12

Practical Research 2
Quarter 1
Module 5: Review of Related
Literature

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Practical Research – Grade 12
Quarter 1: Module 5: Review of Related Literature

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Rochelle Monica L. Sta. Ana

Editor: Excelsa F. Buan, HTIII

Reviewers: Darcy Guy Y. Mañebo, EPS

Illustrator: Rochelle Monica L. Sta. Ana

Layout Artist: Rochelle Monica L. Sta. Ana

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Practical Research 2- Grade 12
Quarter 1 – Module 5: Review of Related Literature

Introduction:

Review of related Literature is an important component of research regardless of the type of

research. Be it qualitative or quantitative research, you spend time and effort in reviewing
related literature. In this module, you will learn to examine or study again concepts or ideas
related to your research that people managed to publish in books, journals, or other reading
materials in the past. (Baraceros, 2016)

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 Explain the purposes of review of related literature (CS_RS12-If-j-9);

 Familiarize with the steps of review or related literature in quantitative research

(CS_RS12-If-j-9); and
 Practice ethical standards in writing the literature-review of your quantitative research
study. (CS_RS12-If-j-9)


Vocabulary List:
Let’s learn new words that you will encounter as you go through this module.

Related Literature

A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to
a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description,
summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem
being investigated. (www.libguides.usc.edu )

Review

To examine or study again. (www.dictionary.cambridge.org)

3
 Systematic

According to an agreed set of methods or organized plan

(www.dictionary.cambridge.org)

Meta-analysis

A quantitative statistical analysis of several separate but similar experiments or studies

in order to test the pooled data for statistical significance.

(https://www.merriam-webster.com)

Citation

A reference to a published or unpublished source that you consulted and obtained

information from while writing your research paper. (https://library.sacredheart.edu)

Reference

A writer or a book, article, etc. that is mentioned in a piece of writing, showing you
where a particular information was found.

(https://dictionary.cambridge.org)

Ethical

Conforming to accepted standards of conduct ethical behavior.

(https://www.merriam-webster.com)

Pre-test
Read each question carefully and write the letter of your answer on the
space provided before each number.

____________ 1. An evaluative report of information found in the literature related to a

selected area of study that gives theoretical base for the research and help the researcher
determine the nature of his research.
a. Related Literature c. Review of Related Literature
b. Related Study d. Review of Related Study

____________ 2. It is the state or quality of being closely connected or appropriately related

to a selected area of study.
a. Objectiveness c. Recency
b. Originality d. Relevance

____________ 3. Materials must be based upon genuinely original and true facts or data to
make them ______________.
a. Objective b. Recent c. Reliable d. Untrue

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____________ 4. When starting your literature review, what is the first step?
a. Ask your professor or teacher c. Find articles on your topic
b. Identify your questions d. Review other literature reviews

____________ 5. A survey or review of related literature and study is very important because
they serve as a ____________ of a research study.
a. Comparison b. Foundation c. Purpose d. Reason

Learning Activities
Let us begin to learn about Review of Related Literature from the
discussions below.

WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEW AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

“A research literature review is a systematic, explicit and reproducible method for identifying,
evaluating and synthesizing the existing body of completed and recorded work produced by
researchers, scholars and practitioners.” (Fink, 2005).

Review of Related Literature is

an important component of
research regardless of the
type of research. Be it
qualitative or quantitative
research, you spend time and
www.link.springer.com/ effort in reviewing related
literature. Reviewing related
literature is one major activity
in research that makes you
examine or study again
concepts or ideas related to
your research that people
managed to publish in books,
journals, or other reading
materials in the past.

A literature review is a survey of scholarly articles, books, or other sources that pertain to a
specific topic, area of research, or theory. The literature review offers brief descriptions,
summaries, and critical evaluations of each work, and does so in the form of a well organized
essay. Scholars often write literature reviews to provide an overview of the most significant
recent literature published on a topic. They also use literature reviews to trace the evolution of
certain debates or intellectual problems within a field. (Baraceros, 2016)

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Purposes of RRL

Your reasons for reviewing related literature

are true for both qualitative and quantitative
research. You re-examine written works
related to your research for thefollowing
purposes:

1. To find out the connection of your research

to the current conditions or situations of the
world

2. To know more about theories or concepts

underlying your research and to learn from
them with respect to your own research study

3. To discover the relation of your research

with previous research studies.

