Earth Science

Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Earth’s Internal Heat Sources
Earth Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Earth’s Internal Heat Sources
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Rowena A. Lambongog
Editors: Randie B. Atienza and Eleneth D. Escalona
Reviewers: Marionel U. Briz,Francia C. Silva, Rowena D. Cabanding and Job S. Zape Jr.
Illustrator: Patrick Lemuel V. Reyes
Layout Artist: Paulina S. Crescini, Rosanito S. Paras
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Regional Director
Job S. Zape Jr., CLMD Chief
Elaine T. Balaogan, Regional ADM Coordinator
Felizardo O. Bolaňos, School Division Superintendent
Joephi F. Falqueza, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Sacoro R. Comia, CID Chief
Generiego O. Javier, Division EPS/s In Charge of LRMS
Rowena D. Cabanding, Learning Area EPS
Marieta N. Perez, Division ADM Coordinator

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E-mail Address: [email protected]
 Earth Science
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Earth’s Internal Heat Sources
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Earth Science for Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Earth’s Internal Heat Sources!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Earth’s

Internal Heat Source!

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an
active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or

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 skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Explain why the Earth’s interior is hot.

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you understand the concepts on Earth’s internal heat sources. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course.

The module explains the essential details on the different internal heat
sources of Earth. It contains activities that you need to complete to grasp the
essential details of the lesson.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the sources of the internal heat of the Earth; and
2. explain the process of the production of internal heat of Earth.
 What I Know

Directions. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter of your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The heat __________ from the crust down to the inner core due to several
reasons. Which of the following words will best complete the thought of the given
statement?

A. decreases
B. equals
C. increases
D. proportional

2. All the layers of the earth has its own properties and characteristics. Which
among the layers of the earth has the highest temperature?
A. Core
B. Crust
C. Lithosphere
D. Mantle

3. Different elements comprises the layers of the earth. Which layer of the earth
has the highest amount of molten state iron?
A. Core
B. Crust
C. Lithosphere
D. Mantle

4. Why is Earth considered as a thermal engine?

A. The main source of internal energy is the sun.
B. The moon gives energy to earth and convert it to thermal energy.
C. The pressure of the materials in the crust causes materials to be molten.
D. The main source of heat comes from the produced decay of some naturally
occurring isotopes from its interior.

5. What happened to the amount of heat from crust down to the core?

A. It is equal.
B. It becomes lower.
C. It becomes higher.
D. It is indirectly proportional.
6. Earth was formed about 4. 6 billion years ago. Which of the following pertains to
the process by which gasses and dust of cloud were attracted by gravitational
energy?

A. Accretion
B. Solidification
C. Gravitational pull
D. Planetesimal
7. It is not possible to know about the earth’s interior by direct observations
because of its huge size and the changing nature of its internal composition.
Which of the following will best describe the given sentence?

A. It is correct.
B. It is incorrect.
C. It depends upon the outer or inner core.
D. It cannot be determined due to the nature of Earth.
8. Which among the layers of the earth has the greatest pressure which causes
tremendous internal heat of the earth?
A. Crust
B. Mantle
C. Outer core
D. Inner core
9. There are several sources that contribute to the internal heat of the earth.
Which of the following is NOT a major process that contributed to Earth’s
internal heat?

A. heat from radioactivity of radioactive isotopes within the Earth’s core

B. heat released by colliding particles during the formation of the planet
C. heat released as iron crystallized to form the inner core
D. heat from the sun since the beginning of Earth history
10. How did the Earth generate heat on its early stage of formation?

A. by radioactive decay
B. by gravitational pressure
C. by absorption of solar energy
D. by collision of the masses of gas and dust
11. Heat can be transferred from one plate of the earth to the other. What type of
heat transfer exists between the plate boundaries?
A. Radiation
B. Convection
C. Conduction
D. Thermal transfer
12. How do radioactive isotopes emit heat energy and contribute to Earth’s internal
heat?
A. by pressure freezing
B. by gravitational pressure
C. by preserving the primordial heat
D. by spontaneous radioactive decay
13. Why do some isotopes play a minor role in the production of heat in the interior
of the earth?
A. due to its abundance in the core
B. due to the heat it releases
C. due to chemical stability
D. due to its high energy capacity
14. What happened to the pressure inside the Earth as you go deeper?

