ME REVIEW

Von Eric A. Damirez, M.Sc.

System of Units
Thermodynamics – is the branch of physical sciences that
deals with the study of heat and work. But before we proceed,
let’s be familiar with some of the common units applied in
thermodynamics.
1 kgm 2.2046 lbm 1 m3 1000 L
1 kgf 9.8066 N 1 ft3 7.48 gal
1 Metric ton 1000 kgm 1 gal 3.7854 L
1 English ton 2000 lbm 1 gal 8 pints
1 slug 32.174 lbm 1 Hp 0.746 kW
1N 100,000 dynes 1 Joule 1 N-m
1 mile 5280 ft 1 BTU 1.055 kJ
1 mile 1.609 km 1 kCal 4.187 kJ
1m 3.28 ft 1 BTU 252 Cal
1 in 2.54 cm 1 BTU 778.16 lbf-ft
1 yard 3 ft 1 Hp 550 lbf-ft/s
1 Nautical mile 1.152 statute mile 1 Hp 42.4 BTU/min
Thermodynamic Properties

1. Mass
2. Weight
3. Density (including volume)
4. Specific Volume
5. Specific Weight
6. Specific Gravity
7. Pressure
8. Temperature
Mass and Weight
Mass is the absolute quantity of matter in it.
Weight is the force of gravity on the body.
Temperature
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of
a body.

Temperature scale - It enables us to use a

common basis for temperature measurements. All
temperature scales are based on some easily
reproducible states such as the freezing and boiling
points of water. The temperature scales used in the
SI and in the English system today are the Celsius
scale and the Fahrenheit scale. Absolute scales
are expressed in Kelvin (SI) and Rankine
(English).
Temperature
Temperature

9
℉ = ℃ + 32
5
5
℃ = (℉ − 32)
9
𝐾 = ℃ + 273
𝑅 = ℉ + 460
Problem Solving
If the oF scale is twice the oC scale, what will be the
corresponding reading in each scale?
Problem Solving
If the temperature inside the furnaces is 700K, what is the
corresponding reading in oF?
Pressure
Pressure is the normal force acting on a unit area.

TYPES OF PRESSURE:

Atmospheric Pressure (Patm) – is the pressure exerted

by the atmosphere on any surface it comes in contact with.
Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atm.
Gauge Pressure (Pg) – is the intensity of pressure
measured above atmospheric.
Absolute Pressure (Pabs) – is the intensity of pressure
measured above the absolute zero pressure line.
Vacuum Pressure (Pv) – is the negative gauge pressure
Pressure

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE:

101.325 kPa
14.7 psi (lbf/in2)
760 mm Hg
1 atm
29.92 in Hg
1.0332 kgf/cm2
Pressure
Problem Solving
The suction pressure of a pump reads 540 mmHg vaccum.
What is the absolute pressure in kpa?
Problem Solving
What is the atmospheric pressure on a planet if the absolute
pressure is 100 kpa and the gage pressure is 10 kpa?
Conservation of Mass
The law of conservation of mass states that mass is
indestructible.

The quantity of fluid passing through a given section is given by the

equation below
Problem Solving
Air enters a nozzle steadily at 2.21 kg/m3 and 30 m/s. What
is the mass flow rate through the nozzle if the inlet area of
the nozzle is 80 cm2?
Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics – “Energy
can neither be created nor destroyed.”
FORMS OF ENERGY

1. Potential Energy
2. Kinetic Energy
3. Internal Energy
4. Flow Work
5. Enthalpy
6. Heat
7. Work
Potential Energy (PE)
It is defined as the energy stored in a
system as a result of its position in the
earth’s gravitational field.
𝑃𝐸 = 𝐹! 𝑧
Kinetic Energy (KE)
It is defined as the energy stored in a
system by virtue of the system’s motion.
Internal Energy (U)

It is energy stored within a body

by virtue of the activity and
configuration of its molecules
and of the vibration of the
atoms within the molecules.
Flow work (Wf)
It is work done in pushing a fluid across
a boundary.

