Chapter 1: Indices, Surds and Logarithms DM015
Chapter 1: Indices, Surds and Logarithms DM015
Chapter 1: Indices, Surds and Logarithms DM015
LOGARITHMS
TUTORIAL 1.1 : INDICES
NOTES 1.1
a
a
a ...
a = a n
n times
1 a m a n = a m+ n 23 2 4 = 23+4 = 27
am 23
2 am an = n
= a m−n 23 2 4 = 4
= 2 3− 4 = 2 −1
a 2
3 (a )m n
= a mn (2 )
3 4
= 2 3( 4 ) = 212
4 (ab )m = a m b m As it is
am
m
a
5 = m As it is
b b
1 1
6 a −m = m 2 −3 =
a 23
n 4
n
1 4
1
7 a m
= a m = m
a n
2 = 2 3 =
3 3
24
8 a 0 = 1 provided a 0 20 = 1
Example 1
Evaluate
(a) 34 32 (b) 55 52
1
(c) 2 −5 (d) 16 4
Solution
Example 2
Simplify
18x 2 y 5
(a)
3x 4 y
(b) (3x ) 5 2
Solution
(0.04)− 2
3
2 n 8 4
3n 5n
(e) (f)
Solution
Example 4
Find the value of x when
(a) 5 x = 125 (b) 3 x = 9 x+1 (c) 27 x+1 = 9 x−1
Solution
1. Evaluate
(a) 2 −2
1
(b) 27 3
3
(c) 64 4
2. Evaluate
2
(a) 125 3
2
−
27 3
(b)
8
1 3 3
−
(c) 8 3 16 4
42
3. Simplify
1 2 1
(a) a3 a 5 a2
4
12 32
(b) a b
4. Simplify
2
n
n +1
(a) 3 9 27n 3
1 1 1
n − n n
(b) 6 12 n+1 27
2 2
32 2
5. Solve
(a) 3x = 81 (e) 23 x+2 = 32
(b) 4 x−1 = 0.25 (f) 53 x−1 = 25x+1
(c) 271− x = 93− x
2 x +5
(g) 3 x + 4 − 3 3+ x = 2
1
(d) = 8 x−2
2
9
1. (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 2
NOTES 1.2
Rules of Surds
1 ab = a × b , a, b 0 23 = 2 3
a a 2 2
2 = ,a 0 , b 0 =
b b 3 3
3 a b + c b = (a + c) b 2 3+4 3 =6 3
4 a b - c b = (a - c) b 2 3 − 4 3 = −2 3
5 a a =a 2 2 = 2
6 a + a = 2 a 2+ 2 =2 2
a 2
7 a b = 2 3 =
b 3
8 ( a + b ) 2 = a + b + 2 ab ( 2 + 3 )2 = 2 + 3 + 2 6
9 ( a + b )( a - b )=a–b ( 2 + 3 )( 2 - 3 ) = 2 - 3 = -1
10 a x b= ab 2 3 = 23 = 6
11 a b x c d = ac bd 2 34 2 = 8 6
Remark:
a +b ( a + b )
Example 1
Simplify
(a) 45 (b) 24 (c) 6 7 +2 7
2 200
(d) 5 3− 27 (e) (f)
9 40
Solution
(a) 45 = 9 5
Rule 1
= 9 5
= 3 5
(b) 24 = 4 6
Rule 1
= 4 6
= 2 6
(c) 6 7 +2 7 = (6 + 2) 7 Rule 3
= 8 7
(d) 5 3− 27 = 5 3 − 9 3 Rule 4
= 5 3 −( 9 3)
= 5 3 −3 3 = 2 3
2 2 2
(e) = = Rule 2
9 9 3
Multiplying Radicals
1) a b = ab
2) a b c d = ac bd
Example 2
Expand and simplify
(a) 3 6 5 7 (b) (
8 2 5 6+ 2 )
(c) (2 )(
3+4 2 6 3+2 2 ) (d) ( 8− 3 )( 8+ 3 )
Solution
3 +1 3 −1 ( 3) −1 = 3 −1 = 2
2 2
2 −3 2 +3 ( 2 ) − 3 = 2 − 9 = −7
2 2
5− 3 5+ 3 ( 5) − ( 3) = 5 − 3 = 2
2 2
Example 3
Rationalise the denominator of the following fractions
5 1
(a) (b)
3 7− 2
2 3 7+ 7
(c) (d)
5− 3 7− 7
Solution
Example 4
Rationalise the denominator and simplify.
17 − 5 1+ 2 1− 2 3+ 2
(a) (b) + (c) + 2
17 + 5 1− 2 1+ 2 3− 2
Solution
Example 5
Solve each of the following equations.
