Chapter 1: Indices, Surds and Logarithms DM015

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015

LOGARITHMS
TUTORIAL 1.1 : INDICES

NOTES 1.1

1.1(a) Definition of Indices

a
a
a ...
a = a n
n times

a is called the base and n is the index or power.

1.1(b) Rules of Indices

Rules of indices Examples

1 a m  a n = a m+ n 23  2 4 = 23+4 = 27
am 23
2 am  an = n
= a m−n 23  2 4 = 4
= 2 3− 4 = 2 −1
a 2
3 (a )m n
= a mn (2 )
3 4
= 2 3( 4 ) = 212

4 (ab )m = a m b m As it is

 am 
m
a
5   =  m  As it is
b b 
1 1
6 a −m = m 2 −3 =
a 23
n 4
n
 1 4
 1
7 a m
=  a m  = m
a n
2 =  2 3  =
3 3
24
   
8 a 0 = 1 provided a  0 20 = 1

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
1.1(c) Applying the Rules of Indices

Example 1
Evaluate
(a) 34  32 (b) 55  52
1
(c) 2 −5 (d) 16 4
Solution

Example 2
Simplify
18x 2 y 5
(a)
3x 4 y
(b) (3x ) 5 2

Solution

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
Example 3
Without using calculator, evaluate
3 3

2 2
(a) 4 (b) 9
1 1

9 2  11  2
(c)   (d) 1 
 16   25 

(0.04)− 2
3
2 n 8 4
3n 5n
(e) (f)
Solution

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
1.1(d) Solving simple equation involving indices

Example 4
Find the value of x when
(a) 5 x = 125 (b) 3 x = 9 x+1 (c) 27 x+1 = 9 x−1
Solution

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
Example 5
Solve the following equations
(a) 5 2x + 1 = 6 (5 x) – 1 (b) 4 x + 1 – 5 (2 x) + 1 = 0
Solution

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
QUESTIONS 1.1

1. Evaluate
(a) 2 −2
1

(b) 27 3
3
(c) 64 4

2. Evaluate
2

(a) 125 3
2

 27  3
(b)  
 8 
1 3 3

(c) 8 3 16 4
42

3. Simplify
1 2 1

(a) a3  a 5  a2
4
 12 32 
(b) a b 
 
 

4. Simplify
2
n
n +1
(a) 3  9  27n 3

1 1 1
n − n n
(b) 6 12 n+1  27
2 2
 32 2

5. Solve
(a) 3x = 81 (e) 23 x+2 = 32
(b) 4 x−1 = 0.25 (f) 53 x−1 = 25x+1
(c) 271− x = 93− x
2 x +5
(g) 3 x + 4 − 3 3+ x = 2
1
(d)   = 8 x−2
2

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
ANSWERS 1.1

9
1. (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 2

2. (a) 25 (b) 4 (c) 1


9 32
7
3. (a) a 30 (b) a 2b 6

4. (a) 3n+1 (b) 12

5. (a) 4 (b) 0 (c) -3


(d) 1 (e) 1 (f) 3
5
(g) -3

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
TUTORIAL 1.2 : SURDS

NOTES 1.2

1.2(a) Definition of Surds


Surds are irrational numbers which can be written as n b or a + n b where a, b are real and
b >0.
For example, 4 = 2 , 3 27 = 3 and 4 256 = 4 are called radical expression (not surds).
However, radical expressions in the form of 7 or 3 71 which equal to irrational
numbers are known as surds.

Rules of Surds

Rules of surds Examples

1 ab = a × b , a, b  0 23 = 2  3

a a 2 2
2 = ,a  0 , b  0 =
b b 3 3
3 a b + c b = (a + c) b 2 3+4 3 =6 3

4 a b - c b = (a - c) b 2 3 − 4 3 = −2 3

5 a a =a 2 2 = 2

6 a + a = 2 a 2+ 2 =2 2
a 2
7 a  b = 2  3 =
b 3
8 ( a + b ) 2 = a + b + 2 ab ( 2 + 3 )2 = 2 + 3 + 2 6