𝑊" = 𝐹𝐿
Enthalpy (H)
Enthalpy is a composite property
applicable to all fluids. It is the sum of
internal energy and flow work.

𝐻 = 𝑈 + 𝑝𝑉
Heat (Q)
Heat is energy in transit (on the move)
from one body or system to another
solely because of a temperature
difference between the bodies or
systems.
• Q is positive when heat is added to
the body or system.
• Q is negative when heat is rejected by
the body or system.
Work (W)
The area under the curve of the process
on the pV plane represents the work
done during a non flow reversible
process.
• Work done by the system is positive
(outflow of energy)
• Work done on the system is negative
(inflow of energy)
Problem Solving
10 kJ are transferred in a process piston compresses a
spring and in so doing does 2000 J of work. Find the
change in internal energy in kilojoules.
Problem Solving
If a 1/3 horsepower pump runs for 20 minutes, what is the
energy used in Megajoules.
Problem Solving
During a nonflow process, the internal energy of a fluid
changes from an initial value of 500 Btu/lb to a final value
of 440 Btu/lb. If 30000 ftlb/lb of work is performed by the
fluid, compute the quantity of heat in Btu/lb added to or
removed from the fluid during the process.
Problem Solving
How much power is there in the kinetic energy of the
atmosphere (density = 1.217 kg/m3) at 56 kph wind
velocity? Consider the section that passes through a 3
diameter circular area normal to the velocity.
HEAT
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
Q=heat transferred SI English
Q kJ BTU
m=mass m kg lb
c=specific heat c kJ/kgK BTU/lbR
ΔT=change in temperature ΔT K R
SPECIFIC HEAT
The specific heat of a substance is defined as
the quantity of heat required to change the
temperature of unit mass through one degree.

𝑄
𝑐=
𝑚∆𝑇
INTERNAL ENERGY
Joule's law states that "the change of internal
energy of an ideal gas is a function of only the
temperature change." Therefore, ΔU is given by the
formula,

∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐! ∆𝑇
whether the volume remains constant or not.
ENTHALPY

The change of enthalpy of an ideal gas is

given by the formula,

∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐" ∆𝑇
whether the pressure remains constant or not.
Problem Solving
Calculate the quantity of heat to be transferred to 2.25 kg of
iron to raise its temperature from 20oC to 240oC taking the
specific heat of the iron as 0.46 kJ/kgK.
Problem Solving
Determine the average cp value in kJ/kgK of a gas if 522 kJ
of heat is necessary to raise its temperature from 300 K to
800 K maintaining the pressure constant.
DEFINITION

An ideal gas is a theoretical gas or

imaginary gas composed of a set of
randomly moving, non-interacting point
like particles and they obeys the gas law
under all conditions.
IDEAL GAS EQUATION

𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
SI English
p = absolute pressure p kPa lbf/ft2
V = volume V m3 Ft3
m = mass m kg lbm
R = gas constant R kJ/kgK ftlbf/lbmR
T = absolute temperature T K R
IDEAL GAS EQUATION
𝑅 (𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑅;
𝑅=
𝑀𝑊
𝑘𝐽 𝑓𝑡𝑙𝑏!
𝑅; = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 8.3143 = 1545
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑙𝑏" 𝑅
Gas Molecular Weight (MW)
Air 28.97
Nitrogen 28.01
Oxygen 32
Hydrogen 2.016
Helium 4.004
Carbon
44.01
Dioxide
Steam 18.02
IDEAL GAS EQUATION
𝑅 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑅;
𝑅=
𝑀𝑊
𝑘𝐽 𝑓𝑡𝑙𝑏!
𝑅; = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 8.3143 = 1545
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑙𝑏" 𝑅
Gas Molecular Weight (MW)
Air 28.97
RATIO OF SPECIFIC HEATS

