11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

STATISTICS
and PROBABILITY
Quarter 3 – Module 3
Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random
Variable and Normal Random Variable
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable and
Normal Random Variable
First Edition, 2020

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 11
Statistics
and Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 3
Mean and Variance of a Discrete
Random Variable and Normal
Random Variable
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the STATISTICS & PROBABILITY Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module on Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable and Normal
Random Variable!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator
in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
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Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

2
For the learner:

Welcome to the STATISTICS & PROBABILITY Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module on Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable and Normal
Random Variable!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
What I Know
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
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What’s In the current lesson with the previous one.

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and understand new concepts and skills.

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What’s More
skills of the topic. You may check the
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 This is a task which aims to evaluate your
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In this portion, another activity will be given
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the lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

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developing this module.
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1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
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included in the module.
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6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
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We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 I

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

▪ Interprets the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable. (M11/12SP-IIIb-3)
▪ Solves problems involving mean and variance of probability distributions.
(M11/12SP-IIIb-4)
▪ Illustrates a normal random variable and its characteristics. (M11/12SP-IIIc-1)

OBJECTIVES:

K: Interpret the mean (and variance) of a discrete random variable and illustrate a normal
random variable;
S: Solve for the mean (and variance) of a discrete random variable; and
A: Recognize the importance of solving the mean and variance of probability distributions,
and the importance of the normal curve in statistical inference.

PRETEST

Find what is asked. Write your answers on your activity notebook/activity sheet.
A. Consider the problem below.
A certain university medical research center finds out that treatment of skin
cancer by the use of chemotherapy has a success rate of 70%. Suppose five
patients are treated with chemotherapy. The probability distribution of x
successful cures of the five patients is given in the table below:

X 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 0.002 0.029 0.132 0.309 0.360 0.168
Probability distribution of cancer cures of five patients.

1. Find 𝜇
2. Find 𝜎 2
3. Find 𝜎
4. Graph p(x) and explain how μ and σ can be used to describe p(x).

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 B. Directions: Do the following activity to check your understanding of the probability
distribution.
Determine whether the statement is True or False. If False, modify the statement to make it
True. Write your answer in your notebook.

Statement
1. The area under a probability distribution correspond to the probabilities of a random
variable X.
2. Data in a continuous type are presented through a normal curve or normal probability
distribution.
3. It is the variance of a normal distribution that locates the center of the distribution.
4. The normal curves vary in their center and spread which is dependent to the values of
the variance and standard deviation.
5. It is the standard deviation that is in control of the geometry of the normal curve.
6. The area under the curve is 1.
7. The area under the curve represents the probability or proportion or the percentage
associated with specific sets of measurement values.
8. A standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution that has a mean equal to 0
and a standard deviation equal to 1.
9. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
10. The mean, the median, and the mode coincide at the center.

LESSON 1 Mean and Variance of a Discrete

Random Variable

’s In
Task 1.1
Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of your chosen answer in your notebook.

Column A Column B
1. also called probability mass function A. random variable
2. a numerical description of the outcome of B. variance
a statistical experiment
C. discrete probability distribution
3. a weighted average of the values the
random variable may assume D. discrete data
4. weighted average of the squared E. expected value or mean
deviations from the mean F. continuous data
5. data that can take certain values, counted

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 ’s New

In a specified discrete random variable X, the mean, denoted by μ, is the summation of the products
formed from multiplying the possible values of X with their corresponding probabilities. It is also
called the expected value of X, and given a symbol E(X).

µ = E(X) = X1 P1 + X2 P2 +¨˙ + Xk Pk

= Σ Xi P i

where; Σ is Sigma notation, and means to sum up.

Note, that the empirical probabilities lean towards theoretical probabilities and, in consequence, the
mean is also a long-run average, or the expected average outcome over many observations. That is,
as the number of trials of a statistical experiment increases, the empirical average also gets closer
and closer to the value of the theoretical average. Mean is the value that we expect the long-run
average to approach and it is not the value of the random variable X that we expect to observe.

