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Chapter 2
 The

Components of Matter Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for

reproduction or display.
 Chapter 2: The Components of Matter

2.1 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures: An Atomic Overview

2.2 The Observations That Led to an Atomic View of Matter 2.3

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

2.4 The Observations That Led to the Nuclear Atom Model

2.5 The Atomic Theory Today

2.6 Elements: A First Look at the Periodic Table

2.7 Compounds: Introduction to Bonding

2.8 Compounds: Formulas, Names, and Masses

2.9 Classification of Mixtures

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Definitions for Components of Matter

Element - the simplest type of substance with unique physical

and chemical properties. An element consists of only one type
of atom. It cannot be broken down into any simpler substances
by physical or chemical means.

Molecule - a structure that consists of two or more atoms that

are chemically bound together and thus behaves as an
independent unit.

Figure 2.1
2-3
Definitions for Components of Matter

Compound - a substance
composed of two or more
elements
which are chemically combined.
Figure 2.1
cont’d
 Mixture - a group of two or more
elements and/or compounds that
are physically intermingled.

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 2-5

Law of Mass Conservation:

The total mass of substances does

not change during a chemical
reaction.

reactant 1 + reactant 2
product

total mass = total mass

(Words)

calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

calcium carbonate CaO + CO2 CaCO3 56.08 g + 44.01 g

100.09 g
 (Symbols) (Quantities)

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Law of Definite (or Constant)

Composition:

Regardless of the source, a particular compound is

composed of the same elements in the same parts
(fractions) by mass.
(grams/20.0 g)
8.0 g
calcium 20.0 g
Calcium carbonate 2.4 g
carbon
9.6 g
oxygen Mass Fraction
Analysis by Mass (parts/1.00 part)
 1.00 part by mass 12%
0.40 Figure 2.2 carbon
calcium
48%
0.12
oxygen
carbon
0.48 Percent by Mass
oxygen (parts/100 parts)
100% by mass
40%
calcium

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Sample Problem 2.2 in a Compound
Calculating the Mass of an Element

PROBLEM: Pitchblende is the most commercially important compound of

uranium. Analysis shows that 84.2 g of pitchblende contains 71.4 g of
uranium, with oxygen as the only other element. How many grams of
uranium can be obtained from 102 kg of
pitchblende?

PLAN: The mass ratio of uranium/pitchblende is the same no matter

 the source. We can use the ratio to find the answer.

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Sample Problem 2.2 continued Calculating the Mass of an Element
in a Compound

SOLUTION:
 Mass (kg) of uranium =

mass (kg) pitchblende xmass (kg) uranium in

pitchblende mass (kg)
pitchblende
71.4 kg uranium

= 102 kg pitchblende x = 86.5 kg uranium 84.2 kg

pitchblende

86.5 kg uranium x 1000 g

4
kg = 8.65 x 10 g uranium
2-9
Law of Multiple Proportions:
If elements A and B react to form two compounds, the different
masses of B that combine with a fixed mass of A can be expressed
as a ratio of small whole numbers.

Example: Consider the reaction of 1g of Carbon (A) and Xg of Oxygen

(B) CO
C + O2
CO2
Carbon Monoxide: 1g of C would react to 1.33g of O2
Carbon Dioxide: 1g of C would react to 2.66g of O2

Ratio of the masses of B

 B 1.33
2.66 g =
g O/g C 2 1
O/g C in
in A

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Dalton’s Atomic Theory

The Postulates
1. All matter consists of atoms.

2. Atoms of one element cannot be converted into

atoms of another element.

3. Atoms of an element are identical in mass and other

properties and are different from atoms of any other
element.
 4. Compounds result from the chemical combination of
a specific ratio of atoms of different elements.

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Dalton’s Atomic Theory

explains the mass laws

Mass conservation
Atoms cannot be created
or
destroyed
or
converted into other types
of atoms.
 postulate 1 postulate 2 Since every atom has a
fixed mass,
postulate 3

during a
chemical
reaction
atoms are combined differently and therefore
there is no mass change overall.

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Dalton’s Atomic Theory

 explains the mass laws

Definite composition
and each
atom has
Atoms a specific mass.
are combined in
postulate 4
compounds in specific
ratios
postulate 3

So each element has a fixed fraction of the

total mass in a compound.
2-13
Atoms of an element
have the same mass

Dalton’s Atomic
Theory
postulate 3
explains the mass laws

Multiple proportions
 indivisible.
postulate 1
and atoms are
So

when different numbers of atoms of elements

combine, they must do so in ratios of small, whole
numbers.