𝑐"
𝑘= >1
𝑐!
RELATION BETWEEN cp, cv, & R
𝑅 = 𝑐# − 𝑐$
𝑘𝑅
𝑐# =
𝑘−1
𝑅
𝑐$ =
𝑘−1
Properties of Air
𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑊 = 28.97
𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘 = 1.4
𝑘𝐽
𝑅 = 0.287
𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑐! = 1.0062 = 0.24
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑙𝑏𝑅
𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑐" = 0.7186 = 0.1714
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑙𝑏𝑅
Properties of Various Ideal Gases
Gas Formula Molecular WeightSpecific Heat Ratio
MW [kg/kgmol] k = Cp/Cv
Argon Ar 40 1.667
Butane C4H10 58 1.091
Carbon Dioxide CO2 44 1.289
Carbon Monoxide CO 28 1.4
Ethane C2H6 30 1.186
Ethylene C2H4 28 1.237
Helium He 4 1.667
Hydrogen H2 2 1.405
Methane CH4 16 1.299
Neon Ne 20 1.667
Nitrogen N2 28 1.4
Octane C8H18 114 1.044
Oxygen O2 32 1.395
Propane C3H8 44 1.126
Steam H2O 18 1.327
Problem Solving
If air is at pressure, p, of 3200 lb/ft2. And at a temperature,
T, of 800R, what is the specific volume , v?
Problem Solving
A bicycle has a volume of 600 cm3. It is inflated with carbon
dioxide to pressure of 80 psi at 20oC. How many grams of
carbon dioxide are contained in the fire?
Problem Solving
The mass of air in the room 3m x 5m x 20m is known to be
350 kg. Find its density.
COMBINED GAS LAW
• No constant variable.
• Pressure, volume, aand temperature are
changing
𝑝𝑉
=𝑐
𝑇
𝑝! 𝑉! 𝑝" 𝑉"
=
𝑇! 𝑇"
Problem Solving
A volume of 450 cc of air is measured at a pressure of 740
mm HG absolute and a temperature of 20oC. What is the
volume in cc at 760 mm HG abs. and 0oC?
ISOMETRIC PROCESS
𝑃! 𝑃" Δ𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐& (𝑇" −𝑇! )
=
𝑇! 𝑇"
Δ𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐' (𝑇" −𝑇! )
𝑊# = ) 𝑝𝑑𝑉
𝑄 = Δ𝑈 + 𝑊#
𝑊# = 0 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐& 𝑇" −𝑇! = Δ𝑈
𝑊$ = − ) 𝑉𝑑𝑝 𝑇"
Δ𝑆 = 𝑚𝑐& ln
𝑇!
𝑊% = 𝑉(𝑃! -𝑃" )
Problem Solving
How much work is done when 20 ft3 of an air is initially at a
pressure of 15 psia and a temperature of 40oF experience an
increase of pressure to 80 psi while volume remains
constant?
Problem Solving
A perfect gas has a value of R = 58.8 ft-lbf/lbmR and k = 1.26.
100 Btu are added to 5 lbs of this gas at constant volume
when initial temperature is 90oF, find the final temperature.
ISOBARIC PROCESS
𝑉! 𝑉" Δ𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐& (𝑇" −𝑇! )
=
𝑇! 𝑇"
Δ𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐' (𝑇" −𝑇! )
𝑊# = ) 𝑝𝑑𝑉
𝑄 = Δ𝑈 + 𝑊#
𝑊# = 𝑝(𝑉" −𝑉! ) 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐 𝑇 −𝑇 = Δ𝐻
' " !

