Fermi Theory of Beta Decay

(Contd.)

Course: MPHYCC-13 Nuclear and Particle Physics

(M.Sc. Sem-III)

Dr. Sanjay Kumar

Assistant Professor
Department of Physics
Patna University
Contact Details: Email- [email protected];
Contact No.- 9413674416
 Fermi theory of beta decay (previous class)

| ψi > | ψf >

Initial state represents Final state represents the

the state vector/ wave combined state vector/wave
function of parent nucleus function of duaghter nucleus
and decay particles (beta
particles and neutrinos)

The transition probability (rate) for the decay is:

2 π p 2 dn
λ= |H if|
ℏ dE f

where the matrix elements H ifp =∫ ψf ∗ H p ψi d τ with Hp representing the

interaction potential responsible for beta decay.

The matrix elements modify as:

H ifp =∫ ψd ∗ ψe∗ ψν∗ H p ψ p d τ

The wave functions of beta particle and neutrino have the usual free
particle’s wave function form normalized within the volume V (which is
nuclear volume for beta decay case).
p e⋅r
1 i
ℏ
ψe= e
√V

p ν⋅r
1 i ℏ
ψν= e
√ V
 pr
Under the approximation of ≪1 ,
ℏ

1
ψe≈
√V
1
ψν≈
√V
This approximation is known as the allowed approximation.

Now, the matrix element:

1
H ifp =
V
∫ ψd∗ H p ψ p d τ

1
H ifp = M ---------- (10)
V if

where M if =∫ ψd ∗ H p ψ p d τ is known as nuclear matrix elements as

only the waves of parent and daughter nucleus involve in the expression.

Now, the updated the expression of transition rate

2π 1 2 dn
λ= |M |
ℏ V 2 if dE f

Then, the total number of final states which have simultaneously an

electron and a neutrino (confined in spatial volume V) with momenta p to
p+dp and q to q+dp are:

(4 π)2 V 2 p 2 dp q 2 dq
dn=
h6
 2 2
2π 2 2 p dp q dq
λ= |M if | (4 π) ----------- (1)
ℏ h6 dE f

This much we discussed in the previous class.

Nuclear Matrix elements (Mif) can treated as constant becuase, we

can consider the nuclear potentials for the parent and duaghter
nuclei are time independent.

Now, we notice that, energy of final quantum states (E f) can be

given as:

Ef = Ee + Eν --------- (2)
where Ee is total reletivistic energy of electron while Eν is for neutrino.

Ee = me c2 + K (K is kinetic energy of electrons) ----(3)

and Eν2 = q2 c2 + mν2 c4 (q is momentum of neutrino)

As neutrino mass can approximated to zero,

Eν2 = q2 c2

Eν = q c -------- (4)

Using equations (3) and (4) into (2), we get

Ef = me c2 + K + q c

dEf = c dq
 dq 1
= --------- (5)
dE f c

Use this result in equation (1), we get

2 2
2π p dp q dq
λ= |M if|2 (4 π)2
ℏ h6 dE f
2 2
2π p dp q 1
λ= |M if|2 (4 π)2
ℏ h6 c
2 2
2 π |M if | (4 π) 2 2
λ= 6
q p dp
ℏ h c
2 2
λ=C 0 q p dp ----------- (6)

2 2
2 π |M if| (4 π)
where C 0 = is assumed to be constant as M if is
ℏ h6 c
taken to be constant.

Now note that λ in equation (6) represents the probibility (per unit
time) of the system to make transition from initial state to final
state. In other words, it tells us the probibility of an nucleus to
undergo beta decay per unit time.
In the same sense, we can say that λ provides us the number of
beta particles having momentum p to p+dp and given by N(p) dp:
2 2
N ( p) dp=C 0 q p dp ---------- (7)
To relate this above theoritical expression with exprimental
results, we need to write it in the form of kinetic energy of beta
particles. For that,

E e=√ p2 c 2 +me2 c 4 = K +me c 2 --------(8)

2 2 2 4 2 2
p c +me c =( K +me c )
2 2 2
p c = K ( K +2me c )

K
p2= 2
( K +2m e c 2
) ------------ (9)
c
Moreover, from the previous lectures, we know that Q-value in
beta decay is shared in the form of kinetic energy of beta particle
and energy of neutrino. Therefore,