Figure 2.3
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Table 2.2 Subatomic Particles
Properties of the Three Key
 Location
Charge Mass
Name 1.00727
0 1.67493 x 1-
Absolute (C)* 10-24 -1.60218 x
(Symbol) in the Atom 10-19
1.00866
+1.60218 x 0.00054858
Absolute (g)
Proton (p+) Nucleus
0 9.10939 x
-19
10 Relative
1.67262 x 10-28
Outside
Nucleus Nucleus
Neutron (n0) †
(amu)
Relative 1+ 10-24

Electron (e-)

* The coulomb (C) is the SI unit of charge. † The

atomic mass unit (amu) equals 1.66054 x 10-24 g.

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Atomic Symbols, Isotopes, Numbers

X The Symbol of the Atom or Isotope Z

X = atomic symbol of the element

A = mass number; A = Z + N

Z = atomic number
(the number of protons in the nucleus)
N = number of neutrons in the nucleus

Isotopes = atoms of an element with the same

number of protons, but a different number of
neutrons
 Figure 2.8
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Sample Problem 2.4 Isotopes of an Element
Determining the Number of
Subatomic Particles in the

PROBLEM: Silicon (Si) is essential to the computer industry as a major

component of semiconductor chips. It has three naturally
occurring isotopes: 28Si, 29Si, and 30Si. Determine the number
of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each silicon isotope.

PLAN: We have to use the atomic number and atomic masses.

SOLUTION: The atomic number of silicon is 14. Therefore,

28 + -
Si has 14p , 14e and 14n0 (28 - 14)

29 + -
Si has 14p , 14e and 15n0 (29 - 14)
 30 + -
Si has 14p , 14e and 16n0 (30 - 14)

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The Modern Reassessment of the Atomic Theory

1. All matter is composed of atoms. The atom is the smallest

body that retains the unique identity of the element.

2. Atoms of one element cannot be converted into atoms of

another element in a chemical reaction. Elements can only be
converted into other elements in nuclear reactions.

3. All atoms of an element have the same number of protons

and electrons, which determines the chemical behavior of
the element. Isotopes of an element differ in the number of
neutrons, and thus in mass number. A sample of the element is
treated as though its atoms have an average mass.
 4. Compounds are formed by the chemical combination of two
or more elements in specific ratios.

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Figure 2.10 The modern
periodic table.
2-19
 Figure 2.11

The formation of an ionic compound.

Transferring electrons from the atoms of one
element to those of another results in an ionic
compound.
2-20
Figure 2.12 Factors that influence the strength of ionic
bonding.
 2-21
Sample Problem 2.6 Forms
Predicting the Ion an Element
 PROBLEM: What monatomic ions do the following elements form? (a)

Iodine (Z = 53) (b) Calcium (Z = 20) (c) Aluminum (Z = 13)

PLAN: Use Z to find the element. Find its relationship to the nearest
noble gas. Elements occurring before the noble gas gain
electrons and elements following lose electrons.
to have the same number of
SOLUTION: electrons as 18Ar.
-
I Iodine is a nonmetal in Group
7A(17). It gains one electron to Al3+ Aluminum is a metal in
have the same number of electrons Group 3A(13). It loses three
as 54Xe. electrons to have the same number
of electrons as 10Ne.
2+
Ca Calcium is a metal in
Group 2A(2). It loses two electrons

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Figure 2.13 Formation of a covalent bond between two H atoms.

Covalent bonds form when elements share electrons, which usually

occurs between nonmetals.

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Figure 2.14 Elements that occur as molecules.
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Figure 2.15
 Elements that are polyatomic.A polyatomic ion

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Types of Chemical Formulas

A chemical formula is comprised of element symbols and numerical

subscripts that show the type and number of each atom present in the
smallest unit of the substance.
 A molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of
each element in a molecule of the compound.
The molecular formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.
An empirical formula indicates the relative number of atoms of
each element in the compound. It is the simplest type of formula.

The empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide is HO.

A structural formula shows the number of atoms and the
bonds between them, that is, the relative placement and
connections of atoms in the molecule.
The structural formula for hydrogen peroxide is H-O-O-H.