The variance of a discrete random variable X measures the spread, or variability, of the
distribution. The variance, usually denoted by the symbol σ², and is also denoted as Var (X) and
formally defined as

σ² = Var (X) = Σ (Xi - µ)² Pi

The variance gives a measure of how far the values of X are from the mean. Note, that in
nontrivial cases (i.e. when there is more than one possible distinct value of X), the variance will be
a positive value. The bigger the value of the variance, the farther the values of X get from the mean.

The standard deviation is defined as the square root of the variance of X. That is,

σ = √𝑽𝒂𝒓 (𝑿)

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 What is It

Since we already reviewed the equation for calculating the mean, variance and standard deviation,
let us now solve some problems and interpret the results.

Example 1.1

GROCERY ITEMS
The probabilities that a customer will buy 1,2,3,4, and 5 items in a grocery store
3 1 1 2 3
are10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 10 respectively. What is the average number of items that a
customer will buy?
Solution:

µ = E(X) = X1 P1 + X2 P2 +¨˙ + Xk Pk
= Σ Xi Pi
3 1 1 2 3
µ = (1)( ) + (2)( 10) +(3)( 10)+ (4)( 10) + (5)( 10)
10

3 2 3 8 15
µ= + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10
10
µ = 3.1
So, the mean of the probability distribution is 3.1. This implies that the average number of items
that the customer will buy is 3.1.

Example 1.2

The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 3,4,5,6, or 7 patients in any day are
0.15, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30, respectively. Find the average number of patients that
a surgeon operates on a day.

µ = E(X) = X1 P1 + X2 P2 +¨˙ + Xk Pk
= Σ Xi Pi
µ = 3(0.15) + 4(0.10) + 5(0.20) + 6(0.25) + 7(0.30)
µ = 0.45 + 0.40 + 1 + 1.50 + 2.10
µ = 5.45
So, the average number of patients that a surgeon will operate in a day is 5.45 or 6.

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 ’s More

TASK 1.2

NUMBER OF CARS SOLD

The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership, along with its corresponding
probabilities, is shown in the succeeding table. Compute the variance and the standard deviation of
the probability distribution.

Number of Cars Sold, X Probability, P(X)

0 1
10
1 2
10
2 3
10
3 2
10
4 2
10
Solution:
Solving for the variance; utilize the formula

σ² = Var (X) = Σ (Xi - µ)² Pi

a) Solving for the mean first;

µ = E(X) = X1 P1 + X2 P2 +¨˙ + Xk Pk
= Σ Xi Pi
1 2 3 2 2
µ = (0)( ) + (1)( 10) +(2)( 10)+ (3)( 10) + (4)( 10)
10
2 6 6 8
𝜇=0+ + 10 + 10 + 10
10
𝜇 = 2.2
Now solving for variance;

σ² = Var (X) = Σ (Xi - µ)² Pi

1 2 3 2
σ² = (0-2.2)2 (10) + (1-2.2)2 (10) + (2-2.2)2 (10) + (3-2.2)2 (10)
2
+ (4-2.2)2 (10)
σ² = 1.56
Therefore, the standard deviation is σ = √1.56 = 1.25

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Plotting the graph, we have;

Number of Cars Sold, x

0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

Number of Cars Sold, x

Notice that μ = 2.2 is the center of probability distribution. We can conclude, that the
number of cars sold per day in a local car dealership is 2.2 or approximately 3 cars. The standard
deviation which is σ = 1.25 in this case, measures the spread of the probability distribution p(x).
The variance gives a measure of how far the values of X are from the mean. The bigger the
value of the variance, the farther the values of X get from the mean.

LESSON Normal Random Variable and its

2 Characteristics

’s In

Review of Continuous Random Variables

Recall the definition of a continuous random variable. It is a random variable that can take any real
value within a specified range whereas a discrete random variable takes some on a countable
number of values). A continuous variable involves the measurement of something, such as height of
a randomly selected student, the weight of a newborn baby, or the length of time that the battery of
a cellphone lasts.