4. To obtain information on the accuracy or

relevance of your research questions

5. To familiarize yourself with technical terms

www.clipart.email
related to your research

(Baraceros, 2016)

RRL in Quantitative Research

There are two basic methods of reviewing related literature: traditional and systematic review.
Traditional is for qualitative research; systematic, for quantitative research.

Systematic review, ‘a question-driven methodology’ is used by quantitative researchers who

begin their research work by asking questions—one big question that states the main problem
of the research and a set of sub-questions that deal with specific aspects of the research.

Qualitative research likewise begins with research questions, but these are open-ended and
subjective questions, in contrast to quantitative questions that aim at obtaining exact, specific,
and objective answers whose origin or sources are easy to trace. (Ridley 2012, p. 189; Jesson
2011)

Steps in Conducting a Systematic Review

Systematic review of related literature happens through the following sequential steps:

6
 Obtaining results of the review of
Clarifying the research related literature by means of
systematic review that takes
place in a step-by-step method is
Planning the research a scientific way of conducting a
based on your
re-examination of reading
understanding of the
materials that have close
Searching for literature connection with your research.

Adopting a systematic review of

related literature prevents you
Listing criteria for from being bias in dealing with
considering the values of the varied form of literature. The
written works.
adherence of systematic review to
Evaluating the quality of scientific method makes it the apt
previous research studies. RRL method for quantitative
research that likewise follows

Summarizing the various the scientific method of looking

forms of knowledge into the truthfulness of
collected.
something. (Babbie 2013; Russel 2013; Jesson 2011)

Meta-analysis in Quantitative Research

What is meta-analysis in relation to RRL? Meta-analysis is a kind of review of related literature

in which you re-examine and combine the results of two or more statistical studies for coming
out with a grand total to indicate stronger effects of the research outcome. Putting the results
together and making them appear as one result work to strengthen whatever impact the
independent variable has on the dependent variable.

Meta-analysis helps in guaranteeing the precision of the measuring method used in a

quantitative research. However, this merging of statistical results is not applicable to all
quantitative research studies. You resort to meta-analysis only if the statistics that you intend
to combine come from studies having several similarities like they are comparable in terms of
research questions, research design, treatment, measuring technique, and measurable
outcome. Similar in many ways, these studies that are apt for combination purposes are called
homogenous studies. Conversely, with a number of differences from other studies, they are

7
called heterogeneous studies and are exempted from this type of systematic review of related
literature called meta-analysis.

The qualitative approach of narrative synthesis which is a systematic review using written
verbal language to explain or describe test results is the appropriate RRL method for
heterogeneous studies. The meta-analysis systematic review prevails strongly in the field of
medicine where researchers must conduct studies to yield medicines that, supported by
sufficient evidence, are capable ofreaching their certainty level. (Ridley 2012; Jesson 2014)

In-text Citation and Referencing Styles

All reading materials related

to your research that you
intend to review or re-
examine offer you concepts,
ideas, or information
belonging to other people.
Having honesty, respect, or
courtesy to the owners of
these varied forms of
knowledge as well as
gratefulness fortheir
valuable contribution to the
field, you see to it that the
names of these idea owners
or authors appear in the
appropriate sections of your
www.undergraduatesciencelibrarian.org
research paper.

Other people’s ideas incorporated in the central section or main body of your paper are to be
cited or referred to the true owners of borrowed ideas. Referring to authors within the main

8
body of the paper is called Citation or In-text Citation; at the end of the paper, it is called
Bibliography or References. The two most commonly used referencing styles are the MLA
(Modern Language Association) and the APA (American Psychological Association). The
following table shows you how these two referencing styles differ in some aspects. (Baraceros,
2016)

MLA APA

Citation or In- (Lopena, Torres, Bado 90–150) (Lopena, 2016) (Olivarez, 2017)
text Citation
According to Flores (2017)…

Olidan (2016) maintains that...