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Figure 2.16

Some
common monatomic ions of the elements. Can you see any
 patterns?

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Table 2.3 Common Monoatomic hydrogen
Ions Common ions are in blue.
Cations Anions
Charge Formula Charge Formula
Name H+ Name H-
 hydride
F
Li+ lithium fluoride -
Na+ sodium K+ I
1+ bromide - iodide -
potassium Cs+
cesium Ag+ silver
Mg2+ magnesium O S
oxide 2- sulfide
Ca2+ calcium Sr2+ 2-

strontium Ba2+ 2-
barium
2+
Zn2+ zinc Cd2+
cadmium Al3+
aluminum N
3- nitride 3-
1- Cl Br
3+ chloride -
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Naming binary ionic compounds

The name of the cation is written first, followed by that of the anion.
 The name of the cation is the same as the name of the

metal. Many metal names end in -ium.

The name of the anion takes the root of the nonmetal name
and adds the suffix -ide.

Calcium and bromine form calcium bromide.

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Sample Problem 2.7 Compounds
Naming Binary Ionic
PROBLEM: Name the ionic compound formed from the following pairs of
elements:
(a) Magnesium and (b) Iodine and cadmium
nitrogen
which element is the metal and
which is the nonmetal. The metal
PLAN: (cation) is named first and we use
(c) Strontium and fluorine (d) Sulfur the -ide suffix on the nonmetal name
and cesium root.

Use the periodic table to decide

(b) Cadmium iodide
SOLUTION:

(c) Strontium
(a) Magnesium
fluoride
nitride

(d) Cesium sulfide

2-30
Sample Problem 2.8 Compounds
Determining Formulas of Binary Ionic

PROBLEM: Write the formulas for the compounds named in Sample

Problem 2.7.
formulas or the formulas for the
PLAN: names of the following compounds:
Give the systematic names for the

SOLUTION:
(a) Mg2+ and N3-; three Mg2+ (6+) and two N3- (6-); Mg3N2
- -
(b) Cd2+ and I ; one Cd2+ (2+) and two I (2-); CdI2

- -
(c) Sr2+ and F ; one Sr2+ (2+) and two F (2-); SrF2
- -
(d) Cs+ and S2 ; two Cs+ (2+) and one S2 (2-); Cs2S
2-31
 2-32
Sample Problem 2.9 of Ionic Compounds of Elements
Determining Names and Formulas That Form More Than One Ion
 PROBLEM: Give the systematic names for the formulas or the formulas for
the names of the following compounds:

(a) tin(II) fluoride (b) CrI3

(c) ferric oxide (d) CoS

PLAN: chromium is Cr3+. CrI3 is
Compounds are neutral. We find the chromium(III) iodide.
smallest number of each ion which (c) Ferric is a common name for
will produce a neutral formula. Use 3+ 2-
subscripts to the right of the Fe ; oxide is O , therefore the
element symbol. formula is Fe2O3.
(d) Co is cobalt; the anion S is
SOLUTION:
sulfide (2-); the compound is
(a) Tin(II) is Sn2+; fluoride is F-; so
cobalt(II) sulfide.
the formula is SnF2. (b) The anion I
is iodide (I-); 3I- means that
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 Figure 2.17 Naming oxoanions

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Table 2.6
Numerical Prefixes for Hydrates and Binary Covalent
 Compounds Number Prefix Number Prefix

1 mono 2 di hepta 8 octa

9 nona 10
3 tri 4 tetra 5
deca
penta

6 hexa 7

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Sample Problem 2.10 Polyatomic Ions
Determining Names and Formulas
of Ionic Compounds Containing

PROBLEM: Give the systematic names for the formula or the formulas for
 the names of the following compounds:
(c) Ba(OH)2 8H2O
(a) Fe(ClO4)2 (b) Sodium sulfite
(b) Sodium is Na+ ; the anion sulfite
PLAN:
Note that polyatomic ions have an is SO32- . You need 2 sodium ions
overall charge so when writing a per sulfite. The formula is Na2SO3.
formula with more than one (c) Barium is a 2+ ion while the
polyatomic unit, place the ion in a hydroxide is OH-. When water is
set of parentheses. included in the formula, we use the
term “hydrate” and a prefix which
SOLUTION: indicates the number of waters. So
(a) ClO4- is perchlorate; iron must the name is barium hydroxide
have a 2+ charge. This is iron(II) octahydrate.
perchlorate.
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Sample Problem 2.11 Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Recognizing Incorrect Names and

