl (A) n. scissors (pair oj). irrepressibly argumentative (iiI. person who
Syn. ':'}JJ .DJft.5JJJ.+~J.,..s~ V.I. trim with outlalks even a mullah).+~~ n. game
scissors (one's beard).+L. n. figure of eight resembling hunt-the-slipper.+..tP- adj. cheap (said
(riding school); gait! canter (of a horse). esp. of seasonal produce the price of which falls
a.~ it becomes more abundant); affordable to one
~u~ meqen n. brazier.
with limited means.+ulj_adj. descending from a
..s~ mek only in ..s~,;..:. q. v. mullah.+~j_ n. mullah's wife; woman mullah.+.

.:.lS~ mekat n. sheep-tax. Syn. ';I..,~.

D";..,s n. blind Koran-reciter.+..;~ n. mullah's
tenure/ office .
.JA-A mekr (A) n. trick (see..5U .j..;i): ,:,l..ijloS-
melas I. adj. crouching and listless/
feminine wiles.+ ~J~,?~ v. act wily/ sly/
motionless. 2. n. ambush; one lying in ambush.<
craftly.+jLt_ adj. trickster, sly, wily.+..sj~- n.
,:,1.) IJ'"~~ j> .,:,.),? IJ"'~'" j>.
slyness, wiliness, trickery. +fo See jlt.}~.
~~~ mela~!i n., anat. palate.+v"J..s'/- v. have
jS4-A meko n. hideout, den. < ~I J jS~ .u j>; ambush, inflamation of the palate and tonsils.+D~IJj4A/_
ambuscade. v. press up the palate with the thumb as old wive's
..sjS~ mekok (A) n. weaver's shuttle. cure for tonsillitis .
~'i~ melaq n. grapes kept for winter consumption.
4~ mekine (E) n. machine, engine: ~Iyt.j loS-
safety razor *.;..,;,,;$ loS- meat chopper. Syn.•~L. ~~~ melamet n. motive, impulse (cj ..,:.;,sl'j;
~l:. cause, grounds, incentive (cj.:.~.,;. .~).+

)DJ- adj. motivated, driven, induced.+1oS- adj.

~~ meger aliv. & conj. unless, except on the
impulsive, headlong, hasty.
condition that, but. E.g. ~I.ii I"..> y$~ Only God
knows. ";~':'j>,;.5~ Unless you do it yourself; ~ ~~ melayket (A) n. angel. See I. ~..).
except for (used with ~.;. cj 3. L:;~). -
....~~ - n. halting place, stage
melbend also ......,JL.
j4.S~ megez also ~~ n. insects (see JJ';""); fly on a migration! caravan route; land, country (see
2 . ..5l»; home, centre, hub ofactivity.
(see ~).<j.s"....:.;....+;,;..>_ adj. insect-eating
(animal).
 533

rW "" melhem n. ointment, salve. Syn...5.r: •.jl..,.... ~ ment~e n. combiner, that which combines
two things together; joint (cj &....~).
~".. melkeb n. small basket. Cj Aj~.
~".. mencel I. n. cooking pot (normally of
~".. melkesen n. caterpillar (the larva).
copper and Iined}.(ej "....!.tU); couldron (see.j~):
J.U.t...- melmel n. light kind of linen material. r-l4...a~ pressure cooker. 2. adj. potful.+~/_
jJ<I...O melo n. sheaf (of harvested crop i.e. wheat). .y.;~.J v. line/ plate cooking pots with tin·lS~ v-"

Cj I).:' •.jl.o~. - under v-".+~>- n. small cooking pot. Syn·~4.

~j.l".. melotke n. swaddling band! cloth (for a J.:,<I...O I mend second element of certain compound
baby).+ i j - adj. swaddled (baby). adjectives meaning: possessing, possessed of
i. e. J.:,.....-,-,.i0.J l.: q. v.
.J".. mele n. swimming. - 4.l"..-.Jj.> •4.l..... ~ under
J.:,,,..2 mend =...s..:,..... q.v.
~I • .j~~ 4.l".. v. swim, take a swim; bathe, take a
bath (see Vi,.:.j»; perfonn major ritual ablution j»t0J.:,<I...O mendebli, adj. mean, penurious, stingy.
(ej 2. V'-,...s~).+.jl.i- adj. swimming, adapted! See J . ..5-'.J.?.~.
used to swimming.+~I.i/_ adj. know howl be able
~J.:,,,.. mendil n. white cotton fabric/ cloth.
to swim.+lS'_ n. swimming pool. Syn. 4.l".. 1S.i.J"->.+.
.jl-, n. swimmer. Syn. .iLol.:.+~I-,_ n. (sport! ..s..:....... meng adj. still and deep (body ofwater);fig.
knowledge oj) swimming. deep, grave, serious (thOUght! disposition)
(ej j..tr-l • .,..;........); close-mouthed (s.o.);
r4...A mem n. breast.+..5_ n. breast (of a woman). Cj
latent. + .j~ ~ v. be still and deep (water); be
.jl.".s. < o~..r- ...s:.... ..... 4.l . .j~.J~ ..... v. develop breast
close-mouthed. +-,1_ n. pool. Cj r;.5. +IS- n. depth
(of a maturing girl).+J.:,~ n. brassiere, bra.
and stillness; depth! seriousness! gravity (of
Syn.~l.oL..:..+~_ See 0';;> ~"...+)~_ n. and adj. thought! etc.).
mammal. +.jb ..5.. v. in comb. with 4i meaning: feed
~~ mengule n. tassel (as deeoration).- J~Oj
(baby) from breast, breast feed.+.j~_ adj.
J~-,.
having small finn breasts. +.;...,AS"- adj. having finn
~".. mengene n. I. vise (tool). < .jl~ ~ ..... 4.l. 2.
pointed breasts. +~~..5_ v. suck at the breast. +.
..JjS n. dim. of ~<I...O.+45_ n. baby's bottle.+~_ (bookbinder's) press (ej I. ';"~) .

o~ adj. suckling (bahy).+"':"~...s_ n. baby's ~".. mengil =~~ q. v.

bottle.+L.. n. breast! bottle feeding (nursery
4,i".. mene n. remainder, rest. Syn. 2. o-,l-,;4.
word). +4 n. nipple.
~".. mene n., bot. aromatic herb resembling dill.
1Sj4...A-'o~".. mem,ewmeji n. hard (iife), (life oj)
misery/ dispair/ hardship, difficult (existence). (~ mewe n. kind of cotton blanket (ej ~~);
C.! ..;.J..... .J.J~. bedspread.

~ men n. I. maundl measure of weight appro b-,~I mewda n. blade, cutting part of a,1
equivalent to 82.28 ibs: ;..)~ IS- maund=6.5 ibs implement. Syn. J. rU.
avoirdupois. 2. used in the standard expr. j4A 1~~2 mewda n. scope, range, latitude, field of
...,;.......:,;. ~~";<I...O ~ Everyone is master of his
reference. C.! oI..!l~ •r- .t-,~. +~ - adj. far·reaching,
own house.
extensive, broad.+~...J"oI_ adj. extensive, broad.
 534

~~ mewlli also ~~~ (A) n. I. celebration find opportunity. +). n. combatant.+..s). n.

given in the fulfillment of a votive offering in combat (normally single) Cf I . .,$..j4.:J<:.+;;b/- v.
which religious songs and music is played. 2. allow, permit, let (syn.;;b ~--l); give opening!
celebration! occasion of the birth of the Prophet
chance (syn. ;;b o.JL..).;;I..I.!.... < 4.i~ .;;I..I.!.... A..:jt..
Muhammad.+ ;;~.,s.uJ".... also;;;.;;~/_ v. hold
a ~.Yo--"; ce lebrate the birth of the Prophet ~~ meyl (A) n. desire, inclination. See';;.J.JJo~.J~
Muhammad.+ .... L;.. n. readings and recitation about .J.Jjo).":.+;;»-t (~)J.,t- v. bel feel inclined or
and in praise of the Prophet'S birth. disposed (to-..s).+ ~~ J.,t- v. desire, want, long
~ meha adj.. gram. feminine. Syn. ~. for. Cf ~J.+). adj. inclined.+..s). n.
disposition, wish.
~ mehk n. menstruation, monthly period.<.u
;;~ meymlJn n., zool. monkey.+;;I.Jt- n. monkey
;;.w. ~.....
keeper/ trainer/ taimer.
~ mehir n. soup. Syn.lo;.!.
~~4It meyneli also~.... (A) n. suffering,
..s4...t mey n. .wine (.syn. u~); alcoholic beverage.+. ordeal, hardship. E.g. o~~ ..sJjj ~~.... She has
...;~ n. wine shop; tavem.+jL-_ n. winegrower, been through quiet an ordeal.
w'inemaker.+..sjL- n. winemaking business! ;;l:!.... meyyan =;;I..I.!.... q. v.
professioon.+;;l:..-_ n. winery.+~jr'- n. winw
~4...tJ~4...tJ meyin V.i. congeal,jell (ef I.~);
seller, proprietor of a wine shop. Cf ~j.,uo)';.+.
coagulate.
~ n. winepress.+oy...:..;}I_ v. make wine.+;.?_ n.
barman. ~.... meye pres. stem ofthe verb ~.... q. v.

;;~4...t meyan also;;~ I. n. middle, mean, middle Y.:!.... meyiw adj. congealed; coagulated.
part! point! position Syn. I. .:-1-/o.Jli. 2. prep. in
;:,... me I. adj. female, of! relating to/ being female,
.comb. with I~ meaning: among, amidst. Syn.;;I";';.
feminine (ef ~); she, female (animal). 2. n.
3. n. region, area. C.f ~.Jli'+.JI.JF- n. region
ewe. See I.~.+j~_adj. womanizer. Syn.j~j.+_
between two rivers, Mesopotamia.+~~ n. the
..sjLt n. chasing after/ flirting with women·+4
middle piece ofa set of three matching carpets.+a..
adj. dimunitive of;:""; soft, feeble, unmanly.+_
I. n.& adj. average; median. 2. acquaintance,
~_ ~ n. effeminate/ womanish act or
knowledge.+ ;;.w. (~) 4.i4.... v. have acquaintance/
behaviour; flattery.+ ;;~~ ~ ~ v. try to
social contact (with· jW.u).+j-/a.. adj. & n.
appeal (to-?I s.o.) by flattery/ adulation, curry
moderate, avoiding extreme.+...,Dr n. moderation,
favour (with), play up (to). Syn. ~-/~.+J.&- n.
temperance, restraint. +~ adj. I. average,
flock of ewes. Cf 2. ;;I-/.+~ adj. female, she.
common, not out of the ordinary. 2. middle of the
road, moderate. See ~.+~ adj. female, she (normally said of
animals). Ant. o"';';.+~ n. & adj. female (s);
;;.l.i4~1~.... J meyandin v. make/ cause to congeal
feminine.
or coagulate. Cf ~.....
.J~ miyaw n. meow (cry ofa cat). idiom.»-"p ~
A4It meyter n. groom. stableman.
.J4-0 ~ why don't we switch places (said to one
;;I..I.!4...t meydan n. open space/ place/ tract; field. who gets the better end of things from the
arena (ef 1.;,5); chance, opportunity, opening giver).+;;~I-L;;J~] v.i. meow.+ .J~t- n.
(ef.j..A. ~Jo~).+;;.w. (.. ) ;;I..I.!.... v. have chance, meowing; sustained meow.
 535

mit n. jack, target. Syn. ~~.+~n. marble emirate. C! ~..---.+Ij_ n. 1. person of princely
game. See ~~. descent, prince. 2. outdated title used with the
name of a literate gentleman. +,.r-Ij _ n. kind of
~ mitke n. clitoris =.5..:.;J q. v. knee-length fine woolen stocking (normally white
metulke n. smalV immature louse. with toes and heels in black). Cj
"';IJoj~'-~Jo.»-S.+)S::...!- n. chief huntsman (esp.
falconer). +).$_ n. government official. +~ _ n.
~ micbeti n. subvention, provision of help/ principality, emirate.+.r.J'J- n. name ofa parlour
support, endowment. game.+;s~a.. n. big! principal village. Syn.;s~o.1Y&'
~
1
mif n. knucklebone (esp. ofsheep used in a +..,:.;. n. reign! rule of a prince or emir. +,,;... n. and
game). C! ~.+v+ n. game played with adj. government, state; state-owned! controlled.
knucklebones. ..---2 ml, n. sun. Syn. ~j-:,.+.:,I_ n. name of the seventh
~2 mif n. ceiling. See~. month of the Kurdish calendar falling into
September·October.
~J mif adj. insidious, subtle (of a person). Cj
":"I~ mi,,,t n. inheritance, estate, legacy. Cj
2.jjj.
.1~..J...s'. ~~ ":"I~ ~ < .+~.,...s .14.iI- v. inherit,
yl~ mih,,,b (A) n. niche/ recess in a mosque receive share of legacy/ estate. +~ n. owner of
indicating the direction of prayer. inherited wealth, one living off! on inheritance. +•
~ mix n. peg. C! .1l..ji. - o.,...;L..:.;S ~ }~.+I~/_ .? n. heir, inheritor.+,,;... n.& adj. I. inherited. 2.
.:,l.;.,s" V.t. hammer in! drive through a peg.+.:,I~ damned, cursed (ominous reference to s.th.) .
n. anvil.+..5a.. n., bot. carnation (jlower); clove.+• E.g. ~I..--- _I), ~.; This damned shirt.
.Jj~o n. clove necklace with locket.+...s'a.. n. com ~...;..... mi,d n. husband. Syn.~.<.:,I~ ~~ <I.t.+ ~~
(on the toe). .:,~~ v. get married (of a woman). Syn. .:,~)'~.
~~ mixo~ adj. bitter·sweet, neither sour nor Cj .:,L.:.;,..:,>+)~ adj. married (woman). Syn. 4i
sweet in taste. Syn. oJ"";"":".;. ~.C!.:,~~.

~ Mid n. the Medes. Syn.~l...+l.!- n. land of the ~..i.~.r-,. mi,dez)me n. nightmare (syn. ...s'~~);

Medes. +,,;... n. the Medes; adj. Median. incubus.+.:,»-!},...I_ v. have nightmare. Cj...s'~~

ft.o ml, = ~ft.o q. v.

~.J.

.r--J'
1
mI, n. 1. prince; ruler of a principality/
..5...;..... mirg n. meadow. C! ~ '-:,~LJ. Syn.)S"':'
.+)j~ n. green; park, recreational garden.+AJj- n.
emirate; chief, lord. 2. tittle of nobility/ eminence.
E.g. ~~ My lord.+~L n. head groom (in charge small meadowl plot of green.
of horses).+~L n. master miller.+j~l_ n. chef, J~ mi,a n. insect(s). Cj .1o""';~J~' -JJ.r-,.J.1l...+
head cook, chef de cuisine. +~~L n., mil. brigadier ~ adj. insectivorous (animal).+»-s_ n.
general.+.:,L n. title of nobility; expr. of inse~ticide.+.".!- adj. insectivorous (p/ant).+AJ_ n.
exaltation used esp. when addressing s.o. +.,;L ant. - AJJJ~o).":'.+ .:,~)' .JJ~ v.i. tingle (as when
adv. princely; noble, stately. +~L n. 1. kind of a hands! legs get numb or go 10 sleep); simmer (of
Kurdish dance. 2. species of grape. +JI- n. s.lh. onfireHcj .:,~.,s).
superintendent of irrigation. Cj )S.J"-.+~",-!I_ n. ,;;..... mil. n. table. Syn. _l... Cj .:,I~: .:,~}~L;,,;...
principality, territory/ jurisdiction of a prince/ dining table.+~J- n. round-table discussion; panel.
 536

~ m1z J. n urine. 2. pres..~tem 0/ the verb .:,I~. + ..s: .: ::.+.J:J....d-

v.t. harrass! bother/ make (s.o. 's)
':':J~ r--o v. urinate, discharge urine.+.:,I-£.r..a] v.i. head go round (by talking/ persistent request).+.
pass! discharge urine, urinate.< ~~ . .:,Ir--o~ IJ-I--t-/ v. conceive/ think of (s.th.) as credible or
.:,Ir--o.+)'- n. trickle, a thin stream. C.! ;k.+.:,I..r-S'-' possible.+,:,~/_ v.i. feel dazed! dizzy (from loud

v. have/ suffer from anuria.+,:,I....~..S} n., med. noise! s.o. 's persistent takling).+ ij"':';>- adj.
anuria.+.:,I.I..L also.:,"j.J_ n. I. bladder. 2. balloon brainwashed.+.:,~.......s .......:..;.>-/_
v.t. brainwash,
(toy).+~ adj. uncapable of controlling his/ her condition, indoctrinate, re-educate. +~ / _ v.
unine.+~~L. n. incontinent urination.+~~L. brainwash.+.Jj_ n. anat. cerebellum.
,;;.,..s ~ v. be on the verge of wetting oneself;
~ llllusl n zool. lesser bustard (bird).
urinate little but often.
C.! .$.ite.
c.1.J~ miuah n. top (child's toy). Cj .pJ-PJ._1S
• :J);- ... ...:;.. .....
.?.;Oj41..!;.. mhlezergo n., bot. ivy .

.J'~ mezer (A) n. turban. Cj ~.J400 .~l.:..+.

~ mIIJIr n dressed sheepskin; leather apron .

~ adj. turbaned, wearing a turban. mIk""tk (E) n. mechanics (study);

mechanic, worker skilled in repairing machines.+.
~ mij n. past time, old! former times (ej ~..;.~);
in comb.with.~ meaning: from times old, by
..s atfj. mechanical.
long tradition, of long standing (cf .~.~ .J).+. y~ mikrob (E) n. germ, microbe.+..sJ'-adj.
)J n. history (syn. ~..;.~); account (i.e. case germ-infested; polluted, soiled, sullied.
history); the past, former times.+:J"""s"J>- adj. YJ>-JH mikroseob (E) n. microscope.
historic, momentous; fateful. +..,..L.;))_ n.
u~ mekut n. club with a round head; mallet.
historian.+..,.-li)>- n. study/ knowledge of
Cf ..5.....,$. - ....H •.J-.
history.+..,..~)>- n. historiographer; chronicler.+.
~.v')) n. historiography. +I.I""'...J) - aq;. historical, .....H mlkute n, med. chicken pox.
related to/ based on history.
~ milak n.ladle.Cf~.Syn.~.
~.~ mijelak n. brain (the substance).
J..e..l mil n. Indian c1ub.+.;jl,._ n. Indian club/ club
Cf~·
swinging exercise.+ .:,~~ ..sj~ v. exercise with
~ mi! n. 1. fly (insect). 2. c1uster/ swarm of Indian clubs. C.! 2. -.5;4.
bees prior to being housed in a hive.+~...J'r n.
strips of braided leather on a horse's forehead to
J.e..2 mil (E) n mile (unit o/measuring distance).
shoo/ drive away flies. +»S" _ n. fly swatter.+.J- n. J..e..l mil n I. hand (on a watch! clock); needle,
flypaper.+j~...)_ n. winged insects. CjJJ~.+­ indicator. 2. stripe/ line (on /abric).+ __ adj.
.J)) n. mosquito. Syn. ~. Cf 2. '-!JJ.+";IS_.- n. striped.
horsefly.+ •.r.UL. n. greenfly.+";I.J4SL. n. horsefly. +_
~ mil4.iya n. militia, paramilitary force,
~~~ n honeybee.
group, etc .
...s;...:.;.. misk n. J. anat. brain. 2. intelligence, .;~ m1Dmetir (E) n. millimeter (unit o/Iength).
brains. + ':'J..!"""-I ( ....... )..s: .> v. have brains, be
~ mimber n. small intestine. Syn. ...s:....)l,. J~--!.
sensible, intelligent. E.g. ~~ He is
brainless.< '~""--i':'~' .p .>-.;~
 537

~ mimk n. aunt. Syn. )--,-".+Ij_ n. cousin, aunt's .~ miwe also.~ n. fruit. +~.v- n. fruit seller. +.
child. Syn. Ij)~.+ ... n. aunt, auntie (as title .;,li& See ~l.iL.p.+ ,,:,~_ n. variety of fruits.
followed by the person's name, i.e. ~.,s ~
l)'''';'' miwerd n. sown field ploughed after first
aunl Gulshan).
autumn rain. Cj l).-' • .))0 ~-'-'_
H mimi!. n. I. arch enemy, greatest danger/
threat. 2. hobgoblin believed to harrass/ molest
travellers. 3. adj. contrary, opposite, clashing.
inconsistent. Syn. 2. ~. C.! 2. ~..)'I-. ~..;..

.;,;.. min pres. stem ofthe verb ~L. q. v.

~ min (E) n. mine (explosive).+ ij;;.r v. mined

(field, area).
~' mina n., bot. verbena.

~l mlna n. I. face/ dial plate (of a watch! clock).

2. enamel. i.e. ~Il 1oS~ Tooth enamel. +)5"_ n. one
coating! working with enamel.+IoS)lS.. n. enamel
work; profession ofworkingl coating with enamel.

).~ mlnder n. small rough rug! quilt-like pad to

sit on .

..5~ minek n. traveller's! caravan's provisions!

stores; reserve (cj ~.). i.e. ..5~ ~ reserve
force. (syn.~). +~n. reservist (mil.) .

.,.;..' mIMI n. beewax, wax. Syn.I"~' 2 . ...:.i.+~_

adj. wax, made from wax.
~l mew n. vine, grapevine. - ~'2-S .~.;.

j"""";'" mlMluj n. raisinss. Cj~: 1oS.J'2;.> ...

grapes dried after being dipped in water mixed
with ash supposed to keep off flies and wasps ...
"*.s...:...} black grapes dried either as raisins! or
making grape juice • dried red grapes.
~I~ mlwan n. guest. + ~~ (~) ~I~ v. have
visitors! guests; be a guest (al)/ visitor (to).+).-,~
adj. hospitable.+.t...il>... n. guest house (cj ~l>I..t!l);
rest house. +). n. host. +loS). n. art! ability of
being a good host; hospitality.+ ';'l...,s IoS)JjI~ v.
act! play host(to). +&_ n. guest house. +~ only in
";I~ ~ ~-,.,:e.
 538

..51"..,.....+ ~~_ n. improbability, unlikeliness.+_

~~ adj. not current! in circulation! under
discussion.+ +-il;"-i~- adv. haphazardly,
aimlessly, by chance.+ J~- adj. unfashionable,
oubnoded, passe.+ ~L:- adj. immature, not
having attained puberty. + ~_ adj.
imconecivable, unthinkable. + ..:.0»-1- adj.
bankrupt, finacially ruined (cf V"1~..s); broke
(cf I. ..:.0')').+ ,j.J.Joi..:.o.J.Joil; v. go bankrupt (syn. 2.
,j1~)'Li ";,,j.j); be broke.+ OJ~),..:.o.J.Joil; v. reduce
OJI n 23 M leiter of the Kurdish alphabet. (s. 0.) to bankruptcy, ruin financially. Cf u!~
.:-t~ +..ib.+ ~.J.Joi- n. banruptcy, financial ruin,
OJ2 n I. inflection of~ and 3 mpers. pl. in the
penilessness (cf ~')').+ ..,-'-JY.- n.
pres. tense of all verbs. E.g. ~ They eat.+
inconceivability.+ ~_ adj. improper, ill-
~IJ.. Li they don't know it. ~ ~ Do it
timed, inappropriate.+ j~"'-t- adj. unwilling,
now; also of the past tense of intransitive and
pasive verbs. E.g. ,j~ They were beaten. unenthusiastic.<~~ "'-tl; "'-t.+ +.il.)~.r...r'-l- adv.
JJ.:,.i. You were seen. 2. ~ and 3mpers. pl. of irresponsibly,_ with no sense of responsibility/
concern.+ ~.J"-i- adj. unfamiliar, unacquainted
the substantive form of the verb to be- OJ.J.Joi
(with), Syn. Ijl).;'+.i. Ani. ~J"-i.+ ~ also ~
menaing: are. E.g. ~1.rJ They are intelligent.
adj. imperceptive, not discerning; oblivious,
~ljL; you (pl.) are not brave.
heedless, blind. + 1oS;..;l.~ _ n. lack of caution!
Li na I. netative prefix for the pres. indicative. vigilance/ discretion.+ ..5l...:- adj. insincere,
E.g. ~ l; They are not coming. 2. prefIX to backhanded, disingenous.+ uS~- n.
nouns and adjectives meaning: not, in-, un-, - insincerity, backhandedness.+ .;I~~~_ adj.
less. E.g. u!,p\'; Unpleasant. uS~\.; Insincerity. unstable, shaky, rickety, unsteady.+ 1oS.;I~4.!~­
3. function word used to express negation!
n. instability, unsteadiness. Cf ..,l.,;c..+ +,;;.~­
dessent! refusal, esp. in reply to a request. E.g.
adj. unidy, not neat, slovenly (cf .s......)Li);
Li No I will not, in reply to the demand I;; I.)IJ
Come here! 4. intj. equivalent in meaning: It imperfect, leaving much to be desired,
defective (cf JI~l;).+ .I.i~_ adj.
can't bel you must be joking! you don't say!.+
I.)L.:_ adj. inconceivable, out of question, not to unacceptable, objecionable; blatant, offensive
be thought of.+ c,.I!!L..L;- adj. unconventional, (said of an act! utterance). E.g. .I.i~l;~

out of the ordinary.+ ~~_ adj. hopeless, offensive remark. Syn. .;Ij+.$l;.+ J~- adj.
mean, base, ignoble.+ IoSJ~- n. meanness,
despondent; desparate (cf I. 'OJ L..:;.> 'I" LSl;
baseness; dirty/ nasty act or deal.+ OJ~)' IoSJ~l;
I.)~).+ OJ»-IIoS~~Li v. be depondent, lose
v. comit a dirty/ sordid act (against- ~.J) +_
hope; be deprived! left out (of-.J cf ,./+.::).+
..:....-.~ adj. pointless, futile, absurd. Cf
OJ~.;S ~~Li v. leave without hope; deprive.+_
1oS~~ n. hopelessnes, despondence; despair.+ ..sj~ under -,..i. + It+; - adj. disagreeing, at
variance, discordant. + c,.I!! ~ _ n. disagreenent,
~....:;_ adj. untrustworthy; dishonest.+ ~I.I.i":_
discord; disharmony (syn. IoSj \-l;). + ~.; _ adj.
adj. inorganic.+ L:- conj. that, lest, for fear
unclean, dirty; defiled, profane. +h4.,j _ adj.
that. E.g. ..:.o",-!+.i L:l; Lest he does't come. See
incomplete, unfmished (cf ~I.n-i); lacking,
 539

deficient, wanting; wrong, incorrect, mistaken ignoble (syn . .J~I,;).+ 1.J'r adj. unjust, unfair,
(said of an amount! calculation! method of inequitable (syn. JIJL;); lacking legitimacy/
doing s. th.). + u.J1 ~ _ n. incompleteness; lack,
legality. + ~1.J'r adj. not fully comprehended!
deficiency (cj ..;~~~; mistake,
learned! digested.+ ~1.J'r n. lack of
incorrectness (cj J ..).+;;:t:- ad}. dissimilar,
comprehension! understanding.+ ~1.J'r n.
unlike, Cj .h~.+ ;4- adj. obliged,
unfairness; improperness. +~.J'l- adj.
compelled, having no choice/ alternative. + _
uncharacteristic, atypical, unusual. + ..$..;...; _ adj.
u;~ n. necessity, pressure of circumstance.+_
1. not in order, disorderly; uneven, not leveV
,~ adj. irritating! vexatious and hopeless straight. E.g. ..$..;...; I,; u'.J'l.J Disorderly conduct.
(person).+ p_ adj. unfriendly, hostile, iII- 2. unfriendly, not on good terms. Cj ..S'jS"I,;.+_
disposed Cj j.) ,;It...;.+ up- n. hostility, ~...; n. lack of order, unfriendliness.+ ~.u­
dislike.+ ;>_ adj. alien, adverse, conflicting adj. unintelligent, slow, dull.+ ..S"J""'J_See
(cj j-oL;,--.:.Ip'); remote.+ .;.~_ adj. ~;jl,;.+ .Jl-- adj.
1. insalubrious (ant. )$'.Jl-);
unpleasant, disagreeable, displeasing (of taste! unhealthful (climate). 2. discordant,
looks); boring, dull, uninteresting.+ ~J.J ';'j>1,; disagreeing, disharmonious. + t L.. _ adj. ill, not
v. behave/ act in a disagreeable manner, carry
in good health. Syn. .;..;.;....;.+ IJ"'L;-- adj.
(i.e. an argument)/ go too far. E.g. ,j-Ill..i
ungrateful, unthankful. Syn. li•.,;...+ u-l:-- n.
J~ ~j>1,; He really went too far.+ ~j>_ n.
ingratitude.+ Ij-.o.oo_ adj. underserved, unfair,
feeling of displeasure/ ill-will (esp. between
two parties); adversity, distress, bad days; inappropriate.+ lL.-:._ adj. unhappy,
dullness.+ JIJ_ adj. unjust, wrongful, unfair, depressed.+ Ij.;L..:._ See Ij';L:...;.+ ~I.!._ adj.
inequitable (cj j,SJb) unlawful. + uJb- n. unqualified, not fit! suitable (of s.o.).+ ~_

injustice, wrong. + -=-.J;J _ adj. unlawful, illicit, standard expr. meaning: Don't tell mel You
irregular.+ ,j-.JJJ- irregularity, unlawfulness; don't mean. E.g. ~..1X~.J.J~1,; Don't tell me
it is lost.+ .JL:,..:.- = .J~ q. v. + i.r~- adj.
malpractice.+ ~J_ adj. disloyal, faithless,
untrue.+ u~J- n. disloyalty, breaking of ugly, offensive to the sight (syn. 'IJ"'~
"""";JJ); repulsive, morally offensive/
faith, betrayal of trust. Cj ,j-Ill,;.+ ~J_adj.
objectionable. + ~ L..J _ adj. dissatisfied.
uncertain, dubious, doubtful (cj ~L...."rl..i) +_
discontented. +~ L.J _ n. discontent,
u:!~l n. uncertainty, doubt; hesitancy.+ ;ltJ-
adj. invisible, imperceptible, undiscernable, dissatisfaction, displeasure. + ~j-l_ adj.
unevident; hidden, concealed (syn. ,}~ incongruous, inept, out of place; awkward, ill-
proportioned. + IS_v. used in conjunction with
~t,.;,,-,j.+.:-Il- adj: dishonest, crooked,
different pres. pronominaJl suffIXes meaning:
devious Cj ~I,; ,~-,Il.+ c.r..-'r n.
who knows (he) might! 1 wish (he) would!
dishonesty, deviousness. + ~l- adj. could't (he) possibly? .- :·:i~U;>j&.J LSI,;
discomfited, uncomfortable, (of s.o.); Couldn't he possibly bring it along with
uncomfortable, not comforting (s.th.); restless, him?+ .,:.,LS_ adj. untimely, iL-timed.+ jLS_
impetuous (i.e. a child) (see .,....ii).+ ~J.J o:.u-l-
adj. disappointed, balked, frustrated,
v. bother, disturb, cause discomfort discouraged. C.! .t.;A':1,;. + 1.1'" IS _ n. frustration,
(physically/ mentally to).+ ~l~ ";4.>fIr v. be
disappointment.+ .JLL adj. sudden, swift,
bothersome/ impetuous (a child).+ Ij,;_ and_
unexpected; precipitous. <.JISI,;4..l.+ u.JLS _ n.
ujll adj. not agreeable; dissatified.+ ~l­
suddenness, swiftness. + wjS _ adj. infinite,
adj. baseborn. lowly (syn. ~"'JoI..t); mean,
eternal, never-ending. Cj \;.. \;... + ..S'jL adj.
 540

on bad tenns, in dispute/ disagreement (with· adj. wrongful, unfair, wicked.+ ~4...A_ n.
jJ...J). Cj 2. ..s:.;-.!L;.+ ~;S- n. strained wrong, worng doing, abuse, evil deed;
relations; dispute, quarrel, contention (syn. injustice.+ },...... _ adj. unwarranted! uncalled
.il.,...... cj ).~o»t). Cj 6. ~. 2. ..$..;...jS.+_ fori unjustified; intolerable/ unbearable.
~ adj. baseborn, ignoble, mean. Syn.
.;l.i nalir n. public bath attendant who washes
.y......oJl,;.+ ~- n. & adj. son ofa basrard
and embrocates. Cj 2. ..,S"jOJ.+";_ n.
(as an abuse! insult); low, despicable. + lS'_
profession ofa.;l,; q. v.
See .;,I..wl,;.+~o.JoI._L n. disavowal,
disclamation, renunciation.+ )yI-5'_ adj. O.;,;;L.; natore n. epithet, disparaging! abusive
objectionable, unpalatable, unacceptable (syn. word or phrase. Cj •.;,;;l,;JJl,;.+ fti- adj. gi ... en
~~l,;); unwholesome, unhealthy.+ .;,1....$- to the use of disparaging! abusive remarks.
adj. sudden, swift and unexpected (esp. said of ~l,; nal!iye n. sub·district (adm. unit) See
disease/ disaster cj .Jl.S"l,;); surprise, sudden.
~~.
.;,WJl,;I.S~~ sudden disaste'" .JlN.Sli~~
surprise attack.+ .J~- adj. ornery, having an t l.i II(IX n. deptb(s): .JJJJu I.S- depth of the heart,
irritating disposition (cj 2. Jl,.I-J); inner feeling. E.g. ~JJ..J.~ Jol,;...J Deep down in
inconveniently placed! situated! arranged (of his heart. <,:,~ I~ I.SJ.j Jol,; 4i.
s.th.).+ j.vJL.......- only as-J.vJ~ n.
.J.,>l,; naxun n. nail (finger! toe). See ..5ri.
reprehensibl; conduct! remark! utterance. E.g.
•.J"-...!L.. .;.........r--'.ulL.. L; He gained nothing but ..5~.,.>l,; naxunek n. nibbling on! helping oneself
disgrace/ He was put in his place.+ J.ulL..l,; to what belongs to others (said esp. offood
.;,~.;S v. conduct oneself reprehensibly, make a items). + .;,bl_ v. nibble away (at· ;:".I), help
nasty remark (used only in some ~pecial oneself. Cj Vo'J;:".I[.Lt.+ JO~- n. nibbler.+.
expressions) E.g. ~J"ot...J I.SI~ I.S~~)" I.S u-!.olL..l,; ;;"':"..JI..I See .;,I~ ..5~.,.>l,;.
what he said was. disgustful, he ~wes me an
.J~.JL.; [~l nardin v. send, dispatch, direct to go
apology. .:..lS·oI...Ju-!...,JL..l,; .~.~~I.S~ Tell
(of s.o./ s.th.). E.g. r';;'';j.!~oI.!~l,; I will send
him to shut up or else. + ":'j.,.. _ adj. inhuman;
him a letter (syn. .;,~.;S oI...Jl J.J); send (after·
dstardly, cowardly and ignoble.+ ..)J.ro-n.
~~) E.g. b~""':'oI..t..;~.Jl,; He sent after me.+.
inhumanity, cold·heartedness.+ I~_ intj.
denoting admiration and wondennent: by God, oJO v. send back, return.
by gosh. E.g. ....;;... ~ I.,.>..... l,; By God he is ~.Jl,; narinc n. bitter orange (fruit). C.! 1. ~.;.+
strong.+ ~y4-to_ adj. dastardly, trecherously ..5j_ n: grenade bomb. Cj ~j.!.+ I.S- adj.
coward (cj J~l,;); sisy, timid, pusilanimous orange coloured. Syn. u-!UoloJr..
(syn. 2. j.:.> • ..5.;:-.;).+ .;,~)" ~J~l,; v. used only
as an expr. of appeal to s. o. 's sense of oI...J0.Jl,; narete also oIoJ.~~ n. shout, roar, cry: ..;_
courage! manliness . .;,..s~ u~~l,; Come on, ..$..;~ battle cry. + .;,b;:".l I-v. utter/ give out a
don't fail me.+ ";~.J4-I'- n. cowardliness; shout, roar or battle cry.
dastrardly act unworthy ofa man. E.g. o~~ .J.Jo.Jl,; narewen n. bot. beech tree .
..;~~l,; Act like a man. ~)"joI.5'...J";I.SJ~l,; He
j L.;I na, pres. stem ofthe verb ~..i l,; q. v. +
treated him dirty.+ ';";'0J- See uLS'l,; •.:..>ok
.;,~.;S .~.I- v. boastfully rely upon (s.o.).+ [jl,;)
under .~/.+ ..5~oJ_adj. dissimilar, unlike.+_
~. v. take pride (in), boast (0/)/ brag (about)
~..J adv. inadvertently, unwillingly.+ ~-
one's connection! relation with reliance upon
 541