9 ( a + b )( a - b )=a–b ( 2 + 3 )( 2 - 3 ) = 2 - 3 = -1

10 a x b= ab 2  3 = 23 = 6

11 a b x c d = ac bd 2 34 2 = 8 6

Remark:
a +b  ( a + b )

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
1.2(b) Expressing surds in the simplified form

Example 1
Simplify
(a) 45 (b) 24 (c) 6 7 +2 7
2 200
(d) 5 3− 27 (e) (f)
9 40
Solution

(a) 45 = 9  5
Rule 1
= 9 5
= 3 5

(b) 24 = 4  6
Rule 1
= 4 6
= 2 6

(c) 6 7 +2 7 = (6 + 2) 7 Rule 3
= 8 7

(d) 5 3− 27 = 5 3 − 9  3 Rule 4
= 5 3 −( 9 3)
= 5 3 −3 3 = 2 3

2 2 2
(e) = = Rule 2
9 9 3

200 200 Rule 2


(f) = = 5
40 40

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
1.2(c) Performing algebraic operation on surds

Multiplying Radicals

There are 2 types.

1) a b = ab
2) a b  c d = ac bd

Example 2
Expand and simplify
(a) 3 6 5 7 (b) (
8 2 5 6+ 2 )
(c) (2 )(
3+4 2 6 3+2 2 ) (d) ( 8− 3 )( 8+ 3 )
Solution

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
Rationalising the denominator

Rationalising the denominator is an algebraic operation to change the denominator to a


rational number. To do so, we multiply both the numerator and the denominator of the
fraction by the conjugate of the denominator of the fraction.

If Denominator To Obtain Denominator


Contains the Factor Multiply by Free from surds
3 3 ( 3 ) =3
2

3 +1 3 −1 ( 3) −1 = 3 −1 = 2
2 2

2 −3 2 +3 ( 2 ) − 3 = 2 − 9 = −7
2 2

5− 3 5+ 3 ( 5) − ( 3) = 5 − 3 = 2
2 2

Example 3
Rationalise the denominator of the following fractions
5 1
(a) (b)
3 7− 2
2 3 7+ 7
(c) (d)
5− 3 7− 7
Solution

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS

Example 4
Rationalise the denominator and simplify.
17 − 5 1+ 2 1− 2 3+ 2
(a) (b) + (c) + 2
17 + 5 1− 2 1+ 2 3− 2
Solution

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
1.2(d) Solving simple equations involving surds

Example 5
Solve each of the following equations.
(a) 2x − 1 − 5 = 0 (b) x + 13 − 7 − x = 2
(c) 3x + 1 − 2 x − 1 = x + 2
Solution

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
QUESTIONS 1.2

1. Simplify
(a) 27
80
(b)
4
(c) ( 3+2 )( 3−2 )
2. Rationalize
1
(a)
3−2
2 3 +1
(b)
2 3 −1
2− 3
(c)
2+ 3

3. Express in the form a + b c


(a) (3 − 3 ) 3

3 +1
(b)
3 −1

4. Expand and simplify the following


(a) (3+ 5 3− 5 )( )
(b) ( )(
2 −3 3+ 2 )
5. Rationalize the denominator.
7− 5
(a)
7+ 5
x −1
(b)
x +1
1
(c)
a −1 + a
9
(d)
3 x+ y
x +3
(e)
x −3

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
6. Simplify
1 1
(a) +
2 +1 2 −1
4 2+3 3
(b)
5 2+ 3

7. Solve
(a) 4 x = 3x
(b) x+5 = 7− x
(c) 3 − 2 x = 5 − 3x
(d) 3 1 − x = 1 + 3x − 2
(e) x + 1 + 12 − x = 13 + 4 x
(f) 3x + 4 = 2 + 2 x − 4
(g) 2x + 3 + 2 = 5
(h) 2x + 3 − x +1 =1
(i) 8 x − 4 + 14 = 0
(j) 5x + 1 + x + 1 = 10 x + 6

