BLOCK DIAGRAM:

OPTICAL FIBER CABLE OPTICAL

ANALOG ANALOG
EMITTER DETECTORS
TRANSMITTER 1m RECEIVER
(660nm) (PHOTO DIODE)

FUNCTION CRO
GENERATOR

MODEL GRAPH:

GAIN
dB
3dB

f1 f2
FREQUENCY (Hz)
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

SETTING UP FIBER OPTICS ANALOG LINK

AIM:

The objective of this experiment is to study a 660nm fiber optic analog link
and to determine the analog link bandwidth using optical fiber cable.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Fiber optic trainer kit Model VOFT-06 1
2 Fiber optic cable 1m 1
3 Function generator (0-3)MHZ 1
4 CRO (0-30)MHZ 1
5 CRO probes - 2
6 Patch chords - Few

Theory:

Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals.
Basically a fiber optic links contains main elements, a transmitter an optical fiber cable and
receiver. The transmitter module takes the input signal in electrically form and optical fiber is
the medium which takes energy to the receiver . At the receiver light is converted back into
an electrical form with the same pattern as originally fed to transmitter.

Fiber optic transmitter is typically composed of buffer, driver and optical source. The
buffer provides both an electrical connection and isolation between transmitter and the
electrical system supplying the data. The driver provides electrical power to optical source
.The optical source converts an energy into optical energy. commonly used optical sources
are LED and LASER.

Optical emitter and detector circuit on board form the fiber optic link .Thus this
section provides source for the optical fiber and optical detector at the far end of the fiber
optic links. Fiber optical receiver consist of comparator, LPF, PLL circuit and AC amplifier
on board, it is able to recover original signal.

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect VOFT-06 with 230V, 50HZ AC mains using 3pin power chord.
2) Connect FG output to analog transmitter test point using patch chord.
3) Slightly unscrew LED transmitter cap and insert one end of 1m fiber cable and then
screw tightly similarly connect other end of the fiber to Photo diode (PD) receiver.
4) Switch ON the trainer Kit, function generator and CRO.
5) Set the input sine wave signal of 1KHZ in FG.

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TABULATION :

Vin = Gain = 10log(Vo/Vin)

f =

S.NO FREQUENCY OUTPUT VOLTAGE (Vo) GAIN (dB)

EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

6) Connect CRO at the receiver output point and observe the signal. If there is no output
then adjust gain control until get the signal.
7) Increase the sine wave frequency in steps of 200HZ and note down corresponding
output without changing receiver gain. Tabulate the readings.
8) Plot the frequency response curve for frequency with gain in semilog graph and find
3dB band width.

RESULT:

Thus the frequency response curve for analog link is plotted and analog bandwidth is
calculated as

Analog link Band width (dB) =

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

OPTICAL FIBER CABLE OPTICAL

ANALOG ANALOG
EMITTER DETECTORS
TRANSMITTER 1m RECEIVER
(660nm) (PHOTO DIODE)

FUNCTION CRO
GENERATOR

OBSERVATION :

Input Frequency =

Input amplitude =

Length of the first cable L1 =

Output voltage for L1, V1 =

Length of the first cable L2 =

Output voltage for L2, V2 =

EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

MEASUREMENT OF ATTENUATION LOSS IN

OPTICAL FIBER
AIM:

The objective of this experiment is to find the propagation loss in optical fiber cable

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Fiber optic trainer kit VOFT-06 1
2 Function generator (0-3)MHZ 1
3 CRO (0-30)MHZ 1
4 Fiber optic cable 0.5m,1.0m Each 1
5 Patch chords - Few
6 CRO probes - 2

THEORY:

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to

another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. Attenuation is a loss of power
while transmitting the signal between transmitter to receiver. For commercially available
fiber attenuation ranges from 1dB per km for premium small core glass fiber to over 2000
dB/km for a large core plastic fiber . The basic measurement for loss in a fiber is made by
taking a logarithmic ratio of input power (Pi) and output power (Po).

FORMULA:

α = 10log (V1/V2)/(L1-L2) dB/m

(i.e) α = log Pi/Po where α is loss in dB/m

1neper=8.868 dB

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect VOFT-06 with 230V, 50HZ AC mains using 3pin power chord.
2) Connect FG output to analog transmitter test point using patch chord.
3) Slightly unscrew LED transmitter cap and insert one end of the small size fiber cable (
l1) and then screw tightly similarly connect other end of the fiber to Photo diode (PD)
receiver.
4) Switch ON the trainer Kit, function generator and CRO.
5) Set the input sine wave signal of 1KHZ in FG.
6) Connect CRO at the receiver output point and observe the signal. If there is no output
then adjust gain control until get the signal then note down the output voltage V1.