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 ’s New

There are many events in real life that generate random variables that have the natural tendency to
approximate the shape of a bell. For example, the heights of a large number of seedlings that we see
in fields normally, consist of a few tall ones, a few short ones, and most of them having heights in
between tall and short. If a well-prepared test is administered to a class of 100 students, there will
be a few high scores, as well as a few low scores. Most of the scores will be found in between these
two extremes scores. In reality, if a distribution consists of a very large number of cases and the
three measures of averages (mean, median, mode) are equal, then the distribution is symmetrical
and the skewness is zero. In Statistics, such distribution is called normal distribution or simply
normal curve.

The normal curve has a very important role in inferential statistics. It provides a graphical
representation of statistical values that are needed in describing the characteristics of populations as
well as in making decisions. It is defined by an equation that uses the population mean, µ and the
standard deviation, σ. There is no single curve, but rather a whole family of normal curves that have
the same basic characteristics but have different means and standard deviations.

Consider the following data pertaining to hospital weights (in pounds) of all the 36 babies that were
born in the maternity ward of a certain hospital.

4.94 4.69 5.16 7.29 7.19 9.47 6.61 5.84 6.83

3.45 2.93 6.38 4.38 6.76 9.01 8.47 6.8 6.4
8.6 3.99 7.68 2.24 5.32 6.24 6.19 5.63 5.37
5.26 7.35 6.11 7.34 5.87 6.56 6.18 7.35 4.21

The data have an average of 6.11 pounds and a standard deviation of 1.61 pounds.

Shown below is the histogram for this data set. Observe that the histogram is approximately bell-
shaped.

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 What is It

Many variables, such as weight, shoe sizes, foot lengths, and other human physical characteristics,
exhibit these properties. The symmetry indicates that the variable is just as likely to take a value a
certain distance below its mean as it is to take a value that same distance above its mean. The bell
shape indicates that values closer to the mean are more likely, and it becomes increasingly unlikely
to take values far from the mean in either direction.

We use a mathematical model with smooth bell-shaped curve to describe these bell-shaped data
distributions. These models are called normal curves or normal distributions. The normal
distribution is a continuous distribution just like the uniform and triangular distribution. However,
the left and right tails of the normal distribution extend indefinitely but come infinitely close to the
x-axis.

The general shape of the mathematical model used to generate a normal curve looks like this:
Figure 1: Mathematical Model for a Normal Curve

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The graph of the normal distribution depends on two factors: the mean µ, and the standard
deviation σ. In fact, the mean and standard deviation characterize the whole distribution. That is, we
can get areas under the normal curve given information about the mean and standard deviation.

The mean determines the location of the center of the bell -shaped curve. Thus, a change in
the value of the mean shifts the graph of the normal curve to the right or to the left.

Recall what the mean, median, mode of a distribution represent, (a) the mean represents the
balancing point of the graph of the distribution; (b) the mode represents the “high point” of the
probability density function (i.e. the graph of the distribution), (c) the median represents the point
where 50% of the area under the distribution is to the left and 50% of the area under the distribution
is to the right.

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 For symmetric distributions with a single peak, such as the normal curve, take note that;
Mean = Median = Mode.

The standard deviation determines the shape of the graphs (particularly, the height and width
of the curve). When the standard deviation is large, the normal curve is short and wide, while a
small value for the standard deviation yields a skinnier and taller graph.
Figure 2: Height and Width of the Curve