A study on the Pork Barrel Scam is a

“doable research work”

Bibliography/ Decena, Fely G. Globalization. Floro, J. A. (2016). The Colds Virus.

References (Quezon City: GB Press. 2016). Quezon City: GB Press.

Certeza, Nina C. and David, Jose L. Gorrez, B. M. (2017). The Philippine

Intercultural Competence. (Baguio Educational System. Manila: Adarna
Publishing House.
City: KLM Co., 2018).
Oropesa, N. C. and Danes, J. L. (2017).
Perez, Dino A., Mista, Dora C. and
Coron Islands. Baguio City: KLM Company.
Paluan, Gloria F.
CarcinogenicFoods. (Pasay City: Agoda, J. D. Oracia, B. C., and Torres, S.
ABC Press, 2016). V.(2017). The Rescuers of super-typhoon
Yolanda. Quezon City: Abiva Publishing
House.

Reference Encyclopedia Britannica, 10th ed., Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a

Books S.V. “Ozone Layer.” person. Houghton Mifflin.

Columbia Encyclopedia, 5th ed., S.V.

“Industrial Revolution.”

Theses, Villaroman, Rina. D. “Traditional Parayno, R. D. (2016). “Meta-cognitive

Dissertations, Language Theories” (Ph. D diss., reading among basic learners.” Ph. D diss.,
and Other U.P. Diliman, 2016). U.P. Diliman.

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Unpublished Ocampo, Dolores G. “Critical Mariano, D. G. ( 2017). “English plus
Works Evaluation of UST High School textbooks in college: discourse Analysis.”
Language Books” (M. A. UST, 2016) M. A. UST.

Materials Article in Journals Signed article in a magazine

through
Signed article in a magazine Alegre,R.(July 2016). “Social-media
Computers
networks.”Personality growth. Retrieved
Smith, Robert. “Email Craze.”
from http://www.inter.com/Jol/labor.htm/
Interactions. July 2016.
http://www.inter.com/Jol/labor.htm/

Unsigned article in a magazine Unsigned article in a magazine

“Power Interview.” Business Trends “Unstructured interview. (August 2016).”

Magazine. August 2016. Business Trends Magazine. Retrieved from
<http://www.BusTRendscom/Bus http://www.BusTRendscom/Bus
Trends/Trends/ctshoot.htmlz> Trends/Trends/ctshoot. htmlz.

Article in Journal Article in Journal

“Systemic Functional Grammar.” “Linguistic competence. (18 May 2016).”

English Forum. 38.7(2016). 18 May English Forum. Retrieved from
2016. <http://www.jhu.edu/English http://www.jhu.edu/English Studies
Studies Journal/vol.83/83.1 Journal/vol.83/83.1strethson. htmlz.
strethson.htmlz.
Article in Newspaper
Article in Newspaper
Davalos, J. “ The era of globalization.” (21
Salcedo, Jeorge. “Japanese traffic December 2016). New Daily Life Star.
Rules.” New Daily Life Star. 21 Retrieved from
December 2017. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/26 world/28
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/26 MIDE. htmlz.
world/28 MIDE.htmlz.
An Editorial
An Editorial
“Politics in the Philippines. (7 July 2016).”
“Golden Gate at San Francisco City” Editorial. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
Editorial. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved from http://www.a-
July 7, 2016. http://www.a- pinq.com/ed/2016/24/po4.htmlz/
pinq.com/ed/2016/24/po4.htmlz/
Online books
Online books
Silverman, F. D. (2016). American
Barbour, Kate D. Constructivism. pragmatics. Retrieved from http: AMPRA 2
2016. http: AMPRA 2 etext etext2014/14w0310txtz.
2014/14w0310txtz.

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 Alison, Gloria G. “Skills and Forbes, J. G. (15–20, May 2017). “Non-
Strategies.” 15–20, May 2016 dialog verbal language.” Retrieved from dialog
ERIC AED23376. ERIC AED23376.

CD-ROM/Diskette CD-RM/Diskette

Diamante, Pete B. “Radiotherapy Muralla, P. B. (April 2016). “Stem-cell

Treatment.” Manila Post News Bank. treatment.” Manila Post News Bank. TI
April 2017: TI Manila Post News Manila Post News Bank. CD-ROM. News
Bank. CD-ROM. News Bank. Bank.