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CALCULATION :
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

7) Now replace the fiber l1 to l2 without changing input signal and gain adjustments, note
down the output voltage V2.
8) Calculate the value of α using L1 V1 L2 V2 values and convert α value into nepers.

RESULT:

Thus propagation loss in an optical fiber is measured and value of α is calaculated.

α= ( ) dB/m

( ) neper/m

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

OPTICAL FIBER CABLE OPTICAL

ANALOG ANALOG
EMITTER DETECTORS
TRANSMITTER 1m RECEIVER
(660nm) (PHOTO DIODE)

FUNCTION CRO
GENERATOR

MODEL GRAPH:

DIAMETER (m)

GAIN
dB

D
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

MEASUREMENT OF BENDING LOSS IN OPTICAL FIBER

AIM:

The objective of this experiment is to measure the bending loss in optical fiber cable.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Fiber optic trainer kit VOFT-06 1
2 Fiber optic cable 1m 1
3 Function generator (0-3)MHZ 1
4 CRO (0-30)MHZ 1
5 Patch chords - Few
6 Probes - Few

THEORY:

Attenuation occurring as a result of bend in an optical fiber that exceeds the minimum
bend radius or an abrupt discontinuity in the core/cladding interface is called bending loss .
The incident light rays strike the boundary between the core and the cladding at an angle less
than the critical angle and enter the cladding, where they are lost. Fibers can subject to two
types of bends – Macro bending and micro bending. Macro bending has bending diameter
greater than core and micro bending occur when fibers are incorporated into the cables.

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect VOFT-06 with 230V, 50HZ AC mains using 3pin power chord.
2) Connect FG output to analog transmitter test point using patch chord.
3) Slightly unscrew LED transmitter cap and insert one end of 1m fiber cable and then
screw tightly similarly connect other end of the fiber to Photo diode (PD) receiver.
4) Switch ON the trainer Kit, function generator and CRO.
5) Set the input sine wave signal of 1KHZ in FG.
6) Connect CRO at the receiver output point and observe the signal. If there is no output
then adjust gain control until get the signal.
7) Make bend in fiber in circle shape at middle of cable and measure amplitude of output
voltage (V) in CRO.
8) Gradually reduce circle diameter (D)and note corresponding output voltage values.

GRAPH:

A graph is drawn between gain (dB) and diameter (cm) taken along X and Y axis
respectively.

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TABULATION :

Vin = Gain = 10log(Vo/Vin)

f =

S.NO DIAMETER OUTPUT VOLTAGE (Vo) GAIN (dB)

EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

RESULT:

Thus the bending loss in the fiber is determined and corresponding graph is drawn.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

OPTICAL OPTICAL
ANALOG ANALOG
EMITTER DETECTOR
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
(660nm) (PHOTO DIODE)

FUNCTION CRO
GENERATOR

COUPLING DEVICE:

FIBER CABLE 2

Optical coupler
FIBER CABLE 1
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

MEASUREMENT OF COUPLING LOSS IN

OPTICAL FIBER
AIM:

The objective of this experiment is to find the coupling loss by connecting two pieces of
cable using connectors.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Fiber optic trainer kit VOFT-06 1
2 Function generator (0-3)MHZ 1
3 CRO (0-30)MHZ 1
4 Fiber optic cable 0.5m,1m Each 1
5 Patch chords - Few
6 CRO probes - 2
7 Fiber coupling device - 1

THEORY:

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to

another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The process of communicating
using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps: Creating the optical signal involving the
use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not
become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it into an electrical
signal, whereas for long distance communication a single fiber is not generally used. Instead
two or more fibers are joined together using couplers. However while joining the cables the
losses may occur due to mismatching between the connected fiber.

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect VOFT-06 with 230V, 50HZ AC mains using 3pin power chord.
2) Connect FG output to analog transmitter test point using patch chord.
3) Slightly unscrew LED transmitter cap and insert one end of the fiber cable of length
0.5m ( l1) and then screw tightly similarly connect other end of the fiber to Photo
diode (PD) receiver.
4) Switch ON the trainer Kit, function generator and CRO.
5) Set the input sine wave signal of 1KHZ in FG.
6) Connect CRO at the receiver output point and observe the signal. If there is no output
then adjust gain control until get the signal then note down the output voltage V1.
7) Now disconnect 0.5m cable and connect 1.0m cable (l2) between LED and photo diode
and measure the output voltage V2.