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The cure above on the left, is shorter and wider than the curve on the right, because the
curve on the left has a bigger standard deviation. Note, that a normal curve is symmetric about its
mean and is more concentrated in the middle rather than in the tails.
Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution
Use Figure 3 to understand the properties of a normal probability distribution.
• The total area under the normal curve is equal to 1.
• The probability that a normal random variable X equals any particular value a, P(X=a) is zero
(0) (since it is a continuous random variable).
• The probability that X is less than a, equals the area under the normal curve bounded by a and
minus infinity (as indicated by the shaded area in figure 3 below)
• The probability that X is greater than some value a, equals the area under the normal curve
bounded by a and plus infinity (as indicated by the non-shaded area in figure 3)
• Since the normal curve is symmetric about the mean, the area under the curve to the right of µ
equals the area under the curve to the left of µ which equals ½, i.e. the mean µis the median.
• The probability density function is maximized at µ, i.e. the mode is also the mean
• The normal curve has inflection points (i.e. point at which a change in the direction of curvature
occurs) at µ - s and at µ + s
• As x increases without bound (gets larger and larger), the graph approaches but never reaches,
the horizontal axis. As x decreases without bound (gets larger and larger in the negative
direction), the graph approaches, but never reaches, the horizontal axis
Figure 3

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• Take note that every normal curve (regardless of its mean or standard deviation) conforms to the
following "empirical rule" (also called the 68-95-99.7 rule):

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• About 68% of the area under the curve falls within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
• About 95% of the area under the curve falls within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
• Nearly the entire distribution (About 99.7% of the area under the curve) falls within 3 standard
deviations of the mean.

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Explanatory Note: The empirical rule is actually a theoretical result based on an analysis of the
normal distribution. In the first chapter, it was pointed out that the importance of the mean and
standard deviation as summary measures is due to Chebyshev’s Inequality, which guarantees that
the area under a distribution within two standard deviations from the mean is at least 75%. For
nearly all sets of data, the actual percentage of data may be much greater than the bound specified
by Chebyshev’s Inequality. In fact, for a normal curve, the area within two standard deviations from
the mean is about 95%. Also, about two thirds of the distribution lie within one standard deviation
from the mean and nearly the entire distribution (99.7%) is within three standard deviations from
the mean.
Example 2.1
Consider the following data pertaining to hospital weights (in pounds) of all the 36 babies that were
born in the maternity ward of a certain hospital.

4.94 4.69 5.16 7.29 7.19 9.47 6.61 5.84 6.83

3.45 2.93 6.38 4.38 6.76 9.01 8.47 6.8 6.4
8.6 3.99 7.68 2.24 5.32 6.24 6.19 5.63 5.37
5.26 7.35 6.11 7.34 5.87 6.56 6.18 7.35 4.21

The data have an average of 6.11 pounds and a standard deviation of 1.61 pounds.

Validating the Empirical Rule

Determine what frequency and relative frequency of babies’ weights that are within:
a) One standard deviation from the
b) Two standard deviations from the mean
c) Three standard deviations from the mean
Solution:
a) To find the frequencies and relative frequency within/under 1 standard deviation, we need to
add 1 standard deviation from the mean and subtract 1 standard deviation from the mean to
identify the range/area under 1 standard deviation.
𝜇 = 6.11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 1.61
Range: 𝜇−𝜎 < 𝑥 <𝜇+𝜎
6.11 − 1.61 < 𝑥 < 6.11 + 1.61
4.5 < 𝑥 < 7.72

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These are the weights of babies in bold face that are within/under 1 standard deviation from 4.5 lbs.
to 7.72 lbs.
4.94 4.69 5.16 7.29 7.19 9.47 6.61 5.84 6.83
3.45 2.93 6.38 4.38 6.76 9.01 8.47 6.8 6.4
8.6 3.99 7.68 2.24 5.32 6.24 6.19 5.63 5.37
5.26 7.35 6.11 7.34 5.87 6.56 6.18 7.35 4.21
Therefore, there are 26 babies out of 36 babies or about 72% of the babies are within 1 standard
deviation from the mean.

b) To find the frequencies and relative frequency within/under 2 standard deviation, we need to
add 2 standard deviation from the mean and subtract 2 standard deviation from the mean to
identify the range/area under 2 standard deviation.
Range: 𝜇 − 2𝜎 < 𝑥 < 𝜇 + 2𝜎
6.11 − 2(1.61) < 𝑥 < 6.11 + 2(1.61)
6.11 − 3.22 < 𝑥 < 6.11 + 3.22
2.89 < 𝑥 < 9.33