A. The pressure is the same.

B. The pressure increases.
C. The pressure decreases
D. The pressure is unstable.
15. Why does Earth’s internal heat builds up due to gravitational pressure?
A. Because there is no escape of heat from Earth’s surface
B. Because the escape of heat from Earth’s surface is less than the heat
generated
C. Because the escape of heat from Earth’s surface is greater than the heat
generated
D. Because the escape of heat from Earth’s surface is equal than the heat
generated
Lesson
Earth’s Internal Heat
2 Sources

Heat is needed in order for organisms to survive. This heat may come from
internal and external sources. The Earth's internal heat provides the heat and
energy which supplies the force for natural phenomena such as earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions. It also provides energy for the movement of the plates. However,
despite the large amount of heat that the Earth possesses, its internal energy is
greater during its early stages.

What’s In

Directions: Label the layers of the Earth and give a brief description of each layer.

_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________

Notes to the Teacher

This module is a self-assisted module however your help is
necessary in monitoring and evaluating students work. Make
sure that the students completely accomplish all the activities to
ensure high quality transfer of learning in this module.
 What’s New

Directions: Read the situation below and answer the following guide questions.
In January 12, 2020, Taal Volcano woke up from its long sleep and spew
tons of gases and ashes that covered the surrounding municipalities in Batangas
including the neighboring provinces of Cavite and Laguna. After the intense
phreatic explosion, PHIVOLCS reported that there was a magmatic explosion on the
following day.

Taal Volcano during its eruption on January 12, 2020. Photos are taken from one of the evacuees
Mr. Apolonio Enriquez at Brgy. Bilibinwang, Agoncillo, Batangas

Guide Questions:
1. Where does the magma come from?
2. How does internal structure of Earth produce magma?
3. What can you infer on the Earth’s internal temperature?

What is It

Earth’s Internal Heat Source

Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago and continue to serve as
habitat to diverse organisms. Its biotic components remain alive due to proper
regulation of internal heat. It has massive amount of heat that varies from its layer.
The heat increases from the crust down to the inner core due to several reasons.
This internal heat comes from the following sources.
1. Primordial heat of the planet remains from its early stage.
The Earth was formed from the process of accretion wherein gasses and dust
of cloud was attracted by gravitational energy. When these masses compacted it
formed planetesimals. In the process, due to the collision of these masses, heat was
generated. This process formed the earliest stage of planet Earth which is molten in
state and heat is trapped in the core of the planet. Eventually, the accrued heat did
not vanish. It took a long time for heat to move from the internal part of the planet
going to its surface. There had been the convective transport of heat within the core
to the mantle of the earth. While conductive transport of heat occurs through
different plate boundary layers. This resulted in the preservation of some amount
the primordial heat in the interior earth.
2. Heat from the decay of radioactive elements.
Earth is considered as thermal engine since its main source of internal heat
come from the produced decay of some naturally occurring isotopes from its
interior. This process is known as radioactive decay by which the spontaneous
breakdown of an atomic nucleus causes the release of energy and matter from the
nucleus. Some of the isotopes are potassium – 40, Uranium - 235, Uranium - 238
and Thorium - 232. There are other radioactive isotopes that are also present in the
Earth. However, they play a minor role in the production of heat due to its small
abundance and low heat capacity. This process of radioactive decay which emits
heat energy as one of the products prevents the Earth from completely cooling off.
3. Gravitational pressure
The more a person descend into Earth’s interior, the amount of pressure
increases due to the force pressing on an area caused by the weight of an overlying
rocks. The pressure near the center is considered to be 3 to 4 million times the
pressure of atmosphere at sea level. Again, because rocks are good insulators, the
escape of heat from Earth’s surface is less than the heat generated from internal
gravitational attraction or squeezing of rock, so heat builds up within. At high
temperature, the material beneath will melt towards the central part of the earth.
This molten material under tremendous pressure conditions acquires the property
of a solid and is probably in a plastic state.
4. Dense core material in the center of the planet.
Due to increase in pressure and presence of heavier materials towards the
earth’s center, the density of earth’s layers also increases. Obviously, the materials
of the innermost part of the earth are very dense. The inner core as the inner most
layer is composed primarily of iron and nickel which contributes to the density in
the core that ranges between 12,600-13,000 kg/m3. This suggests that there must
be other heavy elements such as gold, platinum, palladium, silver and tungsten
that are present in the core. Like in the descent of the dense iron-rich material that
makes up the core of the planet to the center that produce heating in about 2,000
kelvins. The inner core’s intense pressure prevents the iron and other minimal
amount of some elements from melting. The pressure and density are simply too
great for the iron atoms to move into a liquid state. Thus, this contributes to the
intense heat in the interior of the planet.
 What’s More

Direction: Unscramble the letters by placing the correct letter sequence in the
shaded boxes to come up with the correct answer for each number.

