OPERATING SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION
OPERATING SYSTEM
•An Operating System (OS) is a set of programs that manage
computer hardware resources and provide common services for
application software. The operating system is a vital component of
the system software in a computer system. Application programs
require an operating system which are usually separate programs
but can be combined in simple systems. Operating systems are
found on almost any device that contains a computer from cellular
phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web
servers.
HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEM
• Operating systems were first developed in the late 1950s to manage tape
storage

• The General Motors Research Lab implemented the first OS in the early
1950s for their IBM 701

• In the mid-1960s, operating systems started to use disks

• In the late 1960s, the first version of the Unix OS was developed
• The first OS built by Microsoft was DOS. It was built in 1981 by purchasing
the 86-DOS software from a Seattle company

• The present-day popular OS Windows first came to existence in 1985 when a

FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
• Process management:- Process management helps OS to create and delete
processes. It also provides mechanisms for synchronization and communication
among processes.

• Memory management:- Memory management module performs the task of

allocation and de-allocation of memory space to programs in need of this resources.

• File management:- It manages all the file-related activities such as organization

storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.

• Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices. This module
also responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller. It also performs the task
of allocation and de-allocation of the devices.
FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
• I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the
peculiarities of that hardware devices from the user.
• Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of storage
which includes primary storage, secondary storage, and cache storage.
Instructions and data must be stored in primary storage or cache so that a
running program can reference it.
• Security:- Security module protects the data and information of a computer
system against malware threat and authorized access.
• Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given by
the and acting system resources to process that commands.
FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
• Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors which do not
share memory, hardware devices, or a clock. The processors communicate
with one another through the network.

• Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by various job and
users.

• Communication management: Coordination and assignment of compilers,

interpreters, and another software resource of the various users of the
computer systems.
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
1. Real-time
A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system that aims at
executing real-time applications. The main objective of real-time operating
systems is their quick and predictable response to events. They have an
event-driven or time-sharing design and often aspects of both.
2. Multi-user
A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer
system concurrently. Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a multi-user
operating system, are usable by a single user at a time. Being able to use
multiple accounts on a Windows operating system does not make it a
multi-user system. Rather, only the network administrator is the real user.
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
3. Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking
When only a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is grouped
under a single-tasking system. However, when the operating system allows the
execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is classified as a multi-tasking operating
system.
4. Distributed
A distributed operating system manages a group of independent computers and
makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked
computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to
distributed computing. Distributed computations are carried out on more than one
machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation, they make a distributed
system.
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
5. Embedded
Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded
computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs
with less autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited number of
resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design.
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
1. DOS
DOS (Disk Operating System) was the first widely installed operating
system for personal computers. It is a master control program that is
automatically run when you start your PC. DOS stays in the computer all the
time letting you run a program and manage files. It is a single-user operating
system from Microsoft for the PC. It was the first OS for the PC and is the
underlying control program for Windows 3.1, 95, 98 and ME. Windows NT,
2000 and XP emulate DOS in order to support existing DOS applications.
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
2. UNIX
UNIX operating systems are used in widely-sold workstation products from
Sun Microsystems, Silicon Graphics, IBM, and a number of other companies.
The UNIX environment and the client/server program model were important
elements in the development of the Internet and the reshaping of computing as
centered in networks rather than in individual computers. Linux, a UNIX
derivative available in both "free software" and commercial versions, is
increasing in popularity as an alternative to proprietary operating systems.
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
3. Mac OS X
The Macintosh (often called "the Mac"), introduced in 1984 by Apple Computer,
was the first widely-sold personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI).
The Mac was designed to provide users with a natural, intuitively understandable,
and, in general, "user friendly" computer interface. This includes the mouse, the use
of icons or small visual images to represent objects or actions, the point-and-click and
click-and-drag actions, and a number of window operation ideas. Microsoft was
successful in adapting user interface concepts first made popular by the Mac in its
first Windows operating system. The primary disadvantage of the Mac is that there
are fewer Mac applications on the market than for Windows. However, all the
fundamental applications are available, and the Macintosh is a perfectly useful
machine for almost everybody. Data compatibility between Windows and Mac is an
issue, although it is often overblown and readily solved.
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
4. LINUX
Linux (or GNU/Linux) is a Unix-like operating system that was developed
without any actual Unix code, unlike BSD and its variants. Linux can be used on a
wide range of devices from supercomputers to wristwatches. The Linux kernel is
released under an open source license, so anyone can read and modify its code. It has
been modified to run on a large variety of electronics. Although estimates suggest that
Linux is used on 1.82% of all personal computers, it has been widely adopted for use
in servers and embedded systems (such as cell phones). Linux has superseded Unix in
most places, and is used on the 10 most powerful supercomputers in the world. The
Linux kernel is used in some popular distributions, such as Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu,
Linux Mint and Google's Android.
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
5. Microsoft Windows
Windows is a personal computer operating system from Microsoft that, together
with some commonly used business applications such as Microsoft Word and Excel,
has become a de facto "standard" for individual users in most corporations as well as
in most homes. Windows contains built-in networking, which allows users to share
files and applications with each other if their PCs are connected to a network. In large
enterprises, Windows clients are often connected to a network of UNIX and NetWare
servers. The server versions of Windows NT and 2000> are gaining market share,
providing a Windows-only solution for both the client and server. Windows is
supported by Microsoft, the largest software company in the world, as well as the
Windows industry at large, which includes tens of thousands of software developers.
THE ADVANTAGE OF USING OPERATING
SYSTEM
• Allows you to hide details of hardware by creating an abstraction
• Easy to use with a GUI
• Offers an environment in which a user may execute programs/applications
• The operating system must make sure that the computer system convenient to use
• Operating System acts as an intermediary among applications and the hardware
components

• It provides the computer system resources with easy to use format

• Acts as an intermediator between all hardware's and software's of the system
DISADVANTAGES OF USING OPERATING
SYSTEM
• If any issue occurs in OS, you may lose all the contents which have been
stored in your system

• Operating system's software is quite expensive for small size organization

which adds burden on them. Example Windows

• It is never entirely secure as a threat can occur at any time