(s.o. normally used in conjuction with. prep. specialist.+ ."'.J'-n. indicator, pointer.+ JI.!- 1.
4..t). E.g. ..:.J.jL;.; tJj.' 4.t He (boastfully) relies on adj. idenifying, capable of establishing the
.. _-I • 2
identity (of s.th.). 2. See J~li.+ Jlt- n.
you. Cf .. v-~ ~ u"uer ~ .
acquaintance, person known! familiar to one.
j LiZ naz n. coquetry, coquettish attitude/
C.! l.;.!L:.+ IoSJl.!- n. acqcuaintanceship.+ [lJ"'li)
behaviour. <j~.+ ~~.J jl; v. play the coquette,
~. v. I. know, be accquainted! familiar with
take on a coquettish attitude. + ~~.J b .J~/- v.
(s.o.). E.g. ..:.;...~l;~Nobody knows him.<
be/act coquettish toward.+ )~_ adj. sweet,
2. ~li~ 2. in comb. with ...;;.,. meaning:
much loved, dear, lovable (cf ,:,-,~.p);
introduce/ present (to), bring into acquaintance
pampered, coddled (aften to a degree of being (With). E.g. ..:.;...~ tJ~ ~..:.J.J""": I want that
spoiled, e.g. of a child).+ 1oS)~- n. sweetness,
man to know me. + t~ _ v. recognize,
dearness; coddling, pampering.+ iJ,.:..j)/- v. remember, perceive to be (s.o.ls.th.)
act! behave coquettishly.+ ~15..:../_ v. lose the previously known.
loving care and pampering (said of a child
~l; nasik adj. tender and fresh (vegetables!
who loses his parents).+ JIS _ adj. masterfuV
fruit! etc.); gentle, tender, mild and amiable
artistic (esp. of a skilled plasterer). Cf .JISL:.. + (s.o.).+ J j _ adj. dim unitive of..5-l; meaning:
~_ n. coquette. Cf jli4..t.+ ~L:.;S/- V.t.
gentle and lovely, dainty.+ )~jl;J-adj. sweet
pamper; indulge, baby.+ JI..i- n. title, an and gentle.+ ~l;._ n. flat bread rolled with oil/
appellation of dignity/ honour/ distinction!
clarified butter. Cf ~jl~.ft.l."s'.+~pt_n.
preeminence attached to a person or family;
family name, surname (see Jl;.J"-).+ j~J- n. variety of pear which appears late fall. + loS _ n.
coquetry, refrain and desire for coddling! tenderness, freshness; gentleness, amiability.
pampering. Cf j.v'Jj~.+ ~~.J j»'Jjli v. act .u-li nasor n. 1. festering wound! injury.< 4.t
coquettish, put on grace and seek coddling. + _ ~"..s.u-li 2. deep destress, heart·felt sorrow/
j~J n. coaxing.+ ~t_adj. charming, graceful, grief. C.! ~.
sweet.
u;...l; nasin pres. stem ofthe verb ~L.li q.v.
Jljli nazow adj. moist, succulent, Cf ~.
l:..:.li nfl!ta n. I. only in l::.li..J q. v. 2. adj. not
jl;jl; naznaz n. bot. moss rose, portulaca.
have eaten, fasting (not as a religiOUS duty).
tj li naze n. hard skin by fingernail. iJ,.:..li [j.;il nfl!tin v. I. bury, inter, place in a
jli naj n. bot. pine (tree). Syn. ~~. gravel tomb. Syn. <J~)':--" ..s'\j. 4.t. 2. plant, put! set in
the ground for growth (only ofseedlings! trees/
IJ"'Li nas I. pres. stem ofthe verb. U.!-l; and etc.). Cf ~..I.i~ 1~..I.iIJ.Jl'
t~li q.v. 2. n. familiarity, personal
~li nfl!i adj. novice, tyro, beginner.< ~li'p
knowledge/ acquaintance. Cf .... ~.+ <J~.J 1J"'l;
u -;':'li 4.t I~~.J. Syn. ~.utjl;.
v. know, be acquainted (with s.o.). Syn. U.!-l;.+
~..L.il_ [U;-l;] only in <J..I.iL.l;~ q.v. + _ [~lil ..5-..ili nafak n. I. gusset at the fork of trousers!
~IJ pass. form ofU.!-li: bel become known.+_ shorts. 2. disorder of the lower abdonen and
back caused by strain and relieved through
JI.J adj. known, recognized, familiar. Cf
massage.+ v--.Ji/- v. shame (s.o.) by cutting the
i~lj l~ltJ~; characterized (by-~),
gusset of underwear.+ ~y$/_ v. suffer pain
described (as-~).+ ~l;_ n. identification,
in the lower abdomen due to strain.+ t.J4Z}/-
evedince of identity. C.! ~~.+ Jt- n.
v. relieve abdominal pain through massage.
 542

..sL; nak suffIX to certain nouns meaning: .... L; name n. J. letter, message, note. Syn. 2.
possessed of, having, -fill i.e . ...sl.;..l... q. v. jUlio 2. treatise, systematic exposition!
argument in writing; book (see ..s~)",,-).+ )~_
jLiI nat n. horseshoe.+ .j.))"jL; v. shoe (horse/
See ~L;u.;jS.+ ~~_n. library; booksbop.
mule/ etc.); fig. get the better of(s.o.).+~_
also ..s..:.~ n. farrier, shoesmith.+ ..sj,j~- also ~L; namllke n. pamphlet (cf ..s~J'-I.);
~~ n. farrier's occupation.+ ~_n. bobnail.+ manuscript (cf i,,,,,- ,U".v-:-•.).
).)_ used only in the formula: JL;~).JL;
. . .jLi 1 nan n. I. bread. idiom.j.t..:..:.:;S~I~L;j.t.jL;
_ ,,'-i .
.;.:.;;~ • ~...; II. ···~u . _~4.i He promises
- ' I.I..IL.;.:.;;
Each unto his specialty (lit.
yL.....,.,.J
fire and brimstone to anyone challenging him.
breadmaking should be left to the baker and
jL} nat pres. stem ofthe verb ~L; q. v. + [~L; 1 meat-cutting to the butcher: )~A.j..s- oven
.J.I..i1- v. groan, utter a deep moan indicative of bakead bread *..s.r-i ..s _ bread in very thin flaps
pain! grief. + • _ n. a groan! groaning sound. baked in oven *J'J ..s - crisp sheets of ~ '-" L;
Cf .s:..;.+ jL;._ n. sustained groaning.+ .h~.,.­ *,-,",L...s- bread baked in flaps over griddle _
n. moaning and wailing.+ Ut- [jL;] v.i. moan; *J~u;l-..s perferred portion of ~ ,-"Li
whimper. baked towards the end when the oven has
somewhat cooled off! evenly heated *r-J-.j..s-
v;JL; na[in pres. stem ofthe verb .jj,j~L; q.v.
unleavened bread *)~....fi ..s _ portion of
rLiI nam conj. either, or. E.g. "';;rL;.j)'~';;;rL; ..s~ ,-"Li baked while oven is at peak beat..s_
Either you come or we will. Cf l.! •.jl.!. *~~.);;.; flaps of bread folded and wrapped for
rL...2 nam (P) n. name, used only in the standard journey (cf ~-") *r~..s- sheets of..sr-J ,-"L;
expr.: I~L; be it said in God's name/ God softened by sprinkling for use with a meal ..s-
bless him. E.g. ~'J'.J I.,. .... L; God bless him, he *~~~ plain bread, bread a1one-_~..s:.:..~.J
is intelligent. *1.I""1))'U..s small round sheets flapped back
and forth with hands (not rolled) and backed
j.e Li namo adj. alien, foreign, strange, remote.
on griddle (a specialty of Hawraman and
Cf ~D)'') .4,j~ .,-"I-t-t.+ Jlt- adj. alienated, Ha/abja). Cf ,~~~ •....:.I.,.u ,.jL;~L; ,..?l...~L;
estranged, disaffected.+ ..s)~- n. alienation, ~~ •.j»-~ •~ , •..,;.J.,s. 2. meal, repast: -
estrangement, disaffection. + jJ'"""""! - n. '},.";;..s dinner, supper (syn. ,.,;,..:.) *'-"l.!~..s­
remoteness, withdrawal. breakfast (syn. IS! ~J"-i) *.j~..s _ fIrst major
V"»-Li namlis (A) n. honour, good name, and elaborate meal on the Muslim feast (often
digniy, <U"»-L; ~ .U"»-l.:;..+.j~ (4A) U"»-L; eaten in the morning) *.JJ'''';'..s _ !unch, major
v. have honour, be dignified. E.g. ..r:~ midday meal of the day (syn. ~'.Jli). 3. first
...;~. - :: U"»- L; He is truly without honour. + • part of certain compound mouns and verbs•
i.e. I~L; ,.j.))~.jLi q.v. + .j.))".jL; v. I. make/
.j.)J"i/ v. taint and destroy (s.o. 's) honour/ good
bake bread (said esp. of home baking). 2.
name (cf .jb ~ j,j....j; upbraid, tear into/ give prepare/ fIX a meal (esp. when having an
(s.o.) a dressing down (cf .j.);S~~).+. elaborate meall banquet). Cf .jL;;:,J ,- .::-. + .
.j~/ v. loose one's honour/ good name/ .jJ.:JI~/ v. bake bread.+ oJ'ol'/- v. cut off! stop
dignity. C.! .j»-ll,......~.+ .jj,j~/_ See U"»-L; (s.o. 's) livelihood, come between (s.o.) and bis
.j.).ft. means of support! subsistence. + .j~ j.) ~ / _ v.
be unable to improve/ ameliorate one's
)>>-L; namiir n. anat. pericardium.
 543

livelihood. + 1_ <Jj~ only in the idiomatic <JL..2 [~J v.t. put, place (used mainly in comb.).+
expr. 4...,jj; ~ 4...,j I.; r-""'; Aspiring to the 'J')--"-II- v. quaff, drink deeply and
unattainable.+ .......r.- n. meals offered during a repaeatedly.+ 'J'J~/- v. shove aside, put into
period of mourning to visitors.+ <JI~ 'kl- v. the background, forget about! drop for the time
slap rolled-out dough to the wall of a hot oven being.+ ._ v. place, put, rest (normally used as
to bake.+ ).~.~_ n. head bakeress (at home part o/certain compound verbs). E.g. ;~.~
baking) who starts out by perparing the dough ..$.~ Place it under the table.+ j:l;4lI.- v.
and later bakes the flaps (rolled out by other have (s.th.) for a smack.+ j~/._ v. rest!place
women) by slapping them against the walIs of
(s.th.) on or against; impute/ charge (c.f
the oven.+ ~J.!~- n. breadwinner.+ j~_ aq;.
<J:I..,.s)~IJ~)'+ ~/.- v. saddle (s.o. with a
stingy (person). C.f ~JJ?"+ <J~}~/- v. have
burden! task! etc.).+ 'J'- v.I. set up (trap);
meal, eat, partake of food. + ~ _ n. mouth to
put up/ erect (target); contrive. hatch (plot);
feed, person(s) to provide for.+ <Jb/- v. feed, create/ cause (disorder. sedition, etc.);
dine (s.o.); keep open house for and feed (the provoke/ pick! cause (fight. quarrel). < .;.>
poor).+ <Jli I~/_ v. set out meal, bring food •.,..;li. 2. put! place eggs to hen to sit on and
out. + ).:1 _ n. & adj. person who keeps open hatch. C.f ~.,..sf. 3. second part of certain
house; generous, hospitable.+ .~~..$I_ v. roll compound forms, i.e. •j4Jli;ol- q. v.
dough out and make ino thin flaps for
baking.+ ~..,s- adj. ungrateful. C.f ~~.+­
I .1
J '-' nllw n. name; gram. no un: .......J\,/o,S-
I-_w

~ n. woman who works as head bakeress (see compound noun *~~.,; _ simple noun*~ .,;_
)':I'~I.; .I~I.;); women who roll out the dough simple noun *\J'"li""':'.,;- definite noun .,;-
and get it ready for baking (normally women *~jS collective noun *~.,;_ collective noun
0/ the neighbourhood who help each other on *JI)A.;.J .,;- compound noun *i,...I.;.,;- definite
a home baking day).+ o,S~- n. head noun *\J'" I.;.,.!"-' o,S - indefinite noun *i,...li ... .,;-
bakeress's occupation. C.f I.$!I~I.;.+ a:;.,.sl- indefmite noun *~Jl..,;- synouym. idiom.
''''';j; v. fig. be eating high on the hog; fare ~ \":'L:.,;..$.JjS ~";Jli I can't even stand the
well and become prosperous. + ~ _ n. deep sound of his name/ The less said about him the
basket used as bread bin.+ ~J- n. breakfast. better. <JI~J~:I JO).,...5 ";Jli He is just a big
Syn. I.$! ~~. + I.,.,...J - n. fig. that which can be name/ It is not so important as it sounds!
zipped through! done in little time.+ j:lJ- n. 1. looks. (lit. village with big name but in
ruins).+ ~Lt- n. reputation! standing! fame;
fig. couple joining in a dance of ~J~;
notoriety. Syn. 3.•jIJL:. <~lo/Jli...... + )O:l~lt­
where <JL.; represents the man and j~ the
<J:I.;S v. become known, be renowned; become
woman. 2. typical rural meal consisting of
bread and churned buttermilk.+ ~4i.J- n. notorious.+ J1J"i- adj. mentioned, referred to;
bread and salt.+ <J:I.;S ~"_'-,;I.; v. eat bread and above-metioned; referred to previously/
before.+ <J~ftl- v. mention! refer to by name.
salt with, be under obligation, owe gratitude
(to ""\oS). + ';4-1' _ n. cloth in which a traveller Syn. <J~ Jli. C.f ~..$l.J""lt; nominate.+ ~­
n. line of origin. ancestry. See ~J~;.+ ;1:1_
1
carries his food for the road.+ ':;';'_ n. stale
bread.+ ../-._ See ~I.;...... + ... I.,.!._n. bot. adj. celebrated, renowned, famous. Ant. J~

bulbous poa.+ IJ .- n. baker. C.f ~li.+ _ under w~,l. C.f ~ltJ~.+ ";.;1:1- n. celebrity,
~~IJ' n. bakery.+ '""l.:.t-
n. covetousness, renown, fame. C.f ~l...o/Jli.+ <J:I.;S.;o:ll- v.
greed, avarice. become known! be famous (for-oI..t), have a
 544

reputation (as-"-i). + ~~ _ adj. substantive/ midst (oj), the heart and soul (0!-1oS).+ ~I;~_
considerable/ large in extent, degree or n. eleventh month of the lunar Muslim year.+.
amount. Cj }~~.+ ~1.jJ/_ v.i. lose one's ~ n. bed, inside of bed. E.g. 4!1~~-,I;.uHe
reputation! good name.+ ~J:.I.jJ/_ v.I. taint, cast is in bed! bedridden.+ j4- adj. dished,
doubt! aspersion on (s.o. 's) name/ reputation.+
convave, holIow. C.! j-ljl.+ -,4- n.
-,I~j- adj. disreputable, discredited.+ ~..,s/­
superciliary arch, bulge of the forehead. + _
o~.JY- v. die out, become obscure (name of a
..st.,.., ~ adj. auspicious, being of good omen. + •
person! household).+ ~I;~/_ v. call (s.o.) bad
~ n. I. area, region, territory (cj 1.. ~~
names.+ ~I;/_ v. name, give/ chose name for.+
~U .~...,........); district (an administrative
ojl-,L.:-,_ n. fame. Syn. ~Lt-,I;.+ o,JjjLi-,_ n.
subdivision) (cj a~j. 2. geom. sector.+_
name/ epithet (normally disparaging! abusive!
.JI~ n. 1. anal. forehead. Syn. JJ~. 2. fig.
funny).+ ~L...;~ o,JjjL...;-,_ v. call (s.o.)
lot, fate.+ jij.iil~_ adj. having bulging!
disparaging! funny names or epithets.+ ~~-'_
n. 1. address. place where a person! prominent forehead.+ ~I~_ adj. glum,
organisation may be communicated with. Cj broodingly morose. Cj .~.w.+ .J~.J 1$ .JI~-,I;
~ 1;..1"-. 2. description, depiction, portrayal. + _ v. look glum, put on morose look!
~I ~ ~ ~ L:..:;-' v. describe, depict, portray. + countenance.+ .lJlil~- adj. having blaze on
0-0t- [~--,Li] V.t. I.plaster, overlay with mud! forehead (of certain animals).+..,t.~- adj.
cement! etc. 2. sign, affix signature to. areal, regional. Cj ~~.+ ~_ only in
.J~..,s ~-,Li v. break off (top tobacco leaves to
-,l".2 naw aslo.,;; /. n. interior, inside, inner part.
E.g. i-'~IoS-,1; The inside of my eye. 2. prep. in strengthen plant). + .;.,>_ I. adj. internal,

comb. with I~+.u meaning: among, amidst. E.g. domestic. E.g. .;>-,I;IoS.)lt-,)S Internal affairs. 2.
interior (ministry/ dept. 01).+ ~I,,>_ n. seat of
I~ ~lu.,...u -,Li 4J Among all of them. 3. first
part of certain compoundforms, i.e. ~~I; saddle.- ~..i.+ ..r,:;>- n. & adj. domesticity;

q.v. 4. only in ~~ft-,I;.u .~~ -,lW q.v.+ ~I_n. internal.+ )~} adj. stuffed, filled, dressed (of

stuffing (material, seasoning mixlure).+ -,1..,a.1- food).+ ..,...~- n. palm ofhand. Cj ~.+ iO~­

adj. stuffed, filled, packed. + ~I_ n. fore, midst. the inside of the mouth. + ;..~ _ adj. well spoken

< ~I-,I;-,I;.+ 0r,- n. partition, an interior dividing about! mentioned (of s. 0.). + ~I~ _ See j.S-,I;. + _

walll screen! etc. + ~_ n. mediation. ..r.-L... n. flat, round fried bread. + ..5..- _also _
intervention between conflicting parties to ..$j n. bowels, internal organs! parts of the
promote reconciliation/ settlement! body.+ .)L....:._ n. inerior of town! city (as
compromise. Cj IoS.)LtJ:.o-,l:.+ ~~..,s ~ft-'Li v. compared to outskirts/ suburbs); downtown,
mediate, act as mediator.+ ~:r.- also-~Iy:r. town centre.+ ~L.:._ n. upper middle part of the
n. mediator, peace-maker, go-between. Syn. back.+ ~~_ n. I. insole (ofashoe). 2. the
~Uo~.+ -'-l..adv. at intervals, from time to middle piece of a set of three rugs.+ ~..:i_ n.
time. Cj )'w~.+ o.)~_ adj. enclosed, closed anat. waist. Syn. ~.s. + )L n. I. inner waIl.
in.+~_ n. line of origin! ancestry. See 2. coarse type of sewing See ,-:",~. + jS _ adj. &
..s~~.+ ~~_ n. web beween fmgersl toes.+ n. common, shared: jS-,L.: 1oS0";j common
~ _ n., anat. diaphram. + JJ~ _n. forehead. denominator; joint; partner, share holder.+_
Syn. J,~-,I;.+ ...~ _ n. trousseau (of a bride). ..,..:,S n. commonness; partnership. <...,oS-,1; o!.t.+
Syn. IoSj~. + ..$P.- n. the very thick! middle/ ...s _ n. part of certain compound nouns
 545

meaning: -seed! -stone/ -pip i.e. ~~..sJ\; ~\; Nab; aslo o~\; n. Venus (planet).
watermelon seeds. + ;;-rs _
n. paving! covering
~L; nay n. I. flute (musical imstrument). C!
material (of a floor).+ .;,.,...s~-t-SJ\;
v. pavel
~~. 2. reed, cane.+ ~_ n. thin reed; reed pen
cover (inside ground!floor).+";'~ _ n. insole.
(syn. ~0rJ). + iJoj- n. flute player, flutist.+_
Syn. I. ~~J\;.+ ~_ n. I. runnel in the
.,sa.:.. n. sugar cane.
middle of rice paddy to facilitate even!
uniform irrigation. 2. !rIset, smaIl illustration! nayab adj. percious, excellent,
map/ page inserted: J~~ n. insole- excessively refmed (cf U .......); rare (syn.
*~~ trim in a garment.+ o~_n. pith, o..oJy...;. cf DjIJ\;).+ ~_ n. (art! use oj) good
core, innermost part. Cf t Li.+ ;:j.I..S _ n. the style metaphors.
upper/inne-r side of the crotch. + ..s..:.J _ See
~j~\; naytrogtn (E) n. nitrogen.
;:j.I..SJ\;.+ jL.._ I. n. interior of house. 2. adj.
pertaining! related to household. i.e. '""'~~ ~ \; nay/on (E) n. nylon.
jL.. JLi Houshold items.+ ~_ See ..,.....,J\;.+- ~ nixun adj. & adv. upside-down, topsy
~ adj. the middle of three/ second in line of turvy (said of a container). Cf ~Jo.;4-.+­
three (esp. as to age! size). C.! ~"oJ~l..o.+_ D"';.JY.I v. be turned upside-down.+ o.,.;.,.,sl- v.
..5J n. I. navel. 2. seed, core, stone, pip. C.! turn upside-down, place with the mouth down
.Jj.j.+ .J'-t- ..5J - v. cut the umbilical cord.+ ..5J - (over- b ... .J"-4t).
.s See ~~ ..5~\;.+ o~} ..5J _See ..5~\;
iJ1.; [is) I niran pass. form ofthe verb iJl".2 q. v.
0J4Z}.+ ~~J- n. umbilical cord.+ ..:-1; 0_
adj. I. middle, central, medial (cf ..oJ\;). E.g. ~.; nirt See~";";';.
..:.-I..,.J\; ~~~jj.) The Middle East; middle/ t; n;rx n. price, cost, money given! set (jor the
mean! central (part. point. position). Syn. I.
sale of s.th.) (syn. ~); rate reckoned,
.;,4~· Cf ..;:WJLi. 2. in comb. with b ... 4J
prevailing value: I=.-;; ~ _ current price ~_
meaning: thick, midst.+ ..5j.)o_ n. content(s),
*;ljLt market price/ value *»-~_ rate of
elements, ingredients. Cf ..5J".S.+ 0.)0- n.
interest *oJ"':"'~ ~_ rate of exchange. C!
bowels, intestines (see ..J~-=,); internal organs
D~-=,.< t~.t~.+ iJ..t....iI-(~.;1 v.t. I. price
(see ~J\;).+ ~0_1 See ~J\;l.So...;J"s.+
~0_2 only in iJ".,s ~J\; v.fig. iron out, See v---t- t":'· . 2. apperciate, recognize the
resolve, smooth.+..}o- adv. within, privately.+ quality/ significance/ magnitude of. Cf ~

.,I,jo_ n. I. circles, coterie, realm (of politics. ~}.5....;,} ........ .;,"~ __ .+ ft,>- also .;,Ij_ adj .
others). 2. mean(s), instrument, agency, apperciative, capable of apperciation, showing
medium.+ .)4..0- n. mediator, go-between, See awareness! acknowledgement. Cf iJl~ under
~~J\;.+ ~.)~.. 0-n. good offices, ~. + LJ'-t-I_v. price, set! fix the price (of-~). + -
imtercession. + ~j.jo _ adj. I. intermediate .)b adj. valuable, worthy, esteemed. Cf t~·+
(school! phase! stage). 2. average, normal,
iJ \; I., I_See .J'-t- t';·
standard. 3. central, main. + OJO- n. interior,
internaI/ inner part. + ~ _ n. vault, • L.; •
1J""ol'.[' nimauis
_"'_ n. creature (es:p. fiabulousl
underground storage compartment. fictitious). Cf 1.,&,..,.
tjlJLi nawaze adj. unique, incomparable, very ..5~ niTk intj. denoting a moaning sound!
unusuaV rare/ uncommon. Cf 1..1.;4- .y4\;. noise.+ iJ..t....il- (u;,s.;l v. moan (gen./rom pain!
 546

fever! etc.).+ d~J- n. loud persistent ..s.....:; nizik adj. near, close, not far distant in
moaning.+ 0.. n. a moaning sound/ groan.+.s; time/ palce/ degree (ant . .JJJ~); close, narrow.+
;;~.,s v. moan; make a sound! noise. E.g. .s; ;;»-1..5...,..:; v. be close/ near; be about! on the
j~ ~; ~~ One sound from you and I verge of (followed by the subjunctive). Cj
shall have you silenced (said to a moaning/ ;;»-I..s.....;...;.. + ;;1_ adj. in comb. with 4.! / b ... .u
..s
noisy child). + ~o _ n. sustained moaning! b ... meaning: recent; soon. E.g. "'-'l>.....:;j~
groaning. Soon, shortly, before long. I~""l>.....:; j.u
~; nirkin pres. stem of the verb ;;.LilS; q.V. Recently, not long ago; near by here, in this
neighbourhood. E.g. <I.! ...ilS:.....:; j.u It is close by/
Ij-i niza n. pleading, supplication.-I';';Jls.J~'+ I.;,; around here.+ o~.JY./_l v. get close (to-.u),
;;~~ ~ v. imprecate against, call curse/ come near, approach.+ 0~.JY.} n.
irnpercation upon.- .uJ"";;' rapprochement, resumption of cordial
relations; apF~oximation.+ o~/_ v. bring
)j-i nizar also.J1....; n. shady side of mountain.
closer/ put nearer (to- ~). + 0~~..J / _v. bring
Cj~.
nearer, get closer, have (s.th.) almost done/
.Jj-i nizjr also .Jj.... (A) n. vow, earnest promise/ near completion or realization. + ~ J..5 / _ v.
pledge.+ ;;~..J.;:; v. vow, promise, pledge.+ .$_ approach, be drawn! get closer (to). E.g. ~..:;
n. sancturary, sacred place/ shrine. oJ..5.... Don't come near me. C.! ~J.s ,:;..,;.+ ..
0.J..J.;,; nizgere n. hiccups.+ ;;~..J 0.;&';'; v. have oy....:.;J.s/ See oJ-.j.JY...5...,..:;.+ 0_ adv. about;
hiccups. + ~J / _ v. be affected with the approximalely, in the neihgbourhood (of loS)·
hiccups. E.g. »-I ~ ~ }j"-A 1oSu......:; There were

jj-i nizm adj. low, lacking height (syn. 2. ,;"j~.

approximally one thousand people.+ ..r- n.
nearness, closeness; proximity.
Ant. j~); deperssed in pitch, low (tone!
voice); low, base, despicable.+ ;;.J.J-ijj-i v. be ~ nij n. med. scalpeL + JI~ _ n. surgeon. + ~.Jb-
low.+ ~I_ n. I. lowness, depression, low n. surgery, surgeon's work! profession.

ground; low level. 2. astr. perigee.+ O~.»i/­ }~ nijar n. dry wall of rocks (esp. as liningfor
v. descend, pass from a higher place/ level to a a well/ s5bte"nean canal! etc.). Cj
lower one. C.! oJo},o. -.:.;1...+ oJ.... ~..J/- v. cause ..sJ.s.s...:..J'
to descend, lower, bring to a low level. Cf
.:-; nist only in .:-;~ q. v.
oJO},.> ..... ~. + ..r- n. I. lowness (degree! extent
oj). 2. despicability. j~ nisirm adj. damp and cold (place).
JJJj-i niziil (A) n. sudden illness; apoplexy, l.s-' nisi n. shade. See I. ~.
stroke. + ;;b ~ / _ v. be afflicted with sudden
~ n4k adj. sudden, abrupt,unexpected. Syn.
illness! stroke; also used as an imprecation.
E.g. I~ ~ JJ.,j-i ..so~ May he be struck with -t~.,s.
apoplexy.+ ~LA/_ v. fig. be numb from fear/ ~.,.... n4usti (P) n. failure, setback, reverse;
anxiety (as if struck by apoplexy). falling upon evil days, decline in fortune. + ..
..JJ"";; nizule n. (act of) imploring! entreaty/ ;; ~ / v. fail, have/ suffer setback; fall upon
supplication. E.g. 1.,>1oS~ ~~IoS.uJ"";; May God evil days. Cj 1. ~~ )j.
hear her supplication. Cj I.;,; .~lS~.
 547

~ n4,imen I. n. dweJling place, meeting incontrovertible.+ .;_ n. disclaimer.

place 2. adj. suitable for living! dwelling in (a repudiation! denial of responsibility or
place); habitable. connection.
~ n4,in part of some compound forms ..5..:. n;ge n. longing, hankering (syn . ..... \;. cf
meaning: -ship, -dom; seat. E.g. ~l.:. JJjo.)L.:); persistent demand (i.e. ofa child) (cf
kingdom, kingship. + J _ n. & adj. place/ ..s~JJ).+ ~.J/- v. hanker, long «or-~); demand
country of domicile; resident. persistently. C! ~J;:,J .3~ .
.,;..:.; nisiw n. declivity, downward slope. syn. ~ nigln n. ring with seal! stone inset. C!
~)"";'Jo~. ~~..;.

..:..,i.; nift adj. new, See;s.,.; •oj\; f nim n. drizzle, fme drops (moisture/ rain);

~ nif~ See";~. dew (see fJ":"); dampness (see ;:r,).+ )~_adj.

damp, moist (esp. ofa place). C! 2. ;;.. + __
..,.. niq int)o denoting a grunting noise/ sound. +
adv. in a drizzle.+ .;,~.?b/ __ v. faU in a drizzle
.;,.l..il_ [~l v. grunt, gasp (as when under a
(of rain). C! ojJ..)Lt.+ ~J/- v. become/ get
heavy load! straining oneselj).+ ~~J- n.
damp.+ 0_ n. drizzle, fme mist.+ .;,I.)~o_ n. fine
noisy prolonged grunting. E.g. ~~~';J~ He
misty rain.
started grunting heavily.+ 0_ n. a grunt!
gunting sound.+ .;,~.? -.ii v. utter a noise/ sound.
l.i nima second part of certain compound
words. i.e. l...:.;....~..;.l.W.,.;; q.v.
E.g. ~....s.:. -.ii Don't you make a sound. + J.io-
n. sustained grunting. Ii n;ma n. phys. function. Cf .;,L..)I.
~\.i; niqam =~lJ ..... q.v. ~U n;may4,t n. demonstration, display,
.;,l:....~ niqustan See ..:..41...... exhibition; outward expression.+ .;,~.? ~U v.
demonstrate, display. C! .;,b .;,l..:..e;.+ .:.~_ n.
,':;; niqem n. stone (on! set into a ring! bracelt!
showroom. + .)LS _ adj. demonstrative, serving
etc.).
to manifest! prove. + IS _ n. exhibition, display;
~ niqen pres. stem of the verb .;,.l.ili.; q. v. exposition.
~1 nik int)o denoting a whimper/ whining o"i. nimre (E) n. number (see 0)L..~); size (of
sound.+ .;,.l..il_ [~l v. Whimper, utter a low garment! footwear/ etc.); gear (on a car);
whining plaintive sound (esp. when ill).+ _ grade, mark (as level of achievement).+ .;,I~/_
~~J n. prolonged whimper.+ 0_ n. a v. give/ award grade or mark (of exams/
tests/etc).
whimpering! whining noise. C! JL;.+ ..s..;o_ n.
~~ nim(;d n. becoming quality/ aspect,
sustained whimper/ whining.+ ~L.. 0_ v. be
heard whimpering! whining plaintively. suitable/ charming trait or attribute.+ (..-) ~.,.,:

.;,~ v. be noticeable, have presence/ charm. + _

..s..;2 nik See~.
)~ adj. of imposing apperance. Ant. ~~.
J~ nik(;/ n. denial, disavowal.+ .;,~.? J~ v.
deny, disavow; refuse to accept existence/
4,j"": nimfine I. n. sample, specimen; model,
truth! validity (0f-a.J) «or-;:,J).+ .;,~.,s;:,J/- v. example «or imitation! emulation);
showpiece. 2. adj. weird, strange.+ <J!.- adj.
disclaim connection (with)/ responsibility
«or). + JI..-5 ~_ adj. undeniable,
 548

ideal, exemplary.+ },..>_ idealistic (of a 4J1~ nuwale n. bundle/ sheaf (esp. of Ie aves
person). pressed together, i.e. bobacco).
:lU nimend n. felt. Syn. Jl,..J •..$jj":'. Cj I. \)~I~ [v-r..,;J nuwandin v.t. put to sleep/ bed.
..;L.;.+ ~J- n. saddle blanket! cloth made of Syn. ~~.#. Cj v.-,,; .
felt.+ jL.. _ n. felt maker.
~.,.~ nutuni} adj. brand new .
..su nimek n. salt (see ~);fig. gratitude/
4,jjil note also -;,s.,;.,;; n. store, stock, reserve,
feeling of favour in retum.+ \):l'?..s4i. v. incur
supplies. Cj I.r--H-i.+ \):l~ 4.jji v. store, stock
the feeling of gratitude towards (s.o.) for
up.
having shared his food! received his favour;
taste/ eat little ifr.0m).+ I"lp 4i- adj. ungrateful J.jjl.2 note n. musical note/ tone.
(person). Cj ...L.:-.+ .;,b_ n. saltshaker. See
..;ji noli n. pilot. Syn. \)lytSj).
\)I~~. + ~.,s - adj. ungrateful. Cf U"'l:S4i.. + -
~.."s n. ingratitude.+ ~.J/- v. suffer for one's ~~ lIMXIe (A) n. dot; period. See 3. j~.

ingratitude.+ ~.J- adj. overtaken by the ...:...~ "lIX!e n. preliminaries, s.th. preparatory/
penalty of ingratitude. + ~ _ adj. remorseful introductory/ by way of beginning. Cf 2.
for one's ingratitude.+ \J"'L.;- adj. grateful/ ~. .:.;; also used as formula of reply to
cognizant and thankful for favour/ kindness congratulations offerd:':"";' ~ .:.......:..;.~ May
received.+ \.r-.- adj. savoury, tasteful. you be equally blessed! fortunate.+ ;~_ n. the

..s~ niminek n. model, design, prototype, first time.+ jl;J_ n. first crop. + ;lS"_ n. first!
pattern. initial act or deed.

;..;1 no n. nine.+ IJ-i- n.& adj. nineteen.+ ~I:lj_ jj:l;;'; nord' n. small stack! pile (offlaps of
also 1"~1:l-i- adj. nineteenth.+ a.:.:,S_n. & adj. bread) taken as ~..,; on a journey. Cj
nonagon.+ 4-adj. ninth (time! occasion).+. 1;1~:l.

I"~ also ~~ _ adj. ninth. + I""t - also ~"t­ .;;.; "ore n. tum, chance (to dol play/ perform).
adj. ninth. E.g. 4.t.~ 1oS1;;'; whose tum is it? Syn. 2. Iy.-.
;...2 no adj. new. = ~ q. v.; first part of certain Cf 2. 1"'). <,~.- ~J..5 ~.+ \):l.? Id v. be
compound forms, i.e. I~";'; q. v. + ..sJ.J-i- n. erratic/ irregular (i.e. a firearm missing
newlywed bride. Syn. ..s~jL.;.+ 1;41- I. adj. shots).+ -rt- adj. out of tum, having lost one's
first-born (human! animal). 2. n. first-fruits; tum! chance.+ 1.SrI- n. going out of tum.+
early fruit! vegetable (cf »>~u).+ \):l.? 1j4J";'; \)J~ 1oS-rt'd v. See.:r-t.d. + .:r-t / - v. cut in on
v. eat first-fruits/ vegetables of the season. +_ (s.o. 's) turn.+ \)I:l/_ v. allow (s.o.) to have his
.;~ n. ox newly trained to yoke.+ .:,,~_ n. tum. + -=- _n. queue, Syn.
~ ~Id. + ;J-S _ adj.
occasion of the first feast following a person's erratic.+ .,$- I. adj. queuing, waiting in a
death. + .;..5 _ I. n. canal, artificial waterway. queue. 2. sentry.+ ~.J/- v. I. take one's turn,
2. newly/ recently dug (of underground water stand in line/ queue. 2. keep watch. + ~ _ n.
channel- .;.J..)LS). C! &~J.+ L.. _ n. filly (horse).
queue, line of people waiting their tum.
C! ~I~.+ jL.... n. new household! resident
(esp. of newly wedr); new setllers.+ \)W-"""..,.._ .:r-#' no!'n also .:r..;I"; See ~I J~.

n. convert to Islam. ir-~ [.u-i1 nustin v.i. sleep, go to bed. Syn.

~~. C! 2. ~.;;.
 549

»=-.,; adj. asleep, sleeping: IS'.J~- saved

nllSti V.,; ",,¥o only in':'»1 'j~"; v.i. sink into the
money, savings.+ ..r-.- n. condition of being ground (cj ':'J.Hr";";); be overwhelmed!
asleep. engulfed! inundated.

