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The Nature

of Translation
Essays on the Theory and Practice
of Literary Translation

Edited, by James S Holmes


Associate Editors: Frans de Haan & Anton Popovic

1970

Mouton · T h e Hague · Paris

Publishing House
of the Slovak Academy of Sciences
Bratislava
The Concept "Shift of Expression" in Translation Analysis

A N T O N POPOVIÖ

The aim of a translation is to transfer certain intellectual and aesthetic


values from one language to another. This transfer is not performed
directly and is not without its difficulties. The losses incurred in the
process are sometimes such as to shake our faith in the very possibility
of translating a work of art. 1 Yet the act of translating may also produce
the opposite result, that is, bring actual gain. This range of possibilities
.provides a clear indication that translation by its very nature entails
certain shifts of intellectual and aesthetic values. The existence of these
shifts can be verified empirically.
Everything that takes place in the course of a translation has the
character of a process. There are various factors that instigate this
process. What are they?
Let us start with the first of them. The basic feature from which the
problems of the translation performance spring is the dual character
of the translated work:
The Concept "Shift of Expression"
79

A translation is not a monistic composition, but an interpenetration and conglomerate


of two structures. On the one hand there are the semantic content and the formal
contour of the original, on the other hand the entire system of aesthetic features bound
up with the language of the translation. 2

A translation, in other words, involves an encounter of linguistic and


literary norms and conventions, a confrontation of linguistic and literary
systems. The changes that take place in a translation are determined
by the differences between the two languages, the two authors, and the
two literary situations involved. Taken together, these differences
determine the major components of the translation's structure, the
integrative principle of its development which we label "style". 3
The differences in language are unavoidable and cannot be considered
significant, as they are the result of disparity and asymmetry in the de-
velopment of the two linguistic traditions. The differences between
the author and the translator are governed by the differing social and
literary situations, the conventional designation for which is the taste
of the day.
In practice these differences between the original and the translation
can be reduced to shifts in the structural process. Each individual method
of translation is determined by the presence or absence of shifts in the
various layers of the translation. All that appears as new with respect
to the original, or fails to appear where it might have been expected,
may be interpreted as a shift.4 The fact that the process of translation
involves shifts in the semantic properties of the text does not mean that
the translator wishes to underemphasize the semantic appeal of the
original. The very opposite is true. He strives to preserve the " n o r m "
of the original. He resorts to shifts precisely because he is endeavouring
to convey the semantic substance of the original in spite of the differences
separating the system of the original from that of the translation, in
spite of the differences between the two languages and between the

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