Process Dynamics and Control 4th Edition Seborg Solutions Manual
Process Dynamics and Control 4th Edition Seborg Solutions Manual
Chapter 2
2.1
d (ρV )
= w1 + w2 − w3 (1)
dt
Energy balance:
w3 = w1 + w2 (3)
d (T3 − Tref ) dT
ρCV = ρCV 3= w1C (T1 − Tref ) + w2C (T2 − Tref )
dt dt (4)
− ( w1 + w2 ) C (T3 − Tref )
dT3
ρV = w1T1 + w2T2 − ( w1 + w2 )T3 (5)
dt
2-1
Parameters : ρ, V
Thus, NF = 5 – 1 = 4
w1 = w1(t)
w2 = w2 (t)
T1 = T1(t)
T2 = T2(t)
Thus, NF is reduced to 0.
2.2
Energy balance:
d ρV (T − Tref )
Cp = wC p (Ti − Tref ) − wC p (T − Tref ) − UAs (T − Ta ) + Q
dt
Simplifying
dT
ρVC p = wC p Ti − wC p T − UAs (T − Ta ) + Q
dt
dT
ρVC p = wC p (Ti − T ) − UAs (T − Ta ) + Q
dt
2-2
2.3
a) Mass Balances:
dh1
ρA1 = w1 − w2 − w3 (1)
dt
dh2
ρA2 = w2 (2)
dt
Flow relations:
P1 − P2 ρg
Then w2 = = (h1 − h2 ) (3)
R2 g c R2
P1 − Pa ρg
w3 = = h1 (4)
R3 g c R3
Four equations
Thus NF = 5 – 4 = 1
2-3
2.4
Assume constant liquid density, ρ . The mass balance for the tank is
d (ρAh + m g )
= ρ(qi − q )
dt
dh
A = qi − q (1)
dt
1/ 2
ρgh
q = C v Pg + − Pa (2)
gc
(m g / M ) RT
Pg = (3)
A( H − h)
Equation 1 gives the unsteady-state model upon substitution of q from Eq. 2 and
of Pg from Eq. 3:
1/ 2
dh (mg / M ) RT ρ gh
A = qi − Cv + − Pa (4)
dt A( H − h) gc
Because the model contains Pa, operation of the system is not independent of Pa.
For an open system Pg = Pa and Eq. 2 shows that the system is independent of Pa.
2-4
2.5
Pd − P1 P − P2 P2 − Pf
wa = , wb = 1 , wc = (1)
Ra Rb Rc
Mass balances for the surge tanks
dm1 dm2
= wa − wb , = wb − wc (2)
dt dt
m1 m2
P1V1 = RT1 , P2V2 = RT2 (3)
M M
Substituting for m1 and m2 from Eq. 3 into Eq. 2, and noticing that V1, T1,
V2, and T2 are constant,
γ γ
V V
P1 1 = P2 2 = C , a constant (5)
m1 m2
1/ γ 1/ γ
P1V1 γ P2V2 γ
or m1 =
and m2 =
(6)
C C
1/ γ
1 V1 γ dP1
P1
(1− γ ) / γ
= wa − wb
γ C dt
2-5
1/ γ
1 V2 γ dP2
P2
(1− γ ) / γ
= wb − wc
γ C dt
as the new dynamic model. If the ideal gas law were not valid, one would
use an appropriate equation of state instead of Eq. 3.