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OBSERVATION :

Input Frequency =

Input amplitude =

Length of the first cable L1 =

Output voltage for L1, V1 =

Length of the first cable L2 =

Output voltage for L2, V2 =

Length of the first cable L3 =

Output voltage for L3, V3 =

CALCULATION:
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

8) Then Connect two pieces of fiber cables for the distance of 1.5m ( l3) = 1m+ 0.5m with
the help of fiber connector.
9) Connect CRO at output point and measure output voltage V3.
10) Find α value for single fiber cable of 1.5m and coupled fiber cables of 1.5m and
compare the two readings to find the coupling loss.

RESULT:

Thus the coupling loss in optical fiber cable is measured by connecting two pieces of
fiber cables using connector and α is calculated as.

Coupling loss =

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

OPTICAL FIBER CABLE NUMERICAL

ANALOG
EMITTER APERTURE
TRANSMITTER 1m
(660nm) SETUP

FUNCTION
GENERATOR

NUMERICAL APERTURE SETUP

Optical fiber

Distance (d) Optical signal

D E

D=2r
D
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

MEASUREMENT OF NUMERICAL APERTURE FOR

OPTICAL FIBER
AIM:

The aim of this experiment is to find the numerical aperture, acceptance angle, refractive
index, V number and number of modes of the optical fiber using 660 nm LED.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Fiber optic trainer kit VOFT-06 1
2 Fiber cable 1m 1
3 NA measurement set up - 1
4 Patch chords - Few
5 Function generator (0-3)MHZ 1
6 CRO probes - Few
7 CRO (0-30)MHZ 1

THEORY:

Numerical aperture (NA) of the fiber is a measure of the acceptance angle of light in the
fiber. Light which is launched at angles greater than this maximum acceptable angle does not
get coupled to propagating modes in the fiber, and therefore does not reach the receiver at
other end of the fiber. The NA is useful in the computation of optical power coupled from an
optical source to the fiber, from fiber to a photo detector, and between two fibers.

FORMULA:

Acceptance angle , θa = sin-1(NA)

Numerical Aperture NA=(n12- n22)1/2

Where n2 = 1.402

Refractive index difference ∆n= n1 - n2

V number = (2πd/λ) x NA

Number of Nodes = V2/2

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect VOFT-06 with 230V, 50HZ AC mains using 3pin power chord.
2) Connect FG output to analog transmitter test point using patch chord.

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TABULATION:

DISTANCE DIAMETER RADIUS NUMERICAL

S.NO
(d) (D) (r) APERTURE (NA)

Average (NA) =

CALCULATION :
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

3) Slightly unscrew LED transmitter cap and insert one end of 1m fiber cable and then
screw tightly similarly connect other end of the fiber to Photo diode (PD) receiver.
4) Switch ON the trainer Kit, function generator and CRO.
5) Set the input sine wave signal of 1KHZ in FG.
6) Connect CRO at the receiver output point and observe the signal. If there is no output
then adjust gain control until get the signal.
7) Now unscrew the fiber cable from receiver and insert it to NA measurement set up.
8) Note down the distance between optical fiber to ground plane and measure the
diameter of the optical signal on the ground plane .
9) Then reduce the distance and note down the diameter for each height .
10) Calculate the numerical aperture and other parameter using formula given.

RESULT:

Thus numerical aperture and other parameter of optical fiber was calculated.

Numerical Aperture =

Acceptance Angle =

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PIN DIAGRAM:

TRANSMITTER

JP6
JP5 V

+5V +12V
V

RECEIVER JP9

A
V

JP10

MODEL GRAPH

I (mA)

Vf (V)
EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

DC CHARACTERISTICS OF LED AND PIN PHOTO

DIODE

AIM:

To find DC characteristics of 660 nm LED and PIN Photo diode.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Fiber optic trainer kit VOFT-06 1
2 Digital multi meter - 1
3 Fiber optic cable 1m 1
4 Patch chords - Few
5 Resistor 1k,2k 2
6 LED 660nm - 1
7 PIN photo diode - 1
8 Power supply 0-30V 1

THEORY:

In fiber optical communication system, an electrical signal is first converted into optical
signal with the help of optical sources. LED is one of the example of optical source.
Normally LED gives the output in forward bias condition. The optical signal are then
transmitted through the optical fiber. After transmission the optical signal is then again
converted using a conversion device like photo detector. LED has a voltage characteristics
proportional to the forward current.