These are the weights of babies in bold face that are within/under 2 standard deviation from
2.89 lbs. to 9.33 lbs.
4.94 4.69 5.16 7.29 7.19 9.47 6.61 5.84 6.83
3.45 2.93 6.38 4.38 6.76 9.01 8.47 6.8 6.4
8.6 3.99 7.68 2.24 5.32 6.24 6.19 5.63 5.37
5.26 7.35 6.11 7.34 5.87 6.56 6.18 7.35 4.21

Therefore, there are 34 babies out of 36 babies or about 94% of the babies are within 2 standard
deviation from the mean.

c) To find the frequencies and relative frequency within/under 3standard deviation, we need to
add 3 standard deviation from the mean and subtract 3 standard deviation from the mean to
identify the range/area under 3 standard deviation.
Range: 𝜇 − 3𝜎 < 𝑥 < 𝜇 + 3𝜎
6.11 − 3(1.61) < 𝑥 < 6.11 + 3(1.61)
6.11 − 4.83 < 𝑥 < 6.11 + 4.83
1.28 < 𝑥 < 10.94

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These are the weights of babies in bold face that are within/under 3 standard deviation from 1.28
lbs. to 10.94 lbs.
4.94 4.69 5.16 7.29 7.19 9.47 6.61 5.84 6.83
3.45 2.93 6.38 4.38 6.76 9.01 8.47 6.8 6.4
8.6 3.99 7.68 2.24 5.32 6.24 6.19 5.63 5.37
5.26 7.35 6.11 7.34 5.87 6.56 6.18 7.35 4.21

Therefore, there are 36 babies out of 36 babies or about 100% of the babies are within 3 standard
deviation from the mean.

’s More

TASK 2.1 Validating the Empirical Rule

Fifty students were asked to run a 100-meter dash. The data below represents the time it took to
finish the dash, and the histogram. The mean time for the 50 students is 15.8 seconds, and the
standard deviation s is approximately 3.29 seconds.
16 14 14 16 21 14 17 15 16 21
14 10 9 20 12 12 19 11 15 14
18 18 13 18 23 8 20 13 16 23
16 17 15 18 17 16 13 15 18 19
12 12 15 17 14 16 17 16 16 21

Draw the normal curve, find the probability/relative frequency and the number of students
under/within:
a) 1 standard deviation
b) 2 standard deviation
c) 3 standard deviation

17
 I Have Learned

Generalization
Task 3
A. Now, that we are finished with our lesson, let us review the concepts we have learned by
filling in the blanks with appropriate word or phrase to make meaningful statements.
1. The curve of a probability distribution is formed by ________.
2. The area under a normal curve is ________.
3. The important values that best describe a normal curve are _________.
4. There are ______ standard units at the baseline of a normal curve.
5. The curve of a normal distribution extends indefinitely at the tails but does not ________.
6. The mean, the median, and the mode of a normal curve are ________.
7. A normal curve is used in ___________.

B. Directions: Reflect the learning that you gained after taking up the two lessons in this
module by completing the given statements below. Do this on your activity notebook. Do
not write anything on this module.

What were your thoughts or ideas about the topic before taking up the lesson?
I thought that _____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.

What new or additional ideas have you had after taking up this lesson?
I learned that (write as many as you can)
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.

How are you going to apply your learning from this lesson?
I will apply ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 I Can Do

TASK 4. Application
Direction: In your activity notebook/activity sheet, perform the task given below.

A. The number of inquiries received per day by the Office Admissions in a certain university is
shown below. Find the variance and standard deviation of the distribution. Draw the graph
of the probability distribution.