2.6
a) Assumptions:
Compartment 1:
Overall balance (No accumulation of mass):
dT1
V1ρC = ρqC (Ti − T1 ) − UA(T1 − T2 ) (2)
dt
Compartment 2:
Overall balance:
Energy balance:
dT2
V2ρC = ρqC (T1 − T2 ) + UA(T1 − T2 ) − U c Ac (T2 − Tc ) (4)
dt
2-6
Thus NF = 5 – 2 = 3
2 outputs = T1, T2
3 inputs = Ti, Tc, q (specify as functions of t)
2.7
dV 1
= ( wi − w)
dt ρ
dT wi Q
= (Ti − T ) +
dt V ρ ρVC
Results:
dV 1 V
= wi − Cv
dt ρ A
dT wi Q
= (Ti − T ) +
dt ρV ρVC
5 variables: V , T , wi , Ti , Q
4 parameters: C , ρ , Cv , A
2 equations
2 output variables: T , V
2-7
2 manipulated variables: Q, wi
1 disturbance variable: Ti
(b) In this part, two controllers have been added to the system. Each controller
provides an additional equation. Also, the flow out of the tank is now a
manipulated variable being adjusted by the controller. So, we have
2 output variables: T , V
2 manipulated variables (determined by controller equations): Q, w
2 disturbance variables: Ti , wi
2.8
Additional assumptions:
(i) Density of the liquid, ρ, and density of the coolant, ρJ, are constant.
(ii) Specific heat of the liquid, C, and of the coolant, CJ, are constant.
dV
ρ = q F − q = 0 ; thus q = qF
dt
dT
ρVC = q F ρC (TF − T ) − Kq J A(T − TJ )
0.8
(1)
dt
dTJ
ρ J VJ C J = q J ρ J C J (Ti − TJ ) + Kq J A(T − TJ )
0.8
(2)
dt
where A is the heat transfer area (in ft2) between the process liquid and the
coolant.
2-8
Eqs.1 and 2 comprise the dynamic model for the system.
2.9
Assume that the feed contains only A and B, and no C. Component balances for
A, B, C over the reactor give.
dc A
V = qi c Ai − qc A − Vk1e − E1 / RT c A (1)
dt
dcB
V = qi cBi − qcB + V (k1e − E1 / RT c A − k2e − E2 / RT cB ) (2)
dt
dcC
V −qcC + Vk2e − E2 / RT cB
= (3)
dt
An overall mass balance over the jacket indicates that qc = qci because the volume
of coolant in jacket and the density of coolant are constant.
dTc
ρ j S jV=
j ρ j S j qci (Tci − Tc ) + UA(T − Tc ) (5)
dt
where:
ρj, Sj are density and specific heat of the coolant.
Vj is the volume of coolant in the jacket.
2-9
2.10
Notice that the functions are only good for t = 0 to t = 18, at which point the tank
is completely drained. The concentration function blows up because the volume
function is negative.
2-10
2.11
a)
dm d (ρAh) dh
= =
ρA =+w1 w2 − w (1)
dt dt dt
ρg
Valve equation: w = C v′ h = Cv h (2)
gc
ρg
where C v = C v′ (3)
gc
dh 1
= ( w1 + w2 − C v h ) (4)
dt ρA
Steady-state model:
0 = w1 + w2 − C v h (5)
c) Feedforward control
2-11
Rearrange Eq. 5 to get the feedforward (FF) controller relation,
w2 = C v hR − w1 where hR = 2.25 m
3
or h= = 1.408 and h = 1.983 m (instead of 2.25 m)
2.13
2.25 − 1.983
Error in desired level = × 100% =
11.9%
2.25
2-12
The sensitivity does not look too bad in the sense that a 10% error in flow
measurement gives ~12% error in desired level. Before making this
conclusion, however, one should check how well the operating FF
controller works for a change in w1 (e.g., ∆w1 = 0.4 kg/s).
2.12
dh
ρA = w1 + w2 − w3 (Below the leak point)
dt
π (2) 2
A= = π= 3.14 m 2
4
dh
(800)(3.14) = 120 + 100 − 200 = 20
dt
dh 20
= = 0.007962 m/min
dt (800)(3.14)
dh
ρA =20 − d q4 =20 − ρ(0.025) h − 1 = 20 − 20 h − 1 , h ≥ 1
dt
To check for overflow, one can simply find the level hm at which dh/dt =
0. That is the maximum value of level when no overflow occurs.
0 = 20 − 20 hm − 1 or hm = 2 m
Thus, overflow does not occur for a leak occurring because hm < 2.25 m.