~.,; nusxe (A) n. copy. See ~~J.J.t Syn. 4.J~"; nuqlane n. remark (gen. iII-omened
••;\Sp. C.! "':;.J. unless otherwise qualified): ...S"u: IS-I ~~..?
~:;..; no~ 1. n. drinking (has a salubrious
auspicious remark .,;A...-> IS _ iII-omened
remark. + ,:,ll:..,J I_v. remark! predict s.th. iII-
connotation). E.g. !~j-i Cheers!, To your
omened (jor-:'Y.)
health!: ,:,lJ' IS- good health, salute (exc/. used
as a toast).+ ':'l.?~;:' v. drink (with good ~~.,; nuqu'f n. pinch, pinching.+ ~}"..)I_ v.
health). Cj I""";l.;l~. 2. pres. stem of the verb pinch, squeez with the fIngers.
~.:;; q.v.+ ,:,~/_ only in the expr. ~.:;;~ ;:J,i.,; nuqul I. n. hard candy/sweets. C.! .;.;IS~.
~..:.;L:S' salutary expr. addressed to s. o. who 2. adj. sweet, delightful. E.g. J.,l~~": She is
has had s.th to drink! eat meaning: May it be delightful.+ ,:,Il_ n. recess (normally high up in
good health to you.+ JJ-lll- n. elixir of life;
the wall of a living/ guest room). + 1~ I-v.
wine.+ ~_ [~.:;;l v. drink. Syn. I""";l.;l~.
give away sweets on certain accasions (i.e.
.Jll.:..:;; no~adl' n. sal-ammoniac. marriage! circumcision).+ ~Ill,. 1_ n. candied
almond; almond-shaped hard candy. + ~_ n.
fig. sweety.
v. bend, r.,l~ nuqum adj. submerged, sunken.+ ,j»ir.,l~
cause to curve out of a straight line. Syn. .;I~ v. sink, submerge.+ ,jl'? r~~ v. submerge,
I""";l.}. Cj ':'l.} l41. cause to sink. <,:,l.} r.,l~ j>.
1""";1:-:..,; [;:,:...:..,; I nu~tanewe v. i. bend, curve .5,;.;1 nok n. chick-pea.-.5.:;; ~ •~41.
out of a straight line/ position; bend! incline idiom. 'j.J~':;; ~ IS":;:';.:;; He is such a slow eater
one's body (syn. IJ4~).
(lit. he eats a chick-pea in nime bites).+ -,1_ n.
IJ~"; n~tawe adj. bent; undulating. wavy. chick-pea soup.+ .s..:..IJI- n. avariety of chick-
pea having a dark skin used esp. as split-pea-
ISJI:-:..,; nu~taw; n. place/ spot where (s.th.) is
.5.:;;~..J.
bent curved or folded.
.5:,...2 nok suffIX to certain nouns serving as
~.,; n~te n. amulet, written, cham: ~'JIS-
adjectives. i.e. .5j:-.} q. v.
amulet written to estrange (s.o.. i.e. a
husband) from (s.o. else. i.e. a second wife ..:;.S~ nukte (A) n. joke. s.th. said to provoke
and in favour of the fIrst wife). •....,:..~IS­
laughter.+ j~_ adj. given to joking! telling
amulet written to enhance the doer's position
good jokes.+ ,jl.}~/_ V.t. play a joke/ trick on
with another.- ';;':''';ljt41. + ':'l.}:..,J .;;.:..,; v. have
charm written fori against (s.o.). (s.o.).+ 1""";1;.$1_ v. tell a joke.

u:- ''''; nu~tin pres. stem of the verb. ,:,~~.,; p':;; noke, n. 1. servant, male servant. Syn.
and I""";~~"; q. V. 3'J~ . ..;:......~. C.! ~I.JIS. 2. stooge,
puppet.+ IS- n. 1. employment as a servant. 2.
role/ service of a stooge or puppet. + ,jl.? IS.J.$':;;
 550

v. play the role of a stooge; be in the service ~..).)_ adj. 1. persistently whining (of a
(of..s)· disgruntled child). 2. continually harping on
the same theme/ grievance/ argument. + j"":'_
j..;.; nol only in j;.;.,..~..; q. v.
n. prolonged oj.v-i q.v.+ ~LA/_ v. be heard
o~.,:. numre =o)q.v. whining.
~..;.; none n. nursery word for some kinds of V"''''''; nOs pres. stem ofthe verb iJ'::.-"":' q. V.; also
food. second part of some compound nouns, i.e.
V"'".,:.""-"li~j-! q. v. + "I~_ 1. adj. written,
..,,;1 nO also oS".,:. adv. now. Syn. 1. l::....;;.
transcribed. 2. n. article, written composition/
.2
»-' nli adj. new. See ~.,..;.+ .:,o~_ adj. report.+ 4_ also ~_n. office, place
contemporary, modem, current; present-day. where business! professional! clerical work is
Cj ..u't..I')ojlJ.+o.J";.))" .:,o~_ v. rejuvenate, bring conducted.+ ~o_ n. wriner; author. C.! 1.
up to date; revamp, restore. C.! o.,.;.).f.,;..,:..+- ~I.).< .J4-"";.J4-.+ ~~_
n. writing, s.th.
~ n. modernity. wrinen.+ ~_ [V"'.v-'l v. write, compose;
commit to/ put down on paper, put down in
l.v-i nOwa n. front, fore. Syn. 3. ~. + .;.;$ _ n.
writing.- ~"";..s~o,;4S.+ o,,~_ [V"'.v-iJ v.
leading sheep in a flock.
copy, transcribe; write once again! anew.
-!I.v-i nliwa! pres. stem of the verb .:".>~I".,:..+
.:,L...,,; [~".,:.J nlisan v.i. I. adhere, stick, be
,j-!.- Vv. .;] v.i. look (at-~), direct one's eyes
glued (to-~) (syn. 1. .:,lS:.J); cling, hold on (to,
(to). Cj ':'.))".r-.'-.
see .:,L-".,:.o~). 2. bel become hoarse, get
.:,.,L;I..,,; [~-""'] nliwandin v. show, appear, seem partially lost (of voice). <.:,L.."y o.S..io.). 3. bite .
<.:,.,L;I".,:.j>; display, present, exhibit.- ~"":;~. See 2. .:,L...,,; ~.+ .:,.)_ [~".,:.l V.t. 1. stick,
attach by causing to adhere/ glue on surface .
..54"j""':' nlitek adj. gloomy, depressing! dismally
Syn. .:,.,L;W. 2. cause to become hoarse/
dark. Cj ..s:..o lJ. + ..s- n. gloominess. partially lost (of one's voice).
~.v-i nO~ n. 1. trip. stumble. Syn. 3. .:,,»i 2. "l.....,,; nlisaw adj. hoarse, partially lost.
bow. + °J~I- [~".,:.] v. bow, bend the head!
I..r'»' nlise pres. stem of the verb.:, L..".,:. q. v.
body/ knee.+ ':'.).r. I - V.i. trip. stumble.+ .:,b/_
See ':'.).;1 ~".,:.. ~..,,; nfisen pres. stem of the verb .:,.I.i L..".,:. q. v.

~..,,; nlice pres. stem of the verb o.J";~""; q.v. "1,,.:;-.,,.,:. nfisenraw adj. attached, linked (to-4..t).

.:,..L.il-!".,:. [~..i.J":' ) nli!andin V.i. whine/ whimper .:,.,L;U"",:, [v-:;J..,,;J nfiqandin v. close, shut (of
in a low grating! rasping voice. eyes). C.! iJ.-> I.).
o-!.v-i nli!e n. a low grating whine/ whimper.+_ JU"":' nfiqaw adj. closed, shut (eyes).
-!.v-i n. sustained! prolonged grating whine.+.
..5..,,; nlik n. I. tip, point (of a pen! needle/ etc.):
~t..1 v. be heard making a o-!".,:. q.v.
~-!..s- spearhead. Syn. 0,;.:;..;.2. See o.,oS".,:...J.+-
':'..L.ilj""; [~..i.".,:.J nlil.andin V.i. whine in a low ~ adj. having a sharp point. + ~b _ adj.
voice. pointed, having! coming to a point. + n. .s _
oj.v-i nlil.e n. a low whining sound; a long soft point, particular step/ stage/ degree of
sob/ whimper.+ .:".>-./-1- v. silence, make quiet.+ development. + ~ 0 _ n. kick with point of
foot! tip of shoes.
 551

.J..LiLS'''''; [~.",;l nukandin

v. whine; cry in prayer esp. when performed at the mosque.-
whining and intermitent manner. (i.e. a child). ~~ .~"":;;'-J •..::..L.S~.+ .JJY-~""'; v.
be time/ hour
of prayer.+ .JJ.....s~.",.; v. pray, perform! say
A.S.",; nuke n. a whining sound! noise.+ ..5~_ n.
prayer.- 0~4.... ....;~.+ o~I;$lp 41/- v. catch
prolonged! sutained as.",; q.v. .JJ.J ..5~as.",; v.
up on one's missing prayers by saying them
whine persistently.+ ';&JY- adj. given to
later.+ ~ IJ/_ v. begin! start prayer.+ .J~/­
persistent whining; habitually complaining!
v. miss one's prayer at the appointed time. E.g.
griping.
~..;o}"';:~""'; She misssed her evening
~.",; nuken pres. stem of the verb .J..LilS~ q. v. prayer. Cj oJ":'~~""';"""+ ("'!.u_adj. devout
.J"";' nan name of the letter .J N. prayer.+ )A.S_ n. & adj. prayer; person who
prays: ~ JJjj~..;~ - devout Moslem (lit. one
.JJ.~} nan n. fault, defect, flaw, blemish . .JJY
who prays and fasts). + LL n. prayer haW
.J~ I~ v. be faulty/ defective, have flaw/
chamber (i.e. inside a mosque).+ ...;1)0/ 0_ n.
blemish.
prayer for rain.+ .Jl.!- also .J~- n. morning
~-.JJoi nuwen pres. stem of the verb .J..LiIJY q.v.+ twilight.+ ...s- adj. ritually clean for prayer (of
JI)- adj. shown! displayed! persented.+ IL n. garment! prayer rug/ etc.).
dip. mission, legation. + )0 _ n. representative,
j.;.",.; nlJ[ n. lever; crowbar (see ~lot).
agent, emissary, convoy.+ ";4-!1)0- n.
repersentation. ~.",.; nlJn I. n. bedding (including bed clothes,

;:u..; no adj. new, novel, fresh; new, recent, just

matress, pillows, etc.). Syn. "';~. C.! ..5'::-40/.
2. pres. stem of the verb .J..LiI.,; q. v. + )0 _ adj.
out (syn. 0;\.;); modem, up-to-date: ..;)jr See
sleep-inducing, soporific.
)j;""'; *_~l.o new moon.+ .JJY-~"; v. be new/
recent! up-to-date.+ oJ":'JY-/- v. be renewed! ~.",.; nlJngin n. yearling heifer.
restored; be extended.+ ;I~_ adj. modernisl.+ ..5...;;.",.; nonimek n. dough poultice.
,,;},.>_ n. modernism, modernity.+ .Jo)- adj.
..:. ne I. adv. not, no (expressing negation!
contemporary, modem; currcnl.+ )LS _ n. &
denial! refosal! dissent). E.g. ~ 0".;J""; No, he
adj. modernist; modernistic.+ oJ"':'J.J/- v.
is not here. 2. can). neither, nor. E.g. ....; -Plot ....;
renew, restore; renovate; grant! obtain an
extention of; modernize, rejuvenate. + )j~ _ n. ,;"1.,,.> Neither good nor bad. 3. negative preffix
I. first month of the Kurdish calendar. 2. used with all tenses. E.g. ';1.,:..""; I didn't know.
spring equinox, Iranian new year; Nawroz.+_ 4. negative preffix used for certain nouns
I; adj. newly born.+ jL._ n. new year. adjectives and adverbs, e.g. ~~ q. v. + • _
Syn.oj\.; .)L...+ ...s:.;L. _ n. new moon.+ I,$!._ n. adv. function word experssing the negative of
alternative choice/ responsibility: no. Syn.
newness; modernity.
~.+ L,.- can). lest, in order not to. Syn.
~.",.; nlJj n. prayer: o}';';..; _ evening prayer ~ ..50yt.-J.+ b~_ can). lest.+ .J~- adj. not
*~l.t..... morning prayer *jl~~";- afternoon congenial/ cordial; disenchanted (mother
prayer *~)';..;_ ritual prayer said over the dead animal with her baby).+ ~L,.- n. lack of
*.J~";- ritual prayer prescribed for and congeniality/ conviviality/ cordiality. + .r- _adj.
performed during the two Islamic feasts ..;_ dull, lacking sharpness/ edge. Syn. J.,S'.+ JY--
*.Jl:.;J~ night prayer *.J1;;;"..;- evening prayer adj. nonexistent, missing, absent. ~ ....,
*jl~";- midday prayer *..rt.A.A";- Friday JY-~'+ .JJ.J-I- n. nonexistence.+ ~JY-- n. I.
 552

poverty, want. idiom. "..r.";'l~~..sJJ.} blame primitive 2. n. upstart, parvenu.+ ~li4.i,V!l-

it on poverty. 2. absence, lack. Cj ..s!1~~li.+. 1. n. perfect stranger. 2. adv. without any
~ adj. indomitable, unconquerable (in previous acquaintance, not having ever know
(s.o.) before. + ,:,Ij _ adj. incognizant, unaware.
courage! effort). Cj ;u~jS.+ ~lSoI..t- adj.
Cj 4.1....".;..+ JJ.Lilj _ adj. tactless, ungracious,
premature (child).+ i~- adj. unheard of,
thoughtless. Cj J..-;~. + i..-i1j _ adj. 1.
unprecedented. +~ _ adj. nonobservant,
unknown; anonymous. 2. gram. passive.+ _
inattentive, inadvertant; unseeing, blind (see
;.."s). + i~- adj. unprecedented, exceptional, .:.....ilj adj. inexpert, amateurish.+ ;~Ij_ adj.
singular.+ ~_ n. nonobservance, inexperienced, lacking knowiedge/
proficiency. Cj ~li.+ ~Ij_ n. ignorance,
inattentiveness, negligence; lack of foresight!
forethought.+ ~_ adj. unsuitable, lack of knowledge! familiarity/ awareness. + _
incongruous, out of keeping, extraneous. Cj ..sjj adj. barren (woman). Syn. ~..... Cj
;~li. See J~'+ IJ"~-adj. bold. with nerve, ;.J4:-.~ under -:.i.+
~~- adj. incalculable,
daring (.\Yn. ;I..Ik.i.j. I. ul.i"-t); rec::kless, countless.+ l.Jj_adj. inanimate, lifeless.+ jl-_
foolhardy, fOlWard; also used in comb. i.e. adj. discordant, disagreeing, disharmonious
IJ"~"';J~ q.v.).+ :J:i-adj. dissentient; opposed, Syn. 2. jL-li.+ ..sjL....- n. discordance,
against. . Cj jJ.+ ~_ adj. motionless, still.- disharmony.+ uJ'.;-- adj. restless, fidgety.+_
,:,~.+ )"},,>_ adv. particularly, principally, »- adj. practical, realistic, pragmatic (course
especially.+ ~_ conj. lest.+ ~I.,>_ adj. of action! decision! etc.). C.f ..s.,ij...-.+ b"'- adj.
forbidding, odious, abhorrent; also used in tough, hard, strong (cj 1. ~); inflexible,
comb. with I.,> meaning: God forbid.+ ..;:,;._1. hard to influence (s.o.).+ u»-_ adj.
adj. sick, ill, ailing (syn. t.L...li •;~); fireproof.+ Jl1t--- adj. inapplicable,
diseased. + ':'»-I";~ v. bel feel sick. + _ unconnected, irrelevant. + adj. J~-
.;l.;......:.:,;. n. hospital. Syn. ';~.+ ";:,.;._ unsuitable, inappropriate, unseemly,
if...-> v. cause to become ill, make sick.+ ..;:,;._ malapropos.+ ..sJ~- n. unsuitability.+ ~l..i_
..;.,& v. get sick, falll become ill.+ ~:,;._n. adj. innocent, simple (child); artless,
sanitarium.+ ,:,I~:,;._ n. med. nurse.+ ~:,;._ uncultured, ignorant.+ ~l..i_ n. artlessness.
n. sickness, ailment, malady'. 1J~..s-~-
. I , • • •• E.g. 'J~ \.i.; ..sJJr-' Due to ignorance. + ..s_
rickets ~~:,;._ reckets ..s...:..-~:,;._ also ..s'J-I~'J- conj. lest, for fear that; used
tuborculosis *,j...:....,.:..:,;._ diabetes ~:,;._ with ~ .... as neg. conj. meaning: not so much
*~~ endemic disease. Syn . ..s;~. C.f 1. ... but rather. + Ol.".s _ adj. ill-equipped,

l;.l.+ ~J~:,;.- v. contract a disease, be unprepared. not up to; used with I~ See
afflicted by ailment. Cj ..;.,& ..;:,;....;.+ _ ol,j.....;I.,>.+ ..sjJ."s _adj. hard to cook (of cerea/l
ho~ adj. illitrate, unlettered, uneducated. + meat! etc. which require much cooking). + ..s _
..s;lJ'J...:.j~- n. illiteracy, lack ofeducation.+_ p conj. not only, not merely, not just... but...+
......;. expr. meaning: nevermind, it does not ~_ adj. constant, unchanging. Syn. ~. + _
matter. Syn. lSl.:.!.u.+..i=>- adj. no. Syn. • ';.+_ ,:,~)' n. incompatibility, incongruity.+ _

;b adj. indigent, impoverished. Syn. 1J"'~.s. + J~)' adj. incompatible, incongruous,

JJl. adj. taciturn, reserved. Cj JJ~.s. + ~l_ inconsistent. +~..$ _ n., phys. non-conductor. +
adj. invisible, unseen. See )-tlli.+ ..s~l- 1. ~J_ adj. unripe, not ripe.+ ir-S- adj.
adj. uncultivated, marked by the gross! unbroken (a horse).+ '.,I"r-S _ n. mix, ready
 553

unmixed ingredients.+ ~L..._ n. extinction, s..:.JJ~~ nqJBl4t n. claw, talon.

perdition, ruin, death. E.g. ~L."';~~~l;.....).;.,S
o~"'; nme n. morale, esprit de corps,
Either Kurdistan or Death (motto of the
confidence. Cj O.JJJ .JI..Lioj.
peshmerge); disappearance, vanishing (cj'i
~~).+ JL..- adj. extinct, nonexistent.+ ~_ ..»t0~"'; netreboq adj. big and awkward. C.!
adj. immortal, lasting, undying. + ..s~ _ n. 'ij.ili . o~.
immortality, eternal Iife.+ i..-li- adj.
J;~ neli!. adj. dissentient; opposed, against. See
unknown, obscure (s.o.); remote.+ ihJ- adj.
~.
unsaid, unspoken, unstated; untold,
indescribable.+ ..50J - = ..54,j q.v.+ ~.J- adj. o~~ netewe n. I. lineage, stock, descendant.
timid, fearful, lacking in couragel Cj o.J4.l1 under ,;4-t I. 2. nation, people. Cj I.
confidence. Cj o.J~.+ IJ"".J- adj. despicable, J& .~. + ':-.J~ - n. & adj. natinalist. Cj
contemptible (s. 0.). + i;;-..J _ adj. undesirable, .JoJ~~.+ ..;-~_ n. nationalism.+ .... li_
unwanted.+ "';'-".J- n. reluctance, n. nationality.+ ~lSo~.J..S~- n. United
disinclination, hesitancy.+ .:..l._ n. misfortune, Nations.+ ,.r-- adj. nationalist; national (syn.
mishap, misadventure. E.g. »-I..5.;;l.~...,:.~ ...,;~).
He met a misfortune.+ ~l._ adj. unfortunate,
u'",-!I~"" netewayetl n. nationalism.
unlucky, infelicitous.+?-_ adj. preventive,
obstructive.- ~~.+ jj ':._ v. 1. eliminate, ~ ne!!s (A) See .JWli.
abolisb, do away with. 2. prevent, discourage,
deter (s.th. from happening! s.o. from doing ..:..H..j "ext adj. littlel small quantity. Cj 2. .:,;;.+
s.th.). + ~_ adj. anti, opposing in effect! ~L....:.I_ v. be consumed! used up, have nothing
activity., E.g. ~...; ...sVU""""jj Anti-aircraft left of.+ '::"";'J'.J- adj. & adv. of ready/
gun.+ ~~_ v. oppose, bar, stop (s.o.) from immediate value; neatly and effortlessly. + _ 0 _
doing (s.th.)/ s.th. from happening).+ .Jlt- adj. o adv. little by little, gradually.+ ~ also~_
hostile, antagonistic, opposed. C.! ~.+ ..s.Jlt- adj. a little/ small amount or quantity.+ ~_
n. hostility, antagonism. Cj ~",-!l:...~.+ ~_ n. (A) n. & adj. casb.
& adj. negation; negative (gram). ~ "U! (A) n. I. pattern, design,
.:..~ nebal n. crystal sugar.-.}':" •...\.i.tJ.+ ~ configuration. 2. perfect! winning hand (in a
adj. baving the slight brown colour of crystal card game). + ~.)~ ~ v. draw, design,
sugar. pattern.+ ~~I_ [~l also o~..LiI_ v.

~ nabz (A) n. pulse. Syn. }..u-:..+ ~}I_ v. decorate, ornament, colour.+ adj.JI-

feeV take the pulse (of..s). decorated, ornamented; fake, phony, mock. + _
..Li~ n. painter.+ .J1.)- adj. decorated (as
.)~ neberd I. adj. energetic, dynamic, compared to plain! simple).+ .J~J- n. I.
aggressive (cj I. (~; brave and illustrations, sketch. 2. painting.+ 0_ n. I. map.
adventurous, resourceful (cj I. IjU). 2. n.
2. plan, scheme, programme. Cj •..;~.,;...;
battle, combat; contest. + ~I_ adv.
jj.;,~.s..:.o~.+ ~~ 0_ v. I.
map, delineate on a
energetically; bravely.+ .JLL n. & adj. I. map, draw a map of. 2. plan, scheme, perpare/
combatant; waring. 2. activist. E.g. ..s.JIS.)# think out.+ ~~/_ v. hold a perfect hand, have
~~ Political activist.+ ~ n. energy, a winning band.+ ~_ adj. pretty, pleasing;
dynamism; bravery. bedecked.
~ noqin pres. stem of the verbs .:,J.i~ ~.J""; nere adv. no. Ant. ~~.+ ;1.,.>_ adj.
and.~J.i~. negative, opposing, dissenting. Cf "':'IJ~'

~ ne! adj. male. Syn. ,;;; : .H~' _ male ':"'...)4..i nerit n. practice, custom, usage, order,
demmon* ~._ male lion. Cf j<lS .j.;.S.+ pervailing model arrangement of things: 1oS-
.:,.L.,;I_ [~~ I v. roar (e.g. a lion); shout, roar, IoSJ~I.J protocol* ..s!D J~4I';;'1oS- international
bawl (ef .:,J.il~).+._ n. roaring sound; shout, practice. Cf L..,L: .rLJ....... Syn. ..sjJ~.+ loS- adj.
groul.+ .:,~.? .~~ v. utter/ emit a roar; let out a customary, conventional, traditional. Cf
shout. + ~. _ n. sustained shouting! roaring. ~l=-lt.

~J4I nerd n. dice, die.+ ~_ n. dice game. n. tact, delicate perecption,

thoughtfulness, savoir-faire. Syn. j;...).
'~J~ nerde n. railing, fence (ef I. v--lIoI.();
balustrade. Jj41 neu =.JJ. q. v.
.:,It'~;4J nerdeban n. ladder. Syn. .~~. 4Jj41 nez.{e n. med. migraine (headache). Cf

r~ nerm adj. soft, tender, gentle; flabby,

.....:....;4-.
feeble; pliable, flexible. C! J'~.+ .:,~.?/_ v. ~Iy....; nejad n. origin, ancestry (ef 2. ~.,;. syn.
sofen, persuade (to dol agree). + .:,1- also ~I_ )J~); primary source/ cause (ef 2. 'J~J--)'+
n. soft place/ part! spot.+ b~~.}/_ v. softem loS - adj. original, primary; genuine, authentic.
(bread) by water/ heat.+ ~ _ n. soft (ef .:,--.~).
approach, mild! conciliatory attitude.+ __ adv.
J~j4.i nejnew adj. deaf. Syn. ~<IS. + 1_ adj.
softly, gently, easily and smoothly.+ ~J_adj.
recalcitrant, intractable, unruly.+ ~I_ n.
soft and flabby.+ J j _ adj soft and delicate.+_
recalcitrance, unruliness.
j;"';J adj. nice and soft.+ ':'~J- adj. mild
mannered, easy going; suave and graceful I.J"~ nes"n n. bot. wild rose. C! t W"s.
(woman).+._ n. soft part (ofs.th.): .:..:.JS_lean
4I~ neskene n. straw basket with a
meat *.:,I~ 1oS'- soft! inner part of the thigh 1oS'-
rope handle. Syn. ~.;.
*-;;.,$ earlobe. + .:,I)oi • _ n. soft, steady rain. Cf
J~ ne!ter n. scalpel, lancet (surgery tool).+
..::....:.J~.+ -/-._adj. flattering.+ ;:!.t._n. sieve. C!
.s..;~.+ ':"J'~'- n. walk (ofa horse).+ v-..;'- n. )S _also J.$ - surgeon. + loS;.! _ n. surgery .
coarse woollen saddle c1oth.+ J\.t..- n. canter. ~ nt!!m n. style, mode, form, way. C.! .)I~
C! JLt. .-.JjJ.+ ':"J.,J.- adj. easily swallowed '::"'-:'~I~.+ ~_ also ~_ adj. stylish; pretty,
(of food). + <lSjS._ n. soft cough (as of the sweet, adorable.
eonsumptive).+ ~._ n. soft approach, mild!
4,j'r41 neqete n. loud and shrill cry/ shout. C.!
conciliatory attitude. + LS. _ n. land ploughed
.~~.+ .:,b~/_ v. utter a loud and shrill cry/
and left fallow.+ ~._ 1. n. wad of silk floss
yell. Cf .;.);.
formerly used in ink-pot. 2. adj. soft, moist
and slippery/ slimy.+..s:..:.:;,; D_ adj. temperate, l.:.&.~ nec;na (A) n. bOI. mint. See 1.fA '~~»oi'
mild, clement (climate! weather); suitable. + _ Cf &.;~.
~ also 1oS- n. softness, tenderness; flexibility,
nefrin n. abhorrence, loathing,
pliability.+ ~_ See J;".J4I.+,j!- adj. soft and
detestation. + i.->-;J - adj. abhorrent,
graceful (woman).
 555

detestable. CI "";J~. + ~~.,s"..) /_ v. abhor, shameful, infamous. 2. faulty, defective. + •

loathe, detest. ~;/ V. fmd fault! defect (in-.J); criticize (see
4J.u4.i nefeqe (A) n. alimony. Syn. 2. ;~. ~.} a:.;..;).+ ..... l.i_ n. lampoon, satiric poetry.+
,J- • See ) JS.:,4.i.
J.U4.i nefel n. clover.
~4.i nene n. granny, grandma (when calling
~~ nefiT n. hom (musical instrument). CI one's grandmother)
l.io;~.
1.J~1 newa n. tune, melody, song. Syn. I. jIJl,;.
neqar. n. stonemason.+ I.S- n. Cj "';1.JjS.+ ~..,,;._ n. vocalist, singer. Syn.
stonemasonry. Syn. ~l;~.)4.f. &-'1-(
~»", .

..I.i~4.i Neq~bend n. lit. painter; title of the 1.J"".2 newa conj. lest. Syn. ..soJ4.i . lot4.i.
founder of the Naqshbandi order of dervishes;
used also in a formula of irIVocation: I.SL.:. ~ I"".,.J newa n. comfort, easy circumstance, cheer,
..I.i~4.i Help!.+ I.S- n. & adj. adherent of the opUlence. < I"..:.:;.. .
Naqshbandi order; of! relating to that order. .:....:.jI,,; newazist n. blandishment, flattery.+
Dr-4.J neqize (A) n. prod! goad for urging on ~~.,s ':"":'jly..i V. blandish, coax, persuade with
naimals; plough-staff for scraping mud off flattery/ soothing words.+ ~J.:.j"";'/_ V. sing
ploughshare/ other tools. praises (of-I.S) Cj ~IA b;...,;l; 4.f.
~"s4.i neAute int)o a plague on you.
~..I.il"...; [~J4i I
newandin V. lower, drop/ reduce
jj.;LS4.i neAeToz adj. cool, cold ish, refreshing height or elevation (oj). Syn. ~..I.iLi. See I~
(place! drink! etc.) Cj ~)_ .~. ~..I.il J4.i. -1.Sy..i.

~4.i negbet n. unlucky, hapless, wertched .:....J~ newt n. mineral oil, petroleum: -...,....fo.
(cj jj.is); ill-fated, inauspicious (cj ";D.{"'O~).+ oil products _-I.SI,? oil lamp -1ft'" I.S _ kerosine
I.S- n. unluckiness; inauspiciousness. + ~.} I.S- V. .";0'; I.S - diesel oil. + I.S- adj. dark green
have a streak of bad luck, be overwhelmed by (colour).
unlucky circumstances.
.)"...; neWT n. topog. depression, hollow, area
v-'..J~ negris adj. base, vile, despicable (cj sunk below its surrounding. Cj 1.Sy..i.
~.J); stingy (see I. ..sJJ,?)'+ I.S- n. vileness;
stinginess. jj.).J4.i NewTOZ See jJ;"'; under ~.

DjLA~ nemaze ad",. specifically, precisely, """.J~ news (A) n. inclination/ greed! desire
explicitly. Cj ':"'4.il.i~ .~~l; 4.f under 4.f2. (esp. for food.) CI rlS2 '.JJjo.)l,; .j~.+ ~_ adj.
desirous! having great yearning! covetous (esp.
rLA~ nemam n. sapling, young tree. Syn. ~. of food}. CI ~ ...s~.+ ..r- n. strong
Cj jJ~.~o.)~. desire/ greed! yearing .
..s.:.~ nenA n. grandmother. Syn. o.)J.s4!I~ .l!b. ..;~ new~ n. conception, design, thought. Cj
Cj D~b. ..s~ ..s...~ 'I.SJ~J..:.b •~JJJI~.+ 0 _ n. poetry,
poem. Syn. oi,.;,.;. under ~l. CI ..... IS~.+ 0_
..s..;~ neng n. I. infamy, shame, degradation.
.)1$ n. poet.
Cj •.s!.D.J.v:.. 'r~' 2. fault, defect, shortcoming.
CI 2. ~lot .a:.;.o.;. Syn. ~')J.,s.,..~.+ )~_ adj. I. .;,; niho ad",. now. See I. \- :~.
 556

r;"; nihom n. storey, level. Syn. 2. ":"lJ. )~1 niyar n. notion, inkling, impression.<

.$.J~ newug n. felt. C.f I. ~L;. Syn. .)~.

A· .:;.
)4,..] niyar n. stage, theatre. Syn. .;;l.:.; setting,
I~ newe n. I. descendant, child, scion. Cf
context, environment (in which s.th. occurs).+
.JL.o~. 2. generation.
.;,U_ n. actor (stage, Iheatre).+ I.S- n. theatrical
.)1 ~ newed n. ninety. + .J.l..oI _ also .J.l..o~ _ acij. activity/ performance. Syn. UJ..s'j.il.:. .
ninetieth.
j~ niyaz n. intention, intent, design, notion
U~ newt acij. & n. low, depressed, subsided (cf .$;4-); wish, desire (see 2. .:-I.~).+ jL:;
(cf rji); col, dip in mountain range (cf J~).+ ';'»-t (~) v. intend, have in mind. E.g. "-!~rjL:;
.;,- [;:s.,~) I. v.i. drop, sink, dip, fall. C.f b ~ I intend to go. Cf 3. ';'»1 .~.+ .;,.).J jL:; v.
\Joo'J4.iI.) .~,,&. 2. v.t. tackle, swoop to carry/ wish, desire, hope for. Syn. &Ji-I.,.;.-..:..I.,li.+ )L
pick ~p. (in comb. with ..J -at). E.g. .J I""JIoI adj. wishful, hopeful, desirous (s.o.);
u4.S4A.J.,J I pulled at its handle. + .J _ adj. fallen, intentional, diliberate (cf J~p).+ ~.}/- v.
dropped low, dipped. make a wish, wish. + ~ _ adj. intent, bent,
;:s".; newl pres. stem ofthe verb \Joo'JIoI q. v. firm.
.;,Le;1 niyan n. bot. phloem.
u~ new; n. col, dip in mountain range. Cf
.u.. 'J~. .;,L,i niyan adj. I. resilient, flexible, amenable,
2. See .;,L:;"..;4i.+ 0.>- n. resilience.
~4. neheng n. whale. Syn. 3. j~.
~ nef;r n. prey, quarry. Cf .,IJ 'JI,S;..:..+ .;,1.,1-
~ nih em n. I. force (applied), muscle,
n. hunter. Syn. ;4S.,IJ.
exertion Cf.r--. Ij.,.J. 2. coercion, strong arm.
Cf JJj. 2. ftlj.+ ~- adj. coercive. ~ nix intj. denoting a panting sound. +
.;,..L..il_ [w.:) v. pant, breath in a lab loured
.;,-;.,.; nihln n. secret, s.th. unknown (syn. I. jIJ);
manner.+ J""".J-n. loud prolonged panting.+ •
mystery, enigma: 1..$4. l:-I.S- military secrets. + -
I n. a panting sound! noise. + ~I _ n. sustained
r- acij. perfidious, disloyal, unfaithful.+ tJ.!.i-
panting. + be heard! keep panting. +
';'»i';"";' v.
acij. clairvoyant; having! endowed with occult
powers.+ ~_ n. clairvoyance; occult .;,.)..,5 ~~ v. pant. + ~I _ adj. torpid,
powers. + ~~_ acij. capable of keeping sluggish, lethargic. .
secrets.+ .;,Ij_ See ~ q.v.+ .r5- adj. ;;...;1 ner adj. male (cf I. j4S. ant. ;:.,..); manly,
treacherous, insidious.+ )Lt.- n. private virile, manlike; brave (see I. IjL:); gram.
secretary.+ U- n. & acij. secret, secrecy; masculine.+ ..>.-1_ n. zool. stag.+ ~I_ odv.
mysterious, cryptic (syn. ~..L:.t). idiom. ~ bravely, man-like.+ jL,.- acij. sodomite. See
~ u;.; ..J ~ Let me tell you a secret! I jL~u.+ o.>jL,.- n. sodomy. See uj~~·+­
wouldn't hide it from you (normally preceding :..,s;1t adj. & n. transvestite (of a woman).+ .$-
the actual telling ofs.th. secret). n. I. heart, stalk-like part; sprout. E.g. j~4S""';;
;:;1 nl pres. stem ofthe verb.;,li q.v. onion sprout. 2. bOI. pistil.+ 4S"_ n. I. head of
boW abscess. 2. See .$...;;.+ .$"j_ n. bOI. style.+
-..l ne n. wooden aqueduct; open watershoot (of
mill). -""'.J- n. snap fastner (lit. male and female).+ ~
.;,.)~;:.,..., v. cross pollinate.+ I_I. acij. he/ male
 557

(animal). E. g. "-to;'; It is a he. 2. first part of .5.;,0~ ntTeng n. (act of) conjuring! summoning
some compound words often meaning: man, by invocation or incantation.- .J.J.)~'+ .5.;,0";'
male, he.+.J~ 0_ n. truly brave. masterful ;.,J~ v. conjure up; summon! affect by magic.+
man.+ ~...o_ n. & adj. big! imposing person; jL...._ n. conjurer, wizard, magician, juggler.
strapping. + ;,,~ _ n. masterful woman. + .5.pSo_ C.f jll.J.J,)~.
n. tomboy.+ ;450- n. jackass (syn. ~. ant.
*;"I.J0..r-:. neTewan n. observer, person! delegate
~l..); high-handed! overbearing person. + _
sent to observe.+ loS- n. observance, act of
..;I~o adv. high-handedly, in an overbearing
observing! monitoring.
manner. + ~..;4S0 _ n high-handedness. + ~o_
n. male hill partridge. C.f J.5l... Syn. J4.1. + _ *..;;; nez n. famine, hunger. C.f ..}I} ,,-,,U.
~o adj. male/ he (of a mule).- .r=-;;.+ ..S'..I.,.'oo_ 0";;; nn.e n. lance, spear.
n. & adj. bisexual (person).+ G.,';JJo- n. he
j..;il nej pres. stem of the verb u;...:.lJ q. v. + (;:s.;fti 1
bear.+ .5.;,~ 0_ n. drone (bee).+ 1oS- n. I.
;,,1.;_ pass of the verb ~lJ q.v.+ .J1.;_adj. I.
manhood, virility; maleness. 2. he-goat, b
goat. C.f ~....riL..: 1oS.:...s _early September.+_ burried, intered (corpse). 2. planted.
~ I. adj. masculine. 2. n. male: Jl,;1oS4 ;.;;2 nej second part ofsome compound forms,
thalweg, main current of stream. i. e. j;J..1..1.).....
,;,...2 niT pres. stem ofthe verb ;".).;l' q. v. + ..11.;- ..,..;. nIs n. non-being. nonexistence.
~/so.JI).)- adj. sent, dispatched, delegated.+ ;0-
n. sender, dispatcher.
;,,~ Nisan n. (month of) April. C.f .;,,'J.,$
;.1r""";.+ ..S'j_ n. small and short-stemmed
.$..r-:. neTg n. blaze. C.f -;L.+ .$';;'0_ adv.
violet! white/ red flewers which bloom in
blazingly.+ ;"li.v-.$...;..;o_ v. bum blazingly, April and is very short-lived.
blaze merrily (fire).
..5-..;. nisi n. lentle. idiom. &-.;.~..;
}~ neTg;" also..,..!",;,,; n. bot. narcisus; ~j.!"':;":"',.J~ He is very fickle/ inconstant (lit.
daffodil.+ ;~_ n. field! big patch! belt of like a lentle he has neither front nor back).+_
narcisus. ~ n. lentle soup .
..$,;;. nlTge n. wooden beam (e.g. in a ceiling).
~ nlske n. gait (of a horse). Syn. ~......
Syn. 2. jl...... I
1. ~Jo;. .
4J4S',;;. neTgele n. waterpipe, hookah, hubble
~ n4, pers. stem ofthe verb ~ and o~
bubble. Syn. I. }o}. C.f J..:.-. .;,,~.- ~l;.+_
~ _ (~l v.i. I. pricipitate, settle (liquid
q. v. +
;",).?~/ v. fIX! prepare waterpipe.
mixture); in comb. with ~ meaning: settle/
.J.J.r-' niT" n. I. strength, active power, force. accwnulate on (i.e. dust). 2. sit ~I,) sink in
C.f lil.,; .~'J~,). 2. force (as body! unit of level, drop; cave in, sag, droop (as if from
troops). C.f ~.+ ),)_ adj. strong, powerful. pressure! weight) (c.f ~ot..i .;"JP.I,).+ .;.j_part
C.! 1. Jioj4i. of certain compound verbs.+ ;4-/ a;; _ v. set at
(as to chase! capture! attack).+ ..S'i..t;4-/ a;; _ v.
o~ niTe also ..10";' n. small irrigation channel. be superimposed! piled one on top of
C.f 4S',p. .jlJ;,). another.+ ..S'4.!.j..A/~- v. attack, /engage each
other.+ o~_ v.I. land! alight on a surface
 558

(plane! bird! etc.) 2. subside, abate, go down, ~ niga n. look. glance.+ ~~.J ~ v. look!
fall (jIood water! S.o. 's high temperature).+_ glance (at), pay attention (to), observe.+ )~­
..s~/ ~ v. entangle/ attack each other.+ ~ _ n. adj. & n. attentive; observer (syn. ~IJo;;;).
precipitation; sediment, settlings.
J~ nigar n. 1. picture, drawing (cf 2. ...:,j-.JL:);
~ n4.t also ~.; _ adj. resident, residing,
photograph (cf 1. ...:,j-.J).< J~"":':;'''';'+.;.;5-
domiciled. + ~J.?{ z.r:. 0_ v. i. reside. dwell (in-
n. one who draws/ sketches.+ ~L.:.;S/- v. draw
loS). + ~~.;-S ~o - v. t. settle; make/ cause to
picture, produce likeness by drawing. + .J _ n.
reside. + ~o _ n. settlement, act! process of
photogragher. + .;,,-;.J/ - v. take picture,
settling, sedentariness. + ~ L.. _ n. native land,
photograph. Syn. .;,,-;.J .......:.;-.J.+ 1oS~ _ n.
country, homeland, fatherland. Syn. I. J,j.j.+_
photography.+o_ n. I. painting.+ ~~.J oJ~ v.
JO.J~L. n. & adj. patriot; patriotic. + _
paint, make painting. 2. configuration,
IoSJO.J.J~L. n. patriotism.+ ..."L._adj. patriotic; contour.+ "';l>o_ n. art! painting gallery.+ )So_
native. + ~ _ adj. habitable; livable. + ..;,0 _ n. n. painter, artist.
resident, domicile.
4J1~ n;geran adj. anxious, apprehensive
...-;...~ ni~aste n. starch.+ ,y.J/- v. make starch (about), fearful (oj). Cf l.Jfo. .u!j.J~ .)~leJ,.,>·+
(esp. by trampling soaked grain and drying it IS- n. anxiety, concern, apprehension.
in the sun).
~ nil n. bot. Indigo plant. + IS- adj. indigo,
~~ n4,an n. I. target, mark to aim/ shoot at;
dark greyish blue.
sign 2. medal (as award). 3. used in comb.
with. J~ meaning: reference to (s.th. known .J~..,4; nilufer n. bot. water lily.
only to the parties exchnging
correspondence).+ ~_ n. marksman.+ ~b/_ .J:;; nile also;:J,;; J;; See ..5;;;.
v. show, dispaly; point out, indicate. Syn. r--e-' nim adj. half (see ~); sec~nband. + ~ _ n.
~I~~~.+ ~jjlS..:../_ v. hit a target, score by short jacket. Cf 4..J..,...., • .:..J....... + ~_ adj.
hitting the mark. + ~.;-S _ adj. designated, partial, incomplete, half; pseudo; of some sortl
selected, chosen. + I.S _ also-..5 n. rear sight kind! character; slight (used normally as pari
(of jirearm).+ o~r..:./_ v. put up target for of certain compound forms). + J l:; ~ _ n. poor/
shooting.+ J~- n. surname; family name.+. meager/ petty sort of man+\j~_ n. slight
~.J.JoJ/ v. receive medal! honour temperature, little fever.+ ~_ adj. semi-
decoration.+ 0_ n. I. sign, indication, detached.+ ..5Jj~~- n. peninsula Syn. ..sJiS.-
symptom, mark. E.g. ~~IoS..,;~ It is a sign! wJj~.+ ~~~_ n. half-educated person;
mark of excellence/ good character: ..5W"j 1oS0- mediocre/ ordinary scholar.+ ~j-:,~_ n.
birth mark. 2. (act! occasion of) taking pesudo intellectual.+ ';"":"I~_adj. secondhand,
jewellery to intended wife to wear as a sign of
engagement.+ ~~~o_ v. I. consummate
. adj. fried (eggs). Syn. ~jJJ~'+
used.+ JJJ- .
'::"':".,S'- n. gypsum used at half its strength.+ 0_
engagement by sending! giving gifts. 2. mark,
n. & adj. half.+ ":":'>0_ n. half a brick (as used
designate as if by a mark. + ..so _ n. target, mark
in brick laying). + JO~o _ n. sub-continet.
(to hit! score on).+ JI.Jo- adj. I. engaged (of a
girl). C.!
)jjl.r--!ju. 2. marked, designated! ~ nO. pres. stem ofthe verb 4J I} q. v.
indicated. 3. marked, graded (e.g. a test
tube).+ ,y.J/o- v. aim! point (at-.J).
 559

..s~ ninok n. anat. nail. CI . .$..!.JJ~"; ..s4i.~~ niwenimek = ..s...:.:;~ q. v.