1. The process of how Earth was formed wherein gasses and dust cloud were
attracted by gravitational energy.

N O T I C C E A R

2. A compacted mass formed from gasses and dust cloud

N E T A L I S L A P I M

3. The internal heat source from Earth’s early formation stage

A L M O R D I P R I A T H E

4. An element that is capable of producing radiation.

A C D I R A V E O T I

5. A spontaneous breakdown of an atomic nucleus resulting in the release of

energy and matter from the nucleus

I O R A I V A C T E D C A D E Y

6. It increases due to the force pressing on an area because of the weight of an

overlying rocks.
R E S R E P S U

7. Earth’s inner most layer that is composed primarily of iron and nickel

E R N I N R E C O
Direction: Choose from the word bank the most appropriate word to complete the
statements below.

thermal engine heat energy Molten material Pressure

gravitational heat melting plastic state

attraction

convective inner core liquid state radiation

transport

8. It took a long time for ___________ to move from the internal part of the Earth
going to its surface.

9. There had been ______________ of heat within the core to the mantle of the earth.

10. Earth is considered as ______________ since its main source of internal heat
come from the produced decay of some naturally occurring isotopes from its
interior.

11. Radioactive decay emits _____________ that prevents the Earth from completely
cooling off.

12. The escape of heat from Earth’s surface is less than the heat generated from
internal _____________, so heat builds up with.

13. _______________ under tremendous pressure conditions acquires the property of

a solid and is probably in a ____________.

14. The ______________ intense pressure prevents the iron and other minimal
amount of some elements from ____________.

15. The ____________ and density are simply too great for the iron atoms to move
into a ____________.
 What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the concept map below.

Earth’s Internal Heat Source

1 2 3 4

Produced Heat by

5 6 7 8

What I Can Do

Read and analyze the scenario below. Write your answer briefly.

In school, students tend to do a lot of activities, research, and assignments

in all subjects. Once the deadline is near, they tend to work UNDER PRESSURE.
They get easily mad and complain about everything. Why do you think this thing
happen? How will you relate this scenario in the earth’s interior that is also under
pressure?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
 Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter of your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. As you move from the surface of Earth to the inner core, what happens to the
temperature?
A. It increases.
B. It decreases.
C. It stays the same.
D. It increases, then decreases.
2. As you move from the surface of Earth to the inner core, what happens to the
density of the materials of each layer?
A. Density increases
B. Density decreases
C. Density stays the same
D. Density increases, then decreases
3. What prevents the iron and other minimal amount of some elements in the core
from melting?
A. Density
B. Pressure
C. Temperature
D. Vapor
4. Why do some isotopes play a minor role in the production of heat in the interior
of the earth?

A. Due to its abundance in the core

B. Due to the heat it releases
C. Due to chemical stability
D. Due to its high energy capacity
5. Heat flows from the different layers to the earth. What type of heat transport
occurs between the mantle and the core?

A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Radiation
D. Sublimation
6. Which of the following is an isotope that is present in the core of the earth?

A. Uranium – 235
B. Uranium – 253
C. Uranium – 523
D. Uranium – 325
7. Which of the following pertains to the spontaneous breakdown of an atomic
nucleus resulting in the release of energy and matter from the nucleus?
A. Convection
B. Gravitational pressure
C. Radiation
D. Radioactive decay
8. As you move from the surface of Earth to the inner core, what happens to the
pressure?
A. It increases
B. It decreases
C. It stays the same
D. It increases, then decreases
9. Why is earth considered as a thermal engine?

A. The main source of internal energy is the sun.

B. The main source of heat comes from the produced decay of some
naturally occurring isotopes from its interior.
C. The moon gives energy to earth and convert it to thermal energy.
D. The pressure of the materials in the crust causes materials to be molten.
10. Why does Earth’s internal heat builds up due to gravitational pressure?
A. Because there is no escape of heat from Earth’s surface
B. Because the escape of heat from Earth’s surface is less than the heat
generated
C. Because the escape of heat from Earth’s surface is greater than the heat
generated
D. Because the escape of heat from Earth’s surface is equal than the heat
generated
11. How did Earth generate heat on its early stage of formation?

A. By radioactive decay
B. By gravitational pressure
C. By absorption of solar energy
D. By collision of the masses of gas and dust
12. Which of the following sentences in incorrect?

A. As someone goes down the center of the earth, the pressure increases,
thus, the temperature increases.
B. As someone goes down the center of the earth, the density of the materials
increases, thus, the temperature increases.
C. Due to radioactive decay in the center of the Earth, the planet is cooling
off.
D. There are remains of primordial heat of the Earth.
13. The heat escaping from the core also makes material move around in different
layers of the planet. Which of the following will best describe the given
sentence?

