RELATION OF MASS AND ENERGY

Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, that “mass maybe converted into

energy and energy into mass,’’ the relation being given by the
famous equation:
E = MC2
∆E = C2 ∆M
Where: E = energy, Btu, KJ, W-hr
M = mass, lb, kg
C = Speed of Light
= 2.9979 x 1010 cm/s
= 2.9979 x 108 m/s
 Also, According to Einstein, mass increases with
speed.
This is the relativistic effect on mass.
𝑀𝑜
𝑀=
2
𝐶
1−
𝑉
Where: M0 = represent the so-called rest mass
(w/ reflect to the observer)
M = mass at any speed V
V = Speed or Velocity

*Notice that M→∝ as V →C

Ex.1)
An electron has a rest mass of 9.11 x 10-28gm.
What is its mass when moving with the speed of 0.95C?

Given:
M0 = 9.11 x 10-28gm
V = 0.95C
Solution:
𝑀𝑜 9.11𝑥 −28 𝑔𝑚
𝑀= =
𝑉 2 0.95𝑐 2
1− 1− 𝑐
𝐶

9.11𝑥 −28 𝑔𝑚
=
0.31225
= 2.9175𝑥10−27 𝑔𝑚
Ex.2)
It is estimated that the U.S. consumes annually about
1.75x1015W-hr. of electrical energy. In accordance with
Einstein’s theory, how many kilograms of matter would have
to be destroyed to yield this energy?

Given:
Note:
E = 1.75 x 1015W-hr J = 107ergs/W-s
C = 2.9979 x 1010 cm/s ergs = gm cm2/s2
Solution: J = 778.16 Ft-lb/Btu
E = MC2
𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 3600𝑠
𝐸 1.75𝑥1015 𝑊−ℎ𝑟 𝑥107 𝑥
𝑤−𝑠 ℎ𝑟
𝑀= =
𝐶2 2.9979𝑥1010 2 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠 2
 = 1.75 x 1015 x 107 ergs x 3600
(2.9979 x 1010)2 cm2/s2

= 1.75 x 1015 x 107 ergs x 3600

(2.9979 x 1010)2 cm2/s2 x 1000gm/kg

= 6.3 x 1025
8.9874 x 1023

m= 70.10kg
 FORMS OF ENERGY
The energy is the system or substance maybe in
the form of:
- Potential Energy, Ep
- Kinetic Energy, Ek
- Internal Energy, u – for closed system
- Internal Energy plus the work entering or
leaving the system, (u +PV) – for open system.
The total energy (E) in the system is the sum of
kinetic, potential and internal energy.
E = Ek + Ep + u → closed system
E = Ek + Ep + (u + PV) → open system
) POTENTIAL ENERGY

-Is the energy stored in a system by virtue

of the system elevation Z, above a chosen datum.
It possess a certain amount of energy that is
potentially available for conversion into work
under idealized condition.

Ep = mgZ
= Wz Z W=mg
datum Line

𝑀𝑔𝑜 𝑧
Ep = 𝑔 ≠ 𝑔𝑜
𝑔
Where:
𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, ቤ ቤ
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐽

𝑙𝑏𝑚, 𝐾𝑔𝑚
𝑀 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠, อ ቤ
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑔𝑚
𝒵 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚, 𝑓𝑡, 𝑚
g = standard acceleration due to gravity
32.2𝑓𝑡 9.81𝑚
, 2
𝑠2 𝑠
1𝐾𝑔.𝑚
𝑁𝑠 2
𝑔𝑜 = 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
2.) KINETIC ENERGY
- The energy or capacity for performing work
possessed by a moving body, by virtue of its
momentum/ velocity.
𝑀𝑉 2
𝐸𝑘 =
2(𝑘)
Where:
M = Mass, kg, N
V = Velocity / Speed, m/s
INTERNAL ENERGY U, u
- The sum of the energies of all molecules in a system
energies that appear in several complex form. The sum of
the various forms of energy that a molecule has is the
molecular internal energy U, u or internal energy.
u = specific internal energy (1lb)
∆u = u2 – u1
U = mu = total internal energy for mlb
∆U = U2 – U1
Where the energy is in the Btu or KJ
Example 1)
A 100-lb mass has a potential energy of – 4Btu with respect to
given datum within the earth’s standard gravitational field. a) Find its
height relative to the datum. b) If the gravitational field is suddenly
25𝑓𝑡
disturbed such that the local gravity becomes 2 what will be the
𝑠
effect on the potential energy of the mass?

