Fibro
Fibro
Fibro
Fibromyalgia is a disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep,
memory and mood issues. Researchers believe that fibromyalgia amplifies painful sensations by affecting the
way your brain and spinal cord process painful and nonpainful signals.
Symptoms often begin after an event, such as physical trauma, surgery, infection or significant psychological
stress. In other cases, symptoms gradually accumulate over time with no single triggering event.
Women are more likely to develop fibromyalgia than are men. Many people who have fibromyalgia also have
tension headaches, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety and
depression.
While there is no cure for fibromyalgia, a variety of medications can help control symptoms. Exercise,
relaxation and stress‐reduction measures also may help.
Symptoms
The primary symptoms of fibromyalgia include:
Widespread pain. The pain associated with fibromyalgia often is described as a constant dull
ache that has lasted for at least three months. To be considered widespread, the pain must occur
on both sides of your body and above and below your waist.
Fatigue. People with fibromyalgia often awaken tired, even though they report sleeping for long
periods of time. Sleep is often disrupted by pain, and many patients with fibromyalgia have other
sleep disorders, such as restless legs syndrome and sleep apnea.
Cognitive difficulties. A symptom commonly referred to as "fibro fog" impairs the ability to focus,
pay attention and concentrate on mental tasks.
Fibromyalgia often co‐exists with other conditions, such as:
Irritable bowel syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Migraine and other types of headaches
Interstitial cystitis or painful bladder syndrome
Temporomandibular joint disorders
Anxiety
Depression
Postural tachycardia syndrome
Causes
Many researchers believe that repeated nerve stimulation causes the brain and spinal cord of people with
fibromyalgia to change. This change involves an abnormal increase in levels of certain chemicals in the brain
that signal pain.
In addition, the brain's pain receptors seem to develop a sort of memory of the pain and become sensitized,
meaning they can overreact to painful and nonpainful signals.
There are likely many factors that lead to these changes, including:
Genetics. Because fibromyalgia tends to run in families, there may be certain genetic mutations
that may make you more susceptible to developing the disorder.
Infections. Some illnesses appear to trigger or aggravate fibromyalgia.
Physical or emotional events. Fibromyalgia can sometimes be triggered by a physical event, such
as a car accident. Prolonged psychological stress may also trigger the condition.
Risk factors
Risk factors for fibromyalgia include:
Your sex. Fibromyalgia is diagnosed more often in women than in men.
Family history. You may be more likely to develop fibromyalgia if a parent or sibling also has the
condition.
Other disorders. If you have osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, you may be more likely
to develop fibromyalgia.
Complications
The pain, fatigue, and poor sleep quality associated with fibromyalgia can interfere with your ability to
function at home or on the job. The frustration of dealing with an often‐misunderstood condition also can
result in depression and health‐related anxiety.
Diagnosis
In the past, doctors would check 18 specific points on a person's body to see how many of them were painful
when pressed firmly. Newer guidelines from the American College of Rheumatology don't require a tender
point exam.
Instead, the main factor needed for a fibromyalgia diagnosis is widespread pain throughout your body for at
least three months.
To meet the criteria, you must have pain in at least four of these five areas:
Left upper region, including shoulder, arm or jaw
Right upper region, including shoulder, arm or jaw
Left lower region, including hip, buttock or leg
Right lower region, including hip, buttock or leg
Axial region, which includes neck, back, chest or abdomen
Tests
Your doctor may want to rule out other conditions that may have similar symptoms. Blood tests may include:
Complete blood count
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Cyclic citrullinated peptide test
Rheumatoid factor
Thyroid function tests
Anti‐nuclear antibody
Celiac serology
Vitamin D
If there's a chance that you may be suffering from sleep apnea, your doctor may recommend an overnight
sleep study.
Treatment
In general, treatments for fibromyalgia include both medication and self‐care strategies. The emphasis is on
minimizing symptoms and improving general health. No one treatment works for all symptoms, but trying a
variety of treatment strategies can have a cumulative effect.
Medications
Medications can help reduce the pain of fibromyalgia and improve sleep. Common choices include:
Pain relievers. Over‐the‐counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others),
ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve, others) may be helpful. Opioid
medications are not recommended, because they can lead to significant side effects and
dependence and will worsen the pain over time.
Antidepressants. Duloxetine (Cymbalta) and milnacipran (Savella) may help ease the pain and
fatigue associated with fibromyalgia. Your doctor may prescribe amitriptyline or the muscle
relaxant cyclobenzaprine to help promote sleep.
Anti‐seizure drugs. Medications designed to treat epilepsy are often useful in reducing certain
types of pain. Gabapentin (Neurontin) is sometimes helpful in reducing fibromyalgia symptoms,
while pregabalin (Lyrica) was the first drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration to
treat fibromyalgia.
Therapies
A variety of different therapies can help reduce the effect that fibromyalgia has on your body and your life.