..s~.f:: ~~ toenail·~~.)~fmgemail·~
..5..-:..~ niw4k n. 1. butter. See oJ.$. 2. cream,
CiU toenail.
flower, prime (syn. "';1.;); essence, gist (see 2.•
~
•• 1 new See JL;I J4IAJ.5 1. 0Jlt.u).

~ new See Jl".2.+ ;;I_prep. I. between. E.g.

;;~I..,;; ut ..... ~Y-~ Relations between them. 2. in
comb. with I.) meaning: among, amidst. E.g. 4..l
b .:"Lo.p-J,.;; Among ourselves.+ ut~~":':'I- adj.
international, affecting! involving two or more
mations: ut~~":':'I-IS"-"~~ international
agreement *ut~~":':'I-lSi~-! intermational
organization *ut~~":':'I_"';4-L:- inernational
politics *ut~ .,.....:.:,1_1.1"'..) It;.o international trade. +
...;-JJ~~ adj. international.+ j ....L n. lobby;
anteroom! lobby. + IJ"'.JS _ adj. group- (activity/
effort! organization).+ ~jS _ n. lobbyist.+ jS_
.;,-;.J v. lobby, promote (s.th.) by influencing
public affairs.+ ~,,-"jS_ adj. communal, ofl
relating to community. CI ISj~J~J~ .

.,.,;. ntw adj. & n. half (syn. ~~). + ~ JI .... 1. adj.

half-full. 2. adv. half-and-half.+ ..s~ .. n.
semicircle. + :;..$ .... n. half ell (unit of measure).
CI j.5.+ ~_ n. the half; mid, the middle part of
(as part of certain compound nouns and
adjectives); semi-.+ ";jlt~-n. semi-circle.+~_
~ adj. half-, imperfect, partial. Cj JI~L;.+ ....
o~ ~ n. radius.+ j.J~- n. noon, midday.+ -
~'j.J0 n. siesta. + 'p-4J.)~ ~ _
adj. semi-
independent. + J"':" 0_ n. midnight. + ISJ":"o _ n.
song of midnight (often resembling albal
dawn song of lover deploring interruption by
cockcrow). + J LS~ _ n. agricultural labourer who
receives share of the crop as wage.+ ISJLS~- n.
system! arrangement of paying wage in kind;
part-time job. + ~~ _ adj. half-boiled, half-
done (of cooked food). CI k)·+ ;.S~- n.
hemisphere: ISJ~j ISj-SO- n. either (northern!
southern) half of the earth.+ .:"L$~ _ adj. half
dead.. barely alive.+ JJ.)~ 0.... See ;;L$o~.
 560

I. n. saying (syn. .......J. cj~J"'J); word (see

.....:..1J). < ~I.1 4.......! ~.J.H' 2. adj. proverbial,
commonly spoken of. + •.J'JyAj _ n. irresolution,
vacillation.+ ~L.; IJ/_ v. assume, suppose, esp.
in the standerd formula: ~IJ 1.1 suppose/ let's
assume.+ •.11)1.)- adj. hypothetical, conjuctural.
Cj ~~4.,j. .~I.1'+ ~Ijl _ v. so to believel
think. E.g. ~I..;.IJ I thought! So was my
understanding. fl..;.... 1.1 I think! believe . ..;ljll J
Imagine/ Think as ifi' Assume that.+ ~J,j~.sl _
.,t IlIw I. 24th leiter of the Kurdish alphabet. 2. v. relate! convey/ give a specific impression,
conj. and, function word to indicate suggest a particular meaning (of news/ s.o. 's
connection! addition. E.g. ~Jjj you and I. statement! etc.). E.g. ,- :':;.4•.) IJ~ ~--..l What
you say suggests that. + •.1 _ adv. that! this way,
./ u conj. and (used after a constant instead of
in! from that direction. E.g...:....:...j~ o.1I J He went
J I_W q. v.).
that way. .Jl. o.1I J He came this way.+ I,.I!._ adj.
j 0 the open always long vowel 0 presumptive, assumed.

1.1 wa l. adj. and adv. thus, so, (this! that) way, tlJ wax int}o alas!
in (thisl that) manner, like (this! that). E.g. 1.1 •.)1.1 wade (A) n. l. promise. See .;,;J4.f. C.! I.
~ It was not so. ~ IJ Do it thisl that ..:.AS. 2. time. See .:.olS.
way . ..:....:...j~ •.11.1 He went that way. 2. adj. such, 1
of a kind! character indicated or suggested.
JIJ war n. station, halting place. Syn. )p. C.!
E.g. ~ 1.1~ There is no such thing. Syn. ~J' + .s _n. recreation ground, park.
1.1L.;, u •.1' 3. adv. there, here, now (used JI.J} -WtIT suffix (often used in comb. with ,) to
interjectionally). E.g. .:.oL..I.1 There/ here he certain compound adjectives meaning:
comes. ~j~~ 1.1 Now we are leaving. 4. n., characterized by, -ful. E.g. h •....;...,.: Hopeful.
math.exponent. 5. used with the substantive
}/ war n. money paid tol charged by the
form of the verb ~.J.JoI meanning: be at! present
propietor of a gambling place.
at. E.g.•;...1 1ftl.1 We are here. ~.JY.I.1 v. I. be so,
come about! occur in such a manner. E.g.4.f.I.1 V"~IJ wa!.is adj. carded (ofwool).-":'.5-•.).
It is sol That is true. 2. in comb. with 4J ~~I.J wa!.es n. judge, magistrate of religious
meaning: bel is at. E.g.•.,a-lL. ..I~I.1 They are at courts. Cj ~jll.
home. ~~.;S 1.1 v. do thus, make (s.th.) sol in
";)J warq n. surrounding walV fence;
such a manner. E.g.~)'..;~Lt.I.1 They didn't do
enclosure. Cj .J"":" .~~.
sol They didn't do it that way.+ .~_ n.
postulate, supposition, assumption.+ ~_ n. oJI J ware n. installment, payment; time See J~'
informant, one who gives! carries
~).J - -wan also~) Ji'- !suffiix to certain nouns.
information. + L; -I..; _ I. adv. therefore, that
meaning: in the manner of, -like. i.e. ~)J.)~
means! indicates, thus, hence, as follows.
E.g. ~L; L;I.1~L.; I don't see him, therefore in the Kurdish manner/ way. Cj ~) J •.)~'
he is not coming. 2. n. meaning. See.)>>!.+.;_ J.-h waril (E) n. barrel, vat. Cj ~ •~J4.f.
 561
.;1.,

.h waz only in oJ L:;a .l, v. desist, cease to name of a species of wild fowl.+ ';"'J- n.
proceed! act, stop (cj oJI.;;,...,J); quit, give up, wailing! croaking (i.e.children. frogs).+ L. n.
relinquish. E.g.. - :·:-li.h He will not give up wail, a wailing sound; howling; croaking. + •
(syn. 3. ~j4-S' Il); in comb. with 4J or Z) JI JO n. loud, sustained wailing (esp. 0/a small
meaning: leave (s.o.! s.th.) alone/ undistw'bed. child).
E.g. ~~ro.h1rt Go away, leave me alone
~1.1 waqen pres. stem o/the verb~UIJ q.v.
(cj ~}j.u':....0l).
oj$!.1 wagije See "o;$'.
u,iIJ wad alsou,i'-t n. play. Cj u;lt, under;lt,I.+
oJ~.} ujlJ v. play; jump up and down. jlJ wal adj. open, airy, sweeping.

~1.1 waJ adj. confused, perplexed. CjJ1J: ':I.J"- ~I,,' wala adj. & n. small piece of cloth,
rag. < 'il JJ'iU •'21 JO~.J.1J; small. + .;5- n. fault
fmder; critic.+ ~.JI- v. find fault (with-Z),
JI~IJ wajaw n. I. overflow, inundation (water);
criticize.
surplus. 2. distributing irrigation canal.

o~1J
1·
waje n. rustle, fluttering! crackling
'21"z wa[o adj.clear, lucid. See 3. oJJ.1-l· C.! .JI-l'+
~_ n. fme-meshed sieve/ sifter. Cj ~ft.t.+.
sound.+ ~IJ- n. sustained rustling! fluttering
."....;~.}I v. clarify, elucidate, explicate.
noise.
Syn O"';~.} oJ.1.1-l'
o~l"z waJe = O~J q. v.
oJ-l'21 J wala!,in n., bot. gaint plane tree. Cj ;l.:~..
Syn. ; 40;.v-.
.t....!.IJ wlI!e n, zool. sparrow hawk. Cj o~4J~.
rolJ w~ n. debt, obligation (financial! other).
..s.
idiom: 4....!.1 J J in a swooping manner (lit. like
Cj&..JjJ.+ oJ~....s rolJ v. borrow, fall into debt
a plummeting sparrow hawk).
through borrowing. Syn. oJ~....s ,i?J.+ ).),., n .
.,;s.1.1 wa9Z (A) n. preacher, one who sermonizes. debtor.+ u;b- n. indebtedness.+ oJIl/- v. lend,
wa¥n n. indoor game played with advance money (to), loan.+ 0"..:.1~/_ v. pay
walnuts in which points are scored for each back a debt! loan! obligation.+ .JU- n. creditor.
cannon (strilce). Cj )~,ip.
;~I J wafiir n. opium. Syn....s\.lJ. + ~ _ n
oJl J - -wan also oJl JL. suffvc for certain nouns
opium addict. Syn.~lJ,J.
meaning: -er, i.e. oJIJl$' .J~l,..q. v.
JI,,' waq n. mind, disposition, mood.+ oJ.JY-JIJ ..s:...;I J - -wanke suffvc/or certain nouns, i.e.
v. be of the mind! disposition, be inclined tot
.s:..;1).. q. v.
in the mood of. + oJ L.. I_v. i. be astonished!
astounded.+ ,jJ~/_ SeeoJL..-lJJJI J .+ oJL..PJ/- 4...i1,,' wane n. lesson, teaching, subject, class (as
v. be dazed! dumbfounded! flabbergasted. + _ division of a course given in school).
-lJJ adj. dumbfounded, flabbergasted. + upJ- ....IJ } -wane also .;1".... suffix to some nouns, i.e.
n. astonishment, daze. .;1 J0,iJY. •.;1.".1,;5' q. v.
JI"z waq intj. denoting a wailing sound.+
..s....IJ wanek also..5.:;,;l.1 n. thingamajig, what's-
oJ.l.L [~IJl v. wail (esp. 0/ a small child); his-name. Cj .... Ip. Syn. ~.
bark, howl (0/ a/ox); croak (0/ afrog).+ __ n
 562

~o.,l., waweyli (A) intj. alas!, woe! (esp. used source of a remark! statement.+ O~Jo.. n.
by women at a mourning ceremony). compact, agreement, convenant. Cf
~.,..s.s..;--l.+ O.;-'J"o.. n. anxious cerebration!
1oS1., way intj. expressing sorrow/ regret!
thinking (often as a cause of insomnia). C.!
disapproval! shamel pity: alas !~.u loS IJ Alas
JI~.
poor me!.+ __ intj. used to belittle s.o. 's effort!
statement: You don't say! ~.,., wulli n. flatiron, iron.+,..;:- n. presser
(with as iron); laundryman.+~ n. ironing
.J"-,!I., wayer (E) n. wire: .;,l-:.;S IS- extention
profession.+ .:"b/_ v. iron, do ironing, apply an
cord. Syn.j.Ij.
iron (to-;:,J) .
..5j _ - ok suffIX for certain verb stems to form
adjectives, i.e . ..5jr5; also used with certain
.;,4.,., wUfan n. break, pause, recess,
intermission. Cf 2. ~.3.oJl.o.<.:,,~.Jk.+.
nouns and adjectives indicating the diminutive,
i.e . ..5jj~. .;,b / v. pause, have break! recess,
intermission.+~.}/ - See .;,Il .;, ~"J'
..sj _ - oke & ASjj _ suffIX to form the dim. with
some nouns, i.e. ASjjl.} hillok. rl.,., wudim n. I. diploma, degree document. 2.
license, permit. Syn. I. V"~.+;I~ n. holder/
4.Jj_ - ole suffIX for certain adjectives, i.e.Jx}
owner of a degree/ diploma
q.v.
PJ WU! adj. light-headed, giddy, woozy.+ PJ
.,., tilwu long vowel u i.e. u~ .;~.u.s .0J~
';'.JJ-i v. bel feel light-headed; reel.+ ';'l.J -l.,J v.
q.v.
stupefy, daze, stun.-JI J I. + IS- n. giddiness.
u.,., wut also 4.JJ., n. statement, remark,
declaration (cf o~ .--..3); expression, term
J1-lJ" wu!aq adj. awesomely spacious/ roomy,
extensive; haunting.
(c.! 4..!.J.,); promise, word (cf ~).+ ;1_ n.
speech, public discourse, address. Cf ,.,IJ""""'; 4.J).,., wuTle n. murmur, munnuring sound, soft
~1.J4.l'..s:.;Le.i.,s'.+ .rl.;L n. speaker, one who utterance.+ ';'l.,$ 4,j)JJ v. murmur, make a
gives a speech.+ V"""';;'- n. speech writer.+;1_ sound, utter a word! soft utterance. E.g. IoS';JJJ
.;,b v. give/ deliver a speech, give a talk, make l.J~
He didn't say a word.+ uJJJ- n. sustained
a presentation.+ .;,I,>--£;;"",;.,J] pass. of the mumur/ soft human utterance.
verb~JJ q.v.+ .J-~] v.t. say, pronounce, riJJJ wurf n., zool. bear. Syn.I. V"?
state, utter (syn. I. .;,Irl. under ~); telV
l;J., wurd adj. I. fine, not coarse (ant. I. ":';';l);
communicate/ inform! convey (to-'-/ ,~)
small (i.e. children under ten.) (cf I . ..5~.
through word of mouth. C.! ';'l,J -.....i 'LJ-'-.tV0l.+. I. IJL...).<Ol;JJ. 2. meticulous, painstaking,
o.,..;tr'] v. I.repeat, say/ state again, reiterate
precise. 3. part of certain compound
(O~l,J 0; LtJ.,l); rehash. 2. give (a lecture), adjectives and nouns, i.e. ~l;"J q. v. + ';'JY-lJJJ
teach (a lesson).-~I/+~_JJ_ n. discussion, v. be broken! crumbled into small pieces (cf
debate, deliberation, exchange. Cf ,';'..I.il:...~b ';'.JJ-i~~JlJJJ); be meticulous! precise.+ lJJJ
j.S.,:..AS. + .:"Il 0_ v. make a statement! remark. + _ ';'l.;$ v. break! pound! crush into small pieces.+
IoSjl...o n., gram. inflection.+ ~o.. adv. according o~JY-/- v. I. examine carefully, look
to, as maintained! stated by. E.g.~';JJ.;..SJ~ searchingly/ intently (at! into-;:,J). 2. bel get
As your father would say.+ .;,IJo_ n. maker/ broken down into change/ small denomination
 563
'»~

(paper money, etc.).+ L.!!+ adj. perceptive, material.+ 0.. 0.. adv. little by little, slowly;
attentive to details; thorough. Cj ~~.+,.hi­ imperceptibly.+ ~J"- n. everything,
n. perception, thoroughness. + ~_ n. everything one can lay hands on. + IS- n.
scrutiny, close inspection, careful study/ fineness; exactitude, thoroughness.+ ~ _ adj.
analysis.+ ,;l.s.. n. auditor. Cj .J~' +1S.JlS'.. dear little (ones), lovely small (children).
n. au(jit, auditing.+ o~~.JI- v. change,
4..!..JJJ W",!e n. shimmer, shimmering.+ )~ adj.
exchane (money for smaller
shimmery.+ ;;I~/_ v. shimmer, shine with a
denominations).-o.J~'+ ....s.. gen. See
gleam, glisten. +J..JJJ _ n. much! continued
..s~.JJ"Jl.:...+ 45,;.J'fo n. miscelaneous small
shimmer.
items, inconsequential bits and pieces.+ J.l>J-
adj. pulverized. Cj jjj.,r.jjjr..+ ,:u~l>J~.JJJ ..S'pJ w"!k ~/so .$JJJ n. obstinate demand!
v. be pulverized! broken to bits.+ ;;~.J J.l>J~.JJJ design. C! ~.+ ISJL adj. obstinate, difficult
v. pu!verize, break to bits, reduce to very small (i.e. a child).+ vJJI- v. be obstinate, demand
particles. + ":"':'.J~J _ n. & adj. small and big, of (s.th.) stubbornly; insist (upon-;.) .
. all ages. + __ adv. leisurely, unhurriedly.+ 0.. n.
.$.JJJ W"rg n., anat. belly, potbelly (cj..5-);
1. change, coins/low denomination money. 2.
broken! crumbled bits (of certain things,
stomach (primarily of ruminants).+ ..:.:..-;.1_
i.e.v-l: O~.JJJ' o~.JJJ~.ft q. v.). 3. minute (time) ~ also ~ 4.,j\j I_v. dig in, begin to eat
(syn . ..S'.J,,».+ v-l:o- n. iron filings.+ l,oo- n. heartily/ voraciously.+ ;;I~/_ v. bulge, sag,
fart. See .;.+ ":""-Ilto- n. odds and ends, bits and swell and protrude (i.e. a wall).+ ~ adj.
pieces.+ I.I"Lto- n. detail(s), particulars.+ 0jtl_ potbellied. + n. joking manner of calling!
0..

n. brief! passing smile. + ~.J"-IO _ n. small rocks! reffering to (s.o.) with a potbelly or hearty
eater.+ vJ~/- v. develop a potbelly.
stones; gravel, rock fragments.+ ~o.. n.
microscope.+ ,?o.. See lto~.JJJ'+ ~~o_ n. fine ;;1 jJJ.JJJliSjJJ.JJJ] w"'"jan v. i. be agitated and
zigzag sewing.-JJ.J.t....:.,..+ (L>o.. also;;~_ n. swarm out (i.e. ofa hornet nest); be stirred up/
woman with a small and trim figure, petit provoked.+ ;;~~,jJJ.JJJ] V.t. agitate and cause
r-:-0 _
lady. + ;;1 ~o.. n. cereal, grain. Cj ...h.,.J4iI~. + to swarm out (bees! etc.); provoke/ stirr up
n. skirmish. See ~. + J.J.io.. n. peddler. +. (against-..J).
~j.i0 n. pedlling, pedler's profession.+ )So.. JljJJ.JJJ w"'"jaw adj. agitated and swarming;
adj. precise, meticulous.+ IS.JUo- n. stirred up, provoked.
meticulous! through work; elegantly executed
iSjJJ.JJJ w",lJje pres. stem of the verb ;;ljJJ.JJJ.
work.+ ;;~~ ~ IS.JLSo~.JJJ v. pay very careful
attention to details, be meticulous in ':;-;,jJJ.JJJ w"'"jen pres. stem of the
executing.+ i.J.t--5'0.. n. pore(s).+".so.. adj. verb ;;.... ljJJ)JJ q. v.
hypercritical, captious. C!,;.;J ":';'oJ'+ vJJ 0..
v. 1. separate fine from coarse (esp. by sifting!
screening). 2. in comb. with U.l meaning: ~.JJJ w"rme n. leave, authorized absence
criticize excessively/ in detail. CjJ ,,:,;,oJ'+. (from duty! employment! etc.).+ )~ adj. on
..s!..JS. n. mild ctiticism, trivial complaint. + J._ leave, absent (from work! etc.).
ad}. small and dainty, nice little .... , cute
little ... + ;;L;o_ n. bread crumbs.+ ~IJo.. n.
o.JJJ w",e n. morale, spirit.< O.JJJ 4.f.+ .J"-I- adj.
demoralizing, daunting, disheartening.+.
tailor's remnants, oddments left from clothes
 564
.s.:.JJ

1.J1~.;4-t/ v. bel feel demoralized, have one's quiet!. + I.J~~ IJ".1.1 v. hush, compel! reduce to
morale weakened, be despirited.+ u;'JL..~ n. silence.
esprit de corps, sense of common purpose with j..-J.J wusl (A) n. major ritual ablution
respect to a group.+ I.J.»J:/- v. be despirited!
performed by dipping! immersing oneself in
demoralized. water.+I.J~~;':'/_ v. perform a ritual ablution
'lJJ I wu!e n. whirl, bustle, confused tumult! by immersing oneself- ~ in water. C.f 2. ""..si
murmur of a crowd. + P.1 _ n. sustained whirl! .;,J~.
bustle.
L-JJ wusme n. dark green vegetable powder
.p} wu!e n. gnat. C.f-.J~. resembling henna-~ used also in dying
lou.1.1 wurya adj. I. alert, wary, watchful. C.f ..:.....j. woman's hair.+ ~.J;.r;/- v. apply ......JJ(to
2. skilful, competent, quick. C.f ..s........j. + lou.1.1 one's hair).

I.J~ V. be alert! attentive. E.g.4I louJJ Watch it. ;l.!..J.1 w"!fIT n. (act of) squeezing! squashing!
Be careful.+ .~»d- v. be alerted! vigilant.+. compressing.<;L.:..JI.pS' under pSI. + I.JI:./- v.
•~~.J/ v. alert, wake, put on alert.+t.JI;4L squash, compress. squeeze .
adj. warning, cautionary.+ jJt_ n. I. alertness, ':":'.J.J wlI!I intj. used to scarel startle.
vigilance, watchfulness. 2. skill.+ I.J~.J jJtlouJJ
';";'.1.1 wlI!.tir n., zoo!. camel.-I;l@".+.:,l,i...n.
v. show skilll attention! competence.
stable/ pen where camels are kept. + ..;b_ n.
"':';-lJ.1 wu!ine n. talking in one's sleep; wild
variety of wheat·t..s. + 4.S;.;.;... n. variety of
talk, delirium (syn.~).+ I.J:'.J ~-lJ.1 v. talk
thorn plant! bush. + ~ adj. rancorous,
in one's sleep; talk wildly, be delilrious (.syn.
cantankerous, iU-tempered. + J.t..,.S'.. n. camel
I. 1.J.t.;lS~).
herd. + L..... n. she-camel. + tJ""'- n. ostrich
rj.1J wuzm n., bot. elm. (bird).+ ...J....... n. side stroke swimming.+ I.JI.,L.
.
';.1.1
I
wU,e n. I. power (c.fu"'i--.~); n. cameleer.+.,$- n. kind! manner of walking in
competence, ability, capacity. C.f I. lJl.,..<-.J slow long strides.

1.J.»-II:.oj.1.1' 2. energy.+ I.J~~ v. be able to ":".J.J wu~.r (A) n. tenth (as a fIXed! agreed
do, be match for (a task! job/ etc.).+ Jl;.. n., percentage of tax levied! alms given/etc.).
phys. light energy. ..5....:.,.J.J wU!k adj. I. dry, free from water/
.jJ} wU,e only as j.1.1 .j.1.1 n. whiz, whizzing moisture (ant. I.~. c.j;jS); dry, empty (well,
sound. spring! etc.) (c.f 3. ~A. 2. dry, plain, just,
..;:.:..j.1.1 wu,engi See ~.jJl;. only. E.g...s...:...J.J~L; Just bread. Bread only/
alone.<~.J.J~' 3. dry, dull, uninteresting,
~U.1 woj intj. denoting a whistling! howling
wearisome (s.o.). E.g. .s..:...J.J ;jj~4i.l.Jl'lS He is
sound (esp. of win~ b1owing).+ L. n. a
really a dull person.+I.J.JJ-i~.1.1 v. bel go dry
whistling! howling noise.+ ».1L. n. sustained
(of a water source); dry out! die (ofa plant);
howling. + .;,Ju L. v. be heard howling! be wearisome; be petrified! awestricken
whistling. (c.f.:,I-.J).+ I.J:'~ ..s...:...J.J V.i. 1. dry up, go dry
IJ".1J wus intj. hush!, silent! c.f ~14.+ 1J".1.1 (i.e. spring); die, dry out (a plant). 2. V.t. dry,
make dry (certain fruits and vegetables for
I.J~ v. hush, be silent. £.g."-iIJ".1.1 Hush!, Be
nonseasonal use). +... L See :.;•.,.s..:...J.J.+ ~L n.
 565

land (as opposed to water! sea), terra firma 4.!,.J.J1 w"!e n. word: .~L.."r simple word..;-
(cf";.J0j); dry spot! place.+ IJ"'JJI- n seeds that *JI,;.LS:.;J compound word * ';';l,.- interjection.
germinate prior to seasonal rainfall.+ ";JL also * ..;..t..io.J'!~ preposition * ~L..J- adjective
~oJL n. (comb. ofJL:.+..s...:..J.J) adj. (see JUo.1L:) * ,;.~ conjunction * iJl.1-
amphibious. + ~L n. dry spot! area on the etymologist * ~I.1- etymology.+ ~l;.. n.
ground.+ O~»I/_ v. dry, become dry, dry off etymology.+ iJll.. n lexicon, glossary,
(e.g. wet clothes! one's body).+ ~»-- n. dictionary. See ..s..;...p.
fabric which is heavily braided! embroidered
with gold or silver thread. Cf ~»-,.+o~~.}/_ ~Jl wll!e intj. denoting a low hissing sound.+
V.t. dry off, cause to become dry; starve, cause ~J.1 - n. sustained low hissing sound.
to go hungry.+ ..s..;.r..J- adj. quite dry, dry as a
)'~.JJ W"!YIIT See ,;~.,..
desert breeze;+ D.. adj. I. first part ofcertain
compound nouns, i.e. ~ .s...:,.J.J q. v. 2. dry ~.1.1 w,,!fn =~.,! q. v.
(food) as compared with food served with J.1.J Will n., bot. thorn bush resembling
broth-4.I.!. q. v. + ,;l,.D.. n. non-perishable! dry load
zizyphus-iJ~ q. v.
(as compared to perishables i.e. fruit! etc.).+.
,JJ-Jto n. dry! puss-free wound.+~.J"-tO- n dry jJ.J WIl[ n hole, gap, opening. Cf 4J.JS.
walling.+ ~ n. welV pond that dries up out .:..1.1.1 WIl[at· n. country, state! nation or its
of season.+ J.r-.ta- n, med. kind ofeczema.+_ territory (cf 2. .J'~; native land (cf 2.
.J~o n boiled rice (as a dish compared to ..sL>, ~~. see iJ~). E.g.IJI~j,;u-it-1J.J
. . the
fried rice).+ ~ n. meaV snack (esp. ofplain Western countries. .:-1;tJli ~1o~j; u-it-':i.J the
bread).+ ~ See ..s...1s .s...:,.JJ.+ ':"o.JI~D.. n. Middle Eastern countries. u-i 1S•.,.,;.J..S4..t.;1JJ
male! men dancing. C! ..sJ~;. + iJ;D- n. hair l>:....;4--0~ the United States of America. <
removal without conditioning (applying soap/ ~1.1J L... + )..) l...: - adj. patriotic. + ..;)..) l...: _ n.
lather/ etc.).+ j;D.. adj. commonplace,
patriotism.
mundance, prosaic, pedestrain. + ~;D.. n dirt!
t1.J.J WIl[tIX n. horse (cf 1. ~ ,V!l.o); large
unpaved road.+jl....L. n. year of drought.+_
domestic animals (cattle, mule, donlcey):).~"r
~:,..-o n hermit. + l.o.J4-D.. n. dry cold spell
(wind! wheather).+ l.o~ n. pretense beast of burden * 'j,;4--l"r horse! mule.

happiness! cheer! joy.+ iJ1o- n. dry! arid land.+

C! t1.1~';'+)l.. n. owner! guide of a
caravan .
..s"..J.sD.. n wall ridge! low clifT built of dry
rock.+ul,...sD.. n. subtle flattery! adulation.+. U4.t.':i JJ wlllayet (A) n. I. vilayet, province,
~o n. and adj. unpaid servant! worker.+ ~';0JD.. state. Cf lS')..)~. 2. syn. .:..1.J.J.
n. field ploughed for the third time ..sj.1.1 wlllk n. kidney. See ~~.
immediately after sewing and before the first
autumn rain. Cf ~,;o";".+ ~t.~/_ v. dry up, &.1.1 wllfge n. province, state. Syn. ,..s)..)~
lose moisture and freshness.+ .vJl,Ju- adj. .:.."-!':i.1J ' C! ~.Jli.
dry and old! stale; shriveled. + "r n. dryness;
..J.1.1 wll!.me = ..J.,! q. v.
draught (cf u-il).~~). 2. dullness (as attributed
to s.o.). ..j.",j.1.J w,,/.lI[e n. egg prior to the shell being
formed. Cf I~ ,~.
 566
.J.,.,_

...JJJ- -lile sufflXfor certain nouns, i.e ...J~ growth.+ ~ n. descendant, scion. Cj ..... o~
q.v. t ~•.1 ••.,.; ••j4i.
~JJ wun adj. missing, mislaid, misplaced (syn. C'J weh also A.>'J intj. go on! (cry used to urge
r,..!); absent, nonattendant, not present (l)'n. on oxen); fig. nonsense! hogwash!.+~.)..$;:"J/­
~); invisible (l)'n . .)~.)l.i).+ ~JJ-I~JJ v. be v. urge on (oxen); ridicule (s.o.) by saying
missing! lost; become invisible. E.g. »I ~JJ ~ weh! to him.
I lost it.+ ~.).;S ~JJ' v. lose, misplace.< ~JJ~ ~J wemi (A) See .J:Jd.) under d.) I. -u:!0j";"
~.).J. + »1- adj. lost. under "I.i.
.}JJ wo~ intj. used to haiti restrain a donkey: ---'.1 wext (A) n. time. See..:..1S (allforms).+.
whoa! wo! .J.J-il adv. nearly. Syn.~l...; .J:J"'; under"';.+ ".1'-
~ .1.1 wunci! only in __ adj. in tetters! shreds. + _ adv. at times, now and then.+ ~oJl.iJ- adv.
~JJ-I~JJ~JJ V. bel tom into shreds.+ ~JJ at any old time, whether convenient!
~.)..$ ~.1.1 v. tear into bits; mutilate. opportune or not + ~ adv. about, almost,