“Domestic Helper.” The Oxford “Maharishi.” (2016). The Oxford English

English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford UP.
Oxford UP, 2017
Blog

Mathis, T. (2015, August 12). What is

human systems integration? [Blog post].
Retrieved from
http://blog.apabooks.org/2015/08/12/what-
is-human-systems-integration/

(Baraceros, 2016)

Ethical Standards in Literature-Review Writing

Nowadays, with the advent of

modern technology causing
the emergence of varied
electronic communication
devices and online sources of
information, collecting data
happens easily and speedily.
Through computer technology
with its powerful Internet, you
www.dreamstime.com become exposed to extensive
amount of knowledge that is
so easy to lure you into practicing the copy-and-paste technique of obtaining ideas for your
research paper. Unmindful of prestigious ways of working academically, there is a danger that
you may fall into this dishonest way of reviewing and writing related literature.

The ethical way of literature writing tells you to acknowledge the owners of borrowed ideas
and put quotation marks around copied words from books or articles. Intentionally or

11
negligently disregarding the use of quotation marks around words copied exactly is not only
unethical but an indication of gross plagiarism as well. You must be aware of the fact that with
the surfacing of online sources of information, software to detect plagiarism from online
sources has likewise become so available in academic institutions. Proper citation and
referencing is your way of freeing yourself from plagiarism and of avoiding people from casting
doubts on your honesty and integrity as a researcher. (Fraenbel 2012; Ransome 2011)

Let us see an example of a Literature Review written by a

Senior High school student researcher.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS

A RESEARCH BY BRYAN M. GALLOS
HOLY CHILD CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

1. What is the attitude of senior high school students of HCCS towards research?

2. Is there a significant relationship between the five - factor attitude of senior high school
students of Holy Child Catholic School towards research?

3. Is there a significant difference between the attitude of SHS students of HCCS towards
research in terms of:

a. Gender b. Grade Level c. Strands of Academic Track

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Nowadays, research (Hussain et.al, 2016) has turned into one of the most significant
rational assets for all human being to transform his way of life. Man’s huge rise depends upon
research which made an important function in itself. In the Philippines, the demands for
research in education was addressed through immersing pioneers of senior high school
programs since school year 2016 until now. The Department of Education (2013) included two
(2) applied subjects for grades 11 and 12. Practical Research 1 (Qualitative Research) and
Practical Research 2(Quantitative Research) are included in the K-12 Curriculum of all the
tracks offered. The subjects aim to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills through
systematics inquiry or research. GKS (2015) and Taylor (2017) discussed the important
factors of resisting research in our daily life. The fear of learning, making change and being

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criticized are the possible factors that hold us back in doing a research. The fear of learning
posits reflection on the things we don’t want to hear or see, research reveals everything. The
fear of change triggers the resistance for research since it focus on solving problems and
make an abrupt change on it. Research requires action on what is concluded and
recommended. Lastly, the fear of being criticized, the risk of hearing feedbacks on what is
done. Researchers often afraid to hear negative comments about the results which sometimes
lead them to negativity of pursuing another study. As the research demands rises, most
students have to come up with a research article fixing issues or theme related to their
concern. However, Papanastasiou (2005) revealed on her study that undergraduate level tend
to view introductory research courses negatively. Students’ attitude (Miandashti and Rezaei,
2013) directly influences how they mentally approach research including all the work related
to research. Positivism enables students to solve problems quickly in which negative attitude
hampers the efforts in research. Early (2014), concluded from fifty-one articles he reviewed,
indicated students enrolled in introductory research courses exhibit the following
characteristics: Fail to see the relevance of research to one’s life; Anxious or nervous about
the course difficulty; Uninterested and poorly motivated to learn; Poor attitudes in approaching
the course; and Misconceptions about the course. Early’s study presented the pessimistic side
of students wherein they have negative thoughts about research. There are difficulties (Boser
& Daugherty, 1998) which were supposed to be associated with the negative attitudes of the
students towards research such as the problems of research, quantity of workloads given to
the students and their concerns towards the area under discussion tends to experience
research complexity and could increase their anxiety. In the same way, previous studies
considered attitude as chief forecaster of individuals’ educational attainment. Furthermore,
Murtonen and Lehtiner (2003) reported that student that enters research courses with feeling
of stress and anxiety are not really aware of what research methods are all about. This leads
them of being overwhelmed and the impossibility of understanding and getting through it. Also,
students are not even sure of the reason of completing the course and their usefulness in their
lives (Pan & Tang, 2004). These attitude towards research created concerns among teachers
of research since it was found that anxiety affects learning negatively (Onwuegbuzie &
Seaman, 1995). Because of these attitudes, it is alarming that it could prevent appreciation of
students to research and its impact on the future careers. Monahan (1995) also highlighted
that professionals who had completed research courses and experienced anxiety were not
motivated to engage in research on their own. From the literature gathered, it really implies
that attitude towards research greatly affects on how people deal with research. Whether a
person undergone a good or bad experience with research, it indicates when he or she will
still engage in research and his or her attitude towards it will neither be optimistic or
pessimistic. The ideas discussed can help the researcher in suggesting ways of overcoming