A. It is true.
B. It is false.
C. It depends upon the layer of the Earth.
D. It cannot be determined due to the composition of Earth.
14. How do radioactive isotopes emit heat energy and contribute to Earth’s internal
heat?

A. By pressure freezing
B. By gravitational pressure
C. By preserving the primordial heat
D. By spontaneous radioactive decay
15. Which of the following is the main source of Earth’s internal heat?
A. Primordial heat
B. Radioactive elements
C. Gravitational pressure
D. Dense core material

Additional Activities

Conduct a research on how humans harness Earth’s internal energy in

producing electricity. What are the latest developments on research on Earth’s
internal structure.
 What I have learned
1. Primordial heat
2. radioactive decay
3. Gravitational
Pressure
4. Dense Core
5. Earth’s heat remains
from its early stage of
development
6. Continuous
radioactive decay of
radioactive elements
7. the escape of heat
from Earth’s surface is
less than the heat
generated from internal
gravitational attraction
of squeezing of rocks
that cause heat build up
8. intense pressure and
density prevent iron to
be in liquid state that
conserve heat in the
Earth’s inner core
Assessment What's More What I Know
1. Accretion
1. A 1. C
2. Planetisimal
2. A 3. Primordial heat 2. A
3. B 4. Radioactive 3. A
4. A 5. Radioactive decay 4. D
5. B 6. Pressure 5. C
7. Inner Core
6. A 8. heat
6. A
7. D 9. convection transport 7. A
8. A 10. thermal engine 8. D
9. B 11. heat energy 9. D
12. gravitational
10.B 10.D
attraction
11.D 13. molten materials – 11.D
12.C plastic state 12.D
13.A 14. inner core – melting 13.A
14.D 15. pressure – liquid 14.B
state
15.B 15.B
Answer Key
References

Boden, David R. Geology and Heat Architecture of the Earth’s Interior. Accessed
June 1, 2020. https://www.routledgehandbooks.
Com/doi/10.1201/9781315371436-4

Earth’s Interior and It’s Materials. Accessed June 3, 2020.

http://cbseworld.weebly.com/uploads/2/8/1/5/28152469/gcl2.1.pdf

EarthSky in Earth. What is the Source of the Heat in the Earth’s Interior? Accesses
May 31, 2020. https://earthsky.org/earth/what-is-the-source-of-the-heat-
in-the-earths-interior

Earth Observatory of Singapore. Why is the interior of the Earth hot? Accessed May
31, 2020.
https://earthobservatory.sg/faq-on-earth-sciences/why-interior-earth-
hot#:~:text=Why%20is%20the%20interior%20of%20the%20Earth%20hot%3
F,the%20decay%20of%20radioactive%20elements.

Machien design. What’s the Difference Between Conduction, Convection, and

Radiation? Accessed June 5, 2020.
https://www.machinedesign.com/learning-resources/ whats-the-difference-
between/document/21834474/whats-the-difference-between-conduction-
convection-and-radiation

National Geogrpahic. Core. Accessed june 4, 2020.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/core/#:~:text=The%20in
ner%20core%20is%20a,Celsius%20(9%2C392%C2%B0%20Fahrenheit).

NDT Resource Center. Radioactive Decay. Accessed June 3, 2020.

https://www.nde-
ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Radiography/radioactivedecay.htm
#:~:text=Radioactive%20decay%20is%20the%20spontaneous,to%20hold%20
the%20nucleus%20together.

OpenEI. Heat. Accessed June 5, 2020. https://openei.org/wiki/Definition:Heat

ScienceDaily. Density. Accessed June 5,

2020. https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/density.htm#:~:text=Density%
20is%20a%20measure%20of%20mass%20per%20volume.,substance%20(su
ch%20as%20water).

The Earth’s Internal Heat Energy and It’s Internal Structure. Accessed June 1,
2020. http://sci.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Heat.html

Toppr. What is pressure. Accessed June 5, 2020.

https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/force-and-pressure/introduction-
to-pressure

V. Rama Murthy. Radioactive Isotopes, Their Decay in Mantle and Core. Accessed
May 30, 2020.
 http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2f978-1-4020-
4423_274

World of Stones. Pseudotachylite: Detailed Description. Accesses June 2, 2020.

https:// www.worldofstones.com/blog/psuedotachylite

Science direct. Convection. Accessed june 5, 2020.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materialsscience/convection#:~:text=
Convection%20is%20the%20transfer%20of%20heat%20by%20the%20move
ment%20of,presence%20of%20a%20temperature%20gradient.