1
nearing. E.g. '~d~J I am about to
'.1 we conj. and (see}); used in comb. with
freeze (from cold).
~/.:,,~ meaning: or/otherwise. E.g. ..:..~~lt'J
..s.)'J wedt = ..s.)~ (all forms) under ~2 •
~ otherwise/ or do it yourself.
2
we prep. to: See~, also as part of
)•.J we, adv. around, in opposite/ to another
'J
direction or position.+ ~~~/ _ v.i. turn
compound verb i.e. .:"li oJo""';jlJ v. undermine,
around, change direction by turning oneself. + "
undercut; disregard.
~~~/ V.t. cause to tum around! about.+•
•/ we short for IJ q. v. esp. in some idom.
o"";~p'/ v. turn around in a complete circle,
expressions: ~I"';~~'J It is not that he can't
go in a curvet aU the way round.+~I.)/_ only in
do it. ".,;1.;...00.1 I thought! believed.
~I.).;OJ~ q.v.+.;S- n. receiver, recipient.+.
tw-'J wetax n. guestroom (see ~~IJ!.); chamber ~)'/ v. receive, get. E.g...:...;S)oJr4S.... l.i I
(see )JJj). received the letter.~..:..~.)oJ ..sJ:J~ How much
1 did he get?; used with ...J/;:"J meaning: take/
tl';'J wmax n. the perch (falconry).
borrow/ quote from. + 0~)' / _ v. take back;
tl~.} wet,ax n. used! seconhand clothing.+. recover (from-;:"J), retrieve, regain. + .:,,1-tS/ _ v.
~ n. peddler/ dealer in seconhand clothing tum over, overturn (i.e. a vehicle); twist out of
Syn. .} V ';;$. shape/ line, wrench (i.e. one's anlcJe);
renounce, reject (i.e. one's faith).+ .:"J:JI-tS/-
t~'J wecax (T) n. hearth (esp.as a l)'mbol of
v. t. overturn; twist. + 0"';1-tS / _ v. turn, change
famfly. l)'n.JJ.))'L.:); progeny, children (syn. position so as to facet look back; face, turn
~L..)JJ.).+;I~ also~JJr adj. having fathered (to-;:"J).< 'Jo4--i I-tS';oJ I.) JJd ~.+ it-S-
adj.
progeny worthy of the name.+ •.)Ij_ adj. of overturned; twisted.+ r-s-
n. translator;
noble birth. +...,.;.,,5- adj. having left no progeny/ interpreter.+ ~I..r-s/- V.t. 1. turn, cause to
no progeny worthy of the name. change position. E.g.o~..s)oJ 0.11.1 Tum it that
(i'J wer n. shoot, a sending out of new grouth. way; turn away-;:"J. E.g. rl;.!)oJ;:"J ~ She
Syn. ..;1S.+.:".).;S)0.)/- v. send out a shoot! new turned away from me. 2. translate; interpret. + •
 567

hf-S a/so .J1.)J;.:5 adj. 1. translated. 2. turned employed as an agricultural labourer. + [j.)'.Jl
around! away.+ i..-=-S- adj. received, obtained; V! - v.i. exercise, do physical exercise; work on
taken possession of; borrowed! taken (from the land.
another source! etc.).
j.)'/ wen n. chapter, main division ofa book.
.)0/ wer suffrx denoting: possessor of, related to, Cj .$.)'J .~ .u~ . .$~.
characterized by, i.e. jO.J4.i~ •.).~ q. v.
.j.)o.J wene n. season. See .~.+ It- n. seasonal
J'.J we! pres. stem ofthe verb .jJ..J'.J q. v. + ... n. north-east wind.-lt.
bark, barking sound. c:r ~~ ....,j.$.+J'~ n. V-J0.J we!,is adj. weary, having one's patience!
sustained barking.+~~'.J] v.i. bark (dog); talk
tolerance! pleasure exhausted. Syn. };.,. 'v-J~'
offensively! annoyingly (10-41),
Cj 3. jJ.+ ~»tU"'J'.J v. be! becom of-
rl.)o.J weram also r"S'.J n. answer, reply. Syn. ~).+ ~JrS U"'J'.J v. make weary; wear out
b-4.+ <J1J/- v. turn down, reject. refuse (i.e. emotionally (cj ~J..,s .J.J.... L.).+..s- n. weariness.
s.o. 's request! offer/ etc.).+ •.J4.ib/- v. answer, Syn. I.S};"'.
reply, respond (ta).+<JJ.)li 1_ v. send word (to),
.JL:..)O.J we"!aw n. tin (metal). Syn. 1. .$.:,~.
communicate (with).

<J.t..iI.)'.Jlv-"J.J1 werandln V.t. shake off (i.e. fruit ~jO.J wuln v. plural imperative ofthe verb ~l.
off its tree). Cj <J.... ljO.J ~.- .jJ..)'.J. meaning: come.
1.)1.JjO.J werwere See j L...,.N.t.
~.)'.J werle adj. medium (in size). Cj . .:-IJ'.Jli
~.Jli. I.)I.J were v. singular impeative ofthe verb ~l.
meaning: come.
J.) •.J werd n. land ploughed twice.- • JjO.J .s.:...J.J
J.)'''''';''.+ 1.r'~/- also.y..;b/_ v. plouh land a rl.)'.J werem See .s.w..) ltoJ.)'J.
second time.- ot..:-lS'.J.JJ. ~.)I.J were pres. stem of the verb .jJ..)'.J q. v.

V""J.J wens = ..,....,uS q. v.

<J LtJ.)'.J werdlya" (E) n. jailer, keeper of a jail; .jJ..)o.JI~.JI.J] wert" v.i. fall off, drop (offruitfrom
warden. its tree, kernels/ seeds from the ear, etc.). Cj
~J.)'} werdi"e n. axis (cj 2. C.JJ), axle, roller. 2.~1~.

~J.)o/ werdi"e n., med. trachoma. .,.-J.J wenw adj. fallen, shaken off (esp. offruit
at an early stage ofgrowth).
j.)'} wen n. 1. agricultural year (cj jL..); land
ut.)ljl.J wezaret (A) n. ministry (of the
not artificially irrigated used as a truck
garden.+~ also .;,.:,,_ n. 1. training, practice, goverment cabinet).- J'JD.J.
exercise: ~ ..s- physical training. 2. sport. <Jj•.J wezn (A) See 2. ..s.:.~ 'IJ"'»J .~.
athletics.+ <JJ~ .J.jjO.J v. practice, train,
~lj •.J weze" also .t..i-iI.J n. loss, detriment,
exercise.+ • &...:.._ n. gymnasium.+ .)~_ n.
athlete, sportsman.+ ~_ adj. athletic.+ .A- n.
disadvantage. C.! ~~J.+ .)LS_ adj.
disadvantaged, put to a loss. +..s- adj.
agricultural labourer. Syn. <J4"-.+<J1.J'- See
disadvantageous, detrimental.
.)\..:-.!.j.)•.J.+ ~ n. work! profession of an
agriculturallabourer.+ ~JrS I.SrJjO.J v. be
 568
JIjoJ

.J"ti•.J wezj, (A) n. minister, secretary, member ~~ ~l:..-o.J v. show skill, display mastery (in-
of the cabinet. Cf I. ':-~A.o\S: IoSJ.w.l: IS- m. of ~).

economy * ~L5'J.ilt IS- m. of commercelS-

~.J wese See lJl.J under I.J q. V.
* loS}~ m. of defense *..:..•.h.~ IS- m. without
portfolio * 1oS.iL-· ''';IS- m. of industrylS- r~4-IJ wese/am (A) intj. and that's all, and
* ";-.JJJ,j~ m. of health * IoSjL.. 4..it.1S- m. of
there is an end of it, and let it be done with
that.
housing * ~b IS- m. of justice * ..r-I)~ IS- m. of
~.J wqll (A) n. will, one's testament before
finance * ~I.JL...J.~ IS- secretary of the navylS-
* .JI~I" m. plenipotentiary * ~f;." IS- m. death.+ ~~~.J v. make/ have one's will
of planning * ,:,It.Jl$.;-=, IS- m. of communication! prepared. + ... li _ n. will, the written instrument
for disposition of an estate after one's death.
transport* "':-:''':':'-=,IS- m. of guidancelS-
Syn.I .... ~.
*IoSJ4i1j/UJ'.JM m. of education*L;.-1S-
secretary of the anny * •.JOJ'~ IoSJ\.uJ\S IS- m. of ,:,L.:..•.Jr;:,...:.•.JJ wqa" v.i. blow (wind) (cf~
foreign affairs. ~1.JOJL.!.IoSJLw\s IS- m. of ~A; wave, shake.+~J] V.t. I. shake,

municipal affairs. ~4.i.~...jS" IoSJ\.u.JJ\S IS- m. of wave, motion (with the hands! s.th. held in the
hands). 2. sow (seed) esp. by sca1tering..:-~
social affairs * ..sj L-.:...:.S IS- m. of land reform.
< .JJ,j t:... J. + o.Jlo- See •.,.....; t:....J ;:,J.
*..sJ-l.JL.;.J~\S.,;....:s1oS m. of agriculture and
irrigation * J.~ IS- m. of state *,:,I~4!.U IS- ":"":".J wqt n. slow fine rain. C.! ,:,1)".< IoSlt
m. of development *,:,J,j~d IS- m. of ':":".J.
telecommunication * p.J L; IS- m. of interiorIS-
..s":"'.J wt!!ek n., zool. lynx.
*..:..~m. of oil * ~L....l:IoS';';'1S- secretary of
the air force. - ..I".j•...,....:.~ '..I".j•.,s•.;4-.+1S- n. v;:,..} wt!!i" pres. stem ofthe verb .JJ,jt:....J q. v.
minister's post! term of office.
~l wqhr second part ofsome compound
4..i....j'.J wezJle (A) n. post. position,job (esp. in forms meaning: hurling! throwing! tossing.
the government). Syn. ~L.p. Cf,~ li•.J wela (A) n. good faith, loyalty. See..:..4l-.
JLS.+ )l... n. official, civil servant. Syn.~L..p
Cf ..:-.~-.....)\S. ';•.J weI' n. kind of gum. Cf·- ':'.,

\-oj wesa adv. thus, in this way. ..}•.J weq,e = •..Jj.i q. v.

~'.J weqf (A) n. endowment (fUnd' etc. for a

':-•.J west pres. stem ofthe verb ,:,l;.....J q. v. +
benevolent purpose).
,:,1_[ ":-'.J I v. i. stop, come to a haiti standstill.-
I. ,:,l::.-..J I", ,:,l:..-'.J;40-4J, ,:,l::.-..J;:,J q.v.+,J.I.iL JI.,J•.J weqwaq n. name ofa fabulous tree.
L:,;.:;..-oJ] V.t. stop, bring to a stop/ haiti .vJ•.,J. J weqweqfl n. coo, cooing.
standstill.+.JL adj. stopped, halted; out of
order/ work (s.th.).+ •.J.....;I- See •.,.....;l;.....J;:,J. 4J•.J weqe = .tJ~ q. v.

..s•.J wek I. prep. like, similar to, having the

l::.-..J westa J. n. master craftsman (cf~}t:..) 2.
adj. master, expert possessing consummate characteristics of, as. E.g. ",!I.J v.o ..s0.J He is like
skill.+ .JJ.J-Il=..-..J V. be skilled! expert (in-..J).< me. 2. conj. as, when, while. E.g.~J".,.; ..s0.J
.J.J.J-i l:..-J.J"'-......I.+ o.r.-- n. skill, mastery; .~Ir5";"":;' As he left, we came back. 3.
position! profession of a master craftsman.+ adv. as, equally, to the same degree/ amount.
 569
~'J

E.g...s~ ..s0J 0d~ He is vicious as a dog.+ ..s0J weh intj. used to express wonder/
~»-i v. be like! as, be similar to.+ JJ- I. amazement: wow.+ __ intj. used to express
See ..s0J' 2. conj. as if. E.g.I;;':'~ \.SJ"- ~oJ delight: gosh.
J.t-IIJ~ It was as if he was confused.~oJ ~. J weha See IJ .
~JJ~:';"-! As if someone had told him.+_
\.S0J wey I. n. hann, injury, great discomfort.
..sA.! I. adj. alike. similar. E.g. ~A.!..soJ';IJ~r'';
Cf ~L..J.<\.So""";" under-:..r. 2. intj. denoting
These two are similar. 2. adv. equally, alike, in
the same manner! degree! fonn.+ ~4+- n. pleasure! surprise! strong feeling: wow; also
denoting grief! regret! distress. E.g. ~ .u\.S0J
similarity, alikeness.
Woe is me!.+ ~J.t-I (~) \'s0J V. be a source of
J..,$0J wekll (A) n. agent, representative. Cj
discomfort! distress (to- Jot normally used in the
;lSJ"- ';~.J.'+ ~p- n.steward, major-domo.
negtive). E.g. 4 ~JotoJ!!.oJ He causes no one
JoJ wei adj. lost, strayed, missing.+ ~.v.oJoJ v. be any harm.+ ..... Lot- See ..... ~o".j~.+ t>- adj.
lost (s.o.). E.g. 4.t JoJ Get lost! quarrelsome (a person).+ 3r intj. denoting
pity! concern: alas!+ ... ""..:... n. I. glacial and
nasty weather. 2. calamity, misfortune, ruinous
r' "i'J we[am =r' OSJJ (all forms) q. v. + 0- n. situation.+ __ intj. used to jokingly undennine
elucidation, interpretation. s.o.'s action.
'LJ'J wella (A) intj. by God (often used ..s~'J wey~ek = ..swJ q. v.
with ~for emphasis).
~~'J weylan adj. confused, at a loss,
~'J wen n.terebinth. See ~IJj4i. disoriented. Syn. ~I~~J"-.

JL;'J wenaq n., med.diphtheria.+ ~J/- v. -;,sJI we n., restr. investigation.+~~~-;,sj v.

contract! be afflicted with diphtheria; also investigate, enquire into, explore. Syn. ~b ~.
used as deprication. i.e . .:......,.S.tJL.;.J..s.~May
-;,sJ2 we pres. stem ofthe verb ~J q. V.
you suffocate!
~'J weli adj. pious, godly. ..:.JJ wet only in..:.J~ q. v.

"';'J wend adj. brave, bold. (syn. I. Ijl;); also ,,;j WeT pres. stem ofthe verb ~I;J q. V. +
used as suffix to certain names, i.e.~o.J4A~. ~I_IL-'J] V.i. dare, have courage to contend
against! venture! try. E.g. ~-;,s;JL; He is
j"""oJ wmew, n. nod, nodding (from
afraid! does't dare to go.<~I;J~ under~2.
drawziness). Syn. ..s~. 2. ~~.- ..uJlp.+-
°~~ft / also ~b j"';oJ v. nod, doze off. + 0- n. a ~j WeT n. (act oj) treating (s.o. by payingfor
nod! nodding.+ ~~O- n. repeated nodding and i.e. meal. etc.).+ ~~,rS ;J v. treat, pay for.+4l..
dozing off. ~J.t-I;4- v. be the one to treat others. E.g.~I:i;J
W J"- .u I am treating you all .
....:..,.;.J wenew~e n., bot. violet.+ <J!.- adj. violet
in colour, having the colour of violet. JIJ w" = .r-t (all forms) q. v.

4JJOJ wewie See 4L.JIJ. + ;)1)0/ - See;)1 )o/4.t ~»I' I';J We!a prep. notw.ithstanding, despite, even
\.SJlJ wewt n. bride, daughter-in-law (cf ..s»l)'+ with. C.! Id.J"-'
.u_ n. doll (children ·s). C.! ~~ ~»I'
 570

ii;;j wi,an adj. rumed, destroyed (cf ).tY.~); sought after; desired.+ L.. n. issue, question,
desolate, forsaken. - .:,I))~. + ':'J.rI.:,I)J v. be point. C.! .:..~lt.
in ruins.+ .:,:;.J .:,I)J v. ruin, destroy; sabotage.+
J..J wiq =,;1/ q. v.
IoS)LS. n. distruction; sabotage. Cf 1oS)~I.,>.+.
.,I..,.s adj. destroyed, ruined; sabotaged.+ yU_ n. j.;j wei n. tact, address, savoir faire. + ( .... ) J;J
and adj. saboteur; destroyer, ruinous. + L.. n. ':'.J.H V. be tactful, have address. J;~ .J;~.+.
ruins. + loS- n. state of ruin. .;,..t.....:1.,u-i / v. show tact! address (often used
sarcastically for one who acts thoughtlessly).
J.,S)J wegul n. comma (punctuation mark). Cf
~j wil adj. stray, homeless, wandering
~.
(person) (cf .:,I:;~~); stray (bullet! etc.)
I-I"'J wic.e intj. denoting a low dull humming (cf .:,lAJl.i).+ ':'.J.H~J v. wander; be lost!
sound! drone. + I'J _ n. presistent dull humming stray.+ .:,:;..,.s~J v. lose. E.g. :;.JJ;Jr~~ I lost
sound. the way·-j...;JIoS"..u"s.+ .:,1:;~.;4-.,- adj.
completely lost, desolate, forlorn (a person).
+ loS- n. homelessness, helplessness.
Ij-IJ wiz) intj. denoting a high-pitched vibrating
sound (i.e. mosquito, fly, etc.), hum.+ jlJ- n. l...;jJ wina n. imagery, mental picture;
presistent'..i--'J q.v.+~u/_ v.i. be heard recollection.+ .:,:;..,.s L..;;J v. have mental picture
humming. of, imagine; recall vividly.

..r'J wej =~ q. v. + .:,1- [~J] V. i. say, express wince (T) n. lucerne .

through words.+ L..' I. n. literature, literary ......:,jJ wene 1. n. image, reflection; photograph,
culture and refinement. 2. adj. pure, refme, picture (cf 1. )~). 2. adj. like, kind, type
unmixed. + ~ also ~ _ n. conjunction. +
(cf ~L.). E.g.,;; ~J ~ People like you.
)0.. n. speaker, literary person.+ .:,1.,,- n. man of
3. n. example. - .......:J..J~ q. v. + ~ _ n.
letters! culture, person versed in the
photographer.+ ~~/_ v. photograph, take a
humanities.+ ..r-L.. adj. literary.
picture (of-IoS).+IoS.,$- n. photography (art!
.~j weje n. wooden bolt! peg. process oj) .
.:-,jJ wist 1. pres. stem ofthe verb ,):•....;J
q. v. n. stop, short break! pause/ interval. +
.:,1- [.:-,jJ) = .:,l:..-t., (all forms) q. v. + &.. n.
station, stop.
"::""-'J wist n. wish, desire (syn..J.,j.;l':); request,
asking, demand. Cf ..s.~.+ .:..-[~~ .~.,] v.i.
want, wish, desire. E.g. ~~ ~ What do you
wan.t. •~1t- ~~.; 1 want to go back ..:, I.;;...."J
~..;..: We wanted to tell him. -~JJ.;;'. +
I~_ v. want! desire to have back or
repossesss.+ ...;.-.._ n. requirements, demand,
prerequisite.+ .:,1;- [~";"-"J] irregular pass.
form uf iJo.-,..J q. v. +.,1;- adj. wanted.. coveted..
 571

0-• -e 3rd pers. sing ofthe substantive forms of

the verb IJ»I meaning: is. E.g.4.iI~ Is pretty.
9
0- -e emphasizing particle used before
pronouns and demonstrative adjectives,
E.g.I.)'J ,;;..: You come.

ul ha used with the verbal inflection!

substantive form of the verb IJ~' E·g·4.lIJ~
1JL..",.p-JL. They are at their own home. Ir-J~"­
I am here. Syn. 4. IJ . j.$4.l"-~..J~ There is a
man with him. ~ -;,s,s 4.l ~ "- Where are you?
~ h the 25th letter of the kurdish alphabet.
1 ~l ha intj. used with a request! plea. E.g.~ "-
0- -e defining suffIX used: 1. with the dim. adj.
1~1.S,;l>"-I For God's sake.
~~ and"";. E.g. 4.i~~":. This lady I},....,..; That
horseman. 2. with dim.! affectionate LAJ ha also ~~ here (used interjectionally).
connotation esp. in the shortened forms of E.g.I~ ~ Here, take it.~.).~~~ Here (it
personal names and nicknames, i. e. ~
is), give it to him.
for W=.- • .L for 1JL.;i...

-e an article attached to the end ofverbs to

~4 ha prep. used to request the repetition
utterance or part of it: what?
0; an

introduce and join with a following prep/ noun

forming a compound verb. E.g..5I:;;".;4-...:;.....j.
uS ha intj. preceeding a negative expr.
indicating a warning! reminding of
1 put it on the table. ~jS .... ~.,s I carried him on
consequences. E.g. ~J"""~'- _:i.....; 1~ Hey!
my back.
don't say he didn't tell me.! ~ ~ ~ I"";
J
0- -e form oflZafe used to link a permanent ~ Look! I am telling you, don't go.
epithet to the noun it quaifies, E.g.• -;1S AS.-o~
~6 ha intj. used in summarizing! confirming s.o.
j ~ .s:.J4.. q. v.
else's statement. E.g. ~~'JJ~~~~ He is
4
0- -e suffIX to a noun modified by the definite dead too, isn't he?
article .5- the. E.g. .511~.$4.. The vicious dog.
~7 ha conj. either...... or Syn.lJl.!.
S
1_ -e article used in comb. with the hemze Pi.)
~I ha adv. here and there. E.g. ~,,4.l"- .'r-J~.
to introdace the pres. and imperj tenses of most
verbs, e.g. ~j~ .u-iljl~. ..:,,~I hat n. and adj. luck, fortune (cj 2.~);
6 lucky. Cj..:"u...;.-..:,,~ IJ~(-""')":""-v. have
0- -e used informing nouns from other nouns,
luck, be the result of luck! good fortune.+_
E.g. ~l; elbow • ~L: L-sbaped pipe,,;...!.?
• bad. ~I? evil; nouns qualified by numerical
..:"u...;" n. touch-and-go/ uncertain! contingent
situation or outcome: ..:,,~ "..:"u~.)
adjectives or verbal roots, E.g. ~L. .jil".,jl....
hazardous course.+1.S- adj. propitious, tending
Throughout the year. I""; I.S'~~J ~ 1.S1~.,s I toil
to favour.
while he reaps the benefit.
7 ..:"LAl hat 1. 3rd pers. sing preterite ofVi"- q. v.
0- -e vocative ending. E.g. IpS Boy!
E.g...:,,"- ~..J~ He came yesterday. 2. n. coming.
idiom. ~j1 ~~..:,,~ 4.t ~ All thought it would
 572

happen but it never did (lit. it turned out to be true, be realized! fulfilled. E.g. ..sl';~ ~4S".;IJ\,;
like the coming of the Turks).+kJ- n. frequent My wish came true'+~-l/ 4.i_ v. happen to, come
coming and going (cj ~I-l); frequentation, upon, encounter, meet. E.g. ~-l';~ .;""1..,,.. He
visit (see;..:.,. \,;); traffic (see 1. 4.J'-l)' + .,,;~ encountered evil.+iJ~.i/"':'" v. break silence;
iJl~~ v. come and go, walk up and down; speak up (to/ against- UJ); begin to speak (esp.
frequent.+ iJ-{ 4.!' ~. ~l] v.i. 1. come, arrive, of animals! inanimate objects in fables).+_
show up. E.g. ~l/ ~/ ~4.!';";'" I am coming ;It ;.j/'" v. yeald, bear, assume (responsibility/
too. <~L...}t .~~ ~ .~~UJ. 2. used in comb. duty/ trust! etc.).+~/ 4.- v. hurt, ache (of the
with l;..... -the more and a comparative body).+~/...:.... v. I. switch to, come around to
adjective. E.g. ~ ~I..".. uw.; l;..... The more adopt! agree with (an opinion! concept! etc.)
time was passing the worse he was getting. 3. E.g.;;..sA.....J.J"-.u~ I came around to your
first part of certain compound forms. + I~ 4i iJ _ point of view. 2. come to the point, be on the
v. cross one's mind., occur to (of an ideal verge of (often followed by the phrase.;•.,...
notion! etc.).+ bI J l4ioJ- v. come after, come to 4). E.g. ~.hlS ..sD"':~"j~ I have reached
take! fetch.+ .J"-4-ioJ- v. I. in comb. withl~ the point of giving up. 3. pay visit! come to
meaning: come upon suddenly, surprise (s.o.) (esp. to express! exhort! warn the person
in the act! performance (ofs.th.).2. in comb. visited). E.g. ,sD-l.w .... ~~.;~ He came to me
with Il meaning: quiet, mollify, placate, calm in an angry mood. +~~ ~/...:... v. get into a
down. Syn. ~~ I~ ..... + ~I~ .... iJ- v. come to kneeling position.+I-l~/"':'" See 2. .)4-i....:.;~
visit, call on! come as a guest. +..,; _ part of ;Lt. +~...;. ~/...:... v. stand on end (of knuckle
some compound forms meaning: come upon, when thrown in a game of ~ q. v.). +.
happen to.+L.,../..,;_ v. be in heat (of a cat!
.sJS ~/ oI..i v. stand on end (esp. ofa snake).+.
dog).+oJ.J.H/4....i- v.i. come into being! existence,
.......J /..,; v. begin to talk, start to speak. +; IS / 4.-
be born. Cj oJ-,-",~luJ. + .)41/4.- 1. come in
v. begin to function! operate. Cj .;IS .:.;.",.s.+.
front! get in the way (olJ.+;lt.)4l/ 4J_ v. 1. be
4.! IS/ oI..i v. appear on the scene! stage, come on
broken in (of a horse! pack anima/). 2.
and join in! participate. + v---,f / 4,j.. v. be
concede and go along (with). +J l:e .J4.t /...:... v.
affordable/ manageable to bear (the cost! price
seem, appear, give the impression of being.
of s.th.).+ DJ.~/4,j.. v. join the group/
E.g.~J4 ~ 4..,j~ IJ So it seemed to me. +_
gathering, join the club.+j,.S ...:.... v. come to a
~~;4I /oI..i v. 1. yield., produce; show proceeds!
return. 2. be achieved! accomplished. C.! boil, start boiling. +rs /4.- Seers.:.;.",.s. + "j / 4.-
~~~ oI..il:.;.. +ft.d oI..i _ v. recall, come to mind. v. 1. come to, yisit, drop in on. 2. in comb. with
DJ. meaning: come next to, come and (sit!
Cj .~.",.s.r-t .~~I.r-t ..... +j~/4J_v. 1. join,
stand) beside/ close to, approach.+iJ4..... / ........ v.
affiliate with. 2. be added to.+ ~/ oI..i_ v.
come forth, enter the ring! arena! field (of
happen, occure. Syn.iJ'lJJ-l.+';';:,:/4J- v. work
bailie! contest); come up, be mentioned!
up to a frenetic pitch.+ oJ~/4.i_v.bebom. brought up. Cj iJl J li .:.; ~ •~ IS .:.;~. + oJl J li / 4.-
See oJ.J.H ~b 4..1.+ .;.v/ 4.i_ v. itch, develop an v. come up, be raised! brought before (a group/
itching sensation. +.J.},.> / 4.i _ v. descend., come audience! etc.).+D""':'" v. 1. come back, return;
down. Cj,jl~ Il.+.J4>/ oI..i_ v. see in one's come again. 2. frrst part of certain compound
dream, dream about. idiom: up,:;".J.Y.t You verbs meaning: feel, attain, regain, E.g.~
may only dream ofit.+ ":-l/4.i_ v. rise to the D~~ q.v.+ b.:;.>4..t/.""':'" v. regain vigour/
occasoin. respond Warmly.+';l/oI..i_ v. come health and zest, be reanimated. +.r--t / •.,...:... v.
 573

remember, recall. Syn. '~l.} ~,+~/,~ V. 'lul hare n. harmful insect which attacks
be set (of dislocated joint! broken bone).+. vegetables. + .Jb ~ / _ be attacked by 'l t...
-;.s/,~ v. be rewarded (by good! evil) for a
')~..Jt.. ha,ika, = .J~..Jl: q. v.
specific action! deed. +J~/'''';- v. be back on
speaking terms (with-ja.$4J). +.)4- ,~_ V. I. ......-.}t.. ha[Jye n. insect which distroys tobacco by
return, go back, come/ touch upon once again. eating the leaves.
2. return to (e.g. the right path).+ji- .)~/,~ v. .it.. hal. n., bot. dock. Syn. JJl.)lS".
• regain consciousness. + l ~/,~ _ v. remeber,
u.,jt.. hazime (A) adj. digestive, that which aids
recall.+ ..5~/,~_ v. come together, meet!
digestion. -lJ"p.
touch each other (as of both sides/ ends ofs.th.
i.e. a coat).+,~.J/&.,j_ v. unleash an attack on, j~ haj adj. bewildered, bafted. Syn. i"l...~.+-
deal effectively with (s.o.). ~J n. howling and hooting (i.e. of dervishes) .
.:..~J hat part ofcertain nouns denoting plural,
.J~lj~[~.j~1 hajandin v. swoosh, flow/ come
E.g. ':"Y-l,':"t..,,n-A q.v.
out with a swoosh (i.e. waler).
(t.. hac only in (t.. .J.)t.. q. V. ,j~ haje n. a swoosthing! rustling sound.+jt.._
.J~ ha, adj. rabid; mad, marked by wild gaiety n. sustained swooshing! rustling sound .
and merriment! uncontrolled activity 4.l...jt.. hlljile See ~,juS.
(cf ~j-: 4).+ .J»-,.)L.. v.I. have rabies. 2. be
~.jt.. hajln pres. stem ofverb .J~ljt.. q. v.
affected with frenzy/ wild activity (ofs.o.). +
~.;S.)~ v. incite, agitate to the point of mad! 1J"t.. has n., bot. wild hyacinth.
frenzied activity.+(~.J_ adj. annoingly wild!
...,r.t.. hll!;rme n. flap (on a saddle).
boisterous (i.e. a chi/d).+1,j- n. 1. med. rabies.
2. madness, wild activity/ merriment. ~ ~".:,. t.. hll!uhlJ! n. fuss, needless bustle/
l~ ha! pres. stem of verb V'-.}t.. q. v. +.JI~pass. excitement.
form of the verb V'-.}~'+ .JI.)- adj. ground, jJ~ hav;l n. fruit! result! product (of one's
milled; pulverized.+ .)L adj. grinder; molar effort! work). Cf i"~.;4i , i" ~..:.
(tooth).+ ~~u] v. grind, mill; pulverize,
,,;;t.. haqu See ,.t,llAl.S.JjS.
reduce to powder. - ~I)...
U"t.. haka adv. shortly, soon, any minute.
':".J~"';.J~ hartuhlJrt n. vainglory, bragging.
E.g..::.-.!t~ LSt.. He should arrive any minute.+_
See .J L.:.;S j... ji-.
~ adj. impending, imminent, looming. Cf
.J.J.J t.. ha," n. anat. gum. See ..5~. JI.,s;.;1 Jl' J~'

'l~l ha!e int}. denoting a crashing! shattering jS~ hako only in jSt.. 4J adv. haphazardly,
sound (i.e. of glass breaking); roaring sound aimlessly.
(of water) (cflj~). + .J~.} 'It.. v. break with a
.J'i~ halaw '!- steam, vapour, reek (syn. r-l~);
crashing sound. + ,jJt../_ v. roar, rush! move
hot air.+ .JW~;:,J/- v. be steaming! steaming
with a roar (of water)'+lu- n. sustained
hot.
crashing! shattering sound.
~t..1 hale n. glanders with nasal ulcers (of a
horse).
 574

associate. c.j ~~"-t.+ ~_ adj. connective,

tending to connect.+~~ n. connection, link,
r~ ham also r~ = J~ q. v.
tie.+.J"!""i_ n. person having a similar view/
.JL..~ hamar n. level ground! plain, flatland. outlook! imperssion (esp. in a political!
C.f ~.) - ~Jtj. ideological sense).+4_ n. accomplice (esp. in
wrongdoing).+~4_ adj. of same/ equal
status.+ ..,-Jl.- n. conversation, exchange.
~~ hamil. = ~\;. See";'J~' + .:,.).? ~J'..J ~ v. carry on a conversation. +..:..;..
.:,U han n. goad, prod, incitement, urge.+ .:,b/_ n. stand-by, supporter: '::-;-ul..,l"'i brother by

v. goad, incite, prod. c.j 2 . .:,.).? -t.. +JI.J~ adj. the same father; loyal, faithful. +~ n.
incited, instigated, prodded on.+ .Jt~ n. mutual assistance/ backing.+ .:,~_ n. ally,
instigator; inciter; driving! motivating factor; confederate.+..,.;~ n. alliance (state 0./).+ 1;_
catalyst.+ ~w.. n. continued prodding! n. equal, match. < wJ~'+ JJjlfo-i- adj.
inciting. + .:,1.) 4J~'" v. prod continually, incite! balanced, of equal weight! importance.
urge persistently. C.f ~J~'+.s~ n. companion, counterpart;
supplement.+~~ adj. of the same age
L.;~I hana n. plea, appeal for help.+.J'1.14J')JI/- v.
(J)'n. I~); contemporary.+P.- I. n. corollary,
appeal to (s.o.); appeal to (s.o. 's) sense of
fairness! justice/ conscience.+~ adj. natural consequence/ effect. 2. adj. in double
harness! close association.+~ adj. similar,
suppliant, beseeching, imploring.+.J'1.14Jl.:;./- v.
analogous, of the same kind. Syn. ~JlA.+­
plea for help (to); put one's fate in (s.o. 's)
hands. C.f ~.J ~-.Jb. ~~ n. similarity, analogy.+.:..~ adj. equal,
alike; identical. +~ adj. commensurate,
L.;~1 hana n. honey (used only in the expr'rli~
equivalent, corresponding. + t 4 adj.
':_10.) •.).;-5 Well said (to s.o. saying s.th.
contemporary (of s.o.). Syn. .J4.A.t..iJ~'+ J~ n.
propitious!favourable).
envious rival, emulator. C.f ,)#J~.+~J~ n.
~u hane standard expr. equivalent to: here, envious rivalry/ competitIon. C.f
take it! have it. ~lS't.J4-u4t.+.~ - n. co-singer; chorus.+ t~

.:I}i~ hanin See .:,l.:;.. Seet~JlA.+~ adj. similar, alike.+~

n. similarity, likeness.+~ adj. concentric,
4J~ hane See ~ls"'
having a common centre/ axis. +.s~ n.
Ju l haw prefIX to certain nouns meaning: co-, comrade in arms. +..sL.;.... adj. neighbouring,
equal, fellow-, partner. i.e.4!~~ q. v. + ..s:.;~\;_ adjacent. C.f U-J1.J.).+.:,I..,...... n. one who eats at
also ..s:.;~L.~ adj. harmonious, coordinated, the same table.+~ n. sharer of the same
agreeable.+~~\;_ also ~~L.~ n. bedroom! dormitory.+,).J'~ n. companion in
coordination, (act oj) harmonizing. + ~_ n. misfortune. +":-t~ adj. similar. See ~JlA. +r'~
& adj. partner, associate; sharing; common. I. adj. intimate. 2. n. close associate,
C.f jS"JL.;.+':'»-t ..;....J~ v. sympathize (with).+_ confidant. C.f I. j'J\;. +..s:.;t~ n. ready helper;
~4!l...!. ...... n. cooperative, enterprise owned person one feels free to call upon! seek help
jointly.+ u _ ...... - n. partnership; from.+~~ n. co-religionist.+jld_n. confidant,

participation.+ ~_ n. association, act of partner in! sharer of a secret; intimate person.

sharing! associating.+ .:,.),;S ~J~ v. share in,
+-;;r n. companion, colleague (c.f .Ju1r.);
 575

fellow tarveller.+...,;.;~_ n. companionship.+_ synonym'+'J~ adj. synonymous, alike in

l"I,j See 1"I,)oJL.:.+ .$j_ n. & adj. twins; twin. meaning! significance'+~JL.;.. n. synonymity.+.
Cj ..... IJ.).+,jL....j- adj. speaking the same ~ n. & adj. fellow resident.+•.»i- n. one who
language. + r jj - adj. local, provincial, takes turns! alternates with another. +.1"-»'- n.
district. - r jj.+ ~..i- n. & adj. fellow co-auther.+,)~ n. antagonist, opponent,
countryman. See.:..'2JJJ w.+ jL-_ adj. rival. Cj J4J~'+~.)~- n. antagonism,
consonant, compatible, congenial.+;:Il..._ adj. of rivalry.+,j~_ n. compatriot, fellow
the same age. Syn. ~"';JlA. +~l..._adj. of one/ countryman. +.:..'2JJ _ n. compatriot. +~'2J>- n.
same view,
sharinghaving! a common citizen, national.
understanding.+.J~_ adj. Iimitrophe,
JL..1 haw pres. stem ofverb~.J~.+V4-u~]v.t.
adjacent in border.+~,.,.-_ n. & adj.
throw. See ~.J~'
conspirator; collaborator, confederate.+_
~..L:,;.",..- n. conspiracy; collaboration. +0.)"- _ adj. ;JJL..1 hawar n. yell, shout (esp. to call s.o./ cry
belonging tot of the same century.+J"-- n. for help.): _~4.A help!._I"..> God help (mel
spouse, consort, partner in life; close us). < oJO;JJL.. 4....!,j~.+ ,j.)~ ;JJLA v. yell, shout!
associate.+r0.).J___ adj. contemporary. Syn. cry out (cj ,j.J.jlftl); used with;"J meaning: call
t4JlA.+...s:..;~- adj. of equal weight! out to (s.o.).+,j')J"iI- v. seek the help (of-J,i).+-
importance/ influence. Cj J_,jI,J"oi'JlA.+~"-_ ~ n. caller.+,jI.;......u;"J/- v. cry out!
n. equilibrium.+;r.- n. nighbour (see ;:'-JI),); demonstrate (the seriousness/ urgency of one's
local.+.J~- n. fellow citizen. C! .:..'2JJJ lA.+- situation or ajJ1iction).+ __ n. sustained!
,j~ adj. equal in rank (cj ...s:..;4-JlA); equal, continued yelling or calling.+1,$- n., mil.
match (see uJlA).+ o.,r-:.. _ adj. foster (brother/ reserves.

Sister). Cj 1J'..r.:-!- .~~..--:..+ 0";":'_ adj.

corresponding, consistent. +.:..L..S _ adj.
,jIJu hawan n. 1. mortar (for use with
contemporary (of a person! event!
pestle).-,JI,yS-o.). 2. See,j'J~'
phenomenon). + ,j.J.H .:..lSJlA v. coincide.+ .JIS'...
n. co-operator, co activator; co-worker. .J,).JJJ lA hawlJrdin See ,j~.
(cj IJ'..JL-S); factor, active element!
L..JlA hawha also JL..J~ n. commotion, din.
contributor.+~.JLS... n. cooperation, coaction,
C! lA~.
team work. Syn.~)~....;.+ ,j.).,s ~.JLSJlA v.
cooperate, act! work (with- ;:14$'4.1).+ ~ adj. ,j'J~ hawen only in .JoJlA..,@" n. mortar gun.
paraUeV, equidistant.+ ,j.»-iJ.;$Ju v. be
).JL.. hawlr n. separation of lambs from ewes
paralleV of equal distance (from).+~ n., for milking (esp. in the evening whenfloclc.s
math. equation.+~ n. parallelism.+ ~ are returned to their owners by the
II/f. llllributed, ascribed, imputed.+ ~.P- n. shepherd).+.J.)~).JL.. v. separate lambs from

.....ibution. ascription; affinity.+~ n., math. ewes.

cquiIatend.+U;...L adj. match, peer, equal I. ji.J L.. _ -hawij 1. part ofcertain adjectives
SeA..i,,~ ,uJ~'+ ;:It..-.. n. one who shares a meaning: -thrower, hurler. 2. pres. stem of
house with another, fellow lodger. + J....- n. verb~.J~'

yokefellow, mate.-J..oJu ~,j.»-i'+~»--- n.

homonym. Syn.~.+ JL.;.. n. 1. namesake. 2.
 576
h-

~J~~J~I hawf!lin V.t. throw, hurl, cast (cf ..5...1 -eke dim. suffa (often vocative) used with
J..:"b~~); shoot, fife (a bullet) (see I . .:"I.)),l:. affectionate connotation. E.g. --Su-..
cf I. ~)'~). Muhammed, my son! old chap!