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 negative attitudes towards research. It could also be possible that the result of this study be a
great help to research teachers, especially in senior high school to consider their students
attitude towards research and be able to address them properly. Likewise, the researcher is
looking forward for a better and positive result of the study.

Practice Tasks
Show that you have learned something by doing these activities.

Practice Task #1: Explain the purposes of Review of Related Literature

Instruction: Fill in the blanks with correct answers to complete the text.

Review of related literature happens in two ways: (1) _____________________ and

systematic review. Systematic review is for (2) ________________________; traditional for
qualitative research.

A review of statistical results makes you use (3) ______________________ kind of systematic
review. All test results are applicable to (4) ______________________ except those coming
from (5) __________________________ studies. (6) ____________________ review
through meta- analysis are given by (7)_________________________studies, not by (8)
_____________________ that are characterized by dissimilar research aspects. Whatever
studies the statistical results come from, these should be (9) _____________ -based results;
meaning they are based on facts. Not giving importance to proofs or evidence, you resort to
presenting literature review results in (10) ___________________.

Practice Task #2: Familiarize with the steps of review or

related literature in quantitative research.

Instruction: Team up with your research group and agree on one thing you want to know more
about. Ask three questions about this puzzling thing, and then list down as many resources
as you can through which you can obtain knowledge to answer your questions.

Such information about your chosen topic may come from research databases and online
resources such as DAAI, ACM, ERIC, CINAHL, PROQUEST, EBSCOHOST, etc.

14
Read these articles found in these sources of information, and then synthesize or summarize
them into one coherent written composition to shed light on your research question.

CHOSEN TOPIC:

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____

RESEARCH QUESTION:

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____

SYNTHESIS/ SUMMARY:

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________

Practice Task #3: Practice ethical standards in writing the literature-

review of your quantitative research study.

1. In what ways can a researcher practice ethical standard in writing the review of
related literature of his paper?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________

15
 2. Why is there a need to include proper citation and referencing in your research
paper?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________

3. What can be the consequences for not following ethical standards in writing the RRL
of your research?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________

Post-test

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer on your Module notebook.

Test I: Multiple Choice

____________ 1. A literature review is best defined as:

a. Doing an internet search on a topic and looking through the results
b. The process of studying published researches and materials
c. The process of studying unpublished researches
d. The written component of a research study that discusses the existing literatures the researcher
reviewed.

____________ 2. Your direction of RRL is given by your research _____________.

a. data c. problem
b. design d. question

____________ 3. The type of review of related literature employed in a quantitative research.

a. scoping c. systematic
b. statistical d. traditional

____________ 4. Which step in writing the RRL of your research study is essential for you to avoid
large, irrelevant literature which are not needed or are useless in your study?

