Physics

Lecture 5

Force and Motion

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Force, A Short Catalog of Forces
Identifying Forces,
What forces do?
Newton’s Second Law,
Newton’s First Law,
Free-Body Diagrams
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 Perspective

Description of motion Causes of motion

Kinematics Dynamics

Mechanics
The fundamental principles of mechanics are
based on Newton’s Laws which explain how
motion occurs as a consequence of forces.
 What is a force?
• A force is a push or a pull on an object.
(This is our common sense idea of what is
force. Later on this idea will be refined, but it
is adequate starting point)
• A force is a vector. It has both a
magnitude and a direction.
(If you push an object you can push it either
gently or very hard. You can push either left,
or right, up or down)

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 Drawing force vectors

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 Three examples of forces and their
vector representation

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 A Short Catalog of Forces
Gravitational Force
The gravitational force vector always points vertically downward.
Spring Force
Springs exert one of the most common contact forces. A spring can either push
(when compressed) or pull (when stretched)
Tension Force
When a string or rope or wire pulls on an object, it exerts a contact force that we
call the tension force. The direction of the force is always in the direction of the
string or rope
Normal Force
The normal force is defined as the force exerted by a surface (the agent) against
an object that is pressing against the surface

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Friction
Friction, like the normal force, is exerted by the surface. But whereas the normal
force is orthogonal to the surface, the friction force is always tangent to the
surface. The rougher the surface the larger the friction force. One can distinguish
between two kinds of friction.

- Kinetic friction, denoted by f k ,
appears as an object slides across a surface.

- Static friction, denoted by f s ,
is a force that keeps an object ' stuck' on a
surface and prevents motion.

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 A model of friction

Static friction force


f s    s n, direction necessary to prevent motion 
s: coefficient of static friction

Kinetic friction force


f k    k n, direction opposite to motion 
k: coefficient of kinetic friction

Rolling friction force


f r    r n, direction opposite to motion 
r: coefficient of rolling friction

Note:  r   k   S
 Identifying forces
Force and motion problems generally have two basic steps
1. Identify all forces acting on an object.
2. Use Newton’s laws and kinematics to determine the motion.

1. Identify the object of interest. This is the object whose motion

you wish to study.

2. Draw a picture of the situation. Show the object of interest and

all other objects—such as ropes, springs, or surfaces—that touch it.

3. Draw a closed curve around the object. Only the object of

interest is inside the curve; everything else is outside.

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4.Locate every point on the boundary of this curve where other
objects touch the object of interest. These are the points where contact
forces are exerted on the object.

5. Name and label each contact force acting on the object. There is at
least one force at each point of contact; there may be more than one.
When necessary, use subscripts to distinguish forces of the same type.

6. Name and label each long-range force acting on the object.

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 Newton’s second law

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 Units of Force
 
Because Fnet  ma , the units of force must be mass units
multiplied by acceleration units. We previously specified
the SI unit of mass as the kilogram. We can now define the
basic unit of force as " the force that causes a 1 kg mass to
accelerate at 1 m/s 2 ". From the second law, this force is

m kg m
1 basic unit of force  1 kg  1 2  1 2
s s

This basic unit of force is called a newton . The abbreviation

for newton is N. Mathematic ally, 1 N  1 kg m/s 2

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 Newton’s first law

Newton’s first law is also known as the law of inertia. If an object is

at rest, it has a tendency to stay at rest. If it is moving, it has a
tendency to continue moving with the same velocity.

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 Interacting Objects
From our everyday experience of contact
forces, we know that:

If object A exerts a contact force on object B, FA on B

then object B exerts a contact force on object A, FB on A
 This pair of forces is called an action/reaction pair. This
“communication” between 2 objects, represented in terms
of an action/reaction pair, is called an interaction.

Essentially, an interaction is the mutual influence of two objects on

each other. We say that the two objects interact (are interacting) by
exerting an action/reaction pair of forces on each other.
This idea of an action/reaction pair constituting an
interaction is also true for long range forces.
 Propulsion

Note: action/reaction forces do not cancel each

other since they act on DIFFERENT objects
 Newton’s Third Law (NIII)
Newton recognized how two members of an action/reaction pair are
related to each other. Today this is known as Newton’s Third Law (NIII):

Every force occurs as one member of an action/reaction pair

of forces. The two members of an action/reaction pair act on
different objects. The two members of the action/reaction pair
are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction:
 
FA on B   FB on A
 Pulleys
A pulley a simple machine consisting of a
wheel with a groove in which a rope can run to
change the direction or point of application of a
force applied to the rope.
 Free-body diagrams
We are now ready to assemble our knowledge about force and motion into
a single diagram called a free body diagram. Once we have obtained the
free body diagram for a certain problem we can write directly the equations
of motion for that problem.

The free-body diagram is part of the pictorial representation of the

problem. It represents the object as a particle and shows all of the forces
acting on the object.

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 Drawing a free-body diagram
1 Identify all forces acting on the object. This step is already
discussed.
2 Draw a coordinate system.
3 Represent the object as a dot at the origin of the coordinate
axes.
4 .Draw vectors representing each of the identified forces. Be sure
to label each force vector.

5.Draw and label the net force vector F net .
Draw this vector beside
 the diagram, not on the particle. Or, if
appropriate, write Fnet  0.

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 Newton’s First Law (NI):

An object that is at rest will remain at rest, or an object

that is moving will continue to move in a straight line

with constant velocity, if and only if the net/resultant

force acting on the object is zero.

 Newton’s Second Law (NII):
An object of mass, m, subjected to several forces
  
F1 , F2 , F3 ,  ...
will undergo an acceleration given by:

 Fnet     
a  where Fnet  F1  F2  F3  ...   Fi
m i

is the net/resultant force of all the forces acting on the object.

The acceleration vector points in the same direction as the
net/resultant force vector.
 Newton’s Third Law (NIII)
Newton recognized how two members of an action/reaction pair are
related to each other. Today this is known as Newton’s Third Law (NIII):

Every force occurs as one member of an action/reaction pair

of forces. The two members of an action/reaction pair act on
different objects. The two members of the action/reaction pair
are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction:
 
FA on B   FB on A
 Drawing a free-body diagram
1 Identify all forces acting on the object. This step is already
discussed.
2 Draw a coordinate system.
3 Represent the object as a dot at the origin of the coordinate
axes.
4 .Draw vectors representing each of the identified forces. Be sure
to label each force vector.

5.Draw and label the net force vector F net .
Draw this vector beside
 the diagram, not on the particle. Or, if
appropriate, write Fnet  0.

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Q1)
A waitress shoves a ketchup bottle with a mass 0.45 kg toward
the right along a smooth, level lunch counter. As the bottle
leaves her hand, it has an initial velocity of 2.8 m/s. As it slides,
it slows down because of the constant horizontal friction force
exerted on it by the countertop. It slides a distance
of 1.0 m before coming to rest. What are the magnitude and
direction of the friction force?
Q2)
A crate with mass 32.5 kg initially at rest on a warehouse floor
is acted on by a net horizontal force of 140 N.
(a) What acceleration is produced?
(b) How far does the crate travel in 10.0 s?
(c) What is its speed at the end of 10.0 s?
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