VDMA Broschüre 2011 en

Engines and Systems
Exhaust emission legislation

Diesel and gas engines
Marine
Stationary power plants
Nonroad mobile machinery
Rail
Overview
Content
2 Marine
13 Stationary power plants
37 Nonroad mobile machinery
45 Rail
49 Test cycles
54 Fuels
56 Conversion formulas
59 Glossary
No responsibility is taken for the correctness of this information.
This brochure is for information only. It does not replace any official
laws, regulations or standards.
Date of issue: November 2011

2 MARINE
IMO – Seagoing ships

MARPOL (MARine POLlution) is an international convention for
prevention of the pollution of the sea from ships. It establishes rules
for the protection of the environment valid for international shipping.
The text of the convention regulates the basic conditions while the
practical relevant issues are handled in the annexes.
MARPOL has to be followed primarily by ships, which run under the

flag of an IMO member country. If a ship runs under another authority
but navigates in watercourses of member countries, this ship has to
adopt MARPOL too.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Marine diesel engines with a power of more than 130 kW are affected
by this regulation depending on the date of their keel laying. Engines
in lifeboats or other rescue equipment and vessels that are operated
in national waters are exempted.
nn NOx
1/min [g/kWh]
Stage I, beginning from 1. 1. 2000
< 130 17.0
130 ≤ nn < 2000 45.0 • nn(-0.2)
≥ 2000 9.8
Stage II, beginning from 1. 1. 2011
< 130 14.4
130 ≤ nn < 2000 44.0 • nn(-0.23)
≥ 2000 7.7
Stage III, beginning from 1. 1. 2016A in Emission Control Areas (ECAs)
< 130 3.4
130 ≤ nn < 2000 9 • nn(-0.2)
≥ 2000 2.0
A
Review of date of entry into force in 2012.
North American coastlines have been established as the first NOx

emission control area with Tier III limits.
Existing vessels shall be modified so that they fulfil Tier I emission

limit values if
• they have been built between 1990 and 2000,
• they have ≥ 90 l displacement per cylinder and
• they have an engine power of >5.000 kW and
• a retrofit kit at a reasonable price has been approved by the
engine manufacturer and certified by the authorities.
MARINE 3
Replacement engine or additional engine

•In case of replacement by an identical engine the same
requirements apply as for the former one
•In case of replacement by a non-identical engine or installation
of an additional engine the standards in force at the time of the
installation shall apply.
•Replacement engines only: On or after 1 January 2016 Tier II will
be applicable if it can be proven that it is not possible to meet
Tier III.
Major engine conversion:

•
Engines on ships constructed prior to 1 January 2000 shall
meet Tier I
•
Engines on ships constructed on or after 1 January 2000 shall
meet the standard in place at the time the ship was constructed.
IMO, NOX-Curve
18
16 Tier I
Tier II, from 1 January 2011
14 Tier III, from 1 January 2016
12
NOx (g/kWh)
10
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Speed (1/min)
• NOx limit dependent on engine rated speed.

• Test cycle: ISO 8178-4, E2/E3/D2/C1 (according to engine
operation).
• Test condition: 25°C air temperature / 25° C water temperature
• No limits for HC, CO, particulates and soot.
• Particulate and SOx emissions are limited via fuel quality.
4 MARINE
Sulphur oxides (SOx)

The SOx emission is regulated by the sulphur content in the fuel. The
following limits for the sulphur content have been adopted in October
2008.
Global sulphur limit levels:

•4.50 % (45.000 ppm) until 2012
•3.50 % (35.000 ppm) beginning with 2012
•0.50 % (5.000 ppm) beginning with 2020*
* Review of the date of entry into force in 2018. In case of non-availability of

sufficient low sulphur fuel the introductory date will be postponed to 2025.
In SOx-Emission-Control-Areas (SECAs)
•1.50 % (15.000 ppm) before 1 July 2010
•1.00 % (10.000 ppm) beginning from 1 July 2010
•0.10 % (1.000 ppm) beginning from 2015
•Alternatives (e.g. scrubber) are allowed
IMO, Sulfur limits
5
4,5
Global
4
Fuel sulfur content (%)
3,5
3
2,5
2
SOx ECA
1,5
1
0,5
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Year
MARINE 5
EU – Inland waterway vessels
The emission limits are valid for propulsion engines of inland waterway
vessels in EU watercourses (Nonroad Directive 97/68/EC, amended by
2004/26/EC). The limits and the classification of the engines correspond
to stage 2 (Tier 2) of the US-EPA Final Rule for inland marine vessels.
Cylinder Displac. CO HC + NOx PM

