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Chapter 2 Business Equations and Graphs (Complete)

This document discusses graphs of functions including linear and quadratic functions. It defines what a function is and how functions can be represented through formulas and graphs. Linear functions are described as having a constant rate of change and forming a straight line when graphed. The slope and y-intercept of a linear function are discussed. Quadratic functions are defined as having the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a cannot be 0. Methods for finding the x-intercepts and graphing quadratic functions are provided, including how to determine if the parabola opens up or down based on the sign of a. Examples of graphing both linear and quadratic functions are worked through.

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67 views25 pages

Chapter 2 Business Equations and Graphs (Complete)

This document discusses graphs of functions including linear and quadratic functions. It defines what a function is and how functions can be represented through formulas and graphs. Linear functions are described as having a constant rate of change and forming a straight line when graphed. The slope and y-intercept of a linear function are discussed. Quadratic functions are defined as having the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a cannot be 0. Methods for finding the x-intercepts and graphing quadratic functions are provided, including how to determine if the parabola opens up or down based on the sign of a. Examples of graphing both linear and quadratic functions are worked through.

Uploaded by

AZLIN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Graphs of Equations

Basic business Mathematics


Prepared by Ms Aida Idawati
Content

O Functions
O Graphs of Functions
O Linear Functions
O Quadratic Functions
Functions: Definition
O A function relates an input to an output

O A function relates each element of a set with exactly


one element of another set

f(x) “𝒇(𝒙) = …” is the classic way of writing a function


Functions
O Two commonly used methods to represent functions
are:
1. By Formulas Independent
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) variable
Dependent
variable

2. By Graph
Functions
There are three main parts:
- Input
- Relationship
- Output

Example: “Multiply by 2” is a very simple function


Input Relationship Output
0 ×2 0
1 ×2 2
7 ×2 14
10 ×2 20
Functions

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2

An input of 5  𝑓 5 = 52 = 25

Will obtain an output of 25


EXAMPLE
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 5, find:
(a) 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥)
(b) 2𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥)
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥)
(d) 2𝑓 4 − 𝑔 −1
Try this
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 3, find
a) 𝑓 0
b) 𝑓(-3)
c) 𝑓(5𝑎)

2. 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 1, find
a) 𝑔 0
b) 𝑔 −1
c) 𝑔(2𝑐)
 Try this
12
For 𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 2 , ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1,
𝑥−2
evaluate

a) 𝑓 6
b) 𝑔 −2
c) ℎ 4
d) 𝑓 0 + 𝑔 1 − ℎ(10)
Linear Equation
O General form for linear equation:
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
O The graph of a linear function is a straight line

O “a” is the coefficient of the independent variable, x. it


is also known as the slope and gives the rate of
change of the dependent variable, y,

O “b” is the constant term or the y-intercept. It is the


value of dependent variable when x=0
Cartesian Coordinate System
Graphing Linear Function
O Consider the equation:
𝑓 𝑥 = −2𝑥 + 7

When x = 1, 𝑓 1 = −2 1 + 7
=5 (x, f(x)) = (1, 5)
x = 2, 𝑓 2 = −2 2 + 7
=3 (x, f(x)) = (2, 3)
x =3, 𝑓(3) = −2 3 + 7
=1 (x, f(x)) = (3, 1)

Value of x = x-coordinate
Value of y = y-coordinate

We refer to the space which contains all the point with (x, f(x))
coordinates as the xy-plane
Graphing Linear Function
Plotting solution to the equation 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7
(a) The point (1, 5) and (b) the points 1, 5 , 2, 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3, 1)
Graphing Linear Equation
The 𝒙 and 𝒚 – intercepts of a straight line
Example:
Consider the linear equation in two variables given by
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3

𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: let 𝑦 = 0, 0 = 2𝑥 + 3
3
𝑥 = −2
𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 =2 0 +3
𝑦=3
Graphing Linear Equation

O Find the 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡

O Find the 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡

O Draw a straight line that passes through these two


points
Straight Line
Equation 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑

Y-axis
10

5
Y-intercept 3
X-axis

-10 -5 0 1 5 10
X-intercept
-5

-10
 Try this
Graph the following linear
equations:

a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥

𝑥
b) 𝑓 𝑥 = − 3
2
Try this
Find the slope of the following equations:

a) 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 6
b) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 = 0
c) 𝑦 − 7 = 3 𝑥 − 4
d) 𝑥 − 9 = 5𝑦 + 3
Quadratic Functions

• A quadratic function can be written in the form


𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
• where a, b, and c are constants and ≠ 0.
• A quadratic equation is also called a second-degree
equation or an equation of degree two.
Quadratic Functions

• The x intercept of a quadratic function can be found by


solving the quadratic equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 =
0.

• Ways of solving a Quadratic Function


- Factorization
- Quadratic formula
- Completing the square
 Try this

Find the x-intercepts for the following quadratic


functions:

a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 4

b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 3 − 2x − x 2

c) 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3

d) 𝑓 𝑥 = −3x 2 − 12x + 14
Graphing Quadratic Functions
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

• If a > 0, the parabola opens up


• If a < 0, the parabola opens down
• The vertex is the turning point of the parabola.
−𝒃
Formula: 𝒙 =
𝟐𝒂
• The minimum or maximum point occurs at the vertex
Graphing Quadratic Functions

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 6
Steps:
1. Determine maximum/ minimum
2. Find the roots (x-intercepts)  let 𝑓 𝑥 = 0
3. Find y-intercepts
4. Find the point of maximum/ minimum, 𝒙 = −𝒃
𝟐𝒂
 Try this
• Graph the following quadratic function:
a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 3 − 2x − x 2

b) 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3

c) 𝑓 𝑥 = −3x 2 − 12x + 14
Thank You^^

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