(a) 2x − 1 − 5 = 0 (b) x + 13 − 7 − x = 2
(c) 3x + 1 − 2 x − 1 = x + 2
Solution
1. Simplify
(a) 27
80
(b)
4
(c) ( 3+2 )( 3−2 )
2. Rationalize
1
(a)
3−2
2 3 +1
(b)
2 3 −1
2− 3
(c)
2+ 3
3 +1
(b)
3 −1
7. Solve
(a) 4 x = 3x
(b) x+5 = 7− x
(c) 3 − 2 x = 5 − 3x
(d) 3 1 − x = 1 + 3x − 2
(e) x + 1 + 12 − x = 13 + 4 x
(f) 3x + 4 = 2 + 2 x − 4
(g) 2x + 3 + 2 = 5
(h) 2x + 3 − x +1 =1
(i) 8 x − 4 + 14 = 0
(j) 5x + 1 + x + 1 = 10 x + 6
13 + 4 3
2. (a) − 3−2 (b)
11
(c) −3− 2 2 + 2 3 + 6
3. (a) 54 − 30 3 (b) 2+ 3
4. (a) -2 (b) -7
x +1− 2 x
5. (a) 6 − 35 (b) (c) a − a −1
x −1
(d)
(
93 x − y ) (e)
x+9+6 x
9x − y x−9
31 + 11 6
6. (a) 2 2 (b)
47
3
7. (a) 0, (b) -2 (c) or { }
16
3
(d) (e) 3 (f) 4, 20
4
(g) 3 (h) -1, 3 (i) or { }
(j) 3
NOTES 1.3
Example 1
Complete the table below.
−2
1
Index form
3
2 =8 = 25
5
In general, a c = b c = log a b
Example 2
(a) log2 8 = 3
(b) 10 = 100
2
Example 3
For each of the following, write down an expression for a logarithm in a suitable base.
1 1
(a) 1000 = 103 (b) = 5
32 2
Solution
Example 4
Without using calculator, find the value of
1
(a) log2 (b) log 1 (4)
8 2
Solution
b
2 log a b − log a c = log a
c
3 log a b n = n log a b
b
Similarly ax ay =
c
b
Or a x− y =
c
b
therefore x - y = log a
c
b
i.e log a b - log a c = log a RULE 2
c
Let log a b n = z
Therefore az = bn
z
n
So a =b
z
Therefore log a b =
n
Or n log a b = z
i.e n log a b = log a b n RULE 3
2 b 3 3
log a b − log a c = log a log 2 3 − log 2 4 = log 2 ln 3 − ln 4 = ln
c 4 4
Properties of Logarithms
Example 5
Expand
e3
(a) ln 4 x (c) ln
7
(b) log10 x (d) ln x
Solution
Example 7
Solution
log c b
log a b =
log c a
Example 8
Find the following expression to four decimal places.
(a) log 3 5 (b) log 5 10
Solution
Example 10
Find the value of x if 7 x = 8
Solution
Example 11
Find x if ln x = 4.7
Solution
Example 12
Solve the equation log 2 x + log 2 (x − 7) = 3 .
Solution
Example 14
Solve ln( x + 5) = ln( x − 1) − ln( x + 1) .
Solution
2. If log 3 2 = 0.6309 and log 3 5 = 1.465 , evaluate the following without using the calculator.
(a) log 3 15
(b) 1
log 3 3
3
(c) log 3 12
log 5 (2 x − 6) = log 5 4
1
(c)
2
(d) ( )
log 7 5x − 4 = 2 log 7 3 + log 7 4
1
(e) 2 log a 3 + log a 81 = 4
2
(f) log x + log 2 = 1
(g) log x + 1 = log(3x + 14)
5
(h) log 5 2 = log 5 x − 2
x
(i) 3x = 7
(j) 2x = 8
(k) 6x = 1
(l) 5 2 x −1 = 8 x
(m) 5 x = 12
(n) 2 x 3 x = 216
(o) 8 x − 2 = 5 2 x +1
(p) log 2 x + log 4 x = 9
(q) e 2 ln x = 9
(r) 2 ln x = ln 3 + ln(6 − x)
12. Given that log 2 k = a and log 3 k = b , find log k 12 in terms of a and b.
14. Given that log a 3 = p and log a 7 = q , find the value of log 21 a in terms of p and
q.
log 11 25 log 32 11
15. Without using tables or calculator, simplify .
log 8 5
1
11. x = 25,
25
2b + a
12.
ab
6
13.
k
1
14.
p+q
6
15.
5