2-13
2.13
Model of process
dh
ρAT = w1 + w2 − w3 = w1 + w2 − C v h (1)
dt
Component:
d (hx3 )
ρAT = w1 x1 + w2 x 2 − w3 x3
dt
dx3 dh
ρAT h + ρAT x3 = w1 x1 + w2 x 2 − w3 x3
dt dt
dx3
ρAT h + x3 ( w1 + w2 − w3 ) = w1 x1 + w2 x 2 − w3 x3
dt
dx3
ρAT h = w1 ( x1 − x3 ) + w2 ( x 2 − x3 ) (2)
dt
or
dx3
=
1
[w1 ( x1 − x3 ) + w2 ( x2 − x3 )] (3)
dt ρAT h
dx3 1
= [120(0.6 − x3 ) + 100(0.5 − x3 )]
dt (800)(1.75)π
2-14
1
= [(72 + 50) − 220 x3 )]
(800)(1.75)π
= 0.027738 − 0.050020x3
Integrating,
x3 f t
dx3
∫
x3 o
0.027738 − 0.050020 x3 ∫0
= dt
Solving,
t = 47.42 min
dh
800π = 100 + 100 − Cv h
dt
dh 1
= 200 − 166.3 h
dt 800π
= 0.079577 − 0.066169 h
t = 122.79 min
2-15
1.8
1.7
h(m)
1.6
1.5
1.4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
time (min)
Figure S2.13. Numerical solution of the ode for part c)
2.14
dX dX F
Cells: V = Vrg − FX or = rg − X (1)
dt dt V
dP dP F
Product: V = Vrp − FP or = rp − P (2)
dt dt V
dS 1
Substrate: V = F (S f − S ) − Vrg
dt YX / S
or
dS F 1 1
= ( S f − S ) − rg − rP (3)
dt V YX / S YP / S
b) At steady state,
2-16
dX
=0 ∴ rg = DX
dt
then,
µ X = DX ∴ D= µ (4)
rg − DX < 0 or D>µ
0 = rg - DX DX = rg (5)
0 = rp - DP DP = rp (6)
1
0 = 𝐷𝐷�𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓 − 𝑆𝑆� − 𝑌𝑌 𝑟𝑟𝑔𝑔 (7)
𝑋𝑋/𝑆𝑆
From Eq. 5,
DX = rg (8)
From Eq. 7
rg = Y X / S ( S f − S ) D (9)
DX = Y X / S ( S f − S ) D (10)
From Eq. 4
DK S
S=
mmax − D
2-17
Substituting these two equations into Eq. 10,
DK S
=
DX YX / S S f − D (11)
m max − D
For Yx/s = 0.5, Sf = 10, Ks = 1, X = 2.75, μmax = 0.2, the following plot can be
generated based on Eq. 11.
From Figure S2.14, washout occurs at D = 0.18 h-1 while the maximum
production occurs at D = 0.14 h-1. Notice that maximum and washout points
are dangerously close to each other, so special care must be taken when
increasing cell productivity by increasing the dilution rate.
2-18
2.15
dM
rd = − = kAc s (1)
dt
Notice that:
dM dV
M = ρV ∴ =ρ (2)
dt dt
dV dr dr
V = πr 2 h ∴ = (2πrh) =A (3)
dt dt dt
Substituting (3) into (2) and then into (1),
dr dr
− rA = kAc s ∴ −r = kc s
dt dt
Integrating,
r kcs t kc s
∫r
o
dr = −
ρ ∫0
dt ∴ r (t ) = ro −
r
t (4)
Finally,
M = rV = rπhr 2
then
2
kc
M (t ) = ρπh ro − s t
ρ
b) The time required for the pill radius r to be reduced by 90% is given by
Eq. 4:
kc s 0.9ρo ρ (0.9)(0.4)(1.2)
0.1ro = ro − t ∴ t= = = 54 min
r kc s (0.016)(0.5)
Therefore, t = 54 min .