A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into current. The current is
generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. A small amount of current is also
produced when no light is present. Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses,
and may have large or small surface areas. Photodiodes usually have a slower response time
as its surface area increases. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar
power is a large area photodiode.

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect power supply to trainer kit.

2) Set the SPDT switch in OFF position.
3) Connect the circuit as per the pin diagram.
4) Now measure the voltage and current of a LED using voltmeter and ammeter.
5) Now connect the optical fiber between transmitter and receiver.

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TABULATION:

Forward Forward Electrical power Optical power of O/P Responsivity

voltage current of LED Po =Pi*1.15 Current 0.8𝑚𝐴∗𝑃𝑜
P = V*I R=
of LED LED 10µ𝑊

(V) (mA) (mW) (µW) (mA)

EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

6) Now note down the output voltage and current of photodiode using voltmeter and
ammeter and tabulate it.
7) Calculate the responsitivity for each readings.
8) Plot the graph between various readings.

GRAPH:

A graph is drawn between voltage and current through LED and Pin photo diode in X and
Y axis.

RESULT:

Thus DC characteristics of 660nm LED and PIN photo diode was studied and plotted
graph

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LOW ORDER LINEARLY POLARIZE MODES OF AND OPTICAL FIBER

IRRADIANCE PATTERN OF SOME MODES OF OPTICAL FIBER

EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

MODE CHARACTERISTIC OF OPTICAL FIBER

AIM:

To observe the lower order linearly polarized modes

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 LASER Source 633nm-1mW 1
Source of fiber - 1
2
coupler
3 Single mode fiber - 1
4 Fiber holding stand - 1
5 Opaque Screen - 1

THEORY :

The central spot carrier 95% of the intensity for laser beams with Gaussian profile I=
−2(𝑟/𝑤)2
Io𝑒 where e= 2.718 is the base of the natural logarithm. An accepted definition of a
radius of a Gaussian beam is the distance at which the beam intensity has dropped to 1/e2 =
0.135 times its peak value Io. This radius is called spot size .The spot diameter is w.

Spot Diameter (d) micron =Focal length of the lanes (f)mm x Laser Beam full divergence
angle (DA) mrad.

In order to achieve maximum coupling efficiency the fiber core diameter has to be bigger
than the spot diameter
𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
NArays = 2𝑥 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

If NArays< NAfiber and spot diameter (w) < fiber core diameter (d), then all of the laser light
will be coupled into the fiber 90% coupling efficiency into the single mode fiber from the Ne-
Ne lasers is achievable .For beginners coupling efficiency of 50% is considered to be a good
result.

PROCEDURE :

1) Keep optical Bread onto original and flat table surface so that it will not toggle.
2) Fix the pre fitted cylindrical head of the He-Ne laser source on to the surface of the
breadboard from the bottom side with the help of allen screw provided with it.

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CALCULATION :

Parameter of given fiber are

A =4.5µm(core radius)

N,A =0.11

λ=633nm

V=2π x4.3x10-6x0.11

V=4.91

Total number of modes =V2/2

EXPT. NO : ……………………..
DATE : ……./……./……..

3) Turn on the laser and locate the beam spot on the central portion of the laser fiber
coupling lens assembly by adjusting the vertical and horizontal travel arrangement
provided with the mount.
4) Now look for the back reflection of the laser spot from the rod lens of the coupler
5) Confirm the central alignment of the laser beam at the exit of the laser fiber coupler
by putting a white card sheet and zooming the spot on it.
6) Put the multimode optical patch cord on the laser fiber coupler exit and fix the other
end of the fiber in the fiber holding stand by moving the screw provided with the
holder
7) Adjust the height of the exit tip of the fiber to about 50mm. Minimum form the white
sheet of the paper.
8) No you will see a bright round shape circular spot with laser speckle pattern on to the
screen.
9) Once you observe the multimode pattern change multimode fiber optic patch cord
with single mode fiber patch cord.
10) As soon as you place the single mode patch cord you will see the blur pattern of the
various single mode patterns on to the screen.

RESULT

Depending on the V- Number and Wavelength fiber can be characterized as single

mode or multimode

Total number of modes =

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