EE4723 : Digital Communications II

Week 6, 7:
¾ Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)
¾ Nyquist
yq Criteria for ISI
¾ Pulse Shaping and Raised-Cosine Filter
¾ Eye Pattern
¾ Error Performance Degradation (On Board)
¾ Demodulation and Detection (On Board)
¾ Eb/No and Error Probability (On Board)
¾ Matched Filter and Correlator Receiver (On Board)
¾ Equalization (On Board)

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 1

 Baseband Communication System
ƒ We have been considering the following baseband system

„ The transmitted signal is created by the line coder according

to ∞
s (t ) = ∑ a n g (t − nT b )
n = −∞
where an is the symbol mapping and g(t) is the pulse shape
Problems with Line Codes
„ One big problem with the line codes is that they are not bandlimited

„ The absolute bandwidth is infinite

„ The power outside the 1st null bandwidth is not negligible. That
is, the power in the sidelobes can be quite high
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 Intersymbol Interference (ISI)
ƒ If the transmission channel is bandlimited, then high frequency
components will be cut off
– Hence,
Hence the pulses will spread out
– If the pulse spread out into the adjacent symbol periods, then it is
said that intersymbol interference (ISI) has occurred
Intersymbol Interference (ISI)
ƒ Intersymbol
y interference (ISI)
( ) occurs when a ppulse spreads
p out in
such a way that it interferes with adjacent pulses at the sample instant
ƒ Causes
– Channel induced distortion which spreads or disperses the pulses
– Multipath effects (echo)

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 3

 Pulse spreading

– Due to improper filtering (@ Tx and/or Rx), the received pulses overlap one
another thus making detection difficult
ƒ E
Example
l off ISI
– Assume polar NRZ line code

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 4

 Inter Symbol Interference

– Input data stream and bit superposition

ƒ The
h channel
h l output is
i the
h sum off the
h contributions
ib i from
f eachh bit
bi

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 5

 ISI
Note:
ƒ ISI can occur
occ r whenever
hene er a non-bandlimited
b dli it d line code is used
sed
over a bandlimited channel
ƒ ISI can occur only
l att th
the sampling
li iinstants
t t
ƒ Overlapping pulses will not cause ISI if they have zero
amplitude
lit d att the
th time
ti the
th signal
i l is
i sampledl d

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 6

 ISI Baseband Communication System Model

where hT (t ) = Impulse response of the transmitter,

r
hC (t ) = Impulse response of the channel,
hR (t ) = Impulse response of the receiver
∞
s (t ) = ∑ an hT (t − nT ),
n = −∞
∞
r (t ) = ∑a
n = −∞
n g T ( t − nT ) + n ( t ),
) where g ( t ) = hT ( t ) * hC ( t ),
) T = 1/ fs
∞
y (t ) = ∑ a h (t − nT ) + n (t )
n = −∞
∞
n e e where he (t ) = hT (t ) * hC (t ) * hR (t ),
n e ( t ) = n ( t ) * hC ( t ) * h R ( t )

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 7

 ISI Baseband Communication System Model
ƒ Note that he(t) is the equivalent impulse response of the receiving filter
ƒ To recover the information sequence {an}, the output y(t) is sampled at t = kT,
0 1,
k = 0, 1 2,
2 …
ƒ The sampled sequence is
∞
y(kT ) = ∑ a h (kT − nT ) + n (kT )
n = −∞
n e e

or equivalently AWGN term

∞ ∞
yk = ∑ah
n = −∞
n k −n + nk = h0 ak + ∑a h
n = −∞, n ≠ k
n k −n + nk

Desired symbol scaled by

gain parameters h0 Effect of other symbols at the
sampling instants t=kT
where hk = he (kT ), nk = ne (kT ), k = 0,±1,±2,..
– h0 is an arbitrary constant

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 8

 Signal Design for Bandlimited Channel
Zero ISI
∞
y ( kT ) = h0 a k + ∑ a h (kT − nT ) + n (kT )
n = −∞ , n ≠ k
n e e

ƒ To remove ISI, it is necessary and sufficient to make the term

h (kT − nT) = 0, for n ≠ k and h ≠ 0

e 0

ƒ Nyquist Criterion
– Pulse amplitudes can be detected correctly despite pulse
spreading or overlapping, if there is no ISI at the decision-
makingg instants

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 9

 Nyquist Criterion: Time domain
p(t): impulse response of a transmission system (infinite length)
Suppose 1/T is the sample rate
Th necessary andd sufficient
The ffi i t condition
diti for
f p(t)
( ) to
t satisfy
ti f Nyquist
N it
Criterion is

⎧1, (n = 0 )
p(nT ) = ⎨
⎩0, (n ≠ 0 )

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 10

 1st Nyquist Criterion: Time domain
ƒ Pulse shape that satisfy this criteria is Sinc(.) function, e.g.,
⎛t⎞
he (t ) = sin c⎜ ⎟ = sin c(2Wt)
⎝T ⎠
ƒ The smallest value of T for which transmission with zero ISI is
possible is
1
ƒ Problems with Sinc(.) function T=
2W
– It is not possible to create Sinc pulses due to
– Infinite time duration
– Sharp
Sh transition
t iti band
b d in
i the
th frequency
f domain
d i
– Sinc(.) pulse shape can cause ISI in the presence of timing
errors
• If the received signal is not sampled at exactly the bit instant,
then ISI will occur
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 1st Nyquist Criterion: Time domain

p(t))
p(
1
Å shaping function

0 no ISI !
t
1
=T
2 fN t0 2t0

Equally spaced zeros,

1
-1 interval =T
2 fn

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 12

 Sample rate vs. bandwidth
ƒ W is the channel bandwidth for P(f)
ƒ When 1/T > 2W,
2W there is no way
way, we can design a
system with no ISI

