The document provides instructions for Assignment 1 for the MATH2060A course, due on January 18, 2019. Students are required to complete supplementary exercise problems 1, 2bc, and 5, as well as section 6.1 problems 4, 7, 8cd, 9, 13, and 14. The supplementary exercises include problems involving determining the range of differentiability for a function, finding the domains of continuity and differentiability for other functions, constructing functions with specific non-differentiability points, and proving properties of a function satisfying a functional equation. The document also summarizes the definitions and derivatives of elementary functions such as polynomials, rational functions, radicals, exponentials, logarithms, trigonometric functions,
The document provides instructions for Assignment 1 for the MATH2060A course, due on January 18, 2019. Students are required to complete supplementary exercise problems 1, 2bc, and 5, as well as section 6.1 problems 4, 7, 8cd, 9, 13, and 14. The supplementary exercises include problems involving determining the range of differentiability for a function, finding the domains of continuity and differentiability for other functions, constructing functions with specific non-differentiability points, and proving properties of a function satisfying a functional equation. The document also summarizes the definitions and derivatives of elementary functions such as polynomials, rational functions, radicals, exponentials, logarithms, trigonometric functions,
The document provides instructions for Assignment 1 for the MATH2060A course, due on January 18, 2019. Students are required to complete supplementary exercise problems 1, 2bc, and 5, as well as section 6.1 problems 4, 7, 8cd, 9, 13, and 14. The supplementary exercises include problems involving determining the range of differentiability for a function, finding the domains of continuity and differentiability for other functions, constructing functions with specific non-differentiability points, and proving properties of a function satisfying a functional equation. The document also summarizes the definitions and derivatives of elementary functions such as polynomials, rational functions, radicals, exponentials, logarithms, trigonometric functions,
The document provides instructions for Assignment 1 for the MATH2060A course, due on January 18, 2019. Students are required to complete supplementary exercise problems 1, 2bc, and 5, as well as section 6.1 problems 4, 7, 8cd, 9, 13, and 14. The supplementary exercises include problems involving determining the range of differentiability for a function, finding the domains of continuity and differentiability for other functions, constructing functions with specific non-differentiability points, and proving properties of a function satisfying a functional equation. The document also summarizes the definitions and derivatives of elementary functions such as polynomials, rational functions, radicals, exponentials, logarithms, trigonometric functions,
Hand in: Supplementary exercise no (1), (2bc), and (5).
Section 6.1 no 4, 7, 8cd, 9, 13, and 14.
Supplementary Exercises
1. Consider the function f defined on [0, ∞)
1 f (x) = xα sin , α>0, x and f (0) = 0. Determine the range of α in which
(a) f is continuous on [0, ∞),
(b) f is differentiable on [0, ∞), and (c) f 0 exists and is differentiable on [0, ∞).
2. Find (a) the maximal domain on which the function is well-defined, (b) the domain on which it is continuous and (c) the domain on which it is differentiable in each of the following cases. Justify your answer in (c).
(a) f (x) = |x2 − 5x + 6| .
(b) h(x) = log(16 − x2 ) . (c) j(x) = cos |x| .
3. Find a function which is not differentiable exactly at the following points on (−∞, ∞) in each of the following cases:
1 1 (c) 0, 1, , · · · , , · · · , . 2 n 4. A function f : (a, b) → R has a symmetric derivative at c ∈ (a, b) if
0 f (c + h) − f (c − h) fs (c) = lim h→0 2h 0 0 0 exists. Show that fs (c) = f (c) if the latter exists. But fs (c) may exist even though f is not differentiable at c. Can you give an example?
5. Let f : R → R satisfy f (x + y) = f (x)f (y) for all x, y ∈ R. Suppose f is differentiable at
0 0 0 with f (0) = 1. Show that f is differentiable on R and f (x) = f (x) for all x ∈ R. Spring 2019 MATH2060A 2
Continuity and Differentiability
Proposition. Let f be defined on (a, b) and x0 ∈ (a, b). If f is differentiable at x0 , it is also
continuous at x0 . Proof: As f is differentiable at x0 , for ε = 1, there is some δ1 such that
f (x) − f (x0 ) 0
x − x0 − f (x0 ) < 1, x ∈ (x0 − δ1 , x0 + δ1 ) \ {x0 } .
It follows that |f (x) − f (x0 ) − f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 )| ≤ |x − x0 | , for all x ∈ (x0 − δ1 , x0 + δ1 ). Therefore,
|f (x) − f (x0 )| ≤ |f (x) − f (x0 ) − f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 )| + |f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 )|
In our text book, there is a short proof based on the Limit Theorem. Here we show how to use the ε − δ argument to the same effect. There are plenty examples showing continuity does not imply differentiability. Some typical examples were discussed in class, including the following three:
• The function f (x) = |x| is not differentiable at x0 = 0. (Reason: The left derivative and right derivative at 0, although exist, do not match.)
• The function g(x) = |x|1/2 is not differentiable at x0 = 0. (Reason: The difference
quotient tends to infinity as x goes to 0.)
• The function h(x) = x sin 1/x (and set h(0) = 0) is not differentiable at x0 = 0. (Reason: The difference quotient does not converge due to rapid oscillation.) Spring 2019 MATH2060A 3
Elementary Functions
Here we summarize the formulas of derivatives of elementary functions and outline how they are proved.
(1) Polynomials
p0 (x) = a1 + 2a2 x + 3a3 x2 + · · · + nan xn−1 ,
where p(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + · · · + an xn , ∀x ∈ R.
(2) Rational functions
0 p0 (x)q(x) − p(x)q 0 (x)
p(x) = , q(x) q 2 (x) where p, q are polynomials and q(x) 6= 0. It is defined on {x : q(x) 6= 0} and differentiable there.
(3) The radical
1 1/n−10 x1/n x , = n where x ≥ 0 and n ≥ 2. It is defined and continuous on [0, ∞) and differentiable on (0, ∞).
(4) The exponential and logarithmic functions
1 (ex )0 = ex , ∀x ∈ R, (log x)0 = , ∀x > 0. x The exponential function is defined and differentiable on (−∞, ∞) and the logarithmic function is defined and differentiable on (0, ∞).
(5) The sine and cosine functions
(sin x)0 = cos x, (cos x)0 = − sin x , ∀x ∈ R.
Both functions are differentiable everywhere.
(6) The absolute value function
(|x|)0 = sign (x), x 6= 0 .
It is continuous on (−∞, ∞) and differentiable on (−∞, 0) ∩ (0, ∞). However, it is not differen- tiable at x = 0. Its right and left derivatives exist but are not equal.
Proof of (1) By linearity and the product rule.
Spring 2019 MATH2060A 4
Proof of (2) By the quotient rule and (1).
Proof of (3) By the inverse rule and chain rule. When α = 1/n, n ≥ 1, x1/n is the inverse func- tion of xn for x > 0. When α = p/q, p, q > 0, recall that xα = xp/q = (x1/q )p = (xp )1/q . When p < 0, q > 0, recall that xα = 1/(x1/q )−p . Later we will extend this formula to all non-zero real number α after the meaning of xα for irrational α is given.
Proof of (4) You may take the first formula for granted. It will be proved after the “ultimate” definition of the exponential function is introduced in a later chapter. The second formula fol- lows from the first one by the inverse rule.
Proof of (5) You may take this for granted or follow my formal proof in class. They will be proved once more after the “ultimate” definition of the sine and cosine functions is introduced in a later chapter.
Proof of (6) Use definition.
Derivatives of many functions can be computed using the formulas in (1) to (6) together with linearity, the product, quotient, chain and inverse rules.