~J~ hawtn n. summer (season). Syn. .:"L..J(j.+ r'" -em also ~'- adjectival suffa used in
.:,,'- & adv. summer time, in! during
n. forming ordinal numbers. E.g.• r.}~/ ~.)~
summer.+,- adj. summer (clothes! fruit! etc.).+ }~ fourth.
....,~L. n. spell of fine warm weather during a ~... -ement sufa to certain nouns denoting: -
season other than summer.+;:JL.,- n. summer stuff, -ment. E.g. ~uu.)L.. cold refreshments.
house. Cf ,r...5.+ .)tJ'- n. summer vacationer/
~J~ hindJJyt n. variety of gape _ ~~ q. v.
visitor.+)~,- n. summer resort! camp. + ~
See~Jl.. *IS~ IlIgo" adv. late evening (period
between senseI and bedtime) Cf .).".;.;.
IS!..I hay intj. expressing disbeliefmeaning:
surely not!, really?+~_n lottery, drawing ~ ".gebb n. long-nosed spade with a
of lots; chance.+ __ intj. yes of course! (exr. of rope used in digging! cleaning irrigation
belittlement).+jJ:_ expr. meaning: I spy (in the runnels.
game of hide-and-seek). ~I ho v. I. cause, reason, occasion (cf 2. ~L..
2. ~ 1....); also used with ~ meaning: because,
lSL.l hay inlj. used in crying wares, i.e'lSla
.s.J1S' melons for sale!. E.g. •.,,;.; ~ ~ because of you. 2. determinant,
factor, prime mover (cf 2. .sL.. syn. J. ..,;~). 3.
~j.JJ..!la haydrogtn (E) n. hydrogen. basis, rationale, underlying reason (see 2.
~ hId shortfor ~IJ.) (j.,. meaning: etcetera ~lt). E.g. .),j ISU"'; »I~..sjA Why did he do
(etc.) this?; ulterior motive (cf ~). 4.
mean(s), medium, agency, instrumentality.
~. _ -ell suffa forming abstract nouns,
E.g. ':".)~J.;.)~ means of production. 5.
E.g. J~' ~tJ~ manhood! manliness. condition, stipUlation, promise (see I. t~),
~ hi! inlj. denoting belittlement and sarcasm: E.g. ,- _::~~..5 IS"'-'~ ~ on the condition that
really! you come too.+)~ adj. reasoned, logical,
~ hiu n. mind, consciousness (cf ftI '~jA); sensible. + t.,..;b / _ v. i. be fruitful/ rewarding!

reflection, pondering.+ .:".)".$ ~ v. think worthwhile. Syn. t.,.;b ft>; be compensational!

consciously (oj); reflect (upon), ponder.+ IS- indemnifying.+ .:,,1.,;- adj. & n. scholarly,
adj. reflective, contemplative. learned, wise; savant. + ~I.,; _ n. wisdom,
judgement, sagacity.+ ."";.),j/_ v. be useful/
.:"I~ hijan = .:,,1j4A q. v.
serviceable; be of help/ assistance (when
.:"LS... -dan defming suffix for plural nouns not needed! at oppportune time). + .) IS' _ n. factor,
ending in 0, E.g. ')JJ~ , .:"lS't.)JJj the rooms. active contributory/ element.

..5,-1 -eke defming suffix equivalent to the ~1 ho inlj. I. hey! (normally followed by the
defmite article the for nouns not ending in t name of the person called from a distance).
E.g. ,JUjArL.jA Hey Uncle Homer!. 2. Seel. s.
,,;.. ,.st";" the apple. Cf .s.
)J'" -ewar = )J}q. v.
 577

1S).Ja.. -ewari suffIX used with certain nouns t»-- hore n. kind of song particular to the
equivalent to: in the manner/ way/ tradition of. Jaf.+~}' t»- aIsolJl..:.;$/- v. sing such a song.
SeelS).1- 2
o~ hu!e = 0J.1.1 q. V.
'-6A hobe I. n. group of nomads' tents. 2. adj.
.J'pA I,u!ew n. herd of wild pig. - jlJ"'oI.
collective, concerted, joint, common. - 4.1':;- ~.
~~ ho!e n. & intj. boo, sound expressing
4.i~';' hocene n. drawstring. See .;,;~"t,j4i. +~
disapprovaV contempt. +;., L.:.;S;.,J / _ v. boo,
n. implement by which a drawstring is
drawn.+L..S'.. n. the folded and sewn edge of hoot (s.o.) in disapproval.
gannent into which a drawstring is drawn. ~ hurya only in lw-.11)~ q. v.
D.),;..a hode also D.)';; n. room, chamber. See ).1.J)' ....:;.»- hore~e n., zool. fox. See IS";-J'
Syn. -S;4i.+;;I,J'!~.1- living quarters
n.
~ hoz n. a number of households belonging to
comprising a room with a veranda! roofed
patio. the same o~·c1an (c.fJ...;.:); small community/
populace (c.f ~4...0jS). +..,.5- adj. communal,
~1 ho! n. pair of saddle bags fonning one
collective.
piece. C.f ~~ • .?- . jl~.
";,;..a1 ho~ n. state of consciousness/ thought!
~l ho! intj. denoting triumph in a game/
sensation, presence of mind. <..;~.(~)..;:,.
contest: my game! admit you are beaten!
~~ v. have presence of mind, be alert! aware;
-...;»- hone n. custom, common partice, be consceious. + .r-- adj. tranquilizing, causing
accepted! popular rule, limit or convention.+_ insesibility.+ ~Ir"/- v. lose consciousness/
D)A..!.J n. limit! bound! extent (of one's means/ sensibility.+ ~I.)/_ v. pay attention! give one's
ability/ etc.).+~I.i DJ"-I.J- v. know (one's·.,;;.) attention (to- '-i' 0).+ "t,j4.A- adj. intellectual.+.
limit.
1S"t,j...... n. intellectuality; sense, perception. +•
.1.1.)>>- hordii also .1.1.);;; n. anny. See.J..:....J. I.)~ ~ o.,.....:.;~/ v. regain! recover
D')~ hurde also U).J.1 only as part ofcertin consciousness.+)L.....t_ adj. conscious, alert;
compound nouns roughly meaning: petit, cognizant, aware.+ ....;I;l.t- adv. consciously,
miscellany, minute.+ 1.1~- n. & adj. petit knowingly.+ o""";,b{ )l.t- v. wake ~p (see)"';"
bourgeois.+~_ n. inquiry, studious! close o""";,b{); become aware, regain one's presence
examination; scrutiny. C.! ..:.S .0~-l;J. of mind.+ o~.)}')~ V.t. wake (S.D.) up; cause
to regain attention! concentration! etc.). +1S;l.t-
~~ Hurm;z n. Jupiter (planet).
n. consciousness; cognizance.
IS~~ hormizga n. Zoroastrain temple. ,,;,;..al ho~ intj. whoa! wo! (generally usedfor a
lJ~ ho!;n (E) n. hom (sounding/ honking donkey).
implement). + lJb;.,J / - v. sound a hom, honk. *~,;. hov adj. wild, untamed. C.f IS.ir$ •.1.1,?-.

lJlj.1.J~ hurlijan =lJlj.J.1).1.1 (aI/forms). Y';' hoqe n. oke (unit of weight): j",..~1S­
unit of weight less than standard oke. C.f
rj.J.J~ hurlilm n. attack, assault. C.f I .• .:.u..Ju.
.;"U~ 'lo~.+jl.o/- adj. tricky, deceptive (s.o.)
;l.. ~~. ";~'+;".).J.d- also;.,~/_ v. attack,
See.i~.
launch an assault (on· ) ....0).
JS',;. hoki[ n. servant. See )lS:.i...j.>. C.f ~;;.
 578

.;5:,. hogir adj. attached! accustomed (to-..;), ~ hfJ n. profit, advantage. idiom . ..54.uJ.1' ~
fond (oj). Cf I. ('Id. + "'J.J-I.;5:,. v. be attached! .~lS"'; ..5~-.JJAHe takes advantage of
feel accustomed (to). +..r n. attachment, everything! He is an opportunist.
fondness, intimacy. u.,.,- hul only in u.vA~" q. v.
J..;... 1101 n sheepfold. Cf pyS ,-J.....JJ.j. +..5_ n
hurik n cuff (part of a sleeve).
shack, shanty. Cf ~.
Syn. ..:-oJ~.
;:):,.1 hoi only in ~.,.Jk q. v.
DJU~ hfJdere n, zool. lesser bustard (bird).
~2 hoi (E) n. hall, auditorium; lobby, corridor. Syn.~.

hole n threshing (of harvest). See l~ hfJe. second part of certain compound
D.;.?+ ..,J.? ~:,. v. thresh with oxen. See ..,J.? D.;.? forms meaning: loud and prolonged! sustained
-~~. and noisy. i.e·l""-.Jfti 'd""-.J-i,J.j 'd.vA~.;j q. v.

~.,- huma n. phoenix. +"'..l*- aq;. blessed; ~.,.,- hiJ! only in ~.,.,-.,:. ~ q. v.
royal. ..:".,.,- hfJ~e n. boast, bragging. See .,jlj.!. + .I lS _
Ij4..A..l~:,. homelxeza n. tumult, large disorderly a/so.,.s•• a£ij. boastful; egotistical.
crowd. Cf ..$..;4Jj$ , j~.
L...,.,- hal.a n & intj. expressing mockery/
..t.;....,- humid =..t.;..."; (aI/forms) q.v. derision! gibe. boo! +..,L:.;S~/- v.t. mock!
teasel deride (s.o.) with the shout of~.vA, boo.
~I hon I. n kind of plaiting. 2. pres. stem of
verbs~:,. and o..,~..;..+ ..,1.1- also 0..,1.1- n. DJ..5.vA""- hfJhakere n., zool. a species of ow\.-
poetry, verse. Syn. a..:."'~.+Jo_n poet.+ __ a£ij. JY.~o~.,s.
thick and fast(i.e.falling tears).+~ also {~}
....1 he 1. particle meaning existent used
D~. ait, braid (hair); string, thread on a string
normally with a pronominal suffIX, E.g. ~u
(beads). 2. write, compose (i.e. poetry). CflJ
You exist! you are there (present). "'71u There
..,L;.
was. ~~ I..,...> God exists/ There is God to
~2 hon
ad). calm, composed.+DJ~.od_ v.i. reckon with. 2. prefix o~en replacing the subj.
calm down, regain control over one's prefixy. E.g.~~.- _:I:jJ Do you think it
emotions. could be available?+"'J.J-II_ 1 v.t. have, hold in
, posseSSIon,
one·s . own. +I.JJ.J-I-2 a Is0...r.J7l-
. n.
*JJ.J..j.,- hundur n and ad). interior, inner.
Cf JO~u. existence. idiom.a-u ~u 4 yL- rJ.J-l ('J.J-I
~L- what counts is what you are (worth) and
.1..:,.,- huner n art; skill, talent, apptitude.+ 1$_
not what you were. +JY.":' J.J-I- n. traditional
n art institute/ schoo\, + ~...... n. & adj. artist;
opening for folhales roughly meaning: once
creative, cultured.+~I~...... adj. artistic.+ • upon a time.+..;~ n fact of existence.+...r-- n
..,;..;,I~I v. demonstrate skill/ talent! artistic existence.
ability.+ JOJ- n. and ad). artist; artistic.+ _
~2 he interrogative expr. meaning: what was
..,lS~I~D n. the fine arts.+..r ad). artistic.
that again?
J:" IIOW intj. expressing answer to a distant ca ~J he intj. in comb. with the Hemze meaning:
..;.~ from s.o.: yes!. Cf .)~. no. E.g.;),u...,;;. u No, don't tell him. C.f .~.
 579

iJ.,-v-u hepr(;n adj. gen. broken to bits. +-"'-1- ~4Ao heter adj. insistent, pressing; resolute,
adj. dashed! smashed to pieces. dogged, relentless (syn. 2. ')J.''',I). + ':"»1 yt.j4Ao v.
.JY.u hepfi nursery expr. meaning: gone!, no insistl persist (on- ~); be resolute.+\.S- n.
more! insistence; resolution, determination.

~u hepk n. implement-~.s q. v. used to ~-.. hetite n. drawplate/ die with holes for
tighten the woven lines of a black tent-.;i.,IJ wiredrawing.
together. ~u hetim = ~-.. q. v. + ~_ adj. & n. uncouth;

~4Ao hepe n. peg. nobody, person of little worth.

but heta I. prep. until, up to, as far as. E.g. b~

~u het1w n. and adj. orphan. Syn. w;-.
r~r'U"";IS.,.,J. I went as fas as the shop Cf
C! ..sJ~ under ;.r.3, ~~.+).-I_ adj. with!
having small children (a widow).+~~_ adj. and
I. Li 2. con). as long as, as much as. E.g. b~
n. pederast. Cf ~L.,.;.... ,..,.s'JJJJ.+IS..i~- n.
~As long as I live. ~I.,;'" b4Ao As much as
pederasty.+~l>_ n. orphanage.+~"""'J_ n.
you can. 3. adv. even (normally followed by
~';"iJ). E.g. ~"'-I.";";;; .)&... b4Ao Even if you urchins, group of pertJ roguish youngsters.
don't come. +...,,!1.,J_ 1. n. etcetera, etc. Syn. ~.
Cj )~.,;"J.
2. to the end (see ~ bu); untillater.+.)__ J.J<#':u hecfi (A) n. lampoonery. Syn.~";;':" b.+
adv. to the end, permanently. +~ See b4Ao I. +. ':"J.} ~ v. lampoon.+~..; n. larnpoonist.
...,,! b~ adv. forever.
~ Hecici n. villager from Hajij in
heta inlj. in order to, so that. E.g. b~ ~ ~
2
bu Hawrarnan skilled in woodcrafts and travels
~ I carne in order to see you. long distances on foot to sell his wares.
C! .:..I? 'rjJ '(Op.
.)b4Ao hetar n. boulder, big rock. Syn. ;Jb.- J.J"'-i.
liu t hef adj. used in can). with a noun and
hetarek n. used only in the indefinite suI indicating: what-, who- where-.
rhyme: ..s')o(""~..r.-l>..s~.)b... J ..s,.)b~ Haji E.g. ..s..:;:....:.. li4...a whatever (thing). ~ li....
may your pilgrimage be blessed. whoever (person) . ...s:..;.1S li-" Whenever (lime)
.,bu I.etaw n. sunshine. Syn..,\;;.;l:. Cf 1.;;;- -;.s.,s G.~ Wherever (place). C! ..r:.)~ .
.-~. +iJJJ"iI- alsoiJlJ~1 _ v. be struck! li~2 hef n. cup used in the game of .j~~ q. v. +.
affected by the sun. + JJJJi _ ad). parched by the .:,,1 n. children's game resembing cup-and-ball.
sun. + ~~ _ n. daybreak. + ~ LS_ adj. sun-
~4Ao hefe also ~4Ao inlj. gee-up (generally
burned.
used to urge on a donkey). + .jJ.};.) ~ v.
I';U hetre adj. scattered (cf J~); stray (see
urge on (a donke)').+li~- n. continuous cries
~~).
of ~~q.v.
..s.;4Ao hetk (A) =~ ... q.v. (allforms).
~t her con). as soon as, immediately at the
.:,,1.,.,-.. hetwan n. salve, ointment. time (that-..5). E.g. ~ ~~.:..~ .s .)~ Call me
as soon as he gets here.
~;;-.. hetote n. charm hung around child's neck
as protection against decline.- ~~.J;i "'-I. p2 Irer aw,. I. only, merely. E.g.~J~')JJJ 4..l.)~
!"",!J I only/ merely saw him at a distance ..)~
.;-.. hele = ~~ q. v.
...s:;,;..J~ only once. Syn. 2. ~.;. 2. adv. still, in
 580
I.....

spite of that. ~l; p I still will not go. 3. right, day (often in comb. with -;.s/~). 2. each (in
immediately. E.g. l:..-:;; ~ Right now.+ »-1_ comb. with D). E.g. .:.;j..; ~ D~jdP Each day
adj. inevitable, inescapable. he says something difTerent.+ ';":'_prep. 1. in
J
.Ju her form of the aux. verb keep. E.g.~p comb. with -;.sl ~ meaning: whatever~

..:..~ J"; J":"JJ I kept telling (asking) him but 4...!'" ~ Whatever you have. 2. in comb .
he didn't come. with D meaning: each! each thing. E.g. .;.:.,.J'"
"-!~#~ Each thing (item) has its own
~4 I.er adj. I. each, any, every. E.g. ..J~4.!P
place.+ .::..LS_ adv. in comh. with -;.s/~
~Each (any) one of us. 2. all. E.g. .;~I~.J~
All four of them. 3. in comb. to form other meaning: whenever, at whatever time. + rLS_
adj., adv., con). , etc.+ D....;.......;_ I. no sooner adj. whichever. E.g.';~rlS p whichever one of
than. E.g. D.JD~.} r"'DJ D....;~..; P No sooner than I them.+ ~_ adv. wberever.+ ~_ pron.
opened my mouth ... .2. only this much. E.g.p whoever, whatever person; each. E.g.J.i v-.s .J'"
":";foj.J 4J ~ Each to himself.+~ adv. at least!
r D....;.......; [only ask this (much) from
you.+ D....;D~ I. only that much, that is (was) lowest estimate.+ I.J _ I. adv. exactly thus! so;
all. E.g.f'.JJ:..r...sD....;D.,...:,~ That is all he told likewise, similarly. 2. free, for nothing in
return. E.g. ~I~ I.J~ He gave it to me for
me.+l=.....;.:_ adv. right now, at once.+.Jk_ adv.
nothing.+ ..5D.J- also uSDJ- conj. I. just as! like,
in comb. with the definite particle -;.s/~ and
as also. E.g. ~~ ..5D.Jp He is just as he was
the verb ~ 1»1 meaning: whatever the case!
(before). 2. just as if. E.g. :.r.~~ uSDJP
situation! circumstances; somehow. E.g..J....
As if nothing had happened. + L..D.J - = IJ.J'"
~L.;;:,J ..s.h ~...s:..;;k whatever the case, [
q. v. + ..5~ _ pron. each, each one (often in
will not leave him alone. I.} ~~ »I;:';k P
comb. with I). E.g. .:.J..:.:?4.! ~ 4S4.! p They each
somehow it was accomplished. +....;~ can). in
belong to someone.
comb. with -;.sl ~ and various verbs meaning:
I
no matter how much, regardless of how many, .p he! also.sp . n. mud. Syn. ..ul.
.
whenever. E.g. ~j~l;~D"",,~"";~P No
~2 he! only in .;~.}..; .JD~ -t-..J ~ v. know
matter how much you pay I will not sell. .J'"
nothing about, have no knowledge!
~ D;.,.J r4...!....;~ Whenever I come he is not understanding! grasp of. E.g..JD~ ..srt 4J ..s~
here.+~ I. pron. whatever. anything! ..:..lSli He doesn't understand! know it at all.
everything that. E.g. ~ ~4 ..s4.S";..;:~
Ip hera n. brawl, noisy melee! riot. C.f";,,;.J.J ,
Whatever you do, do it well. 2. adj. whatever,
whoever. E.g.~.).J ~..5~ .J'" whatever it is, I 2. r..i ...... + ';»-II.Ju v. have! be involved in a
will accept. 3. prep. as for, concering, with brawl (with). Cf Ip ~ ';»1. + .;~.} I.J'" v. cause
regard to. E.g.":";~ l; ~..;:~ As for me, [ a fuss! brawl. Cfl~4-i';J.,..s.+D.,...:,li/- v.
don't want it.+";:J"o-'~- n. rabble, riffrafT.+. organize! instigate disturbance! brawl.+L.;D..iJ-
uS~ See..;:~.+ J.J::"'" also ..5JJ ::..... 1..5::..... I.$.;.. also L.~J- n. big melee, widespread and
pron. both. E.g. ~ JJJ.J'" Both sides! perties. 2. noisy commotion! disturbance.+__ n. loud
adj. the two, both. E.g.~..,; &D.J~ JJ~P Both persistent brawl/ melee/ noise. E.g.I~""':'
times he was alseep. + rD::"'" adv. every now and "-!";: ,,-!Ip What is all that noise.
then. once in a while (also in comb. with
I~ he!a adv. only in ';J.}I~ v. run away,
-;.sl ~). E.g. rDJ";;:,J ..s~ rDJ ~ I visit him
every now and then.+ ~jr adv. I. every! any
take away in haste; desert. Cf ';J.} Id under 1/.
 581
'P

rl~ he!ac n. auction.+ ~~.J rl~ v. auction, It cost me little. +..s- n. cheapness; timet period
sell by auction.+ .;~_ n. auction (place! room! of a bundance and low prices.
etc.).+ fo n. auctioneer. ~jp henin n., bot. giant millet. Syn. ~lt.
V"'I~ heras n. harassment, badgering, Cj I. j\S.
vexation. ~~ I.I"'lp v. be harassed! badgered Djp hene adj. immature, puerile,juvenile.+_
(by- D-'D .... .~U4.t). E.g.D~~ 4.t('»iV"'lp I ~ also....;~ n. & adj. babbler, prattler.+~_
am being badgered by him.+~~....sl.l"'lp v. adj. nonsensical, driveling.+)'s_ adj. and n.
harass, badger/ annoy persistently.+~L adj. youthful, adolescent; lusty youth. Syn. 1. jl-'J;'
harassed, badgered. + "'~~ '" L-Ip v. harass! Cj I. ~.+4-iI),L adj. juvenile, immature
annoy; in comb. with ~ meaning: disturb, (behaviour! act! etc.). Cj ..;~.....:....+..s).s.. n.
ruin. E.g. ('~....s ~L...lp~..sJ4.> He ruined my youth, adolescence, age of indiscretion.+1.I"'..u"-
sleep. +~L n. state of harassment! vexation. adj. given to sensationall nonsensical
writing.+..s-..u"- n. ordinary/ sensational news
~Ipl her~ adj. growing up, nearly ripe/
or writing; yellow journalism.
mature.+I.I"'JJL:- adj. nine months pregnant
(expecting mother). l.I"'.Ju hers n. digestion, process! ability to
digest. "'»--11.1'"~ V. i. be digested/
~Ipz hera! only in ~I~D~ q. v. under ('D~I.
assimilated. + "'~.r--S' I.I"'~ V.t. digest (food);
~Ip herame n. thingumajig, what-do-you- assimilate mentally.
call-it. Syn. ~.
c...:..p herq,te n. kind of dumpling! vermicelli,
~ ~p hereayi n., bot. pansy (j1ower). E.g. ~~ ~ ~p savoury dish made
with';':'p.
~p hereile n. wheelbarrow.
..) p herji n. Iamb raised! fit for slaughter.
lp herd n. rough rocky ground.+t- also ~l;ltD_
n. uneven! undulating! hilly land'+..---It- adj. :,.$p hergiz. adv. never, not ever, at no time.
wavering, irresolute. C! l.h.+J....;SD- adj. Ant. ~a. + _-,1_ adv. never under any
wandering, homeless, vagabond. circumstances, never never (colloq).
4_lIjp hena{e n. stand, base, platform (on 4.J~ hergine n. earthenware, pottery.- .:..4JI J .
which s.th. rests).
4Jp herle n. species of beetle. C! ~;Ju.
~Ij~ henan adj. 1. cheap, inexpensive, low in
~pl /.ermi n., bot. pear.- • ~p..s:-l;
price/ value. Ant. 1. ~I~; fig. sorded, vulgar
";~jJ • ..sJ~.,.s. Cj ..5-j.J.+ ~I~_ n.
(behaviour/ deed) (see 3. .5..u-).+ ~»i~ljp v.
season when pear trees are in blossom, early
be cheap/ inexpensive; be vulgar.+ ",~.J ~Ijp
spring.+ ..L~_ n. wild pear. Syn.Jjl":' •..5.-j}
v. lower the price (oj); cheapen.+ ~4.t- adj. low
.+ ..s-,~"s- n. variety of yellow fragrant pear.+_
in price/ cost.+ ~~_ adj. cheap-selling (of a
D.J..u-'i n. variety of flushed red pear.
proprietor! shop! etc.); selling for a lesser
price (in comparison to others). Ant. ~~IJ. + ~pZ herme n. kick in the rump. + ~b ~/ _ v.
~~/. v. cost cheap, be acquired cheaply/ kick (s. 0.) in the rump. C! ~I~ ja -..; ..:;..:..
bought at abargain price. E.g.(,.;4- 4Ju~ ",Ijp
DP here adv. most, to the greatest! highest
degree (as used with adj. to form the
 582
.~

superlative). E.g. '.).Jw •.)~ Greatest, )~ hez.ar adj. and n. thousand.+;"L n.

Supreme.4.yU Highest. Cf IY-- +If..-adj., thousands. +_ 4.-t _ adj. 1. precipitous, falling
gram. superlative. sharply/ steeply, of great height. 2.
innwnerable, in thousands. + ~ _ n. millipede,
•.p he!e n. saw(tool).Syn. .)~.+,-,,",l.o..n.
thousand-legger.+ .)~ _ exclamation meaning:
swordfish.
a thousand times yes.+~l;.jJ_ n. second
.:..•.p he!et n. 1. peak, prime, bloom, vigour.
stomach of a ruminant. - tJ-l. +... n.
Syn. 1. JlJ. 2. season, time of the year. Syn.~.
millenium.+r... also~ ... adj. thousandth.+ 1.....
IJ".~ heres n. 1. avalanche, landslide, snow- thousands and thousands. + ..s~ n. one
slip; barrage, deluge. 2. collapse, downfall, thousandth.+~ adj. having the denomination
breakdown. Cf ;"l;..J.Jd.+oy4..w..;4iI- v. descend, ofa thousand (eurrenc,y note! bill).
move down (of an avalanche).+;"l.:.;./_ v.
~.i"" hez/Jlie n. spices. Syn.;"L..)DJ.J.JIJ.+4L..,;s..
collapse, fall; cave/ fall in. Cf ;"l;..J.JJ.
n. wild thyme.
he!qe n. threat, intimidation., expr. of rjAJo lleun (A) n. digestion. + ;".»trj .... v. be
intention to inflict eviV hannl damage.+..:..~ digested (food).+ ;"J.,$ rj~ V.t. digest; fig·
;"J.;S v. theaten, utter threats (against-~) Cf normally used in the negative, E.g· r~ ~ r~';
•.,.....;J)'.).v- .J4· +":"D~.J- n. bullying threats, ..:.;JL.; I cannot tolerate/ take this. I consider
bu llyragging. this an insult! affront. See IJ".).....
;"lS.J4-A.J ;"lSDP herekan u merekan n. name of
;,,1J',j.... Heziran also ;"IJ'~ n. June (month).
an outdoor game.
~1 hej pres. stem ofverb ;"I~ q. v. + _ [~l
~.~ he!eme adj. desultory, random, mixed,
;,,1 V.i. jolt, shake, heave (esp. due tofatigue,
lacking definite plan! purpose/ pattern, E.g.4..l
hard breathing).+;".l..iLL:;~]v.t. jolt, shake;
~.~ at random. Cf ~~. l.~.
provoke, arouse. ,J-Lillw.J; unsettle, disturb. +_
jD.J.~ herewn. n. I. communal labour ....... adj. unsettling, alarming, disturbing.+ A-
(voluntary). Cf D).-/Dj • .)~. 2. coaction, adj. stirring, emotive, exciting; provocative.
synergism, collaboration. Cf • ~w.....jS
~2 hej =~q.v.
~.)L..S.JI..• ~.)L..5:....J\,;'+~ adj. coactive,
collaborative; synergetic. )~ hejar adj. poor, indigent, in need
(ef .:-o~..s); hwnble, unpretentious (cf
~P hen = ~~ q. V.
).t.,j .1.J4. under ~/).+~ n. poverty.
:;..J~ herh. n. grass (covering lawn! yard! etc.).
.J~ hejde adj. & n. eighteen. +~ also rA.A-
Cf ~ • .J.J.i.''').- ~.
adj. eighteenth.+ ;"l.;S ~ __ v. speak fast and
......~ heme See ~p. loquaciously; be glib/ babbling (cf ~ .)jj. syn.
~~ herem n. region, area (syn. (£ll cf'')~.J.Jd jltol.i~).

~.Jl.i); zone.+~ adj. regional. Cf • ..,..:..".s

I..u~ hejdeha also lr-l~ See lr-l~.
oI.il.....J.j.J4-.
.s~ hejg n. I. prunnings (from a bush/tree!
.V'..r--~J he!!n v. go, leave; used in the south etc.). 2. limbs (esp. the parts from the elbow
only in the phrase: D.)D.J ~.~ 4 rain or shine/ and knee down). + jl~.J _ See j.J~~.
for good or for ill.
 583

,:,~y.... hejmiln (E) adj. hegemonic, ascendant, .:...~ ~.,;.../ ;4- 4i You unfortuate thing. You
preponderant. +loS _ n. hegemony, ascendancy. aught to be ashamed of yourself {Iii. may you
be bereaved).
~' hes adj. thick, condenced. See..;.....;..
; l...:.... hesar also ;l:.~ q. v.
~2 hes informal/ colloquial form of ~4A
.;...:.... he~t adj. & n. eight.+I_ n. eighty.+~L
q.v.+~~ n. one's material possessions!
also~ul_ adj. eightieth.+ "':",,$- n. & adj.
worth.
octagon; octagonal. + ro'" also ~o - adj.
~3 hes =~ (allforms)q.v.
eighth. + ..5~ _ n. one eighth.
';~ hesare n. I. star. See 0;;;-;. 2. luminary,
.uJl::..:.... hq,talu n. peach (fruit). Syn. tjl.
source of spiritual intellectual light; notable
person.+IJ"L..;_ n. astrologer.+j....;,.,;_ n. astr. 1oS~ he~er; = 1oS~ q. v.
Canopus.
~... hefte also ~ n. week.
,:,~ hesan n. whetstone. Syn. "L..OJ~.':'L.....u
<,:,IJ.
...:..u hev adv. together, jointly; mutually. + jL
n. friend, colleague, pal, comrade. Syn. ;oJI.r.
~ hest n. feeling, sentiment, emotion
. .
under 1ft. + J.i~L n. ally. +1oSJ.i~I- n. alliance,
(.syn.jL:.b. cf ..i.j...-); sense, faculty of compact, league. Cf ~~..Jl..+ 1oS).L.JI- n.
perceiving: ':'J~J.i loS- sense of smell * ~ ~ faithfulness, loyalty. + )_sjl_ n. associate,
sense of hearing. ~ loS- sense of sigh\.s- colleague (in a profession! office! etc.).+ J.i4i-
• iJ •::- sense of taste * ':'J,..s:.;........1oS- sense of adj. affiliated, connected, associated.+ 1oSJ.i4i-
feeling. Cf ";j.A'.':'J,;$.::..-4A v. feel, have an n. affinity, connection, mutual relationship.
awareness of; sense, perceive (cf ':'J.r.IoS4t).+- C.! loSJ.io~~. +,:,~_ n. assembley, a
;4-t adj. sensitive, easily affected.+IoS~_ n. deliberative body. Cf .:...~.+ 1oS;ts'- =IoSJlS.Jl.
sensitivity.+;LS'_ n. sense (faculty/ organ ofJ.+. q. v. + ..5j _ n. proposition, overture, offer.
~ adj. sentient, feeling, sensitive. + .;.....,;." _ n. Cf A' ':.;.+ IoSjU'j- n., gram. syntax.
sentiment, predilection, attitude, thought!
*.:...~ hevut n. schooling, discipline derived
judgement prompted by feeling. Cf .;.....;).... +
from experience/ training! instruction.
;L..OJA. n. sensory nerve. IoS;O.J'" n., med allergy
Cf 'J;',,~. ";:;.SI; . ..;..:........+ ,:,IJ/_ V.t. school,
+1oS- adj. sensory; sentimental, emotional.+ ;It-
discipline, habituate.+ .JIJl.. adj. schooled,
adj. responsive, receptive, open.+ 1oS;~- n.
disciplined.
responsiveness.
J.u heq (A) n. I. right, s.th. due to one by law/
,:,~ hestan combined/orm of,:,l:.-j4A used
custom! nature. Cf JL.... 2. adj. right,
only in the imperative ~ and past tenses.
confirming to law/ justice/ morality (cf I",;);
C.! ,:,L.. j4A.+ ,:,J.il_ See ,:,J.iL.. j4A. true, correct, called for. 3. used in various
1oS~ hestir' = 1oS';'-; q. v. expressions. E.g. I~ ~u ~ By God! .u... I.,;.
God is the truth. ':'»1 ( ... ) J.U v. have the right,
,:,~ hesiln See ,:,.v:;.-.
be justified; in comb. with .,,0;4- 4i meaning:
.,;... hq, n. & adj. indigo; dark blue.+~_ adj. make (s.th.) one's concern! business, feel
hapless, bereaved, unfortunate. Cf J;is'; used justified! obliged to interfere. + ~I_ adj. honest,
as an expr. 0/reproach! reprimand. E.g. .,;... fair; righteous (see ",,; ..-;....1;). + _ '-/_ expr.
 584

indicating mutual renunciation of claims: call it situation! place! etc.). 3. raise (aflag); wind
quits, we are even; tit-for tat. + ':-I~ _ n. fee, (around), haul, hoist up (e.g. thread); roll up,
charge. Cf .,;..;;.....o~. + ~';;'~/- v. achieve one's lift uPz tuck up (a garment/ sleeve! etc.)
(syn. .J.l.lL.. ~). 4. light, ignite (fire); turn on (a
right; take what is one's due. + 1~~/_also.
light) (see ~L-..,,$I~). 2. used in comb. to form
IJ.;,~.JI V.t. get even (with-~); revenge (from-
various nouns.+ .:.01_' only in .:.o'2....iJ/ q. v.+.
~) (syn. ~';;'4-..J;;).+ ,:.h..5l- v. be due (of
s.th. being rightfully owed! claimed by/
,;;;1 = ,;;;l. ~ q. v. +..,.,;L adj. fleeing, on the run,
belonging to s. 0.). E.g. ..:.;...,.,..sli ~~ ~ in flight.+~L.;/_ v. I. block up (a hole!
Nothing is due him. + J~I_ n. time when the passage! etc.). 2. fig. insult (s.o.) verbally esp.
by lambasting his dead (normally used with the
first appreciable rain of autumn is expected.
word ';;s-grave). + ~L....I_ n. econ. inflation. + •
Cf 2. ..J~.+ ~IJ- adj. adequate as
~l...JI n. swelling; expansion, dilation.+ ~)JJL n.
compensation! return! restitution.
secretion; excretion, discharge.+ ~~.JJJI- v.
~u~ heqayet (A)n. story.See.5~.
differentiate, mark off, distinguish. + ";;.JL adj.
~ Heqe n. namel member of an eccentricl suspended, banging.+ ,;;;~/_ v. stumble,
mystical sect. trip' in walking! running. Syn..;Jjl. ~...... G,.u-'
y~ hegbe n. large bag, portmanteau, pouch:. ~b AlL- .~I~.+ .J-I-J'II- v. I. lift up, raise. 2. tum

..,-L.h~ loS diplomatic pouch. Cf •...;L.... up, increase (a lamp). 3. repulse and pursue/
chase (an enemy).+ ~IS/jil_ v. tum pale (in the
..5.;~.
face).+Jl...Spt- pale, pallid.+);,.,._ n.
adj.
~' hel n. opportunity, chance, auspicious selection, collection of chosen! selected
moment (cf I . .:.oU)I~); occasion:_IoS~..) things.+~~)~/_ v. elect, vote for; select, pick,

guardain angel. < ..iJ.t..I.... + ..::-~ _ n. & adj. choose.+ I~)~_ adj. & n. selected, chosen;
opportunistic, timeserver, prima donna.+_ selection, carefully chosen group.+........j._ n.
~~ n. opportunism.+ .JI.~- adj. elector, qualified voter.+i~j.- adj. elected;
opportunist, timeserver, prima donna.+IoS..i'-,.>- chosen.+..i..... _ n. jumping up.+..i"'-tI~J..i<l.t- n.
n. opportunism.+ ,;;;~ .:..-.~/_ v. find a jumping up and down.+ '~J<l.tl- v. bounce
chance, have an opportunity/ auspicious back, rebound (e.g. of a balf).+ ~_ n. I.
moment. + ~~ ..::-O~ ..J I-v. lose a chance, let fabrication, s.th. made up for the purpose of
an opportunity go by. + r~ J _ n. circumstance, deception. 2. verse. Cfti;;..+ i~- adj. I.
condition! facti event accompanying, fabricate, made up. 2. plaited, whreathed; put
conditioning or determining another. C.!.:.oo)~ in a sling.+ ~/_ v. I. fabricate, make up to
)~ •)lS.iJr· + ,;;;~ j.u ~ I_v. present! offer deceive, concoct. Cf ~~.,s J.J~' 2. versify,
itself to (of an opportunity). compose. 3. muffle/ tie up (the face); put in a
sling (arm); put up/ build (a dry waif); plait,
~1 hel n. (A) stroke in the game of ~.vJ.... +
whreathe (fringes into a tassef).+ ~_ n .
.5JJ • n. wooden peg used in the game of
treatise in verse, didactic poem. C.! .i;;a. +
~.vJ~ q. v. + ~JJ - n. tipcat game.
iP.'4 - adj. clipped; trimrned.+ ~~/_ v. clip
j... hel I. adj. up (used as the first element ofa (hair); trim, cut off outer part. + ~I-f':-!.I_ pass.
large group ofcompound verbs). + ~~.J ~ v. I. of ,jI-/"X ~ q. v. +JI-f':-!..- adj. unstitched, unsewn
blow (of the wind). 2. get along (with-j..s'4.l) (of clothes) (cf ~~); opened, tom open.+
(syn. I. ~~JUI~. cf 2. ~~.,,5'); tolerate, stand (a Vo'...j':-I.I. v. tear open, open up (a bottle! can!
 585

box). Cj 2. '''';l.}. + .:,,;.;1.1.,.1- v. crumble, pick ..$4jb.1..S'4j n. continuous faultering movement

..
to pieces (jIower). + .:"lj.1.1,r.I- pass. o/Ju of a load on an animal's back.+ ~..:;.. adj.
':"..L.ilj.1-'r. q. v. + .:"..L.ilj.1.J.r.1_ v. t. singe, scorch. +. shaken to the foundation. +.:,,;.;I.;.e.; I-v. dart
.11j.1.J.r../ adj. singed, scorched.+ .:"IS.1.1I'--pass. away, bolt (of a donkey/ mule! elc.). Cjj~

of.:,,;';LS.1.11'- ~ q. v. +.:,,;.;IS.1-'r.I- See .:,,;.;IS.1.1I'-'+- ':"..L.il".",;.+i~ adj. piled! stacked up.+~/_

.:"I~I v. spurt! gush uP.+~hll~/_See~~~ v. I. pilei stack up (E.g. wood); build (a wall) .