16
 a. Clarifying the research questions
b. Searching for literature
c. Listing criteria for considering the values of written works
d. Evaluating the quality of previous research studies

____________ 5. Why is it important that a researcher practice ethical standards in writing the literature-
review of his quantitative research study?
a. Being unmindful of these ethical practices, there is a danger that you may fall into a dishonest
way of reviewing and writing related literature.
b. Practicing ethical standards in writing your RRL is your way of freeing yourself from plagiarism.
c. Practicing ethical standards makes you avoid people from casting doubts on your honesty and
integrity as a researcher.
d. All answers are correct.

Test II: Concept Explanation

Instruction: Explain each expression the way you understood them in relation to research.

1. RELATED LITERATURE
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________

3. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________

Test III:

The Literature Review

This test is meant to be used in conjunction with selecting and working on your research topic.
Use your group’s research topic to answer this test. Read at least five literature relevant to

17
your research questions. Refer to the table below for potential sources of information. After
reading the related literature, answer the questions on the space provide for your response.

State your research topic (as a question)

Here are some potential sources of information

Textbooks Newspaper Legislative review
Research paper Journal article Maps
Encyclopedia Previous MS thesis World Wide Web
Conference proceedings Television Technical handbook
Popular Magazine News magazine Standards document
Government document Professional interview Hearsay
Wikipedia Source Watch Snopes

PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. Is the problem important? (worth researching)

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________

2. Have others researched it before?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________

3. What conclusions did they reach towards the question?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________

4. What impact might this research have?

18
 Assignment/Additional Activities
Instruction: Collaborate with your research group and work on the the Review of Related
Literature of your research.

1. Identify different information sources which you can use to gather relevant literature
about your topic. Gather relevant literature from these sources.

2. Read the literature carefully and critically.

3. Evaluate the quality of previous research studies and literature you have read and start
writing your RRL. Be sure to include proper citation and referencing for the works and
ideas of others that you will use in your research.

Answer Key

PRE-TEST

1. C

2. D

3. C

4. B

5. B

PRACTICE TEST 1

1. Systematic
2. Quantitative research
3. Meta-analysis
4. Meta-analysis
5. Heterogeneous
6. Systematic
7. Homogeneous
8. Heterogeneous
9. Evidence-based

19
 10. Narrative synthesis

PRACTICE TEST 2

Student’s answer will vary. This is an example response from a research on time spent
on Facebook and its relationship to an individual’s self-esteem by Jan, M., Soomro, S.
A., & Ahmad, N. (2017).
CHOSEN TOPIC:

The use of Facebook and its effect on students’ self-esteem

RESEARCH QUESTION:

Does any relationship exist between time spent on Facebook and self-esteem of individuals?

SYNTHESIS/ SUMMARY:

“The use of social networking sites has globalized immensely in the past decade. Facebook
is the most widely used social networking site as it has more than one billion users worldwide
(Facebook, 2012). Apart from being the medium for expression of opinion and platform for
sharing of knowledge and moments, Facebook has also reduced distances by making people
feel more connected and helped them build new relationships and maintain the existing ones.
(Boyd & Ellison, 2007). One major feature of Facebook is to make the personal profiles of
users available for public or friends to view and scrutinize and allow them to pass on their
judgments and give feedback through comments to make sure the user understands their
opinion on his personal life (Muise et al., 2009; Boyd & Ellison, 2007). These opinions of other
people, either friends or public, and the feedback from them have very strong effect on
people’s self-esteems. Heatherton and Polivy (1991) claim that the concept of self-esteem can
be either stable or fluid in nature i.e. it can take time to develop for some people while it can
change with trends and daily events for others. While negative feedback lowers the self-
esteem of individuals, positive feedback increases the selfesteem to a very high degree
(Valkenburg et al., 2006). Some of the researchers have identified the major benefits and
advantages of social networking sites. For example, Facebook gives individuals a sense of
freedom and identity, boosts up the confidence level of individuals and cheers them up during
hard times (Nyagah, Stephen and Muema, 2015). It also helps shy and introvert students, who
find it difficult to initiate conversation, to build social capital as it reduces the level of restrictions
involved in communication and offers a forum to build healthy and strong bonds and
relationships (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007). Amichai, Hamburger & Vinitzky (2010)
argue that many Introverts build relationships through social networking sites because usually
they find difficulties during face to face dealings. In order to fulfill their affiliation needs majority
of the humans get possessed by an elementary drive which forces them to make social
comparisons between themselves and others (Schachter, 1959). These affiliation needs are