PROBLEM: MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE

 (a) Ba(C2H3O2)2 is called barium diacetate.
(b) Sodium sulfide has the formula (Na)2SO3.
(c) Iron(II) sulfate has the formula Fe2(SO4)3.
(d) Cesium carbonate has the formula Cs2(CO3).
2+
SOLUTION: a 2- charge, only 1 Fe is needed.
(a) Barium is always a 2+ ion and The formula should be FeSO4.
acetate is 1-. The “di-” is (d) Since only one carbonate is
unnecessary. The correct name is needed in this formula, the
barium acetate. (b) An ion of a single parentheses are unnecessary. The
element does not need parentheses.
2- 2-
correct formula is Cs2CO3.
Sulfide is S , not SO3 . The correct
formula is Na2S. (c) Since sulfate has
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Naming Acids

1) Binary acid solutions form when certain gaseous compounds

dissolve in water.
 For example, when gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl) dissolves in
water, it forms a solution called hydrochloric acid. Prefix hydro- +
anion nonmetal root + suffix -ic + the word acid - hydrochloric acid

2) Oxoacid names are similar to those of the oxoanions, except for

two suffix changes:
Anion “-ate” suffix becomes an “-ic” suffix in the acid. Anion
“- ite” suffix becomes an “-ous” suffix in the acid.
The oxoanion prefixes “hypo-” and “per-” are retained. Thus,
BrO4- is perbromate, and HBrO4 is perbromic acid; IO2- is iodite,
and HIO2 is iodous acid.

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Sample Problem 2.12 of Anions and Acids
Determining Names and Formulas

PROBLEM: Name the following anions and give the names and formulas of
 the acids derived from them:
(a) Br - (b) IO3 - (c) CN - (d) SO4 2- (e) NO2 -

SOLUTION:

(a) The anion is bromide; the acid is hydrobromic acid,

HBr. (b) The anion is iodate; the acid is iodic acid, HIO3.

(c) The anion is cyanide; the acid is hydrocyanic acid,

HCN. (d) The anion is sulfate; the acid is sulfuric acid,

H2SO4.

(e) The anion is nitrite; the acid is nitrous acid, HNO2.

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Sample Problem 2.13 of Binary Covalent Compounds
Determining Names and Formulas
 PROBLEM: (a) What is the formula of carbon disulfide?

(b) What is the name of PCl5?

(c) Give the name and formula of the compound whose
molecules each consist of two N atoms and four O
atoms.
is phosphorous pentachloride.
(c) N is nitrogen and is in a lower group
SOLUTION: number than O (oxygen). Therefore the
(a) Carbon is C, sulfide is sulfur S and
formula is N2O4. Its name is dinitrogen
di- means 2. The formula is CS2.
tetraoxide.
(b) P is phosphorous, Cl is chloride, the
prefix for 5 is penta-. The name of PCl5

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Sample Problem 2.14 Compounds
Recognizing Incorrect Names and
Formulas of Binary Covalent
 PROBLEM: Explain what is wrong with the name of formula in the second
part of each statement and correct it:

(a) SF4 is monosulfur pentafluoride.

(b) Dichlorine heptaoxide is Cl2O6.

(c) N2O3 is dinitrotrioxide.
(b) Hepta- means 7; the formula
SOLUTION: should be Cl2O7. (c) The first
(a) The prefix mono- is not needed element is given its elemental name
for one atom of the first element;
so N2O3 is dinitrogen trioxide.
the prefix for four is tetra-. So the
name is sulfur tetrafluoride.

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Figure 2.19 The distinction between mixtures and compounds.
 Physically mixed, therefore can be Allowed to react chemically,
separated by physical means; in this therefore cannot be separated by
case by a magnet. physical means.
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Mixtures
 Heterogeneous mixtures: has one or more visible boundaries
between the components.

Homogeneous mixtures: has no visible boundaries because the

components are mixed as individual atoms, ions, and molecules.

Solutions: A homogeneous mixture is also called a solution.

Solutions in water are called aqueous solutions, and are very
important in chemistry. Although we normally think of solutions as
liquids, they can exist in all three physical states.

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