11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

STATISTICS
and PROBABILITY
Quarter 3 - Module 2
Probabilities, Mean
and Variance of Discrete Variable
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Probabilities, Mean and Variance of a Discrete Variable

First Edition, 2020

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Management Team: Senen Priscillo P. Paulin, CESO V Rosela R. Abiera

Fay C. Luarez, TM, EdD, PhD Maricel S. Rasid

Nilita L. Ragay, EdD Elmar L. Cabrera

Elisa L. Baguio, EdD

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 11
Statistics
and Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 2
Probabilities, Mean
and Variance of Discrete Variable
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the STATISTICS & PROBABILITY Grade 11 Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module on Probabilities, Mean and Variance of a Discrete
Variable!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the
teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

2
For the learner:

Welcome to the Grade 11-STATISTICS & PROBABILITY Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module on Probabilities, Mean and Variance of a Discrete
Variable!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
What I Know
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of
What is It the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
What’s More
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
What I Can Do help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

3
 This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

4
 I

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

▪ Computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable

(M11/12SP-IIIa-6)
▪ Illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable
(M11/12SP-IIIb-1)
▪ Calculates the mean and the variance of a discrete random
variable (M11/12SP-IIIb-2)

OBJECTIVES:
K: Illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete variable;
S: Compute on probabilities corresponding to a given random
variable, calculate the mean and variance of a discrete variable;
and
A: Value the importance of finding the probabilities to a given
random variable as well as finding the probabilities of doing
things and its consequences.

5
 I

Task 1. PRE-ASSESSMENT
Answer the following in your activity sheets/activity notebook.
1. A discrete random variable 𝑋 has the following probability distribution:

𝑥 77 78 79 80 81
𝑃(𝑥) 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.40 0.10

Compute each of the following quantities:

a) 𝑃(𝑋 = 80)
b) 𝑃(𝑋 > 80)
c) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 80)
d) The mean 𝜇 of 𝑋.
e) The variance 𝜎 2 of 𝑋.
f) The standard deviation 𝜎 of 𝑋.

Computation on Probabilities Corresponding to

Lesson 1 a Given Random Variable, Illustration and
Calculation for the Mean and Variance of a
Discrete Variable

’s In

In the previous module, you learned that a discrete random variable has a countable
number of possible values. The probability of each value of a discrete random variable is
between 0 and 1, and the sum of all the probabilities is equal to 1 and a continuous random
variable takes on all the values in some interval of numbers.

6
 ’s New

In this module, you will be learning on how to solve probabilities on a given discrete
random variables and be able to solve the mean and variance on it.

The idea of a random variable builds on the fundamental ideas of probability. You
need to understand that random variables are conceptually different from the mathematical
variables that you have met before. A random variable is linked to observations in the real
world, where uncertainty is involved. An informal — but important — understanding of a
random variable is that it is a variable whose numerical value is determined by the outcome
of a random procedure.

In this module, you will also see the more formal understanding, which is that a
random variable is a function from the event space of a random procedure to the set of real
numbers. Random variables are central to the use of probability in practice. They are used to
model random phenomena, which means that they are relevant to a wide range of human
activity. In particular, they are used extensively in many branches of research, including
agriculture, biology, ecology, economics, medicine, meteorology, physics, psychology and
others. They provide a structure for making inferences about the world when it is impossible
to measure things comprehensively. They are used to model outcomes of processes that
cannot be predicted in advance. Random variables have distributions.

Furthermore, we describe the essential properties of distributions of discrete random

variables. Distributions can have many forms, but there are some special types of
distributions that arise in many different practical uses.

This module covers the mean of a discrete random variable, which is a measure of
central location, and the variance and standard deviation, which are measures of spread.

7
Task 2.
Experiment: Tossing two coins.
Random variable 𝑋 = number of heads

a) List all possible sample space.

b) Find the random variable values.
c) Find the probabilities for the random variable values.

What is It

Probability Distribution of a Discrete Random Variable

The probability distribution of a discrete random variable X is a list of each possible

value of X together with the probability that X takes that value in one trial of the
experiment. The probabilities in the probability distribution of a random variable X must
satisfy the following two conditions: Each probability 𝑃(𝑥) must be between 0 and 1 and
the sum of all the probabilities is 1.

Definition: probability distribution

The probability distribution of a discrete random variable 𝑋 is a list of each possible

value of 𝑋 together with the probability that 𝑋 takes that value in one trial of the
experiment.

The probabilities in the probability distribution of a random variable 𝑋 must satisfy

the following two conditions:

• Each probability 𝑃(𝑥)𝑃(𝑥) must be between 0 and 1:

0 ≤ 𝑃(𝑥) ≤ 1
• The sum of all the possible probabilities is 1:
∑𝑃(𝑥) = 1

Example:
A fair coin is tossed twice. Let 𝑋 be the number of heads that are observed.
a. Construct the probability distribution of 𝑋.
b. Find the probability that at least one head is observed.