Q= K +q c

(Q− K )
q=
c
2
2 (Q− K )
q= 2
----------- (10)
c
From equation (9)

p=
√ K (K +2 m c ) e
2

c
 2
1 (2 K +2 me c )
dp= dK ------ (11)
c 2 √ K ( K +2me c )
2

Use eqautions (10) into equation (7), we get

2 2
N ( p) dp=C 0 q p dp
2
(Q− K ) 2
N ( p) dp=C 0 2 p dp ------- (11 a)
c
Using expression of K written in equation (8) in the above
equation, we get

K = √ p2 c 2 +me 2 c 4 −me c 2

C0 2
N ( p) dp=
c 2
(Q +m e c 2
− √ p 2 2
c +m e
2 4
c ) p 2
dp

C0 4 2
N ( p)= 2
(Q +me c − √ p c +m c ) p2
2 2 2
e
2
------ (12)
c
N(p) provides the number of beta particles emitted with
momentum p. This is the distributation of beta particles in terms of
their momentum. Next, we would like to write the distributation in
terms of their kinetic energy.
For the distributation in terms of energy, we use equation (9), (10)
and (11) in equation (7) {i.e., we replace both the momenta p and
q in terms of K}
2 2
N ( p) dp=C 0 q p dp

As momenta q and p are replaced by energy, N(p)dp also gets

replaced by N(K)dK which represents of number of beta particles
having kinetic energy K to K+dK.

2 2 2
(Q− K ) K ( K +2me c ) 1 (2 K +2me c )
N ( K )dK =C 0 dK
c 2
c 2
c 2 √ K ( K +2me c )
2

2C 0
N ( K )dK =
2c 5
(Q−K )2
√ K ( K +2 m e c 2
)( K +m e c 2
)dK

N ( K )dK =C 1 (Q− K )2 √ K ( K +2me c 2 )(K +me c 2 )dK

N ( K )=C 1 (Q− K )2 √ K ( K +2me c 2 )( K +me c 2 ) ----(11)

This distributation is called the Fermi-expression in terms of the

kinetic energy. The distributation provides the number of beta
particles those emitted with kinetic energy K.

N ( K )=C 1 (Q− K )2 √ K ( K +2me c 2 )( K +me c 2 )

Note that for K=0 and K=Q, N(K)=0 => It means that number
of beta particles having kinetic energy 0 and Q is zero. And if
we plot the N(K) vs. K, we obtain a continuous energy
distributation.
If plot N(K) vs. K for Q=2.5 MeV, we obtain following curve:

N(K)

K Q

(Plot from Fermi theory)

Now, if we see the experimentally obtained plots:

N(K)

K Q
 N(K)

K Q

There are differences between the plot obtained from theory and
experimental plot. The different is more evident in the case of β-
decay.
These differences originate because we didn’t consider the
Coulomb interaction between the beta particle and the daughter
nucleus.

Classically. we can interpret the shapes of the experimentally

obtained energy distributions as a Coulomb repulsion of β+ by the
nucleus, giving fewer low-energy positrons, and a Coulomb
attraction of β-, giving more low-energy electrons.

From the more accurate calculations, we should use quantum

mechanics to study the change in the electron/positron plane wave
under the nuclear Coloumb potential. It modifies the energy
spectrum/distributation by introducing an additional factor, the
Fermi function F(Z’, K) where Z’ is atomic number of daughter
nucleus.
 N ( K )=C 1 F( Z ' , K )(Q−K )2 √ K (K +2 me c 2 )( K +me c 2 )

This explains the exprimentally obtained energy spectrum of beta

spectrum.

Furthermore, in some cases, we need to include the effect of the

nuclear matrix element Mif, which we have up to now constant and
assumed not to influence the shape of the spectrum. This
approximation (also called the allowed approximation) is often
found to be a very good one. but there are some decays in which it
doesn’t work. Such decays are known as forbidden dicay.

So overall, we have

N ( K )∝ F (Z ' , K )(Q− K )2 √ K ( K +2me c 2 )(K +me c 2 )|M if|

2

Just for the book-keeping, if we utilize the momentum

distributation N(p) written in equation 11(a), we can get
2
N ( p)∝ p2 (Q−K )2 F (Z ' , p)|M if|

Under allowed approximation, Mif can also be taken constant then

the above relation can be written as:

(Q−K )∝
√ N ( p)
p2 F (Z ' , p)
Note that Plot
√ 2
N ( p)
p F (Z ' , p)
and K will be a straight line which

intercepts the x-axis at the decay energy Q. Such a plot is called a

Kurie plot (sometimes a Fermi plot or a Fermi-Kurie plot).
Thanks for the attention!