P(f)

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 13

 Sample rate vs. bandwidth
ƒ When 1/T = 2W (The Nyquist Rate), rectangular
function satisfy Nyquist condition
sin πt T ⎛ πt ⎞ ⎧T , ( f < W )
p(t ) = = sinc⎜ ⎟ ; P( f ) = ⎨ ,
πt ⎝T ⎠ ⎩0, (otherwise )
1 ⎛ f ⎞
P( f ) = rect⎜ ⎟ = T rect( fT );
2W ⎝ 2W ⎠

W
12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 14
 Sample rate vs. bandwidth
ƒ When 1/T < 2W, numbers of choices to satisfy Nyquist
condition
– Raised Cosine Filter
– Duobinary
y Signaling
g g (Partial
( Response
p Signals)
g )
– Gaussian Filter Approximation

ƒ The most typical one is the raised cosine function

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 15

 Raised Cosine Pulse
ƒ The following pulse shape satisfies Nyquist’s method for zero ISI

⎛ rπt ⎞ ⎛ rπt ⎞ ⎛ rπt ⎞

sin ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟
⎝ T ⎠ ⎝ T ⎠ = sinc ⎛ t ⎞ ⎝ T ⎠
p (t ) = ⎜ ⎟
rπt 4r t2 2
⎝T ⎠ 1− 4r t2 2
1−
T T2 T2

ƒ The Fourier Transform of this pulse shape is

⎧ 1− r
⎪ T , 0 ≤ | f |≤
2T
⎪⎪ ⎡ πT ⎛ 1− r ⎞⎤ 1− r 1+ r
P( f ) = ⎨T / 2⎢1+ cos ⎜| f | − ⎟⎥, ≤| f | ≤
⎪ ⎣ r ⎝ 2T ⎠⎦ 2T 2T
⎪ 0, 1+ r
⎪⎩ | f | ≥
2T
ƒ where r is the roll-off factor that determines the bandwidth

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 16

 Raised cosine shaping
ƒ Tradeoff: higher r, higher bandwidth, but smoother in
time.
P(ω)
πW r=0
r = 0.25
r = 0.50
0 50
r = 0.75
r = 1.00
2w
p(t) W ω

π
π +
− W
0 W

0 t
12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 17
 Rolloff and bandwidth
ƒ Bandwidth occupied beyond 1/2T is called the excess bandwidth (EB)
ƒ EB is usually expressed as a %tage of the Nyquist frequency, e.g.,
– Rolloff factor, r = 1/2 ===> excess bandwidth is 50 %
– Rolloff factor, r = 1 ===> excess bandwidth is 100 %
ƒ RC filter is used to realized Nyquist filter since the transition band can be
changed using the roll-off factor
ƒ The sharpness of the filter is controlled by the parameter r
ƒ When r = 0 this corresponds to an ideal rectangular function
ƒ Bandwidth B occupied by a RC filtered signal is increased from its
minimum value 1
Bmin =
2Ts
ƒ So the bandwidth becomes: B=B min
(1 + r )
12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 18
 Rolloff and bandwidth
ƒ Benefits of large roll off factor
– Simpler filter – fewer stages (taps) hence easier to
implement with less processing delay
– Less signal overshoot, resulting in lower peak to mean
excursions of the transmitted signal
– Less sensitivity to symbol timing accuracy – wider eye
opening
i
ƒ r = 0 corresponds to Sinc(.) function

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 19

 Partial Response Signals
ƒ To improve the bandwidth efficiency
– Widen the p
pulse,, the smaller the bandwidth.
– But there is ISI. For binary case with two symbols, there is
only few possible interference patterns.
– By adding ISI in a controlled manner, it is possible to
achieve a signaling rate equal to the Nyquist rate
i.e.
Duobinary
uob y and
d Polibinary
o b ySSignaling
g g
(Covered in the previous lectures)

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 20

 Eye Patterns
ƒ An eye pattern is obtained by superimposing the actual waveforms for large
numbers of transmitted or received symbols
– Perfect eye pattern for noise
noise-free,
free, bandwidth
bandwidth-limited
limited transmission of an
alphabet of two digital waveforms encoding a binary signal (1’s and 0’s)

– Actual eye patterns are used to estimate the bit error rate and the
signal to- noise ratio

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 21

 Eye Patterns

C
Concept off the
h eye pattern

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 Eye Patterns

Concept of Eye diagram Mask. Waveform must not intrude into the shaded regions.
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 Cosine rolloff filter: Eye pattern

2nd Nyquist
1st Nyquist:3 1st Nyquist:3

2nd Nyquist:3 2nd Nyquist:2

1st Nyquist

1st Nyquist:3 3
1st Nyquist:

2nd Nyquist:2 2nd Nyquist:2

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 Eye Diagram Examples
EYE DIAGRAM
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

02
0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0
0.8
8

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (sec)

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 25

 Eye Diagram Examples
EYE DIAGRAM WITH NOISE (Variance =0.1)
1.5

0.5

-0.5
0

-1

-1.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (sec)

12/20/2010 Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Digital Communications II EE4723 26

 Eye Diagram Examples
EYE DIAGRAM WITH NOISE (Variance =0.5)
3

-1
1

-2

-3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (sec)

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