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triggered by many social networking sites. Festinger (1954) claimed that these social
networking sites lead many people to do self-evaluations and make social comparisons
between themselves and others European Scientific Journal August 2017 edition Vol.13,
No.23 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 332 based on social classes, social
roles, beauty, popularity, wealth accumulation and other social functions. People engage in
two types of comparisons on social networking sites, upward and downward comparison. The
former one is the comparison between an individual and those superior from him and
possessing positive attributes while the latter one marks the comparison between an individual
and those inferior than him and possessing negative attributes (Wills, 1981; Wood, 1989).
Lockwood and Kunda (1997) argue that upward social comparisons can be inspirational for
people as they could focus on replicating their comparison targets behavior and attitudes. But
it has also been observed that upward comparisons make people feel inferior and have
negative evaluations of themselves (Morse & Gergen, 1970). As a result, these upward
comparisons in most of the cases have a negative effect on the self-esteems of people (Vogel,
Rose, Roberts and Eckles, 2014). Many researchers have concluded from there researches
that high usage of Facebook causes depression and decreased prosperity in individuals
(Feinstein et al., 2013). As most people do not use Facebook for their emotions or moods;
they use Facebook to overcome their loneliness but only end being less satisfied with their
lives (Kross et al., 2013). Chou and Edge (2012) concluded that people who use facebook
frequently have a very firm belief that other users, who they don’t know very well offline, are
living a very healthy, happy and prosperous life than themselves. These assumptions about
other peoples’ lives cause depression amongst individuals. According to Pantic (2014)
anxiety, depression, psychotic disorders and low self-esteem are all the likely results of social
networking sites, especially Facebook. Chen & lee (2013) argue that Facebook usage is
directly related to psychological distress of individuals which as a result reduces the
selfesteem of people. Facebook has also caused cyber bullying to increase as through
Facebook rumors could be spread easily and indecent pictures of individuals without their
consent could be uploaded. Anxiety, depression and low self-esteem are all symptoms and
results of cyber bullying (Moreno & Kolb, 2012). Some researchers disagree with this and
claim that generally it is just the internet which affects the self-esteem of individuals not the
social networking sites specifically (Valkenburg, Peter and Schouten, 2006). Ellison et al
(2007) found out that youngsters with low self-esteem find Facebook more beneficial as
compared to the ones with high self-esteem. Due to the use of Facebook people with low self-
esteems possess more social capital than the ones with high self-esteems (Tazghini &
Siedlecki, 2013).”

PRACTICE TEST 3

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1. In what ways can a researcher practice ethical standard in writing the review of related
literature of his paper?

The moral and ethical way of literature writing tells a researcher to acknowledge the owners
of borrowed ideas and put quotation marks around copied words from books or articles. Proper
citation and referencing is a researcher’s way of freeing himself from plagiarism and other
gross misconduct in writing his research paper.

2. Why is there a need to uphold ethical standards in writing the RRL of a research study?

It is important to uphold ethical standards in writing the RRL of a research because first and
foremost, it promotes the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of
error. Also, many of the standards of research promote a variety of other important moral
and social values, such as social responsibility and compliance with the law.

3. What can be the consequences for not following ethical standards in writing the RRL of your
research?

Not following ethical standards in writing your RRL and research paper can put you guilty of
plagiarism. It also paves way into people casting doubts on your honesty and integrity as a
researcher, thus also casting doubts and mistrust on the results of your study.

POST-TEST 1

1. D

2. D

3. C

4. A

5. D

POST-TEST 2

1. RELATED LITERATURE
Related literature is a written information that could have a relation or relevance to a
specific topic of a research paper. For example, if you are going to study about COVID-
19, you will be needing a lot of information's from sources like books, journals, articles,
and Internet; resources regarding COVID-19, which give information, not only about
what COVID-19 is, but will give you insights on how it is acquired, what are the effects,
when and where a person can be infected. Related literature will support and inform
the subject/s you are covering.