2-19
2.16
dP S
= rp = YP / X µ µax X
dt Ks + S
dS 1 1
=− rg − rP
dt YX / S YP / X
dX SX
= 0.2
dt 1+ S
dP SX
= (0.2)(0.2)
dt 1+ S
dS SX 1 0.2
= 0.2 − 0.5 − 0.1
dt 1+ S
By using MATLAB, this system of differential equations can be solved. The time
to achieve a 90% conversion of S is t = 22.15 h.
2-20
2.17
(a) Using a simple volume balance, for the system when the drain is closed
(q = 0)
𝑑𝑑ℎ
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑞𝑞1 (1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solving this ODE with the given initial condition gives a height that is increasing
at a rate of 0.25 ft/min.
(b) the drain is opened for 15 mins; assume a time constant in a linear
transfer function of 3 mins, so a steady state is essentially reached. (3 < t < 18).
Assume that the process will return to its previous steady state in an exponential
manner, reaching 63.2% of the response in three minutes.
2-21
(c) the inflow rate is doubled for 6 minutes (18 < t < 24)
The height should rise exponentially towards a new steady state value double that
of the steady state value in part b), but it should be apparent that the height does
not reach this new steady state value at t = 24 min.. The new steady state would
be 1 ft.
(d) the inflow rate is returned to its original value for 16 minutes (24 < t < 40)
2-22
The graph should show an exponential decrease to the previous steady state of 0.5
ft. The initial value should coincide with the final value from part (c).
2-23
2.18
The three input variables (w, Ti, Q) are assigned and the resulting system has zero
degrees of freedom.
2-24
2.19
(a) First we simulate a step change in the vapor flow rate from 0.033 to 0.045
m3/s.
The resulting plots of xD and xB are shown below.
Figure: Plot of xD, xB, and V versus time for a step change in V from 0.033 to 0.045
m3/s.
By examining the resulting data, we can find the steady-state values of xD and xB
before and after the step change in V.
(b) Next we simulate a step change in the feed composition (zF) from 0.5 to 0.55.
Note that the vapor flow rate, V, is still set at 0.045 m3/s.
2-25
Figure: Plot of xD, xB, and zF versus time for a step change in zF from 0.5 to 0.55
By examining the resulting data, we can find the steady-state values of xD and xB
before and after the step change in zF.
2-26
2.20
(a) First we simulate a step change in the Fuel Gas Purity (FG_pur) from 1 to
0.95.
The resulting plots of Oxygen Exit Concentration (C_O2) and Hydrocarbon
Outlet Temperature (T_HC) are shown below.
Figure: Plot of C_O2, T_HC, and FG_pur versus time for a step change in FG_pur from 1
to 0.95.
By examining the resulting data, we can find the steady-state values of C_O2 and
T_HC before and after the step change in FG_pur.
(b) Next we simulate a step change in the Hydrocarbon Flow Rate (F_HC_sp)
from 0.035 to 0.0385. Note that the Fuel Gas Purity, FG_pur, is still set at
0.95.
2-27
Figure: Plot of C_O2, T_HC, and F_HC_sp versus time for a step change in F_HC_sp
from 0.035 to 0.0385.
By examining the resulting data, we can find the steady-state values of C_O2 and
T_HC before and after the step change in F_HC_sp.
2-28
2.21
The key to this problem is solving the mass balance of the tank in each part.