No. of 22 23 24 25 26 27
inquiries, X
Probability, 0.08 0.19 0.36 0.25 0.07 0.05
P(X)
Rubric for Performance Task 1. This performance task is worth 45 points.
Unsatisfactory Needs Satisfactory Exemplary
(0 point) Improvement (10 points) (15 points)
(5points)
Completeness of 0-25% solution 26-50% solution 51-75% 76-100%
solution complete complete solution solution
complete complete
Answer accuracy 0-25% answer 26-50% answer 51-75% 76-100%
accuracy accuracy answer answer
accuracy accuracy
On the graph/ 0-25% Correct 26-50% Correct 51-75% 76-100%
normal curve direction of direction of Correct Correct
shading and shading and direction of direction of
region are shown region are shown shading and shading and
region are region are
shown shown

B. There are many normal curves. Even though all normal curves have the same bell shape,
they vary in their center and spread. What observation can you make as you look into the
figure? Write you observation in your notebook. [https://courses.lumenlearning.com

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 Observations of Normal Distributions

[https://www.ck12.org/c/probability/August 2012]

Rubrics
Excellent Competent Not
(5pts) (3pts) acceptable
(1pt)
Analysis/evaluation/interpretation
are effective and consistent
Claims and ideas are supported
and elaborated
Information and evidence are
accurate, appropriate, and
integrated effectively
Sentence form and word choice
are varied and appropriate.

(Note to teacher: The final say as to the number of credit points in each column still depends
on you).

A. Suppose that in a casino, a certain slot machine pays out an average of Php15, with a
standard deviation of Php5000. Every play of the game costs a gambler Php20.

1) Why is the standard deviation so large?

2) If your parent decides to play with this slot machine 5 times, what are the mean and
standard deviation of the casino’s profit?
3) If gamblers play with this slot machine 1000 times in a day, what are the mean and
standard deviation of the casino’s profits?

20
 B. The data below and the accompanying histogram give the weights, to the nearest hundredth
of a gram, of a sample of 100 coins (each with a value of P10). The mean weight is 8.69
grams and the standard deviation s is approximately 0.055 gram.

https://www.teacherph.com/statistics-&-probability-senior-high-school-teaching-guide/

a. Compare the mean and median.

b. What percentage of the data is within one standard deviation of the mean? Within two standard
deviations? Within three standard deviations?
c. Suppose you were to randomly select a coin from this collection. What is the chance that its
weight would be within one standard from the mean? Two standard deviations? Three standard
deviations?
d. What percentage of the data is below the mean?
e. Suppose you were to randomly select a coin from this collection. What is the chance that its
weight would be below the mean?

21
 A. Conduct a survey on the number of sports related activities your classmates are involved in.
construct a probability distribution and compute the mean, variance, and standard deviation.

B. History regarding the Normal Curve

Historical Notes on the Normal Curve:

(i) The French-English mathematician Abraham de Moivre first described the use of the normal
distribution in 1733 when he was developing the mathematics of chance, particularly for
approximating the binomial distribution. Marquis de Laplace used the normal distribution as a
model of measuring errors. Adolphe Quetelet and Carl Friedrich Gauss popularized its use. Quetelet
used the normal curve to discuss “the average man” with the idea of using the curve as some sort of
an ideal histogram while Gauss used the normal curve to analyze astronomical data in 1809.

(ii) In some disciplines, such as engineering, the normal distribution is also called the Gaussian
distribution (in honor of Gauss who did not first propose it!). The first unambiguous use of the term
“normal” distribution is attributed to Sir Francis Galton in 1889 although Karl Pearson's consistent
and exclusive use of this term in his prolific writings led to its eventual adoption throughout the
statistical community.