8
Solution:

a. The possible values that 𝑋 can take are 0, 1, and 2. Each of these numbers
corresponds to an event in the sample space 𝑆 = {ℎℎ, ℎ𝑡, 𝑡ℎ, 𝑡𝑡} 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 =
{ℎℎ, ℎ𝑡, 𝑡ℎ, 𝑡𝑡} of equally likely outcomes for this experiment:
𝑋 = 0 𝑡𝑜 {𝑡𝑡} – no heads (1 possible outcome)
𝑋 = 1 𝑡𝑜{ℎ𝑡, 𝑡ℎ} – at least 1 head (two possible outcomes that has at least 1 head)
𝑋 = 2 𝑡𝑜 ℎℎ - two heads (1 possible outcome)
The probability of each of these events, hence of the corresponding value of 𝑋, can be
found simply by counting, to give

𝑋 0 1 2
Frequency (𝑓) 1 2 1
𝑃(𝑋) 1 2 1
0r 0.25 or 0.50 or 0.25
4 4 4
Table 1.0 Probability Distribution of Random Variable X.
You can have a table this way.

Random Frequency
variable (𝑓) Probability
𝑋 of X or
𝑃(𝑋)
0 1 1
0r 0.25
4

1 2 2
or 0.50
4

2 1 1
or 0.25
4

Table 1.0 Probability Distribution of Random Variable 𝑋.

b. “At least one head” is the event 𝑋 ≥ 1, which is the union of the mutually exclusive
events 𝑋 = 1 and 𝑋 = 2. Thus
𝑃 (𝑋 ≥ 1) = 𝑃(1) + 𝑃(2)
= 0.50 + 0.25
= 0.75
A histogram that graphically illustrates the probability distribution is given in Figure
1.0

9
 Random Variable X
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2

Random Variable X

Figure 1.0 Probability Distribution for tossing a fair coin twice.

Example.

Give the probability distribution on the random variable X defined as the number of
good cellphones drawn from 5 cellphones of which 3 are good ones and 2 are defectives
when 3 cellphones are drawn at random.

Random variable 𝑋- number of good cellphones

𝑋= number of good Frequency 𝑓 Probability of

cellphones 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑃(𝑥)
1 3 3
10
2 6 6
10
3 1 1
10
total 10 1

Let us now find the probability corresponding to a given random variable.

1. What is the probability of getting exactly 2 good cellphones?

2. What is the probability of getting at most 2 good cellphones?
3. What is the probability of getting at least 2 good cellphones?

10
 Solution:
1. 𝑃(𝑥 = 2) = 𝑃(2)
6
= 10
2. 𝑃(𝑥 ≤ 2) = 𝑃(2) + 𝑃(1)
6 3
= +
10 10
9
= 10
3. 𝑃(𝑥 ≥ 2) = 𝑃(2) + 𝑃(3)
6 1
= + 10
10
7
= 10

Mean of a discrete random variable

The mean of the discrete random variable 𝑋 is also called the expected value of 𝑋.
The expected value of 𝑋 id denoted by 𝐸(𝑋) or 𝜇𝑥 . Given a random variable 𝑋 and its
corresponding probability distribution, the expected value (𝐸𝑉) of 𝑋 is the sum of the
product of all the possible values of 𝑋 and their relative frequencies. Use the formula to
compute the mean of a discrete random variable.

𝜇𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑉 = ∑[𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥 )]

Example:

1. Find the mean in Figure 1.0 Probability Distribution for tossing a fair coin twice.

𝜇𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑉 = ∑[𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥 )]

= 0(0.25) + 1(0.5) + 2(0.25)

= 0 + 0.5 + 0.5

=1

2. Find the mean of the discrete random variable 𝑋 whose probability distribution is as
follow:

Suppose we toss a coin three times.

Random variable 𝑋- the number of heads.

𝑥 3 2 1 0
𝑃(𝑥) 1 3 3 1
8 8 8 8

11
𝜇𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑉 = ∑[𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥 )]

1 3 3 1
= 3 (8) + 2 (8) + 1 (8) + 0(8)

3 6 3
= + + +0
8 8 8

12 3
= or 2 or 1.5
8

The mean can be regarded as a measure of `central location' of a random variable. It

is the weighted average of the values that 𝑋 can take, with weights provided by the
probability distribution.

Variance and Standard Deviation of a discrete random variable

The variance and standard deviation of a discrete random variable 𝑋 may be interpreted as
measures of variability of the values assumed by the random variable in repeated trials of
the experiment. The units on the standard deviation match those of 𝑋.
The equation for computing the variance of a discrete random variable is shown below.

𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)

Example:

3. Find the variance in Figure 1.0 Probability Distribution for tossing a fair coin twice.
𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)
= (0 − 1)2 ∙ 0.25 + (1 − 1)2 ∙ 0.5 + (2 − 1)2 ∙ 0.25
= 0.25 + 0 + 0.25
1
= 0.5 or 2

The standard deviation 𝜎 of a discrete random variable 𝑋 is the square root of its variance,
hence the formula is:
𝜎 = √𝜎 2

Example:

4. Find the standard deviation in Figure 1.0 Probability Distribution for tossing a fair coin
twice.

𝜎 = √𝜎 2
𝜎 = √0.5 𝑜𝑟 0.7071

12
 • a small standard deviation (or variance) means that the distribution of the random
variable is narrowly concentrated around the mean
• a large standard deviation (or variance) means that the distribution is spread out,
with some chance of observing values at some distance from the mean.

Note: The mean of a discrete random variable is a measure of central location, and the
variance and standard deviation are measures of spread of the variable.

’s More

Task 3
A discrete random variable 𝑋 has the following probability distribution:

𝑥 -1 0 1 4
𝑃(𝑥) 0.2 0.5 𝑎 0.1

Compute each of the following quantities.

a. 𝑎
b. 𝑃(0)
c. 𝑃(𝑋 > 0)
d. 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 0)
e. 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ −2)
f. The mean 𝜇 of 𝑋
g. The variance 𝜎 2 of 𝑋
h. The standard deviation 𝜎 of 𝑋

Solution:

a. Since all probabilities must add up to 1,

𝑎 = 1 − (0.2 + 0.5 + 0.1)
= 1 − 0.8
= 0.2

𝑥 -1 0 1 4
𝑃(𝑥) 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1

13
b. Directly from the table, 𝑃(0) = 0.5
c. From Table
(𝑋 > 0) = 𝑃 (1) + 𝑃(4)
= 0.2 + 0.1
= 0.3
d. From Table
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 0) = 𝑃(0) + 𝑃 (1) + 𝑃 (4)
= 0.5 + 0.2 + 0.1
= 0.8
e. Since none of the numbers listed as possible values for 𝑋 is less than or equal
to −2, the event 𝑋 ≤ −2 is impossible, so
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ −2) = 0

f. Using the formula in the definition of 𝜇

𝜇𝑥 = ∑[𝑥 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥 )]
= (−1) ⋅ (0.2) + (0) ⋅ (0.5) + (1) ⋅ (0.2) + (4) ⋅ (0.1)
= 0.4

g. Using the formula in the definition of 𝜎 2 and the value of 𝜇 that was just computed,
𝜎 2 = ∑ (𝑥 − 𝜇 )2 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑥 )
= (−1 − 0.4)2 ⋅ (0.2) + (0 − 0.4)2 ⋅ (0.5) + (1 − 0.4)2 ⋅ (0.2)
+ (4 − 0.4)2 ⋅ (0.1)
= 0.392 + 0.08 + 0.072 + 1.296
= 1.84

h. Using the result of part (g),

𝜎 = √𝜎 2
𝜎 = √1.84
= 1.356

14
 I Have Learned

• The probability distribution of a discrete random variable 𝑋 is a listing of each

possible value 𝑥 taken by 𝑋 along with the probability 𝑃(𝑥) that 𝑋 takes that value
in one trial of the experiment.
• The mean 𝜇 of a discrete random variable 𝑋 is a number that indicates the average
value of 𝑋 over numerous trials of the experiment. It is computed using the
formula 𝜇 = ∑𝑥𝑃 ∙ (𝑥).
• The variance 𝜎 2 and standard deviation 𝜎 of a discrete random variable 𝑋 are
numbers that indicate the variability of 𝑋 over numerous trials of the experiment.
They may be computed using the formula
𝜎 2 = ∑ (𝑥 − 𝜇 )2 ∙ 𝑃 (𝑥 )
𝜎 = √𝜎 2
Task 4
Make your own experiment and trial. Choose your own random variable X and
compute for its mean, variance and standard deviation.

CRITERIA
OUTSTANDING (20 pts) – demonstrate/show superior knowledge of basic mathematical
concepts and operations on Probability of Random Variable, Mean, Variance and Standard
Deviation of Random Variable.

EFFECTIVE (17 pts) – demonstrate/show appropriate use of basic mathematical concepts

and operations on Probability of Random Variable, Mean, Variance and Standard
Deviation of Random Variable.

ADEQUATE (13 pts) – understands the basic mathematical concepts and operations on
Probability of Random Variable, Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation of Random
Variable.