. .
.+ .:,,;.;IJ4-!.I- V. jog, move up and down, bounce 2. absorb, take/ soak up (liquid).+ .:,,~/_ v. I .
boil over (offood onfire);fig. boil over, seethe
(a baby).+-..J.t-l- n. dance, dancing esp. in a
(cj ':"»1 .".",;).2. climb up/ twine around-ll .. 4./
group joining hands, E.g. ..s;j~" '1.1.:.: . Cj (of a vine). 3. jump high (over s.th.).+~~/_
2. ;r;~l'':'''.1~.j •....s:.;~ under ~I .~.+_
v. pierce/ go through! be lodged in (of a nail!
r.-ll.1r. n. jumping up and down.+~-r.I- v. I. needle! Ihorn! elc.).+ .:,,1.)-/ _pass. of ~j~
dance. Cj ':"l.} ~. 2. jump up and be restless q.v.+~/_ v. hang up (laundry to dry); put!
(E.g. from pain).+ ':"l)_~/_ V.t. lean up, prop set up, erect (e.g. gallows/ swing); be.exposed!
up (against· b ..... ~). Syn. 2. .:"L.;j~; made accessible/ vulnerable.-~~~.+ _
suspend. + i)~ _ adj. leaning up, propped .:,,~I v.i. slip, slide, glide. Cj .:"Ij.>.+ •
up.+ .:,,~/_ V.i. swell up (of a part ofthe body/ .:,,;.;~ );,.1 V.t. cause to slip/ glide.
wound). Syn. .:"L-.1l:.+ ~_ n. hem (in Syn. .:,,;.;1.;....:.. Cj .:"..L.il,.;..+ .:",;.;,;.,;,.1_ Seej~ ~
sewing).+ ':"~/_ V.t. I. wind up, wrap up; ~.,;,.. +.:"l;~"'I_ v. be duped! deceived/
bandage. 2. beset and press (s.o.for s.th.).<..,J victimized. +.:,,;'; l;J... I_v. t. dupe, gull, deceive,
.:,,~~. E.g.•).~J.tr.1~..,Ju He keeps victimize. Syn. .:"b ".....). Cj .Jl",s;:".J;J...;i. +-
pressing me for monney. 3. hem, finish! make a .1l;~... adj. duped, gulled, victimized.+_
hem in sewing. 4. V.i. fonnl develop/ grow (of
~.j... adj. deceitful, victimizing.+.:"ll/_ v. I.
a fruit blossom into a fruit).+ .11~- adj. I.
throw/ cast (s.th.) in the air; set up/ pitch (E.g.
wrapped up; bandaged, in bandages. 2.
tent); fly (a kite); camp. 2. praise/ glorify (esp.
hemmed.+ .:,,\5....:...1~/- V.i. squat. Cj ~b.+.
to fool/ gull). 3. in comb. with. meaning:
IJ-..j 1 v. used mostly in the imperative. E.g?~
interrupt, interfere by speaking. E.g.l.!ll..,J~
'r Get out! Get lost! ~lear om. + ':".~/- ~.1.1 He interrupted by saying. C.!~ U; j>
pass. of the verb.:,,;.;~ju.+ .:,,;';~/_ v.t.
.:,,;.;L.;.ul. 4. bloom, shine out, flourish in
rip, teart split apart. C.! .:"..L.iI"l.+.1~ adj. beauty/ excellence/ etc.+ •.,.;b/_ v. I. uncover
ripped, split apart.+ ~;;I_ v. swell and by raising! lifting up (e.g. a lid! veil/ etc.). 2.
protrude, stand out; vesicate, blister (see..:;,;.lt heap/ pile up (e.g. soil). 3. come up, grow
':"l...,s).+ ~;;- adj. swollen and protruding.+. again (of a plant); recur, return (of a
disease) < •.,....;Il j.u;:".J; reappear, come up/ be
.:"w.",;1 v.i. squat.+ .:"..L.iI".",;I_ v. bolt, move
away suddenly and nervously. Cj .:,,;.;Ij.eJ j~. + raised again (of an issue! argumenl).+.:"I"l/_
pass. of ~..,l j.t..A. + .1ll~ adj. ripped open,
~4jI_ v. bust! rip/ tear.+.:"IS.;I_ v.i. shake/ be
rocked from the foundation. +.:,,;'; IS..... I-v. t. slashed.+ iJ.1.1,;J- adj. closed! enclosed by
shake to the very foundation; pulverize (e.g. sewing'+':".1.1jl/- V.I. sew together, c1ose/
action of frost on soil); shake/ jerk (one's enclose by sewing. Cj I. ':".1.1jl.+~..,l/- V.I. rip
body); reduce (s.o.) to poverty (by spunging open, slash! slit (e.g. with a sharp blade).
on! living of). + ..$..:i-..$..:;.. adv. slow and Cj .:"..L.il"l. + .",tl.. also J)..l.. n. precipice, rough
gingerly/ cumbersomely (of one's walking). +_ and very steep cliff; brink (of a dangerous
 586

situation).+;)~~/_ v. tumble down, tum end (on). See.j»-~~.+(.).J..i~~/- v.I.

over end in flight. Cj .j~.,.slr .j.J..ilJ4.,j~.+. evaluate, appraise, assess the merits (oj).
JIJH~ adj. tumbled down.+I.SJl.! J.;.l.. n. Cj (j.J..o~. 2. weigh, accertain the heaviness
brinkmanship.+.;I;/_ v.i. pour out.+ ~dl- v.I. of (see 3. .jL...:.;S).+;4.:.4..-- n. evaluator;
1. pour out, cause to roll/ stream out (esp. non- criterion, yardstick (cj ....y:,). + ~t.:./_See~
liquids). 2. fig. pour/ speak out (one's ~L.:.;:J.u.+ .j~/_ V.t. knead and turn! fold.+.
complaints/ dissatisfaction). + JI;j..j-d- adj. .J..I-il) I v. t. flush, cause to flyaway. +IJ'''; I_v. t.
poured out.+~.jj_ adj. swell, puff up. Syn. fly up/ away, flush.+.j.J..iI."....,i/- V.t. dupe, hoax.
~.;;j.u. +~--'j_ adj. puffed up, swollen.+. See .jl~."....).+ (.).J..i I..i.eJ.i 1- V.t. squash, squeeze into
iJ)..jjl See .jlrs~. +)..;_ n. statistics, figures: a pulp (esp. with one's hands). +Jl..i.ell- adj.
~L..";I.SJL..;. vital statistics. Syn. I.JL..l:. +. squashed.+.;40..J/- v.i. shrivel up, get rippled!
(.)~JL..;I V.t. calculate, compute, count wrinkled (e.g. from heat! directfire).+.j.J..i I:.:..J 1-
(cj .j~JLo;); reckon, rate, figure.+JI;...;..;_adj. V.t. 1. cause to shriveU wrinkle. 2. scorch,
calculated, planned, worked out.+.jL-/_ \I. 1. parch (oil).+ .J~~ adj. shrivelled; scorched.+.
rise, sit! stand up. E.g. ~ J"'- "-! L..;:J.u He got .j.J..i\,j.,JI also (.).J..il;;.,l I_See .j.J..il;;.,l;:J.u;:; j>. +.
up on his feet (cj o""';J~..:-ld); wake up, get ~1.pJI V.t. quaff, drink deeply (often
up (from b:d). 2. rise, increase (of noisily).+.;"J~/_ also~.,J 1_ V.i. bubble up,
water): JL;~W... rising of water (Iide). 3. rise, flow out with bubbles, well up;fig. show up/
take up arms (againsl- j.l). 4. break up, emerge out of nowhere. +(.) L;.,J I _ also ~.,J I_v.
disperse (a meeling); end, be concluded (a hop along.+ also.;,.,:L(.).,J- adv. hopingly, in
ceremony of mourning).+ .j.J..iL../_ v.I. 1. cause hops.+.;.JLS/_ v. scold, berate.<.;.JlSj... ~.+.
to rise, make assume an upright position; wake (.)I~I pass. of (.).J..;Af~.+.j~lfl- V.t. 1.
up. 2. cause to stiffen! become erect, excite. 3.
scrtach, scrape lightly (oneself to relieve
bring an end (to a mourning ceremony;
traditionally initiated by the friends of the itching). <oJ.L..ilfj.u;:"J.+irS- adj. 1. hoisted
family ofthe deceased).+ ~I~,;L.._ n. social (of aflag); wound (a thread); rolled up, tucked
up (of sleeves/ etc.). 2. turned on (of a lamp);
behaviour, manner/ type of conduct in public.
ignited (of a jire).+.j.J.:Ajl_ V.t. sear, bum,
C/ oJo~.,.s. ) ..:;";0d'
+ o""';L-/_1 \I. rise/ get up
scorch. Cj 2. .j.J..iI:.:..Jj..A.+ (.)L:.SI _ v. move up/
again. +o""';L-I_2 n. rebuttal; recovery,
over (esp. to make room for others) (cj.;.J.?I:
rebound.+ JL..- adj. 1. rising, being on the
o.J'l J4-t); walk! travel uphill (cj (.)1.r-Sj..A).+.
increase. 2. erect, stiff.+.;~);_I_ See~
~ n. rise/ increase in height (of water level) .
.j~) ••~. +..:- See .;......j..,J.... + .:..J..s.,.- short form
of the combined words.j U..- and 0"':'; ~ n.
C/ ~h.+ :,S- adj. rash, incautious, heedless.
Cj ~J"'- •....:..J....+ .:...,5- only in .:...,s:j~
ups and downs; travail, agonizing effort.+.
.:...,s:j~ q.v.+;A-..:,l;,,5I- v. jump at, make a
.jld»-I v. be feasible/ attainable/ within reach;
sudden physical attack upon, pounce on (cj
be accomplished! arranged.+ (.).J..ilp,.-I- V.t.
.jb ) .. 'l~); visit at an inopportune time/
handle, manage, accomplish, deal with. Cj
.jL..:.;,....s:....;.; conduct (business).+ JldJ,.-- adj.
without prior notice. + .:...,.5-.:..".5- adv.
labouriously and at an even pace (e.g. ofs.o.
~ged, made feasible, brought about.
walking); meanac~gly (of s.o./ s.th.
CjjL-'~~'+~-d»-- n. schemer,
approaching). + i..-JjS _ adj. hollowed out,
planner; person in charge. Cj • ;.?JU
gouged out.+~:'sI-
V.t. hollow out by
~•.;~. + (.).u-I - v. rub (against! with), smear
gouging! scooping, dig out (the inside of);
 587

engrave.+ ~"sl- v.i. boil up/ over. See 1. ~ turned pale.+o~I-tSI- v. I. tum over, tum
,:,~. + ,:,..S- part of some compound nouns face up/ down. 2. turn (against· ~), change
equivalent to: digger, engraver. i.e.,:,..sJ.. ~ one's stand (towards--;.,J). E.g. oJ~I-tS~~
q.v.+':'.J:,4SI_ v.I. dig, dig up, delve into (the He turned against me.+oit--S- adj. bent
earth, a grave, etc.). 2. uproot, pull up by the upward, crooked, curved up.+o~I;.sI- v.I.
root, pull out. Cf ,:,L...:.:;S~. J.jig. dislodge, turn over, tum on the other side/ face; tum
force out (s.o.). Cf .J.J:,I~Ju,+ ,:,1}4SI-pass. inside out (clothes! etc.) 2. tum against, cause
o/,:,~~ q,v'+JI}4S_adj. I. delved, dug. 2. (s.o.) to change attitude(towards- z)).J. twist,
uprooted (of a plant). J. dislodged (of s. 0.). + • distort, misrepresent. +.f-SbJf-$- n. (act oj)
~."...s n. chance, opportunity, occasion. Syn. turning (s.th.) over and over.+ ,:,.)..? ;$I.)J~"
l.~. <~~oI.Mt. Cf ..:..uJu . 0) J."... + ~,,-$I­ v. tum over and over.+,:,I.",$I_pass. of ~.}~
V. I. stand out, be different and distinguished. q.v.+i~- adj. abducted (of a woman).+.
2. present! otTer itself (to-~) (of an ,:,'-.",$1 pass. of,:,.J:,L.",$~ q. v. +,:,.J:,L.",$ I_v.
opportunity).<~"...s~z). +~j4S_ also _ I. start, cause, instigate (trouble/ riot! etc.).
--.,j,,-$ adj. exceptional, outstanding, Cf ,:,.).,$~. 2. light up. See ,:,.J:,'-.",$ b.+
distinguished. +~_ suffIX equivalent to: 0"..;'-.",$1 v. flare up again, break out anew.+_

puller, raiser, i.e. ~""'~j4.+,:,L.:.;S"/- V.i. .,1,;;-.",$ adj. fomented, instigated.+~..r..S- n.

puIV hauV draw up. 2. weed out, root! pull out inciter, fomenter, instigator.+~..uJ/_ v. glup
(syn. 2. ,:,..w...s~); extract (a tooth)j,u,;.;. down, swallow hurriedly/ greedily (cf~.uJ

-,:,~j,u;:'; .,:,L.:.;S".+irl- adj. I. drawn ,:,1.); devour (used also in children's stories in
up, raised. 2. weeded! rooted out; extracted.+. refrence to the demon devouring s.th.! s.o.)+.
.;5 n. one that upholds! shoulders! maintains; ,:,I)~I pass. of ~~ j.u q. v. +JI)...- adj. 1.
bearer, carrier, conveyor.+~.}I_ v. I. carry, lifted up, raised; rolled! tucked up (sleeves/
transport, move while supporting; pick up, lift etc.). 2. last element of certain compound
up (see I. ~j,u); pick out, choose (cf~ adjectives. i.e.JI)~ j .. JJol q. V. + ~~/_ v. roll
,:,.))~);
bear, shoulder (syn. 4. ,:,L.:.;S). 2. abduct up, tum up, tuck up (e.g. sleeves). Syn. J. ~

(a woman). J. put away (in order to conceal) ,:,.),;S.- ~~ ~jjJ.+ ..so;""" n. flush, flushing
(cf oy.i.)JL.:.); set aside (in order 10 save! keep) system (toilet)+,jJ~/_ v. draw up by suction
(cf ,:,.),;S ~,,-$"':'4); take away, remove (cf I. (i.e. a pump drawing water); suck! draw by
':'.)J"/ ~). 4. merit, deserve, be worth (the effort! mouth; inhale, swallow (smoke) (cf ,:,b ~"".;);
Irouble! etc.). Syn. ':'.1-"',:,41.:..5. close/lock up absorb, soak up (i.e. ink with a blotter) (cf~
(a shop/ bUSiness/or the day). Cf 1. ~I.).+. ~).+,:,I~/_ v. urinate while standing (cf~
0~.}1 v. I. re-purchase, take (s.th.) off ,:,.).;S); urinate (on· 4..t e.g. a dog.).+,:,\;/_ v. I.
another's hand by buying it from him; buyout. thrust! push (the foot) as in stepping forward!
2. pick! lift up again.+Ui-i)sI_ V.I. 1. scrub going up (stairs). 2. set (a trap). Cf j.u
(laundry). Cf ~ z) ":-0.). 2. fondle, cuddle, .:i\..->.+ ~/- v. roost (of a bird); perch!
caress.+i.f.!-,:..,}I_ V.I. squeeze (esp. with the alight! settle! rest precariously (on- ~).+.
whole hand).+,:,I-tSI- v. I. climb up (using the ,:,I~IJI pass. ofiJ.l-IJ~'+JI~IJ- adj. I.

hand! legs) (cf 2. ~j4S ~); grow up and hanging, suspended. 2. hanged, killed by
hanging.+ iJ.l-1J/- v. I. bang up, suspend.
spread over (of a plant); creep up (e.g. ofan
insect on one's body). 2. turn! change/ become Cf ,:,ljiJL:. 2. hang, put to death by hanging.
deficient (of colour). E.g. 1-tS~ ')Joj .pOol He Syn. ,:,IHJl;U..J. Cf ,:,.J:,lS..;.;. •.:.;;.:."s.+ ~J.J/-
 588

See~"'J~ ~.+.:"I.J'J/- pass. of.:".l..iI.J''''~ ..:.o1u2 helat n. uppleasant body odour; smell of
q.v.+.;,..I...iI.J''''_ v. I. cause of LI-'...J''''~' 2. sweat. Cf ~Jj}!.
separate the seeds (pomegranate)/ kemals
[.'lu helac n. cotton carder. Syn. J4S.~~.+1.S-- n.
(corn) from the pulp/ cob/ etc.+ V'...J'J/- v. fall
out! ofT, be shaken off (offlower petals! seeds! work! occupation of carding cotton. +IJ":'lu
etc.); fig. degenerate and fall ofT (e.g. of a ':"J.? v. card (cotton); be a cotton carder.
hand! finger! etc. used disparagingly) (cflJ
..;1u hela! n. twigs! leaves used as roofing
.;, L.!.•.,,). +.J-'...J'''' _ adj. fallen out, shaken off (of
material.
petals! seeds! fruit).+.;,L.!. •."I_ v.i. break open,
j1~ hef..al. n. substance used in tanning.+..;~ n.
bel come undone; break up, get tom down. +.
tannery.+.:"IJ/_ v. tan. Syn. ';'J.? t l,..J .
.:"JjL.!.•.,,1 V.I. 1. undo/ break open by untying
(stitches! sewing! knitting! etc.). 2. break up, .j1~J helale n., bot. I. fragrant variety of tulip.
tear down! apart. C.I I . .;,b s..;;. +.yIoiJjl.:.•." I _v. Cf ..J'l. 2. pollen.
cancel, rescind, abrogate, annul; tear down
again, undo (s.th. wrongly done! built).+."l:..•.,,_ J1~2 helale n. melodic/ agreeable sound.
adj. broken, open, undone.+-".;;..:...,,_ adj. I. C.I jl."l:.
undone, broken open by untiying. 2. tom
~ 1~ helamet n. common cold, catarrh (.syn.
down! apart.+~oJ- I. adj. nullifying,
j.r-l:); flu. Cf 2. j.JJ.+ ~.JI- v. catch cold,
abrogating. 2. n. undoer. + ":-;.J - also..:-.....J_
come down with the flu.
n. position, stand, attitude. Cf 2.• .:-.,,;.~
.JLt •..:.o')J.+~.J ":-;.J- v. take a position, have
Ju 'l~ helahel also ~ 'l~ n. highly poisonous
plant believed to grow in China: _~.,..j deadly
a specific attitude (towards· .J'4-01~).+ ~lA/_ v.
poison (expr. often directed at s.o. meaning:
I. rise (of the sun! moon). 2. escape, flee, run
may it have a deadly poisonous effect on you).
away. Cf .jJ.,$ I~. 3. tum! change (esp. of
colour). Cf 2. .:"lrJ ju. 4. leaven, rise (of 'lu'l~ Irelallela adj. in shreds, (torn) to pieces.
dough); ferment, undergo fermentation (syn. I. Syn. '.J~'.J~.+':".J.X 'l~'l~ v. be in shreds.
.:"L.!..;). 5. See ~lAj.IA~.+~IA_adj. I. risen . .
..:.o~~ hellJet also .;..,.t~ adv. presumably, in
(of the sun! etc.). 2. fleeing, on the TUn. 3.
all probabili~/ likelihood; perhaps, maybe.
leavened (of dough); fennented. 4. hatched (of
E.g. ~ l; ..:.o..,.t~ Maybe he isn't coming.
eggs).+.:"L;;./- v. I. hatch, incubate (eggs). 2.
guess, conjecture correctly (a riddle! puzzle). ~~ hefpe n. panting effort! attempt, eager
3. open (the eyes after sleep! illness!
longing. + ':"JJ-I~'" v. pant, long eagerly (jor-
unconsciousness).+.~l:.;J.I_ v. reject (s.th.
}!). + ~... _ n. sustained panting.
eaten) by throwing up/ vomiting. C.I I.
.yIoiL.!.~.+ .:,,~/_ v. draw, haul, pump up (e.g. 'jJ~ hella n. outcry, clamour, howl.
water from a well); empty, spoon out, scoop Cf ..s..:.'J..5..;.J. < 'jJu A...t':"JJ-I •'jJu A...t':"J.;S. + -
(water! /iquid).+ -".~_ adj. drawn, hauled;
'~J n. hubbub and commotion. Cf 2. "'jj4t
pumped up.+.,,1;...;._ adj. I. hatched (of eggs).
jjo~.+ __ expr. of sarcasm equivalent to: well
2. guessed, solved (of a puzzle! etc.).+~_ n. done, great.
hatche~.+~_ n. guesser.
~u helm n. vapour, mist (.syn. 2.~. ~f .,,1lA);
..:.o'luJ helat n. empty boast, bombastic claims. reek. +.,,'- n. distilled water. +.;,LL.,.J.......] v. i.
Cf jl...:..e-i.+.;,IJ~/- v. boast emptily, make vapourize, tum into vapour.
bombastic claims. Cf ':"J.? 4.!i.
 589

. .
..:.oW-u hef.mat n. marble (used in children's hasty. Cf ;k.,...... Syn. ~p .~y-.+..:..J~
game).+v-;. n. marbling, game of marbles.- iJ»-t v. be rash. act precipitately. +./lS'a:. _ adj.
I 71
..r-- .(~. bungling, c1umsy.+ ~_ n. rashness,
haste.+ iJ.)."...S' u:!~ v. act in a rash! hasty
..::.....-J~ helmet n. I. attack, physical assault
manner; indiscretion.+;.,,_ adj. brazen and
(see./L..'lI~. cf ,,~l.!); expedition, campaign
interfering (esp. in taJJcing).+I.S.!.J- adj.
(cf 1S;4J.;;)·+ iJlJ-d- v. reach vigorously/
impudent! brazen interference.+ ~_ n. angry
assaultingly (for-}.t. cf iJlJU~l.!); launch an
shouting! recrimination.
attack! make an assault (on-~. cf ./L..'lI~
J"'-...;l;"S'joU .iJl.)·+iJb/- v. pounce (upon- 0) ..:.o.u~ helet adj. and n. intractable, not easily
and try to seize/ assault. Cf iJl.)r.'+;~- n. managed. 2. n. rough terrain.
campaign, drive, operation.+ .... lS'A.. n. I. J..Jw.u~ he/eqme/eq adj. I. nonsensical,
pouncing (esp. on food as mark of greed! absurd and contrary to good sense. E.g.IS-.....J
eagerness to grab). 2. undue haste/ rush. ~w.uot.A Nonsensical talk, mumbo jumbo. 2.
jlw~ helmeqo n. game played with five used only in the jingle:~"';0.) JoUw.uot.A
pebbles. .,....,.....a;. ~ ./~.5 ~ ~.u meaningless
~ helo n. eagle. Syn. ..5)--:-. Cf j!.t I. words recited before guessing in a game as the
equivalent of: Eenee meenee minee mo .
..5»-'~ he/ork n. Kurdistani cradle. Cf ~. +
..5jSJ~ helekok n., plant with an edible root.
~ n. oscillation.+ iJ.),} .5.»Jot.A v. oscillate, swing,
seesaw. ..s.u~ he/eke n. dance only in L.. .... .5.u~ n. J.
agitated movements, excited jumping! dancing
j;J"... helol adj. hollow. SeeJ.}.t.+"s- n.
around. < L..~ ..s.u~ ...:.J".5 under".9. 2. zool.
holowness.
kite (bird). See .~. C.! I. j!.t.
./vL..J.vJ-u helflrbiJUr n. name of a round game
..5jJ....J~ he/e/ok n. species of prunes. Cf
a ccompanied by a jingle.
oj.vJ~ .
•1,u.l-u helfiJe n. plum (fruit): w;- damson
(syn. 1./u,,,..,,Jl:) * u.,-j_ greengage * u:!0»,~ ~.u~ helem n. plant disease causing grapes to
variety of large plum * loS./ll1.. greengage. fall off prior to ripening.
..:.0.",....J~ helemiil n. precipice, brink.
~.vJ~ helilkin See under.j...A2.
See.s;...J~. Cf ~l:.
~~1 hele n. error, mistake, blunder, slip.+.uot.A
....wu~ helhe/e (A) n. the trilling sound! cry
iJ»-t v. be mistaken (see iJ~ Il Jot.A ~); be an
made (by women) on a joyous! jubilant
error/ a mistake/ wrong.+ iJ.).,rS ~~ v. make a
occasion.+iJL:.;S' / _ also iJl.) -;,)/_ v. let out a cry
mistake, commit an error; lose (one's way-
of .uWot.A.
;S;). +./LS.. also ~ _ n. and adj. wrongdoer,
offender; wrongful, blameworthy, mistaken. je.l-u heliz. n. animal skin _ ~ used for
~~l hele first element of certain compound storing (certain dryed fruits! cheese)! hauling
(water) purposes'+',r-A..See ';') ~.
adjectives and adverbs, i.e. iJ1,,1.) J~ q.v.+I.I"~
adj. having a ferocious bark (of a dog). + (./~ ~-u hem I. conj. used in comb. meaning: anew,
adj. spendthrift. Cf ,,'j,:..-o.).+iJIJI~ n. haste, again. E.g. iJ~.)~ot.....A Once again! more;
hurry.< iJIJb.u~ ~.+ a:._ adj. rash, precipitate, both ...... and .... .1 ... and ... also. E.g.~ot.A.J J.jj ~
 590

~ You and I also/ Both you and I. 2. See .J4A hen pres. 2"d pers. pl. of,:,.JY. q. v.
J~I. +,:,L adj. that same (normally used with
1.:... hena =l:~lq.v.
1~ .. 4J). E.g. b.:..oLS ,:,L.. ... 4JAt the same time.+.
,:,L.....!~ also,:,'-t- and e"';'-t- adv. yet again; .J~ henar n. pomegranate (fruit):~.; ~ acid
onece again! more. (sour) p. * LJ'~ ~ sweet p. * ~~ ~ sweet
and sour p. Cf I.S~ Lt·
jL..... hemaz n., anat. womb. See,:,I.J~.
.J~,)~ henrdln =,:,~.JI.: (allforms)q.v .
...;L..... hema"e n. bleached (intact! whole)
animal skin used as bag for greens! packing u.)l.:... hen ",de n. export(s).
tobacco. Cf ;;.... ~...}~.
L-~ henae n. breath (cf ej,r. .""":"j; sigh.+_
..;..;... L..... n. See ..;..;... 1.:J ~ . ~;/ n. panting, spasmodic laborious
},..~ hemwar adj. warranted, tolerable, breathing.< ~;/~I.:... ~.+ ~J4;r..;.};/- v.

bearable; justified, passable. C.! ~ ..hAS. begin to pant, feel out ofbreath.+ e~~ ~/_
Ant. },~.ul.:. + ,:,~.J ),..... v. justify, present as v. catch one's breath.+.JI~/- v.i. breathe, inhale
acceptable/ proper.+ i?"Li.. See ),..... 1.:. and exhale'+~.JL- adj. unfortunate, hapless.
Syn. ~j-lS.+I.S~.)l-... n. haplessness.+),...._ adj.
~.u hemu 1. adj. all, the whole of(syn.
asthmatic. See~I.:... ..5..;,.;.+,:,»i)J-"/- v.i. bel
1.~. cf 2. ~). E.g. ~t..~.u They all
get out of breath. Cf ,:,Ir-~ ej,rl.+I5),.-- n.
came; every, each. E.g. ...s:.;jj.-'~.u Every/
asthma. See I..I'!~ 1.:... .$..;,.;.+ Vo>-t- .;.> 4J I_v. i.
each day. 2. pron. the whole, all. E.g. ,:,L..J.Jo"'"
hold one's breath; act dead by not breathing.+.
All of us. Cf..5\.,.;4-- .I~.+ ,""L adj. public,
~}.JeJI V. take a breath, inhale, breathe in.+.
affecting! concerning the community. +..r'.r.- n.
,:,L.:.;Sj.t.AI V.i. sigh (in weariness/ griej1 etc.).
referendum, direct popular voting on a
proposed measure/ statute/ etc. +~ adj. J~ hen"w n. interior! inside of the body;
universal, all-inclusive. Cf ~. entrails.+e.J"-i»t.Ao/_ v.i. feel sick in the
stomach (from shock! exhaustion). Cf..5JJ L:.
_... heme adj. used in comb. meaning: all,
~,,4 under JL:.2.+ eJll-iI~~/- caus. of~ ,,1.:...
multi-E.g. ~.......... All kinds! Multifarious.
eJII-i.JY. q. v. +~ adj. internal, effective! acting
C.!~ ....
within the body; fig. within, inward, inner
hem4,e adv. always, at all times, (cf ,""JJ.Je~).
invariably. E.g. ':';.Jw~ IJ~~'" He is
~~ hendr n. fig (fruit): IJ~~ banana
invariably late. "';'~I.SIJoU~'" It has nice
(syn. ~) * I.SJlS'.-'~ ~ Indian fig.
weather at all times. +;lA<I..t _ n.. bot. oxeye
daisy; marigold.+jJ~
adj. evergreen.+ J'i. .... ~ hend pron. some, an indefenite!
adj. ageless, always looking young! less than unspecified number or quantity.<~} ....... ~. +
(his) age.+~ adj. & n. eternal, timeless; eo n. used in comb. with a numeral meaning: as
perennial. E.g. 1..I'!~ ... ";e JJ.-' perennial plant; much. E.g. jj 1.S0"..:,I.S0 .....u)?': Four times as
eternity, perpetuity. Cf~..:. .l..I'!lJ... lJ.... much as you have. +;;- also.s:..;. adj. some,
unknown in quantity! number/ name .
.J.!..o~- -hemin suffIX added to numerals.
E.g. ;l~~ .....u Sometimes! At times! Once in a
E.g. .J.!..o"'j.i Ninth.
while. ~ ....... Some people. ,:,..... A .......
 591

There are those who ... ; some, a little (oj). .)~ /renglJre n. harvestman; daddy
E.g. ~ IS."L.; ...s:.toLju. Add a little (amount) of longlegs. See """~ ill"s.
water to it. Syn.~...s •..5:...;,jjj.+1S- adj.
quantitative. ~~ &.:.... /rengt!!eie =;:,J.r.!. ~ q. v.

jl~ hendaz adj. well-ordered, well-arranged; ."".;u.1 henii also 4.5~ adv. DOW. Syn. J.
organized; systematic.+ ~J~ jloLju. v. arrange/ ~.+~.....s_ adj. current, now in progress,
put in proper order; organize, systematize.+)lS'_ ongoing.
n. organizer, arranger; promoter. .",.,,;u.2 henii pres. stem of verb ~~ q. v. +
~.oLj... hendeba (P) n. endive. ~_[.",.,,;~) V.t. embrocate, rub, anoint.

).oLj... hender n. outside, exterior. Cf)."oLj~.+~L Ij~'" heneza n. stepchild, child of one's spouse
n. abroad, out of the land! country, overseas; by a previous marriage. Cf .;;;.",.,;....
away, far. Cf ''''')'J.
henek n. jest, prank, joke. Cf
"-toLj... hendese (A) n. engineering. See .jloLj"; ...j1S. + ':"J~ ..5..:.~ v. jest, joke (althe expense
(all forms). of~).+ ~ n. jester.
..5-..:.... henisk n. sob; panting.+~b~/_ v. sob, ~I hew n. inflamation, swelling up. Cf jJ.Jl;.+
weep/ utter with sobs. +OS-1-' _ n. panting, quick ~J~."u. v. be inflamed! swollen. Cf ~J.?~.
breathing. +~. _ n. sustained sobbing.
Cf I,y-J'l •
..5:.i~ heng n. bee: p)lS' IS- worker bee. .J...2 hew =."..; q.v.
< ..5:.i... L.:.. •..5:.iu..;.;. < ').J.J'.,/.+4.5.#- also •.#_
,jUol hew intj. used as expr. ofshocked surprise/
n. beeater (bird). Syn. ~..;..s. + ~I. n. beehive.
indignation: oh!
Cf ....4;l~. +jj. n. person experienced in
finding! locating bee swarrn.+o)'.J- n. honey:1S- ~4 hew adv. together.+~/_ V.t. put
~... ~ wild honey of best quality. together, bring! join! fit together (of parts/
components/ etc.).
oI....A~ hengame n. tumult, commotion (cf
1."u.1 hewa n. J. air (syn. J.lt); sky, space
L~."lp);jig. jumble, medley.
(see ~L-.l;. cf ";,H.j). 2. weather, climate.
.J~u.l hengaw n. step, pace accomplished in Syn. .;.....s 1 .1"'~.J."l;.+). adj. airy.+~IJ/_ V.i.
one step (also jig.). Cf J. JJ-.J .":'LS 2. leak air. Cf .:"IJ ""..;.+ ...,-l.i".!_ n. weathercast.
Syn. ."U....:..+~Li/_ alsoi,il...:....Ju./_ V.t. take a See ";I~ under.;.....s I. +..r-!- adj. aerial,
step.+~L;,;. ~/_ v. step (over- b .. ~); take a pertaining to air/ space.
step. 1."u.2 hewa n. piece, length (esp. oftheard) (cf
.J~~2 hengaw n. time (see .;..LS); season, 2. jl;); little, slight (esp. ofmotion! movement)
natural convenient time. E.g. '''''i.J4.1 "'."!:'! ..54,!1 p Move it over slightly.
j$:;~ hengil n., anat. hip, haunch; waist< ) ~ hewar n. camp; stage on a march!
~~; limb<~u. )~.+~~L..n. hopping migration (cf t.l.ijl). < ).,,~ "':".Ju..+ ':"J.? )."... v.
on one foot! as ifplaying hopscotch. camp.+J_ n. camp sight, camping ground,
~I~ hengwan n. asafoetida. halting stage.+1S- n. large tent, marquee.

)~... hengiir n. grape. See :,s,;. Cf ';"'~.)J~.

 592

j,~1 hewaf. (A) n. news (see..,...lt •..,...~.~); hew[ (A) n. attempt, effort, bid, try.
condition, state of being (of a preson).+ . Syn. ~jS.+,:,b/_ v. make an effort, attempt,
iJ:!-.,./ V.t. ask about, inquire after the health! try. Syn. tft.-!.jS~. Cf ,:,~.? ~ .,:,l.,j,,5' ~.+­
well-being (of s.o.).+~lj/_ v. know/ be 'J4.J~J n. fervent! zealous effort. Cf ";'J~.+_
infonned about (s.o./ s.th.). + ~)j"...$_ n. ,:,'~ 'J4.J~J v. make an ardent effort. Cf 'Ju~
intelligence. ,:,I~.

jl~l hewa[ Seej'Jl:. IJ'"'~ hewes n. inclination, propensity, bent,

hewante n. I. freeloading, cadger9. taste (cf J.J.io.JL.:); willful/ deliberate act or
E.g. ~~....:;;I J~ 4...f ":";.J~"; He wants! prefers behaviour.< IJ'"'~ 4...f.+)~- adj. inclined,
living by sponging on others. 2. See ..:;;I~ 41.+ disposed.+.JL...S'.. adj. willful, deliberate,
~ also ~ adj. given to sponging! intentional. Syn.~. +,:,.",.. .J~ ..J / _ also"uJ /_
freeloading. ':'.J.J-I v. I. feellikel have the urge (to dol say!

l~~ hewca! n. beam oftbe plough to which perform! etc.). E.g. ~~I..u$' 4t~ r-'~ I feel
like singing.
the share is attached. Syn..",..L:. - V'-'IS.
j."..,.. hewe[ (A) See r~4t.
b"..,.. hewda n. thread (piece of). CfJJju.
hewi n. co-wife in a polygamous
)~ hewr n. cIoud(s): _ J~ patch of cloud~
society.+).,,_ also)~ & ) __ adj. being one of
* J..j,,; nimbus c. *AIS- dark c.*_~ ....}
the wives in a polygamous marriage ..J~ 4i':'~
rumble of thunder.+~JL adj. overcast.+'ilto_
-,:,~.
adj. & n. skyhigh; skyscraper.+....c.....:.,..;._ n.
thunderbolt. ~"..,.. hewhew n. din! shouting of horseman 00

a hunt.
j'.J~ hew,az n. & adj. acclivity, upward slope,
ascent (syn. ~.JJ.J»O.J4i);fig. uphill, difficult.+_ hew', n. dough.+..;~ n. yeast. Cf
"';":";J n. ups. and downs. Cf .::..".s."...j~. ~...J4.A.+,:,~/- n. knead dough; prepare/ make
dough (for baking! etc.).- 4. V't.~.
,-"",I.J~ Hew,ami n. I. Hewrami dialect of
Kurdish. 2. See ,-"",I)~ ~I.i. ~~ hewe: n. roofless! open-air sheep pen.