Examples include:
Physical therapy. A physical therapist can teach you exercises that will improve your strength,
flexibility and stamina. Water‐based exercises might be particularly helpful.
Occupational therapy. An occupational therapist can help you make adjustments to your work
area or the way you perform certain tasks that will cause less stress on your body.
Counseling. Talking with a counselor can help strengthen your belief in your abilities and teach
you strategies for dealing with stressful situations.
Clinical trials
Lifestyle and home remedies
Self‐care is critical in the management of fibromyalgia.
Stress management. Develop a plan to avoid or limit overexertion and emotional stress. Allow
yourself time each day to relax. That may mean learning how to say no without guilt. But try not
to change your routine completely. People who quit work or drop all activity tend to do worse
than do those who remain active. Try stress management techniques, such as deep‐breathing
exercises or meditation.
Sleep hygiene. Because fatigue is one of the main components of fibromyalgia, getting good
quality sleep is essential. In addition to allotting enough time for sleep, practice good sleep
habits, such as going to bed and getting up at the same time each day and limiting daytime
napping.
Exercise regularly. At first, exercise may increase your pain. But doing it gradually and regularly
often decreases symptoms. Appropriate exercises may include walking, swimming, biking and
water aerobics. A physical therapist can help you develop a home exercise program. Stretching,
good posture and relaxation exercises also are helpful.
Pace yourself. Keep your activity on an even level. If you do too much on your good days, you
may have more bad days. Moderation means not overdoing it on your good days, but likewise it
means not self‐limiting or doing too little on the days when symptoms flare.
Maintain a healthy lifestyle. Eat healthy foods. Do not use tobacco products. Limit your caffeine
intake. Do something that you find enjoyable and fulfilling every day.
Alternative medicine
Complementary and alternative therapies for pain and stress management aren't new. Some, such as
meditation and yoga, have been practiced for thousands of years. But their use has become more popular in
recent years, especially with people who have chronic illnesses, such as fibromyalgia.
Several of these treatments do appear to safely relieve stress and reduce pain, and some are gaining
acceptance in mainstream medicine. But many practices remain unproved because they haven't been
adequately studied.
Acupuncture. Acupuncture is a Chinese medical system based on restoring normal balance of life
forces by inserting very fine needles through the skin to various depths. According to Western
theories of acupuncture, the needles cause changes in blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters
in the brain and spinal cord. Some studies indicate that acupuncture helps relieve fibromyalgia
symptoms, while others show no benefit.
Massage therapy. This is one of the oldest methods of health care still in practice. It involves the
use of different manipulative techniques to move your body's muscles and soft tissues. Massage
can reduce your heart rate, relax your muscles, improve range of motion in your joints and
increase production of your body's natural painkillers. It often helps relieve stress and anxiety.
Yoga and tai chi. These practices combine meditation, slow movements, deep breathing and
relaxation. Both have been found to be helpful in controlling fibromyalgia symptoms.
Fibromyalgia: Does exercise help or hurt?
You may be reluctant to exercise for fear that it'll aggravate your symptoms, but research shows that
regular moderate exercise lessens pain and improves function.
By Mayo Clinic Staff
While the pain and fatigue associated with fibromyalgia may make exercise and daily activities difficult, it is
crucial to be physically active. Research has repeatedly shown that regular aerobic exercise improves pain,
function and overall quality of life.
Won't exercising make my pain flare up?
You may be reluctant to try exercise for fear that it will make your pain worse. But starting low and going slow
helps keep symptoms from flaring up. You may want to start with walking two minutes a day and gradually
work your way up to 30 minutes two or three times a week.
It's crucial to pace yourself. If you do too much on your good days, you may have more bad days. If an exercise
causes you increased pain, reduce the time or intensity of that exercise next time.
What type of exercise should I do?
Different types of exercises can help in different ways. Examples include:
Flexibility exercises. Stretching exercises can reduce stiffness and improve range of motion. They
can be a good way to start and end your exercise routine, to help prevent strain injuries.
Strengthening exercises. Strong muscles help support your joints and can help reduce fatigue. Your
muscles get stronger when they push or pull against a force, such as pulling on elastic bands or
lifting weights.
Aerobic exercises. This type of activity increases your breathing and heart rate, and can improve
your stamina. Low‐impact aerobic exercises — such as fast walking, biking or swimming — appear
to be the most helpful to people with fibromyalgia.
Is water exercise a good choice?
Many people find water exercise to be easier on their joints because the buoyancy of the pool water reduces
weight‐bearing stress. Some types of these exercises use the resistance of the water to improve your strength
and balance. Exercising in warm water can also help relax your muscles and reduce pain.
What are some other options?
Although they are less studied, mind‐body practices may help improve symptoms and overall well‐being. Yoga
and tai chi are practices that combine meditation, slow movements, deep breathing and relaxation. Both have
been found to be helpful in controlling fibromyalgia symptoms.