Mass balance:
d
( ρ Ah
= ) ρ qi − ρ qo
dt
dh
A = qi − qo
dt
1
qo = h
R
dh 1
A = qi − h
dt R
- Next, we can obtain R (valve constant) from the steady state information in the
problem
dh
= 0 at steady state
dt
1
0= qi − h
R
1
0= 2 − (1)
R
1 ft 2
∴ = 2 R= 0.5
R min
2-29
( 4 ) =
1
τ AR
= = 2 min
2
Part a
dh
A = qi − qo (Mass Balance)
dt
dh
4 =2 (Separable ODE)
dt
1
∫ dh = ∫ 2 dt
1
h(t ) = t +C h(0) =
1
2
1
h(t ) = t +1 0≤t <3
2
2-30
Part b
dh 1
A = qi − h (Mass Balance)
dt R
dh
4 = 2 − 2h
dt
dh 1 1
+ h= (Solution by integrating factor = et / 2 )
dt 2 2
1 t/2
∫ d (e h) = ∫
t/ 2
e dt
2
het / 2 =
1et / 2 + c h(3) =
2.5
h = 1 + ce − t / 2
2.5 = 1 + ce −3/ 2
c = 1.5e3/ 2
Part c
dh
4 = 4 − 2h (Mass balance)
dt
dh 1
+ h=
1 (Solution by integrating factor)
dt 2
∫ d (e h )
= ∫ 1e dt h(18) 1
=
t/2 t/2
2-31
Part d
h(t ) = 1 + e − (t −33) / 2 33 ≤ t ≤ 50
2-32
2.22
To solve the problem, we start by writing the mass balance for each tank 1-4.
To write the mass balance for each tank, we start with the most general form,
where the change in mass in the tank over time is equal to the mass flowing into
the tank minus the mass flowing out of the tank. The general form of the
equations are shown below, where i represents the tank number (1, 2, 3, 4). The
mass can be written as the density multiplied by the tank volume, and the mass
flow rates can be written as the density multiplied by the volumetric flow rate.
d ( ρVi )
= ρ qin ,i − ρ qout ,i
dt
With density assumed constant over time, it can be pulled out of the derivative.
Also, we write the volume of the tank as the height of liquid in the tank, hi,
multiplied by the cross-sectional tank area, Ai.
ρ Ai d (hi )
= ρ qin ,i − ρ qout ,i
dt
Ai d (hi )
= qin ,i − qout ,i
dt
The flow exiting each tank through the bottom can be written as:
qexit ,i = Ci hi
Results:
a) The final equations for the height of liquid in each tank are shown below.
2-33
Process Dynamics and Control 4th Edition Seborg Solutions Manual
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dh1 C C γ
=
− 1 h1 + 3 h3 + 1 F1 (1)
dt A1 A1 A1
dh2 C C γ
=
− 2 h2 + 4 h4 + 2 F2 (2)
dt A2 A2 A2
dh3 C (1 − γ 2 )
=
− 3 h3 + F2 (3)
dt A3 A3
dh4 C ( 1 − γ1 )
=
− 4 h4 + F1 (4)
dt A4 A4
dh1 C C 0.5
=
− 1 h1 + 3 h3 + F1
dt A1 A1 A1
dh2 C C 0.5
=
− 2 h2 + 4 h4 + F2
dt A2 A2 A2
dh3 C 0.5
=
− 3 h3 + F2
dt A3 A3
dh4 C 0.5
=
− 4 h4 + F1
dt A4 A4
The differential equations for the tank heights are coupled, so the heights
cannot be solved for or controlled independently. F1 and F2 can be used to
control h3 and h4 independently, but h1 and h2 will be affected in an
uncontrolled manner.
dh1 C C
=
− 1 h1 + 3 h3
dt A1 A1
dh2 C C
=
− 2 h2 + 4 h4
dt A2 A2
dh3 C F
=
− 3 h3 + 2
dt A3 A3
dh4 C F
=
− 4 h4 + 1
dt A4 A4
These equations make sense with the process diagram because now F1 and
F2 only affect tanks h3 and h4 directly (they no longer flow into tanks 1
and 2 at all). However, F1 and F2 indirectly affect tanks 1 and 2 through h3
and h4.
2-34