,:,~o.J~ hew,aban n. covered doorway leading ~JU hewin n. /. leaven, any substance (as
to the flat roof from a strairway. yeast) used to produce fermentation in dough!
liquid! etc. Cf..-: '~. 2. stimulating! stirring
~.J~I J hew,' n. thin silk scarf used by women
factor or agent. See ~.Jj!.
(often as part ofheaddress.~...r'-)'
.,su hey intj. used as an expr. ofacclaim!
hewri only in ~)~ ~ n. tennis ball.
1
.,s.JJ..
derision. E.g. Uo'~L:~~ well done! ~I.i~~
IJ'""..)~ hewris n., bot. juniper. ~ You ungrateful soul.+ ~14t/- ~I~/_ expr.
meaning: I appeaV plead for justice; expr. of
~..)~ hewr4e n. rabbit. See ..s...:.u~.
annoyance! disguest with s.o. normally in
.JL.."..,.. hewsa, n. halter, leading rein! ro:>e; comb. with -=-o~...J.. from. + j r exclamation
steering mechanism. prompted by bereavement! calamity: woe is
me! Alas. oh, oo!.+ )Ju- intj. denoting
.Jl.:."..,.. hew!a, See):"~..}~.
powerlessness! regret and! or sorrow: how
 593
.;".

exasperating! 0 my God!+.;.._ intj. denoting ~ 4.!~ Is there anything new. 3. adv. not at all,
impatience and displeasure with s.o./ s. th.: nothing, in no degree. E.g. ~L.; yt...J ~ She
stop it, will you?+~ _ ~ _ intj. equivalent to: doesn't look like her at all. 4. adj. nothing, not
enough is enough! Not that again!. + __ I. n. so- much, having little/ no worth. E.g. ~~...Jle;
and-so. E.g. 4.! l.Su..su ~ That so-and-so. 2. He is not much ofa man. .).J ~~ You
intj. used to express wonder/ amazement: did something trivia V worth nothing. 5. none,
wow! not a, no (one! person). E.g.,:,\.. ~ None of
.... lt~ hqtue n. decorative belt with a large us ..s.;....s
~ No one.+,:,.JY.";~ ~/_ v. be of

silver bossed buckle worn by women. little/ no importance, be meaningless, amount

to nothing, have no significance/ import.+.
ltult~ heyaheya apr. used in ajingle with
':'~.Jo.)1 v. amount to nothing, fall through;
which children choose their playmates.
tum out to be nothing. Cj 0.1-"';.1>1 ~.1..H' +-
~~ heybet (A) n. imposing! dignified ~ pron. nothing, not any thing.+~ also.
character/ appearnce. See 2. i.@.;~. S: ·S pron. no one, no person, not
Cj .J";l4-. ~0.J~. anybody.+~/_ adv. at least, the least one can
.J l:.t~ heytar n. membrum virile, penis.see.,,;$. (do! say! expect). Cj..s";l~ .~..s::...;.;k ~
0~...s.+G.»-'...J- aq;. nonsensical, worthless,
v~~u heytllhlU n. empty claims! bragging,
trashy. E.g. G..J.J--'~..s"""""'; poppycock,
bragadocio.
nonsense. +... only in ~..J without any
~~ hqte also ~4> n. name of a mobile force cause, for no reason whatsoever.+~ n.
of gendarmerie in Ottoman times; police, nothingness; paltriness, triviality,
policeman. insignificance.
~u heyv n. moon; month. Syn. ~\...+..;L
~I~ hidayet (A) n. guidance. C.f ~.,.v:.;,..I'+.
adj. monthly.+~ aq;. lunar. ,:,bl v. guide, show, direct. E.g. 1~~I..tI~ 1,,;-
1J"'t~ heys n. existence, being; presence. May God help/ guide him to the right way.
Cj ,:,I.)':'~~d'
Hqn' n. Friday.
o.Jo~ hedere n. four-year old water
,Ji.n4....a heywan n. veranda.- ,:,Iy-u jO.)';". buffalo. - ~ \S.
Cj~lft-I.-.J\;'+
,:,L n. season (late spring!
..s~ hedi aq;. and adv. slow(ly), without haste.
early autumn) appropriate for sleeping on the
veranda. Cj ..,...j>.;4- 4.l.+ __ adv. as an expr. meaning:
take it easy, don't rush it.
~~ heye 3rd pers. sing pres. ofthe verb ,:,~:
there is, exists. ~ hir adj. flighty, scatterbrained. Syn. ~...J.a.

~ hi prep. that of, (the one) belonging to. ~,;;. hir4, n. attack, offensive, assault. See J..
E.g. ~~ Our's. I..t";~ ~ It is no one's. .JL.";l~ I. ~~.+ ':'.).rII- v. attack, launch an
~I..t~~whose is it? offensive (on- ~). Syn. ,:,1.).J\..";l~. C.fJ"iL:..
,:,.)~.+,:,~/_ v. wage an attack! assaut
.J~ hlega, = .;l~~ q. v.
(against- .;4-0).
~ hi~
I. indefinite pron.:. nothing, not any
thing. E.g. .)}~..;~ He didn't eat anything! ~ hl,o n., bot. marshmallow- J;"',J"s.
He ate nothing. 2. any, any thing. E.g. oj\; ~ * 0';'" hire =0';; q. v.
 594

hh n. I. strength, capacity for exertion! • ~ h4k See ..s..;.JJ.

endurance: 0JJJIS- moral strength. C.f. o)J.
~I hl!Q n. cluster, bunch (as ofgrapes/
l.,;1~ 2. .::.."i....). 4S.J4i. <~4.t.~. 2. force, dates! etc.).
active power/ energy (c.f ~); phys. force:1S-
..".:.;.2 hl!Q n. Virgo (zodiac sign.) .
.;,l;oJo4i force majeure * yt.io~~ IS- driving L
* ~.,; mobile task f. * ~....s.;; IS- J;. hB also ~ n. cardamum (condiment).
antiaircraft f. * )~~ ...... IS- combat f. *..5~ IS-
j;A1 hI/. pres.stemoftheverbs.;,~ando..,.....~
reserve f., reserves. 3. mil. brigade. C.f J~ •
q.v.+ .;,~/~J V.t. let, allow, permit.
3. ~.+ ';'..I.I-I'(~)';':;"" v. have the strength!
E.g. ':-'-ltt~"-.!"'/~"'; I let you go.-~.
capacity.+.;,~/_ v. be equal to (a task), be
C.f .;,1.)h~·+oja..iL V.t. keep, retain (c.f';"':"I.)
up to/ able to cope with.+.;,LA4.i l;i/_also~/_
.J.).."..s); keep, restrain (s.o.) from departing
.;,Ir- v. i. be drained of all strength! vigour, be
(syn. •.,.;1.) J$'. c.f iJi.-\;; leave (behind! with).
overfatigued. C.f ';'.J.MJ~L..+v-yt~/- v.t.
leave without strength, sap (s.o. 's) vitality/ ~z 1111 n. 1. line, narrow elcngated mark
vigour (with a blow/ by ezhaustion).+ j.ijoljlS- drawn! projected (syn. ~): ~\;IS- raiload
.;,LAa..i v.i. bel become weak in the knees, give (track) * '""~ IS- latitude (c.f J..;a a..i~) *.H IS-
way (of one's knees from fatigue! emotional horizontal 1. ..J LA~ IS- curved I. * ..s.j..i....).) IS-
stress). C.f ';'~j.ijolj. longitude (syn. J..;a o~....).) *1.r'~0.) IS- graphic
I..;;. hlza n., bot. mint. Syn. L:.4.i. 1. - ";J ~ * .:-1; IS- straight 1. * .;, l; IS- vertical
1.* oJ\S..:,.1S- broken 1.; furrow (ofa plough).
r";;' hhJm n. firewood. C.f ~. Jb l .
Syn. .;..s. C.f 3. ..:-1; .:r..;. 2. line, policy,
o~ hiVl n. black (sheep/ goat) skin used as a procedure (as a prescribed plan! course of
receptacle (esp.for ';'J; q. v.). C.f 4 ..s.:-.... action). C.f 1. jL,;..; • JO.?";' ~. E.g.~
o~} ~"'-t!l; ";.J~I; It has taken a pecific
.1j...;A hlja adj. precious, valuable, worthy
political line.+)~ adj. lined, marked with
(syn.t),,-/); valid.+..r.- n. worthiness, merit,
lines.+.,;)S".. n. graphics; chart (see ~).
value; validity.
~ hUak (A) adj. tired (see JJ~LA •.:MS":');
;:....;. hlst;, =..;....;; q. v.
dying -..s.JoI..o•.,..... •J "i4.iLJ'.
~ hI!. n. ploughshave. See .;,-1S. C.f .;,I~.
"-'~ hllane n. I. nest (also fig.); aerie. C.f
~ hl!ta adv. yet, up to now, so far (syn. I. a..i"'l.,s .a..i~. 2. hotbed, nest.+}_adj. nesting.+.
~J~' c.f 1. l;). E.g. ~o~~~ 1- ':- You ~}/ v. nest, occupy/ build a nest.+jl~
haven't fished yet?; still, continuously up to See jlj4.i~.
the present! a specified time. E.g. lot ~ ~ It
is still new. ~ hlliz n. name of a giant perennial herb.

ii- ':.[~I hl!tin V.t. allow, let, permit. Syn . ;.J.JA~ hNkuhQ! See ;.J.JA~.
.;,~. <~~.~.+ OJO_ See
~ hllke n. egg(s). Syn.';'.ul.Jtlj: JlloilS- egg
•..,.....~.<.~l;i.
baked in the shell on embers* ~JD') IS- soft·
.;,~ hesxan n. room for storing food supplies boiled! poached e. * J"i.,s IS- hard-boiled e. IS-
(at home).- o~o). *~ testicle * J~ IS- fried e. (syn.
 595

.;..-,~~).- '.J4-i~ ~ A..!. + ';"l~ .sJ;a v. lay make a real! serious attemp.+.;...JjI..,.,;I_ v. show
eggs.+.;..:J..J" ~/_ v. spoil an egg by failing to zeal! enthusiasm.
hatch it (of a hen).+ .;..I:J_ n., anat. ovary.+_ ~I hin n. thingamajig, what-d'you-call-it,
4...:. n. name of a game in which one what's-his-name. E.g. ~"-t~~ whose IS
contestant tries to break his opponent's egg by it? 4..;~ what's-his-name has it
hitting it with his own (with each contestant
holding his own egg).+.o,;;~a..:._ n. snail.+~ ~l hin n. test, trial, evaluation (cf j...a
adj. brooding (bird).+ ';"j~-,_ n. fried egg (.ryn. .;...Jj~4--); schooling, teaching (cf. U.JI-'~
-'~IS~); omelette.+ I.r!- adj. oval, .:...oJ~).+ ';"l.;-S ~ v. test, put to the proof;
broadly elliptical. evaluate.
";";-J ~ h2lkeciwi n. name of a fodder plant. ~ h2n pres. stem ofthe verb.;..~ q. v. +.;..L~]
v.I. bring, fetch, get (to/ for- j.t); produce,
~ hilim n. glue (used esp. in wood work).
result in. 2. bring, sell fori be worth (a certain
Cf ~...,... ••.,r.;.o.
price! etc.). 3. used withe the prep. 0 toform
~ h211nc n. retch.+.;..b/_ v.i. retch, try to certain compound verbs, E.g. ......;..,;~ q. v. 4.
vomit, heave. Cf ~~.... ..$.:;ijl ••y.;L:.~. last element of certain compound verbs,
E.g. .;..L.;;. ~ • .;..L;;,..;..j q. v. 5. used in the
..5. i:. helel n. fine-meshed sieve. Cf . .;..o~ preterite tense to give liveliness to a narrative.
J:;.r.t. Syn. .r.t~I-,.- .;..Il ..5J;. 4.l. E.g. ~-,-,l~ 4-i l.;-S..s}> 1St..:.;. Thereupon she
disguised herself as a witch'+.J~..,;L V.t. bring
*~ him also ~ n. base, foundation;
groundwork.+o~_ n. foundation, around, win over, convert. Cf ';"l..,.5 jL....
endowment.+~/_ v. lay the basel under jI_}. + .J"o-I ...;1_ v. t. p lace in front! in the
foundation (of). face (oj).+ .Jl,.~..,;I- v.I. break in (a horse). 2.
cause to concede, make (s.o.) yield! go
~I h2ma adv. yet. See 1- &:'. along. +-' ~ .J4.I..,;L v. visualize, envision, form a
l-;al hhtul n. I. indirect expression; allusion visual mental image, make (s.o.) visualize/
(.ryn..;..~). 2. symbol, image, figure, imagine.+i".....J4oI..,;L v.I. bring to fruition, cause

sign. ';"l.,...$ L-.;. v. symbolize, signify, to yield! produce; exploit economically. 2.

achieve, accomplish (a goal! aim). C.! ;:r.
personify.+.JU- adj. symbolic, typical,
i"~~ 4.Z1.. •.;....I.J~4. + -'~ ~ "....oiL See #l.:;.
representative. +~ adj. allegorical.
.J4.+o~a..iI- V.1. bring forward, advance;
~ h2mln adj. mild, gentle in nature/ bring up/ to attention, raise (an issue).+~'p' ..,;1-
behaviour (cf,;..;. ~ -'); sedate, calm, V.t.bring to a boiling point;fig. work (s.o.) up,
collected (cf ~1~).+a..iL adv. mildly, in a animate.+oJo},..........;I_ V.t. bring down, make/
gentle manner.+o..,.,...;l.JI_ V.t. pacify, calm cause to descend (cf ~) I:J); remove, dismiss,
down, allaY.+.r"S"- adj. pacifying, soothing.+", dethrone (cf ';"loJi ~)'+lSl..,;L V.t. fulfill, realize,
n. mildness (of nature! behaviour). make come true. C.! .;..t..:.;.~.+"";.ja..iL V.t.
bring! place under (control! hand! authority/
~;....;. h2mog/obin (E) n. hemoglobin.
etc.). E.g. 1S';';'~~"";.j","-!~ He put it under
~ h1met (A) n. endeavour, serious try/ his own dominion. Cf ;.j~.+ .J..... ..,;L v.t.
attemp (see ~jS); zeal, ardour.+ .;..l.J.:..~ v. lead to, cause to take/ advocate, bring (s.o.)
around to adopt! agree with (a view/ concepti
 596

etc.); lead! guide (to a path! conduct! etc.).+_ shatter (s.o. 's) hope, disappoint.+~...s I~",/_

;:r..,..... ...1 V.t. cock (a firearm)'+~"'L

V.t. v.i. begin to have hope, have hopes (jor), bel
induce! provoke to speak up, move (s.o.) to start being hopeful.+)l.. adj. hopeful, full of
talk! reply. Cj .J.LiI~.+)S ,-,L V.t. work, make hope.+I.S)l.. n. hopefulness, expectation.
(s.th.) work! operate, put into action. Cj,-,~ Cf 1.S).JO~.,.;.+.""';.LiI.J'.;I- v.t. dampen (s.o. 's)
.;..$.+ j,.S ... 1_ V.t. bring to a boil. Cj.J.Li"1.,S'.+- hopeI expectation.+.~..J'';/_ v.i. have one's
.;, L...)' ...;1 v. t. reduce to/ cause to break into tears hopes diminish, begin to lose hope.+.J.",.,I.J/- v.
(esp. by arousing! stirring the emotions). Cj hope that! to, have such hope (as), expect.
r-s
.J.LiL....)'.+ 4..iL V.t. set in motion, put in E.g. ~~,.u4.!.I.Ji"I~ I hope he is there. ~
operation. C.!)S.:.;.-> '.J~..s~)S.+ .J1~4A '-'1_ 4t1.Ji"I~ I hope so too.
V.t. bring! send forward (to a field of battle!
~I.,.;a hlw~ adj. & adv. slow, taking a long
arena); bring up, introduce, come up with.+_
time (cf ~); even-tempered (seep ~);
.;,I.JL.; ... I V.t. raise, bring up (to a floor/ forum!
slowly, at one's leisure; quietJy.< 4-i
audience). Cj ~~ V"Lt.+ •.J4.iL v. I. throw up/
~I.,;a.+ .JJJ-I~I.."';- v. be slow/ deliberate; be
emit (s.th.) shortly after it has been taken!
eaten. Cj .""';L.:..; , •.,...~..s~. 2. return, bring even-tempered! cool-headed.+ .J~.,s ~I~ v.
back (s.th. borrowed! etc.). 3. bring up/ raise take it easy, relax and waiL+~ adj & n.
by way of example/ parallel. E.g.j.trS4.!.~..J sedative. +IS- n. slowness; level-headedness.
'.J4.!.~ I gave him an example. 4. bring! drive
~ hewur adj. also I. objective, dispassionate,
(a conversation! argument) back (to an
detached. 2. calm, sedate (see ~); serene,
intended! same point/ etc.). E.g.• ~~I.S..s,,-~
tranquil.+ ... L adv. objectively, without fear or
j.j .J"- He brought the discussion back to you. +
favour, dispassionately.+.~.",.,/_ v.i. calm
..--.' •.,...1_ v. remind, cause/ help recall, make to
down, be composed; ease (tension).+ •.,...;~..s/­
take notice (of). Cj.~ .r-/'+ ~ •.J4.iL V.t.
set (dislocated joint/ broken bone! etc.). V.t. calm, soothe, molify.+ IS- n. serenity,
Cj •.,..:.;}.+ ~lt '.J... L v. recall, bring back to tranquility .
memory; remember (s.o.).+..54t •.,...;L V.t. bring .I'''''''';' hlwe, n. brother-in-law, husband's
into line; fold, double up (two sides ofs.th.); brother. Cj ..;~.+ Ij_ n. husband's nephew.+_
close (cj if-> I~). .Jj n. sister-in-law, wife ofa husband's brother.
~ hlnc pres. stem of verb.J~ Syn. .Jjl.,...",.:..
q,v.+.JI_{~} V.t. See.J~~.

~ hince also ~ (A) n. spelling . .J~..s ~

v. spell .

..L:.;a hind =.Li~ q.v. (all forms).

I~ hiwa n. hope, anticipation, expectation.

Syn. ~;. Cj -.,.I~, .JJ.i'.IL;.< .J~..sI~4.t.+I~
.JJJ-I (u) v. have hope, be hopeful. E.g. i"1~
",-!I.J I hopeI hope so.+.JI-rt/- v.i. lose hope.
Cj .J»-i ..t...;..; L.i. + irt _ adj. despairing,
hopeless. Cf ~":';".+ ,j>~/_ V.t. put an end to/
 597

i ~ 3rd pers. sing pron. used without a following

noun as a pronoun equivalent in meaning to the
adjective his, her, its. E.g. "s....s";j His
wife.IS...s~li..r'- It's top.

lSI y particle knoun as .ul..;.e; used as a defining

relative pronoun. E.g. J.? .;,l-lt"s•.,4. That which
we discussed; also used to link an epithet
adjective and noun 10 the noun they modify.
E.g. ..s~"s..s::.;jL:.. A cute baby; also used to
link a noun in the genitive relation to the noun it
modifies. E.g. .;,"J.t...s "';Jlt Keylan's father.
~I i also ~ sulfa: eqaivalent to the indefinite
article a, an, also one. E.g..:..I.I..t!",,!,,4.t;\o!~~ i y inserted in certain cases for euphony between
There is no one to help me. J'?':' 1S1,.I"sJ ~j I saw a final vowel and a vowel following in close
a woman running. liaison. E.g. L.~ Law, cJ!!L.~ Legal.

iI-i I. feminine sulfa: usedfor dimunitivel Ltl ya also.;,~.j#-~.~,,;~conj.or.E.g.~Jr':'

affectionate connontation. E.g. ~)Li Little Naze ~~ Today or tomorrow. ~...s.:. j4.> .;4.:. j#- ~ Or
(girl's name). ~.J~ Auntie. 2. used to link the two if you like/ prefer.
parts of rare compound nouns. E.g. .:v~ Old Ltz ya (A) intj. O! (when calling the name of God!
woman. 3. sulfa: forming nouns and adjectives the Prophet! religious Saints). E.g.'.J~ ISlp ~ 0
denoting time. E.g.~.;4- upstairs. ~.JOJ o~ He mighty God!
went out. 4. sulfa: forming adverbs denoting time.
E.g. ~l:-j ;\( Last winter. 5. absolute preposition LtJ ya short for "-! ~ as a title preceding a name:
lady .....
enclitic on the verb.;,b q. v. used to indicate a
preceding indirect object. E.g. ;:,..u",:.:.S:;..,;.- I .Vt~ yabfJ n. pack pony. C.!.r-;:.
will give you an apple. C.! ~ . 4i. 6. postposition t'.r.~ yapra (T) n. dish of savoury rice wrapped in
used only when it governs a pronoun in the alfa:
grape leaves! stuffed into tomatoes, aubergines,
form E.g. ;:"'o.,lj"': I shall give it to you. ~~
green peppers and onions.
Catch up with them.
(~Lt Yaciic (A) normally as ~~L... J (~~
i i pres stem of the verb ~lA q. v.
also (~L. J (~lA n. Gog and Magog.
j i I. inflection of2 pers. sing. afpres. lenses of
IpLt yaxuwa intj. I hope, may (you! he/ etc.).
all verbs and of past tenses of intr. and pass.
E.g. ~.J~ Ip~ I hope it rains . ..::.....:.t"'OSlp~ May
verbs E.g. ~ ~ Are you going? ~k How are
you go blind.
you? 2. sulfa: appended to adjectives to form
abstract nouns. E.g. "';I~ Beauty; also appended ~~ yaxiti n. mutiny, rebellion; insubordination.
to nouns to form adjectives. E.g. ...;~~
~~ yaxi adj. rebellious, refractory, insubordinate.
Karkukite. 4J""';';J'J (note the insertion of the
Cj ......-l4i .~.+ ';'J.Jo-ot~~ v. be rebellious!
euphonic IS between a final vowel and another
insubordinate.
follOWing in close liaison); also appended to
infinitives tofarm adjectives. E.g...,;~,,-! oneness. JLt yad n. memory, remembrance, reminiscence;
memory, recollection (see J'!"II).+ ';'J.? J~ v. hold in
fond remembrance, have pleasant memories (of);
 598

recollect, call to mind. (see .~.,.,.s .)"!"I). < •.,...:.;l. L.o;,-! yarema n.. bot. softwood.
.)Lt..+.::.......!.L n. memoir. See",-"l;.)"!"I'+IS)'JI- n.
• .)j~ yazde =.ji'-! (all forms) q. v.
commemoration, act of comemorating. E.g. .....,
Ij~""';IS)oJb~ In commermoration of Nweroj 1.1"''-! yas See .)~<I,j.
(Nawroz).+ <J-V-/;.>-..d- used in theformulalS.)'-! l-,-! yasa I. n. law, body of customs! practices!
~~ in connection with the mention of a long- rules formally recognized as binding: ~~ u-
absent living friend. E.g. -:r..i=-> 4-i IS.) ~ <J1Jr--' statutes, basic * 1S;4-I''';..,rt u-
constitutional I.
Sirwan, may his memory be blessed ..... +).$'_ n. administrative I. * IS)~IJ\; u- criminal I.u-
memorial, memento, keepsake. + ~ L;.. n. 1S;.v:;..-.o.) constitutional I. * ...; L....s 1S;I.,.....j u-
engagement book, memo.+... L;.. n. memorandum. personal statute * ~I.,;,.. u- penal codelS.J.j~...:,S u-
Syn.oJ'~.)"!"I under .r--./+)'JI- n. chronicle; * civil 1. * .~~I.,;; u- international 1. 2.
memoir. custom. =l..l: q. v. + t - also t- adj. prohibited, out-
..:-•.) '-! yadesl intj. cry uttered by a person who of-bounds, forbidden. Syn. u,')U.+ <J.).? t L.,-! v.
wins the game of ~J<I,j q. V. prohibit.+<JL; 1.)/_ V.t. legislate, make laws.+<Jlj_ n.
and adj. jurisprudent; versed in law.+ ~Ij_ n.
)~1 yar n. 1. lover. Syn...:....-'-.!.~. cf ":-j.). 2.
jurisprudence, science/ philosoghy of law.+.
friend., pal (see )o.)lJ. .jIJ-..); helper, stand, stand ..
<J.J.j\5...:.,/ V.t. breach! break! violate a law'+;'J- n.
by (cf 2. ~•.).<~;,-!I,,>.+<JLn. friend, dear
legislator, lawmaker.+IS)'J- adj. legislative,
ones (used esp. in indirect speech! poetry). +.;,;} /_
lawmaking.+I.T"!- adj. legal, ofi' relating to law.
v. t. make friends with. +...;__ n. help, aid,
assistance, hand. Syn. ..s...:,S. IS)L.2. cflt.).+...;.....
Cf..r- l..l: . u-il;...lt.
<Jb V.t. help, aid, give a hand! assistance (to). jJJl...,-! yasawul (T) n. marshal, court officer.
Syn. 0Jl.J -;". ..s...:,S. +;.~..... also ;O')~ I. n. helper;
<J"''''''-! yasemen also ~.... ,-! n., bot. jasmine.
assistant, aide (see ;l;:-u). 2. adj. auxiliary,
aiding, back-up.+j_ n. the said ..... , the ... in &i.!-'-! yastn (A) n. chapter of the Koran designated
question (cf ~); the fellow (cf IJ.LS).+~ n. to be read at the bedside of the dying! over his
grave.+<J..t.,.;.j..,>/_ v. read out! recite Ii.!-'-! q. v. (over ..
help, assistance. + <Jla.d_ v. help, assist.+u- n.
1.)),,-oI.i).
game, sport (cf 2.~j)oJ); diversion, amusement,
frolic (cf I. ... & 'lSjlt).+ <J,).J IS;'-! v. play/ engage .:.i~ yaft n. trace, vestige (see },..:;..,.:.); sign, mark
in a game; frolic. make merry.+;4 n. player, (see"';~. L.,;.-.).+I- n. placard, poster; label.
member of a team in a game; athlete.+~ n.
.:..o..vl~ yaquI n. ruby (stone).+u- adj. of the colour
playing field, sports ground, stadium.
ruby.
~
2
; yar suffIX used with certain nouns meaning:
&~ yage also ~'-! See ~.
er. E.g. ).!';.j,) Seller.
j~1 yal n. mane (of a horse)(cf ..s..L.); male
I)~ yara n. ability, capacity, aptitude. Cf.;$
person's hair (used in a joking/ derogatory
lil,,; •.:..'S~•.). Syn. ..:....:.J\;.+ <J-V-/( .... > I;~ v. have manner).
ability, be able/ apt.
j'-!2 yal n. side, slope, declivity ofa hilV ridge .
.))~ yard also u)'-! (E) n. yard (unit of measuring
length).
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'jJ,-! yall.a (A) intj. lit. 0 God! (used by s.o. making ~_ -ybte suffix appended to certain nouns with
an effort! urging another, roughly equivalent to: the equivalent meaning: soup of, -soup.
heave! E.g. 4-;. Lentil soup.
.:",-!_ -ya" pron. affIX 3rdpers. pi: they, them, their. ...,-! _ -yl"i noun suffIX equivalent to: -hood.
E.g..:"L.~... All of them . .:,,It.)},. They ate it.JL. E.g...,:.:;.pS Boyhood .
.:,,~ Their own home.
~ yobil (E) n. jubilee.
•J '-! ya",e also I.)j It n. and ac:ij. eleven. + ~ also.
~4a ac:ij. eleventh .
~ yo, n., zool. tiger. Cf 4.
.... It ya"e n. club, clubhouse; house (see..tY~. cf
I.;:JL.) . )~ yecgar = )~= )~~.
..,ilt ya"i (A) that is to say, that means. Syn.l.il.,. t"-! yex (P) n. ice. See~.+j~n. icebox,
refrigerator. Cf )4t aJ~.
•.,Lt yawe n. blather, voluble/ nonsensical talk.+fti-
n. blatherskite, blustering! talkative fellow. 4..fI~ yati""e n. horse without a rider (of a

)•.,'-! yawer n. assistant, aide-de-camp; adjutant. horse having thrown off! lost its rider and gone
astray).
Cf;l.;:._•.) .)I.).....;lt. ~.+a.. n. placenta. Syn.
2. j •.,l:. ~ yate ac:ij. gelded (ofan animal). Cf.,I.-u..+
,:,,').J ~ v. geld.
~lt yaye n. great lady, dame. _lt 3•
~ yanl =~q.v.
~ - -ell contracted form of ~4t:! which serves as
suffix in forming abstract nouns. E.g. CS=-;;I,p.- ~ yexe (T) n. collar, neckline of a garment. Cf
Beauty,lovleiness. ..5j.J4.i under .J4.i4.+.:,,1,).J4.i/_ v. let loose/ go, leave
alone, disengage. Cf •.,...:i,).J ~ aJ .;..-,). + ~.} /_
t::t yix also ~ intj. cry used to drive sheep/ couch
v.t. engage, entangle/ take issue (with);
a camel.+,:"b/_ v.t. couch (a camel), throw to the
buttonhole.+...---s- adj. saddled, burdened,
ground (a person! animal) and restrict movement
encumbered (of s.o.).+ ':"»t~ ~ v. be saddled!
by holding.+.:",).....s~ a.. v.t. drive away, repulse by
encumbered (With a responsibility/ difficult
shouting at.
situation).+,j-J-},) I');>" v.t. lit. tear one's garment
~ yej pres. stem of the defective verb ,:"I~ open (as a gesture! indication of one's
q. v. + ,:"q~] v. i. say, state. See ~.,.,. annoyance! frustration! emotional upset).

,:,,~(~J yi!.a" =,:,,1..::;. (allforms) q.v. ..51.),,-! yedek also ..$1.)4t n. replacement, stand-by,
reserve. Cf ~ •jo') •..54; accessory.
~ ybe pres. stem of the verb.:,,~ q. v.
4A~ yerme n. pad added to a packsaddle to protect
~- -lie suffIX forming certain adjectives,
animal's back.
e.g. ~.)).,., q. v.
,:"U.~ yereqan (A) n. jaundice. See~",))'j .
.:H - -,,, suffIX forming adjectives with the
4l.~ yereqe = J.;.; q. v.
meaning: -ic, -en, e.g. ,;,";J golden.
,:,,1.)j4t Yeu/an n. God. Syn. I~.
 600

~ yq,m n. name of a soft easily worked stone; solid, one mass. E.g.u~~.;l.:S~ It is solid rock.
meerchaum. +.:......-~ adj. monotheist. +~~_ n.
t4! ye~ also ~ n. & adj. dirty (nursery word). monotheism.+~ adj. one-Iegged.+l:i.. adj. unique,
sole, exclusive. Cj l;JL,.;...+...,:!l:i.. n. uniqueness.+.
,jl~ ye¥an n. cupboard, mule trunk.
~ also..s.,;;.. pron. each other, one another.
1..t4-! y~ma n. plunder, pillage.+ ,j~.J I..t~ v. E.g. ~l;l;..s.,;S~ They don't know each other.+..
plunder, pillage. ~.,. adj. consistent, true to type.+.,.;.,;.. adj. single,
~ ye.yr; n. stew of meat, onions and crushed man-to-man. E.g. "';d~..s-r-:- single combat. +.
chickpea. +~ n. large copper bowl. Cj ~..J. ~ ="';';s4! q. v. +.J ~ adv. once, one time and no
more. < .J~"--!~. + uS'.J~ adv. too, to such a
~ yeq n. burp, belch, eructation. Syn....:.;;j.
degree as to be regrettable; once and for all,
Cj ~.+.~~;I..,.;./_ v.i. fester (due to staleness/ completely.+»+ adj. of one kind, same, similar.
decay/ etc.); meh (esp. due to heat i.e.
Syn.~.J~. Cj~.+J4-adj. one-eyed.+J~
chocolate).+.~I~/_ v.i. I. bwp, eructate. 2.
-.,..:..»1 v. know one's position! where one stands,
exude, discharge (esp. of a plant).+.~~.J/- v.
have the freedom to chose! decide. Cj...,:!-:JJS~
emit, throw up (of s. th. swallowed). Syn. I.
.yIoil.:.;,..+oJo.,.,s- adj. liquescent, melting. .~.»I.+~ See~J~·+i~ adj. unified,
joined, merged. + ~ v. bring together, unite,
..54-! yek I. n. one, the cardinal number I. 2. adj. reconcile; amalgamate, combine.+'J4"" ;" n.
one, single; undivided. 3. pron. an indefmitely
reconciliation, conciliation; synthesis.+..s.iI..~ n.
specified person! thing; an unspecified member of
a group/ class. E.g. .;,lSo.,.....s:....J4 4...l..5,-! One of the cohesion, solidarity; team spirit. c./ .~~

players. + ';'J.J-i ..5~ v. be one/ single; bel act as one, ..sjl.,.>jS". +~I~ n. monotheism. +.:.~ adj. having

be undivided. idiom. JJ~ II.....t 0~ j4S~ I.,.> It is one stripe (said of the police! soldier).+~~ adj.
utterly out of the question. (lit. God is one and in contact, joined; joint (see 1.jS"Jl;).+,j.»l~.JS~
will never be two). 4. in comb. e.g. • .::......o.JS4! v. meet, come in contact with.+~ adj. sin
'.Jl$~ q.v.+,jL n., math. the units.+.,.;Ln. boar. hearted, having unity of purpose! dedication.
Syn. ...,;.j~. C./ I . .il~.+ ..54!.JL adj. one for one, Cj 4...!..uS~.+..,J~ n. single-heartedness.+ \J""~
equal measures! weight; more than fair! equitable, also.:-~ adj. I. one-handed, having one hand. 2.
most efficacious.+..s:.;....... li_ adj. monotonous, matching (of a pair ofs.th.).+.::-Iradj. stright,
tediously uniform! unvarying.+.;l.... _ adj. loosely directly. See ~~. +JJr adj. sincere, honest. Ant.
woven and thin (of fabric). Cj..:..i- .~l!..+o.Jl,.­ JJ;JJ~.+..r.JJr n. sincerety·+..s:.;'radj· I. of one!
adj. not repeated, done once. Cj •.Jl,.JJ~.+jl,.- adj. the same colour. 2. uniform, consistent,
unaided, single-handed, unassisted, alone. unvarying.+ ~'r n. uniformity, consistency.+_
Cj L:;~.+...s..... - n. monosyllable.+...,:!....s..... _ adj. .;,L..j adj. I. of! speaking the same language. 2.
monosyllabic.+_ 4-1- adj. one all (of a score); one unanimous. See ....:..uS~.+ .;-i.j- adj. having a
for one, tit for tat.+~_ adj. of normal width (of common denominator; having the same
fabric as compared to double! two fold width). + _ basis.+ .;,~.;S '):}4-! v. give a common denomiator;
.r--I adj. single-minded; of one/ same opinion! put on the same basis.+ .;,L..._ adj. equal, alike,

view.+ ..sr-+ n. singlemindedness; consensus even, level. Cj ..A.lJl.a '~J~ •.;,~~ .;,W~ v.
(see..s}"':;' ~.+ ~_ adj. and adv. unceasing, equalize, treat equally; even.+ J.....;-.,.;L- n.
incessant, continuous; incessantly, non-stop. equator.+ ~L._ n. equality, quality/ state of being
Syn. .;,l;.....•.,;...+~)~_ adj. made ofa single piece; equal.+ ~_ adj. having uncIoven hooves.+ .;J--
 601

adv. I. directly, straight. Syn...::-If~. E.g.~~ nouns meaning: the foremost, the most
0.,.uL. "-"~ I went straight home. 2. without distinguished, paramount, leading. E.g...;)..; • ..s~
warning! prior notice; bluntly, straight to one's "'-!~Jlil""': The leading city in this area.+ I"L. also.
face. E.g. ':"JJ~~~ He told him to his face. ~o adj. first, preceding all others in time/ order/
+~L.:._ n. unicom.+ J4.!.- See~~.+ »'"~ importance.+ .1.1.).)o.,t.;L. adv. in double quick time;
also ......:._ n. Sunday.+ o~ adj. I. new (of the at once, directly, instantaneously (syn. v-t.)."..o.).+.
moon). 2. upstart, parvenu. < 0~..5",-! "-I';'jJ-t. + • .;,1.)oj,!......1o n. second of a series of variations in the
.,;~ adj., bot. monocotyledon.+ 4-J..adj. in game of leapfrog- .:u-~b. - ..5...:..,.,s.+ .sAj;$JL. n.
complete agreement, having the one and same first of a series of variations in the game of
view/ opinion! etc.-..5~ ..,.;,.).J -....i. + ~.,.,s/- v. I. leapfrog.+ oJ"jSJL. n. third in a series of variations
unite, get united. Syn. ~} ..5~. 2. be compatible/ in the game of leapfrog. + L. L. adv. and adj. one by
agreeable (to one another).+ ~~ adj. one, one after the other, one at a time, single,
compatible, agreeable, congruous, congenial. Syn. separately. Syn.";b ";b. C!oh.+"..;- also..5..:;,_
jL.JlA. - ~.}p J~'+ ....:-lS_ n. land ploughed I. pron. somebody, someone, some preson.
once. Cj.:.-lSJJ') ,.:.-~ '.).h.~'+ ~}/_ v. Syn.;.,.-s. 2. adj. one (as compared to two/
unite, unify, merge; join forces, cooperate (to more). E.g. &..:$~ .so,,;... There is only one apple. +
achieve s.th.l against s.o.).+ ~}_adj. I. united, ..s- I. n. singleness, oneness. 2. adv. each, to/ for
collective, allied. E.g. .;, ISo~.J..S"'-! oJ";'; United each. E.g. ~Lh.s:...,J~~~ Each come once.+..r;-
Nations. ~.J..S~..;0~ The united front. I. n. union, an act! instance of uniting or joining
Cj ';'~...JlA. 2. uniform, consistent.+ ';I~J- adv. two or more into one; union. E.g.~;- ~~ The
uniformly, consistently.+ 4f"~}- n. uniformity. Soviet Union. 2. singleness, oneness. + "..;-li"..;- adj.
every other, altemate.+ __ See.s~ .s~.
C! ~"';'.,::. + "L also cJ!"L adj. one·sided, having
one side; squared, settled (of an issue! contested '91S",-! yekala adj. I. gapped, slit open. 2. See'jS~. +
view/ etc.).+ 0~.).J"L V.t. settle, square, decide
•.,.;.).J/- V.t. slit! cut! slash! tear open.
once and for all; even the score (with- j....S4.1);
resolve.+oJo~_ adj. conclusive, determining.+• ..54.1~ yetek n. vest, waistcoat.
.,;,;J adj. one-ply (ofyarnlthread).+ _..;I.1').u., adv. ~~ yement See";'.,.,s.
consecutively, following one after another in any
given order. Syn. IJ.).1.J"-!.+ -.;4-.u., adj. & adv. one l:-iJ~~ yengtdunya also L:,;~~ n. kind of fruit.
on top of the other; in an uninterrupted manner,
persistently.+ jL.... adj. intimate and informal (as
of two families/ households with each other).+_
JL.. n. intimacy and lack offormality.+ ~L.­
adj. one month old (e.g. a baby).+.;,.).J';~ JJ.)J-
v. not to hesitate for one moment, tackle/ deal
with! do without delay or second thought. + ..:..JJ-
adj. unanimous, of one mind, marked by complete
assent! agreement. Cj.r.-?~ • .iI.PjS.+ cJ!":".1J- n.
unanimity, state of being unanimous. C! ";jlpjS
under j.S1. + L. n. I. unit, a single quantity regarded
as a whole in calculation: ,Jl.k..;L. unit of measure
*.;,L..:.;S";L unit of weight. 2. prefIX to certain
 )4.jt~

·r~
)~ ~
... ~