22
 23
Pre Assessment
A. 1. 𝜇 = 3.5 2. 𝜎 2 = 1.05 3. 𝜎 = 1.02
4.
We can use the mean, or μ, and the standard deviation, or σ, to describe p(x) in the same way we
used 𝑥ҧ ans s to describe the relative frequency distribution. Notice that μ = 3.5 is the center of
probability distribution. In other words, if the five cancer patients receive chemotherapy treatment,
we expect the number of them who are cured to be near 3.5. The standard deviation which is σ =
1.02 in this case, measures the spread of the probability distribution p(x).
B.
1. True 3. False, Mean 5. True 7. True 9. True
2. True 4. True 6. True 8. True 10. True
What’s In
Task 1.1
1) C 2) A 3) E 4) B 5) D
What’s More
Task 2.1
a) There are 35 students or 70% of the students are within 1 standard deviation from the mean.
b) There are 46 students or 92% of the students are within 2 standard deviation from the mean
c) There are 50 students or 100% of the students are within 3 standard deviation from the
mean
What I have learned
Task 3
1. the mean and standard deviation
2. 1
3. Mean and standard deviation
4. 6 (3 below the mean, 3 above the mean)
5. touch the x-axis
6. equal
7. inferential statistics
 24
What I can Do
Task 4
A
Solve for the mean;
µ = E(X) = X1 P1 + X2 P2 +¨˙ + Xk
= Σ Xi Pi
µ = (22)( 0.08)+ (23)( 0.19) +(24)( 0.36)+ (25)( 0.25) + (26)( 0.07) + (27)(0.05)
μ = 1.76 + 4.37 + 8.64 + 6.25 + 1.82 + 1.35
µ = 24.19
Now solve for variance;
σ² = Var (X) = Σ (Xi - µ)² Pi
σ² = (22 – 24.19 ) ² (0.08) + (23 – 24.19 ) ² (0.19) + (24 – 24.19 ) ² (0.36) + (25 – 24.19 ) ² (0.25) + (26 –
24.19 ) ²
(0.07) + (27 – 24.19 ) ² (0.05)
σ² = 1.45
The standard deviation is σ = √1.45 = 1.20
Assessment:
A.
1. Gamblers lose a small amount of money most of the time, but there are a few large
payouts by the slot machine
In one play of the game, the slot machine loses X pesos to the gambler, with a mean E(X) = 15,
while SD(X) = 5000, or Var(X) = 25,000,000. Note that every play of the game, gamblers are charged
Php20. Thus, the casino actually loses only an average of E(X-20) = Php15 - Php20 = - Php5 (i.e. on
average, the casino wins Php5 per game), with a variability of Var(X-20) = 25,000,000
2. For 5 plays of the game, expected value of “losses” would be 5 times (-Php5) = -Php25,
i.e. (Php25 earned by a casino per game), with a variability of Var( 5 ( X-20) ) =
25 * 25,000,000 = 625,000,000
And thus, a standard deviation of 25,000
3. For 1000 plays of the game, the expected losses of the casino would be E (1000 ( X-20 )
) = 1000 x (-Php5) = -Php5000 with a variance of Var (1000 ( X - 20)) = 1000² x
(25,000,000)
B.
a. very close, the median is 8.7 grams.
b. 67%, 95%, 100%
c. According to the empirical rule, the chances are 68%, 95%, and 99.7%.
d. 48%
e. 50%
References
Book
Albert, Jose Ramon G, Ph.D., Zita VJ Albacea, Ph.D., Mark John V. Ayaay, Isidoro P.
David, Ph.D., Imelda E. de Mesa “Statistics and Probability” Senior High School
Teaching Guide.” Commission on Higher Education, 2016/Accessed: January
2021/157/159/162/163/168/176 teacherph.com
https://www.teacherph.com/statistics-&- probability-senior-high- school-
teaching-guide/
Jose Ramon G. Albert, Ph.D., Zita VJ Albacea, Ph.D., Mark John V. Ayaay,
Isidoro P. David, Ph.D., Imelda E. de Mesa. 2016. In Statistics and
Probability Senior High School Teaching Guide, 177-181. Commission on
Higher Education.

Website

Expected Value & Variance of Discrete Random Variables/ Accessed: January

2021[https://www.youtube.jbstatistics/November 2012]

Mean and Standard Deviation of Discrete Random Variables/ Accessed: January

2021[https://www.ck12.org/c/probability/August 2012]

n.d. oli.cmu.edu. Accessed January 29, 2021. https://courses.lumenlearning.com.

Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S. Baccay, Efren B. Mateo. 2016. "Statistics and Probability for
Senior High School." Rex Bookstore.

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