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 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A literature review creates a background for both the researcher and the reader, giving
her or him a full understanding of the developments in the field. RRL provides
foundation of knowledge on topic, identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent
duplication and give credit to other researchers. It also identifies inconstancies: gaps
in research, conflicts in previous studies, open questions left from other research. It
places your own research within the setting of existing literature making a case for why
further study is needed.

3. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Systematic review is used by quantitative researchers who begin their research work by asking
questions- one big question that states the main problem of the research and a set of sub-
questions that deal with specific aspects of the research.

POST-TEST 3

Students’s answer will vary.

Does any relationship exist between time spent on Facebook and self-esteem of
individuals?

1. Is the problem important? (worth researching)

The problem is important and worth researching because it is a problem that does not
have a current workable solution and conducting a research on it will result in an
original contribution to the applicable body of knowledge.

2. Have others researched it before?

Based from my attempt to gather and collect relevant literature about the topic, I found
that other people have researched about it before but there are still gaps and other
aspects of the problems we can concentrate on in our research.

3. What conclusions did they reach towards the question?

Studies I read about our research topic found out that social media has a very strong
impact on the self-esteem of individuals. Their research respondents use social
networking sites for information, communication and building and maintain of
relationships, but majority of the people end up making upward and downward

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 comparisons with others. The upward comparisons make people envy others and their
lifestyles and also feel less obliged and ungrateful for their what they have. As a result
the self-esteem of such people gets negatively affected.

4. What impact might this research have?

This study will make an impact on how we use social networking sites and will enable
people to use them responsibly and in moderation to prevent negative effects such as
low self-esteem arising from comparisons with other people’s life and lifestyles.

RUBRICS FOR SHORT-ANSWER ESSAYS

www.catlintucker.com

REFERENCES:
Books

Baraceros, E. (2016) Practical Research 2 First Edition. Rex Bookstore, Inc.

Baraceros, E. (2016) Teacher’s Resource Marterial. Rex Bookstore, Inc.

Online Dictionaries

Related Literature. (2020). Libguides.usc.edu.

Retrieved from https://www.libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/literaturereview

Review. (2020). Dictionary.cambridge.org.

Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/review?q=REVIEW

Systematic. (2020). Dictionary.com.

Retrieved from
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/systematic?q=SYSTEMATIC

Meta-analysis. (2020). Dictionary.com.

Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meta-analysis

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Citation. (2020). Dictionary.com.
Retrieved from https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185939

Reference. (2020). Dictionary.com.

Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/reference?q=REFERENCE

Ethical. (2020). Dictionary.com.

Retrieved from Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethical

Websites

Gallos, B. (2017) Senior High School Students’ Attitudes Towards Research. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3263496

Jan, M., Soomro, S. A., & Ahmad, N. (2017). Impact of Social Media on Self-Esteem.
European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 13(23), 329. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n23p329

Multimedia Resources

Cienpies Design/Illustrations (N.D). Education Tree Icon. Retrieved

https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photos-education-tree-icon-books-global-concept-hand-
vector-file-layered-easy-manipulation-custom-coloring-image32018633#res26615551

SpringerLink (N.D). Situating The Study: The Background. Retrieved from

https://media.springernature.com/original/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-
319-61854-8_5/MediaObjects/441361_1_En_5_Figa_HTML.gif

Review Clipart Mapping, Picture #197097 Review Clipart Mapping Retrieved from
https://www.clipart.email/download/10125498.html

Swoger, B. (2010). Basic Diagram of the Citation Chain. Retrieved from

https://undergraduatesciencelibrarian.org/page/8/

Szczybylo, A. (N.D). Conceptual hand writing showing Code Of Conduct. Business photo
text Ethics rules moral codes ethical principles values respect Me. Retrieved from
https://www.dreamstime.com/conceptual-hand-writing-showing-code-conduct-business-
photo-text-ethics-rules-moral-codes-ethical-principles-values-respect-me-image123941489

Tucker, C. (2018) Middle School Writing Rubrics [Blog post]. Retrieved from
https://catlintucker.com/2018/08/middle-school-writing-rubrics/

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