𝑊$ = − ) 𝑉𝑑𝑝 𝑇"
Δ𝑆 = 𝑚𝑐' ln
𝑇!
𝑊$ = 0
Problem Solving
While the pressure remains constant and 689.5 kpa, the
volume of air changes from 0.567 m3 to 0.283 m3. What is
the work done?
Problem Solving
Ammonia weighing 22 kgs is confirmed inside a cylinder
equipped with a piston has an initial pressure of 413 kpa
and 38oC. If 2900 KJ if heat is added to the ammonia until
its final pressure and temperature are 413 kpa and 100oC,
respectively, what is the amount of work done by the fluid
in KJ?
 ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
𝑝! 𝑉! = 𝑝" 𝑉" Δ𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐& 𝑇" −𝑇!
𝑊# = ) 𝑝𝑑𝑉 Δ𝑈 = 0
Δ𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐' 𝑇" −𝑇!
𝑉"
𝑊# = 𝑝𝑉𝑙𝑛 Δ𝐻 = 0
𝑉!
𝑄 = Δ𝑈 + 𝑊#
(!
𝑊$ = − ) 𝑉𝑑𝑝 𝑄 = 𝑝𝑉𝑙𝑛 = 𝑊# =𝑊%
("

𝑉" 𝑉"
𝑊$ = 𝑝𝑉𝑙𝑛 Δ𝑆 = 𝑚𝑅ln
𝑉! 𝑉!
Problem Solving
The temperature of an ideal gas remains constant while the
absolute pressure changes from 103.4 kpa to 827.2 kpa. If
the initial volume is 80 liters, what is the final volume?
Problem Solving
What horsepower is required to isothermally compress 800
ft3 of air per minute from 14.7 psia to 120 psia?
 ISENTROPIC PROCESS
) )
𝑝! 𝑉! = 𝑝" 𝑉"
)*!
)*!
𝑇" 𝑉! 𝑃" )
= =
𝑇! 𝑉" 𝑃! Δ𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐& 𝑇" −𝑇!
𝑝" 𝑉" − 𝑝! 𝑉! Δ𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐' 𝑇" −𝑇!
𝑊# =
1−𝑘
𝑄=0
𝑘(𝑝" 𝑉" − 𝑝! 𝑉! )
𝑊$ =
1−𝑘 Δ𝑆 = 0
𝑊$ = 𝑘𝑊#
Problem Solving
Air compressed in a diesel engine from an initial pressure of
13 psia and a temperature of 120oF to one twelfth of its
original volume. Calculate the final temperature assuming
compression to be isentropic.
Problem Solving
How much work is necessary to compress air in an
insulated cylinder from 0.20 m3 to 0.01 m3. Use T = 20oC
and P1 = 100 kpa.
 POLYTROPIC PROCESS
+ +
𝑝! 𝑉! = 𝑝" 𝑉" Δ𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐& 𝑇" −𝑇!
+*!
𝑇" 𝑉! +*! 𝑃" + Δ𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐' 𝑇" −𝑇!
= =
𝑇! 𝑉" 𝑃!
𝑝" 𝑉" − 𝑝! 𝑉! 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐+ 𝑇" −𝑇!
𝑊# = 𝑇"
1−𝑛 Δ𝑆 = 𝑚𝑐+ 𝑙𝑛
𝑛(𝑝" 𝑉" − 𝑝! 𝑉! ) 𝑇!
𝑊$ = 𝑘−𝑛
1−𝑛 𝑐+ = 𝑐&
𝑊$ = 𝑛𝑊# 1−𝑛
Problem Solving
During the polytropic process of an ideal gas, the state
changes from 20 psia and 40oF to 120 psia and 340oF.
Determine the value of n.
CARNOT CYCLE
Process 1-2: Isentropic Expansion
Process 2-3: Isothermal heat rejection
Process 3-4: Isentropic Compression
Process 4-1: Isothermal heat addition
𝑄# = 𝑇$ ∆𝑠
𝑄% = 𝑇& ∆𝑠
𝑊'() = 𝑄# − 𝑄%
𝑇$ − 𝑇&
𝑒=
𝑇$
Problem Solving
A heat engine (Carnot cycle) has its intake and exhaust
temperature if 157oC and 100oC, respectively. What is its
efficiency?
Problem Solving
A Carnot engine receives 130 Btu of heat from a hot
reservoir at 700oF and rejects 49 Btu of heat. Calculate the
temperature of the cold reservoir.
THANK YOU!