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
ANSWERS 1.2

1. (a) 3 3 (b) 2 5 (c) -1

13 + 4 3
2. (a) − 3−2 (b)
11
(c) −3− 2 2 + 2 3 + 6

3. (a) 54 − 30 3 (b) 2+ 3

4. (a) -2 (b) -7

x +1− 2 x
5. (a) 6 − 35 (b) (c) a − a −1
x −1

(d)
(
93 x − y ) (e)
x+9+6 x
9x − y x−9

31 + 11 6
6. (a) 2 2 (b)
47

3
7. (a) 0, (b) -2 (c)  or { }
16
3
(d) (e) 3 (f) 4, 20
4
(g) 3 (h) -1, 3 (i)  or { }
(j) 3

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
TUTORIAL 1.3 : LOGARITHMS

NOTES 1.3

1.3(a) Definition of Logarithms


Logarithm is a number y (y > 0) for any given base a (a > 0) and is written as log a y = x
where y = a x .

Example 1
Complete the table below.
−2
1
Index form
3
2 =8   = 25
5

Logarithmic form 2 = log 3 9

In general, a c = b  c = log a b

Example 2
(a) log2 8 = 3 
(b) 10 = 100
2

Example 3
For each of the following, write down an expression for a logarithm in a suitable base.
1 1
(a) 1000 = 103 (b) = 5
32 2
Solution

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS

Example 4
Without using calculator, find the value of
1
(a) log2   (b) log 1 (4)
8 2

Solution

Definition of Common and Natural Logarithms


The natural logarithmic function and the natural exponential function are inverse functions of
each other. The symbol ln x is an abbreviation for log e x , and we refer to it as the natural
logarithms of x.

Definition of Common Logarithms Definition of Natural Logarithms

log x = log 10 x , for every x > 0 ln x = loge x, for every x > 0

1.3(b) Laws of Logarithms

Rules Law of Logarithms


1 log a b + log a c = log a bc

b
2 log a b − log a c = log a
c
3 log a b n = n log a b

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
Proof of the Laws of Logarithms

Let log a b = x and log a c = y


Therefore a x = b and ay = c
a x . a y = bc
or a x+ y = bc
therefore x + y = log a bc

i.e log a b + log a c = log a bc RULE 1

b
Similarly ax  ay =
c
b
Or a x− y =
c
b
therefore x - y = log a
c

b
i.e log a b - log a c = log a RULE 2
c

Let log a b n = z
Therefore az = bn
z
n
So a =b
z
Therefore log a b =
n
Or n log a b = z
i.e n log a b = log a b n RULE 3

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
Summary for the Laws of Logarithms

Rules Law of Logarithms Example log Example ln

1 log a b + log a c = log a bc log 2 3 + log 2 4 = log 2 12 ln 3 + ln 4 = ln 12

2 b 3 3
log a b − log a c = log a log 2 3 − log 2 4 = log 2 ln 3 − ln 4 = ln
c 4 4

3 log a b n = n log a b log 2 35 = 5 log 2 3 ln 35 = 5 ln 3

Properties of Logarithms

Logarithms with base a Natural logarithms


1 loga (1) = 0 ln 1 = 0
2 loga a = 1 ln e = 1
3 loga a x = x ln ex = x
4 alog a ( x ) = x eln( x ) = x

Example 5
Expand
e3
(a) ln 4 x (c) ln
7
(b) log10 x (d) ln x
Solution

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
Example 6
Given log 2 = 0.301 and log 6 = 0.778 . Hence, find
(a) log 12 (b) log 36
Solution

Example 7

Write the following as single logarithms.