INEFFECTIVE (8 pts) – cannot demonstrate/show knowledge of mathematical concepts

and operation on Probability of Random Variable, Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation
of Random Variable.

http://www.csu.edu/CTRE/pdf/rubricexamples-all.pdf

15
 I Can Do

Task 5
Try answering the following:

Sales versus Profit The monthly sales, X, of a company have a mean of ₱25,000 and a
standard deviation of ₱4,000. Profits, Y, are calculated by multiplying sales by 0.3 and
subtracting fixed costs of ₱6,000. What are the mean profit and the standard deviation of
profit?
CRITERIA
OUTSTANDING (20 pts) – demonstrate/show superior knowledge of basic mathematical
concepts and operations on Probability of Random Variable, Mean, Variance and Standard
Deviation of Random Variable.

EFFECTIVE (17 pts) – demonstrate/show appropriate use of basic mathematical concepts

and operations on Probability of Random Variable, Mean, Variance and Standard
Deviation of Random Variable.

ADEQUATE (13 pts) – understands the basic mathematical concepts and operations on
Probability of Random Variable, Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation of Random
Variable.

INEFFECTIVE (8 pts) – cannot demonstrate/show knowledge of mathematical concepts

and operation on Probability of Random Variable, Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation
of Random Variable.

16
Task 5
1. Julia and Tony play the hand game rock-paper-scissors. Assume that, at each play, they
1
make their choices with equal probability (3) for each of the three moves, independently of
any previous play.

a) On any single play, what is the chance of a tie?

b) What is the chance that Julia wins at the first play?

Let Random variable 𝑋 – rock

The probability distribution is shown below
𝑋 0 1 2
𝑓requency f 4 4 1
𝑃(𝑋) 4 4 1
9 9 9

c) Find 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)
d) Find 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1)

2. Consider again the example of the number of languages spoken by Filipino school
children. Define 𝑋 to be the number of languages in which a randomly chosen Filipino
child attending school can hold an everyday conversation. Assume that the probability
function of 𝑋, 𝑃(𝑥), is as shown in the following table.
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑃(𝑥) 0.663 0.226 0.066 0.022 0.019 0.004

a. What is the mean of 𝑋?

b. Find the variance of 𝑋
c. Find the standard deviation of 𝑋.

17
 18
What I know Task 1
a) 0.40 c) 0.90 e) 𝜎 2 = 1.5275
b) 0.10 d) 𝜇𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑉 = 79.15 f) 𝜎 = 1.2359
What’s New task 2
a) (Head, Head), (Head, Tail), (Tail, Head), (Tail, Tail)
b) Random Variable value of 𝑋: { 0, 1, 2}
c)
𝑋 0 1 2
𝑃(𝑋) 1 1 1
𝑜𝑟 0.25 𝑜𝑟 0.25 𝑜𝑟 0.25
4 4 4
What I Have Learned? Task 4
Answer may vary.
What I can Do Task 5
We know that: 𝐸(𝑋) = 25000
𝑉 (𝑋) = 4000 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 16000000
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = 0.3𝑋 − 6000
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒,
𝐸(𝑌 ) = 0.3𝐸(𝑋) − 6000
= 0.3 · 25000 − 6000
= 1500
Assessment Task 6
1.
1 4
a) c)
3 9
1 5
b) d)
2 9
2.
a) 𝜇𝑥 = 1.52
b) 𝜇2 = 0.8216
c) 𝜎 = 0.9064
References
Jose S. Malate, STATISTICS & PROBABILITY for Senior High School. Sta. Ana, Manila:
VICARISH PUBLICATIONS AND TRADING, INC., 2017
Millard R. Mamhot, Ph.D & Alice A. Mamhot, M.S. STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY.
Intramuros, Manila: UNLIMITED BOOKS LIBRARY SERVICES & PUBLISHING
INC.,2016
https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/com.

http://www.csu.edu/CTRE/pdf/rubricexamples-all.pdf
https://amsi.org.au/ESA_Senior_Years/SeniorTopic4/4c/4c_2content_6.html#:~:text=For%2
0a%20discrete%20random%20variable,X(x)%20of%20X.

https://amsi.org.au/ESA_Senior_Years/SeniorTopic4/4c/4c_2content_5.html
https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Book%3A_Introductory_Statis
tics_(Shafer_and_Zhang)/04%3A_Discrete_Random_Variables/4.E%3A_Discrete_Random_
Variables_(Exercises)
https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Book%3A_Introductory_Statis
tics_(Shafer_and_Zhang)/04%3A_Discrete_Random_Variables/4.02%3A_Probability_Distri
butions_for_Discrete_Random_Variables
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-statistics/random-variables-ap/discrete-random-
variables/v/example-analyzing-discrete-probability-distribution

https://www.amsi.org.au/ESA_Senior_Years/PDF/DiscreteProbability4c.pdf
https://personal.utdallas.edu/~scniu/OPRE-
6301/documents/Random_Variables_Applications.pdf

19
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental

Kagawasan, Avenue, Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117

Email Address: [email protected]
Website: lrmds.depednodis.net