Datum Line
-Z
a) 𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑍
𝑚𝑔 𝑍 mass
=
𝑔
𝐹𝑡−𝑙𝑏
𝐸𝑝𝑥𝑔 −4𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑥 778 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑥 32.2 𝐹𝑡/𝑠 2
𝑍= =
𝑚𝑔𝑜 100 𝑙𝑏 𝑥 32.2 𝐹𝑡/𝑠 2
𝑍 = −31.12𝐹𝑡.
 𝑚𝑔𝑜 𝑍
b) 𝐸𝑝 =
𝑔
𝐹𝑡
100𝑙𝑏 𝑥25 2 𝑥 −32.12 𝐹𝑡
𝑠
=
32.2 𝐹𝑡/𝑠 2
𝐵𝑡𝑢
= −2493.79 𝐹𝑇 − 𝑙𝑏 𝑥
778𝐹𝑡−𝑙𝑏
Ep = -3.205 Btu

Example 2)
A girl weighing 470N holds suspended on the end of the
rope 8m long. What will be her gain in potential energy when a
friend swings her to one side so that the rope makes and angle
of 35° with the vertical? If local g=9.70 m/𝑠 2 what is her mass
in kg?
Sol. cos 35 =
ℎ
8
h ℎ = 8 cos 35 = 6.55𝑚
Z=8m ΔΖ = 8 −6.55 = 1.45m
a) Ep = mgz
ΔΖ
Δ𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔ΔΖ
𝑚
470𝑁 𝑥9.81 2 𝑥 1.45𝑚
𝑠
9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2
b) For mass in kg Δ𝐸𝑝 = 681.5𝑁. 𝑚
𝑊𝑔0 470𝑁 𝑥 9.70𝑚/𝑠 2 1𝑘𝑔
𝑚= = 𝑥
𝑔 9.81𝑚/𝑠 2 9.81𝑁
𝑚 = 47.37𝑘𝑔
For mass in lb
𝑙𝑏
𝑚 = 47.37𝑘𝑔 𝑥 2.205
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 104.45𝑙𝑏𝑚
Example 3)
The 600-kg hammer of a pile driver is lifted 2m above a
piling head. What is the change of potential energy? If the
hammer is released, what will be its velocity at the instant it
strikes the piling? local g= 9.65m/𝑠 2
Sol.
600kg

hammer
2m vi
vf

Piling head
a) Change in potential energy;
Δ𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔ΔΖ
𝑚
600𝑘𝑔 𝑥 9.65 2 𝑥 2𝑚
𝑠
= 1𝑘𝑔𝑚
𝑁.𝑠2
𝐾𝐽
= 11,580 𝑁. 𝑚 𝑥
1000𝐽
Δ𝐸𝑝 = 11.58𝐾𝐽
b) Its velocity,
From the law of conservation of energy;
ΔΕ𝑝 = ΔΕ𝑘 1 2 𝑚 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝒾 2 = 𝑚𝑔∆𝑍
1 2
𝑚𝑔𝑍 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑣𝑓 2 − 𝑣𝑖 2 = 2𝑔∆𝑍
2
But, 𝑣𝑖 = 0
𝑣𝑓 2 = 2𝑔∆𝑍
vf = 2𝑔∆𝑍
= 2 9.65 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑥2𝑚
∴ 𝑣𝑓 = 6.213 𝑚/𝑠
Example 4)
There are 400kg/min of water being handled by a pump.
The lift is from 20-m deep well and the delivery velocity is
15m/s.
Find: a) the change in potential energy
b) the kinetic energy
c) the required power of he pumping unit;
𝑔 = 9.75 𝑚/𝑠 2
Sol.
a) 𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔𝑍
𝑚
400𝑘𝑔/ min 𝑥 9.75 2 𝑥 −20 𝑚
𝑠
= 1𝑘𝑔.𝑚
𝑁𝑠2
𝑁.𝑚 𝐾𝐽
= 78,000 𝑥
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000𝐽
Ep = 78 KJ/min
𝑚𝑣 2 400𝑘𝑔/ min 𝑥 15 2 𝑚2 /𝑠 2
b) 𝐸𝑘 = = 1𝑘𝑔.𝑚
2 2
𝑁𝑠2
𝑁.𝑚
= 45,000
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝑘 = 45 𝐾𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛
c) Required power P=Q𝜔ℎ
𝑚3 9.81𝐾𝑁 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃= 400 𝑘𝑔/ min 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥20𝑚 𝑥
1000𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 60𝑠
= 1.308𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑠
𝑃 = 1.308𝑘𝑤