DISHA DELPHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

TERM-I
(2021-22)
Physics Lab Manual
Class X | Practical File

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Section:__________________________________
Roll No.: _________________________________

Instructions to Follow:

1. All content must be copied as it is in sequence, there should not be any type of cutting.
2. Calculations, Diagrams must be done neatly on blank page.
3. Use pen for making observation table on ruled page.
4. Use pencil for drawing diagrams. Pasting of diagram from the given content is not allowed.
5. Only use Blue pen. You can use Black pen only for headings.
6. Cover your files with white paper at the time of submission.
7. Complete the index by writing aim for each experiment.
8. Suggested Practical Manual: Comprehensive, Elite, Classmate, etc.
 CLASS X PHYSICS PRACTICAL FILE
(TERM- I 2021-22)
INDEX
S.NO. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT DATE SIGN

Determination of the focal length of (i) Concave

mirror and (ii) Convex lens by obtaining image of
1 a distant object.

Tracing the path of a ray of light passing through

a rectangular glass slab for different angles of
incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of
2 refraction, angle of emergence and interpret the
result.

Tracing the path of a ray of light passing through

3 a glass prism.
 EXPERIMENT NO.-1
AIM
Determination of the focal length of (i) Concave mirror and (ii) Convex lens by obtaining image
of a distant object.

MATERIAL REQUIRED
A concave mirror, A thin convex lens, a mirror / lens holder, a small screen fixed on a
stand, and a measuring scale.
THEORY
(i) For Concave Mirror: The rays of light coming from a distant object such as
the sun (or a distant tree or a distant building) can be considered to be
parallel to each other. When parallel rays of light fall on a concave mirror
along its axis, the rays meet at a point in front of the mirror after reflection
from it. This point is the focus of the mirror. For a parallel beam of light
coming from a distant object, a real, inverted and very small image size is
formed at the focus of the mirror. The distance between the pole O of the
concave mirror and the focus F is the focal length of the concave mirror.

Diagram
(ii) For Convex Lens: The rays of light coming from a distant object such as the
sun (or a distant tree or a distant building) can be considered to be parallel to
each other. When a parallel beam of light falls on a convex lens, the rays, after
refraction, converge at a point on its other side. This point is one of the two
foci of the lens. If the parallel beam of light comes from a distant object, a real,
inverted image of very small size is formed at the focus of the lens. Since the
image formed by the lens is real, it can be obtained on a screen. The distance
between the optical centre O of the convex lens and the focus point F1 or F2 is
its focal length.
Diagram

.
OBSERVATION
(i) For Concave Mirror:
S. No. Name of distant Distance between Mean focal length of
object concave mirror and concave mirror
screen
(f) (in cm)
(f) (in cm)
1 Pen 14.5
2 Marker 14.75 14.68

3 Tree 14.8

(ii) For Convex lens:

S. No. Name of distant Distance between Mean focal length of
object convex lens and screen convex lens
(f) (in cm) (f) (in cm)
1 Pen 19.75
2 Marker 19.8 19.81

3 Tree 19.9

RESULT
(i) The approximate value of focal length of the given concave mirror is 15 cm.
(ii) The approximate value of focal length of the given convex lens is 20 cm.
PRECAUTIONS
1) There should be no obstacle in the path of rays of light from the distant object
incident on the lens/mirror.
2) The image of the sun should be focussed only on the screen. The image of sun
should never be seen directly with the naked eye.
3) In order to obtain a sharp and clear image of the distant object on the
wall/ground, it must be ensured that the object is well illuminated.
4) The base of the stands of the lens/mirror and screen should be parallel to the
measuring scale.
 EXPERIMENT NO.-2
AIM
Tracing the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of
incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence and interpret
the result.

MATERIAL REQUIRED
A drawing board, A rectangular glass slab, white sheet of paper, protractor, a measuring
scale, pins, and drawing pins
THEORY
Refraction: Refraction is the phenomenon in which a ray of light travelling from one
transparent medium to other, bends from the surface of separation and follows a
different course in the second medium.
Angle of incidence: The angle between incident ray and normal is called angle of
incidence.
In Fig. ∠PON is the angle of incidence (denoted as ∠ i).
Angle of refraction: The angle which the refracted ray makes with normal is known as
angle of refraction. In Fig. ∠N’OO’ is the angle of refraction (denoted as ∠ r).
Angle of emergence: The angle between the emergent ray with normal at the point of
emergence is known as angle of emergence. In Fig. ∠M’O’L is the angle of refraction
(denoted as ∠ e).

DIAGRAM
OBSERVATION
S. No. Angle of Angle of Angle of Difference
incidence refraction emergence
(∠i-∠e)
∠i ∠r ∠e degree
1. 30° 28° 30° 0°
2. 45° 43° 44.8° 0.2°
3. 60° 56° 59.8° 0.2°

RESULT
1. The path of the ray of light through the glass slab is shown, the ray of light bends
towards the normal as it passes from air to glass and away from the normal as it
emerges from glass to air. Emergent ray is parallel to incident ray.
2. The angle of incidence is nearly equal to angle of emergence.
3. The angle of refraction was found to be less than ∠i and angle of refraction ∠r
increases with increase in angle of incidence ∠i.

PRECAUTIONS
1) The glass slab should be perfectly rectangular with all its faces smooth.
2) The drawing board should be soft so that pins can be easily fixed on it.
3) The angle of incidence should lie between 30° and 60°.
4) All pins base should lie in straight line.
 EXPERIMENT NO.-3
AIM
Tracing the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism.

MATERIAL REQUIRED
A drawing board, glass prism, white sheet of paper, protractor, a measuring scale, pins,
and drawing pins
THEORY
Prism: It is a piece of at transparent medium bounded by three rectangular surfaces
forming a triangle. One surface is called base. Other two surfaces are transparent and
are called refracting surfaces. The line along which the refracting surfaces meet, is
called the edge of the prism. The angle between the two refracting surfaces, is called the
angle of prism (∠A).
Refraction of light through a glass prism
When a ray of light (DE) from air strikes on a face AB of a triangular glass prism ABC, it
gets refracted and bends towards the normal to the plane of the face AB as shown in the
figure below. The refracted ray EF travels inside the prism until it strikes its other face
AC. Here again, the ray from glass gets refracted into air but bends away from the
normal towards the face BC. The ray FG is the ray that emerges out of the glass prism at
the glass-air boundary face AC. The ray FG that emerges out of the glass prism at the
face AC after successive refractions is the emergent ray. The angle ∠IHG between the
incident ray DE (when extended) and the emergent ray FG, when produced backwards
to meet at a point H, is known as the angle of deviation (∠δ).
DIAGRAM
OBSERVATION
S. No. Angle of incidence Angle of deviation
∠i ∠𝛿𝛿

1. 30° 48°
2. 35° 44°

RESULT
1) The path of a ray of light incident on one face of a glass prism is shown by the ray
DEFG.
2) The value of the angle of deviation for the angle of incidence 30° is 48° and for
the other angle of incidence 35° is 44°.
PRECAUTIONS

1) The angle of incidence should lie between 30º and 60º.

2) The pins should be fixed vertically and immediately encircled after they are
removed.
3) The pins should be fixed at a distance of 2 cm or more.
4) Proper arrows should be drawn for the incident ray, refracted ray and emergent
ray.