(a) log 8 – log 6 + log 9 (b) 2 ln (x + 7) – ln x

Solution

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
1.3(c) Change of Base

log c b
log a b =
log c a

Example 8
Find the following expression to four decimal places.
(a) log 3 5 (b) log 5 10
Solution

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
Example 9
Write the following as single logarithms:
4 35
(a) log 5 81  log 5 27 (b) log − log + 3 log 5 + log 70
3 31
3
(c) log a + log b − 5 log c
4
Solution

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
1.3(d) Solving Logarithmic Equation

Example 10
Find the value of x if 7 x = 8
Solution

Example 11
Find x if ln x = 4.7
Solution

Example 12
Solve the equation log 2 x + log 2 (x − 7) = 3 .
Solution

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
Example 13

Solve the equation log 3 x – 4 log x 3 + 3 = 0


Solution

Example 14
Solve ln( x + 5) = ln( x − 1) − ln( x + 1) .
Solution

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
QUESTIONS 1.3

1. Solve the following equation.


(a) log 3 1 = x
(b) log10 0.001 = x

2. If log 3 2 = 0.6309 and log 3 5 = 1.465 , evaluate the following without using the calculator.
(a) log 3 15
(b) 1
log 3 3
3
(c) log 3 12

3. Find the value of each of the following.


(a) log 3 3 4
(b) log 2 43
(c) log 5 125

4. Evaluate each of the following.


(a) log 2 64
(b) log 4 8 + log 4 2
(c) log 3 135 − log 3 5
1
(d) log 3
9

5. Simplify each of the following the simplest form.


(a) log 4 21 + log 4 9 − log 4 7
5 4 4
(b) log 7 + log 7 − 2 log 7
8 15 3
2
(c) 3 log 8 5 − 1 + log 8
5

6. Find the value of each of the following.


1 1
(a) 3 log 12 6 + log 12 16 − log 12 9
4 2
1
(b) 3 log 9 3 − log 9 45 + log 9 125
3

7. Given that log 2 5 = p , express each of the following in terms of p.


(a) log 5 2 (b) log 5 8 (c) log 4 25

8. Find the value of log 2 5  log11 8  log 5 11 .

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CHAPTER 1 : INDICES, SURDS AND DM015
LOGARITHMS
9. Simplify
1
(a) log 2
8
(b) − 2 log 4 5 + 2
(c) 2 log a x + 3 − log a 3x
log b 32
(d)
log b 2
log c 9c 2
(e)
log c 3c

10. Solve the following equations.


(a) log 5 x = 2
(b) log 7 4 x = 2 log 7 8

log 5 (2 x − 6) = log 5 4
1
(c)
2
(d) ( )
log 7 5x − 4 = 2 log 7 3 + log 7 4
1
(e) 2 log a 3 + log a 81 = 4
2
(f) log x + log 2 = 1
(g) log x + 1 = log(3x + 14)
5
(h) log 5  2  = log 5 x − 2
x 
(i) 3x = 7
(j) 2x = 8
(k) 6x = 1
(l) 5 2 x −1 = 8 x
(m) 5 x = 12
(n) 2 x  3 x = 216
(o) 8 x − 2 = 5 2 x +1
(p) log 2 x + log 4 x = 9
(q) e 2 ln x = 9
(r) 2 ln x = ln 3 + ln(6 − x)

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11. Given log 5 x = 4 log x 5 , calculate the possible values of x.

12. Given that log 2 k = a and log 3 k = b , find log k 12 in terms of a and b.

13. Given that log x


4 = k , find log 4 x 3 in terms of k.

14. Given that log a 3 = p and log a 7 = q , find the value of log 21 a in terms of p and
q.

log 11 25  log 32 11
15. Without using tables or calculator, simplify .
log 8 5

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ANSWERS 1.3

1. (a) x=0 (b) x = −3

2. (a) 2.465 (b) 1.0959 (c) 2.2618

3. (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 3

4. (a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) -2


3 25
5. (a) log 4 27 (b) log 7 (c) log 8
32 4
1
6. (a) 2 (b)
2
1 3
7. (a) (b) (c) p
p p
8. 3
 16   a3 x 
9. (a) −3 (b) log 4   (c) log a   (d) 5
 25   3 
(e) 2
10. (a) 25 (b) 16 (c) 4 (d) 8
(e) 3 (f) 5 (g) 2 (h) 5
(i) 1.771 (j) 3 (k) 0 (l) 1.412
(m) 1.544 (n) 3 (o) -5.062 (p) 64
(q) 3 (r) 3

1
11. x = 25,
25
2b + a
12.
ab
6
13.
k
1
14.
p+q
6
15.
5

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