Category DateA
Power g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
Vh,z < 0.9 l
V 1:1 5.0 7.5 0.4 2007
Pn ≥ 37 kW
V 1:2 0.9l ≤ Vh,z < 1.2 l 5.0 7.2 0.3 2007
V 1:3 1.2 l ≤ Vh,z < 2.5 l 5.0 7.2 0.2 2007
V 1:4 2.5l ≤ Vh,z < 5.0 l 5.0 7.2 0.2 2009
V 2:1 5.0 l ≤ Vh,z < 15.0 l 5.0 7.8 0.27 2009
15.0 l ≤ Vh,z < 20.0 l
V 2:2 5.0 8.7 0.5 2009
Pn < 3300 kW
15.0 l ≤ Vh,z < 20.0 l
V 2:3 5.0 9.8 0.5 2009
Pn ≥ 3300 kW
V 2:4 20.0 l ≤ Vh,z < 25.0 l 5.0 9.8 0.5 2009
V 2:5 25.0 l ≤ Vh,z < 30.0 l 5.0 11.0 0.5 2009
A
Date for placing on the market; Type approvals one year earlier.
Exempted from the limits are the following ships:

• Vessels intended for passenger transport carrying no more than
12 people in addition to the crew
• Recreational craft with a length of less than 24 meters (see 94/25/EC)
• Service craft belonging to supervisory authorities
• Fire-service vessels
• Naval vessels
• Fishing vessels on the fishing vessels register of the Community
• Sea-going vessels, including sea-going tugs and pusher craft
operating or based on tidal waters or temporarily on inland
waterways, provided that they carry a valid navigation or safety
certificate.
For the national implementation of the directive, the exceptions have

not been fully adopted by all member states.
• The limits also apply to marine auxiliary engines above 560 kW. For
other auxiliary engines the limits for nonroad mobile machinery apply.
• Alternatively, the limits of the Rhine Vessel Inspection Regulation
may be applied (mutual recognition is agreed).
• Test cycles: ISO 8178-4, E2/E3/D2/C1 (according to engine
operation)
• Test condition: air temperature 25°C / water temperature 25°C
6 MARINE
EU – Recreational crafts
The directive 94/25/EC (as amended by 2003/44/EC) includes
construction and design prescriptions for recreational crafts from 2.5
to 24 m hull length and personal water crafts. The limits are valid for
new propulsion engines, which will be installed or are specifically
intended for installation in these crafts, as well as for already built in
engines, that undergo major engine modifications, which potentially
cause the engine to exceed the limits or increase the rated power by
more than 15%. The directive does not apply for submersibles, air
cushion vehicles, hydrofoils, racing boats (intended solely for racing),
experimental craft (provided that they are not subsequently placed on
the Community market), craft specially intended to be crewed and to
carry passengers for commercial purposes and original historical craft
and individual replicas of craft designed before 1950.
Limits (valid since 1 January 2005)

CO HC NOx PM
Type
[g/kWh] [g/kWh] [g/kWh] g/kWh
Compression
5.0 1.5 + 2/Pn0.5 9.8 1
Ignition
Pn= Engine rated power in kW
• Exhaust emissions are measured according to the harmonised

standard ISO 8178-1.
• For engines above 130 kW the exhaust emissions can be measured
either according to test cycle E3 (IMO) or E5 (water sports) of
ISO 8178-4.
Rhine vessel inspection regulation

The emission limits of combustion engines are established in § 8a of
the Rhine Vessel Inspection Regulation (RheinSchUO).
Stage I (since 2003)

Power Pn Speed nn CO HC NOX PM
kW rpm g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
37–75 – 6.5 1.3 9.2 0.85
75–130 – 5.0 1.3 9.2 0.70
500 – 2800 5.0 1.3 45 • nn(-0.2) 0.54
> 130
≥ 2800 5.0 1.3 9.2 0.54
• Only combustion engines which use fuels with a flashpoint above

55°C shall be installed.
MARINE 7
• The limits are valid for all engines with a rated power (Pn) at or
above 37 kW, which are installed in vehicles or machines aboard,
unless there are no corresponding directives of the EU which affect
the emission of gaseous pollutants or air particulates.
• For engines with a rated power less than 130 kW, the limits
correspond to EU Directive 97/68/EC (mobile machinery), stage 1.
• For engines with a rated power of more than 130 kW and a rated
speed between 500 and 2800 rpm, the NOx limit corresponds to
the IMO convention.
operation)
• Test condition: air temperature 25°C /water temperature 25°C
Stage II (as of 1 July 2007 [Date of putting in service of the ship])

Power Pn Speed nn CO HC NOX PM
kW rpm g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
18–37 – 5.5 1.5 8.0 0.8
37–75 – 5.0 1.3 7.0 0.4
75–130 – 5.0 1.0 6.0 0.3
130–560 – 3.5 1.0 6.0 0.2
< 343 3.5 1.0 11.0 0.2
> 560 343 – 3150 3.5 1.0 45 • nn(-0.2)-3 0.2
≥ 3150 3.5 1.0 6.0 0.2
• Test cycles and test conditions as for stage I

• Alternatively, the limits for inland waterway vessel engines of EU
Directive 97/68/EC, as amended by Directive 2004/26/EC, may be
applied (mutual recognition is agreed).
Lake Constance shipping ordinance (BSO)

Stage I (SI and CI engines, which have been built before
31 December 1995)
Power Pn CO HC NOx
kW A•Pn-m (g/kWh) A•Pn-m (g/kWh) A•Pn-m (g/kWh)
A m A m A m
<4 600 0.5 60.00 0.7747 15 0
4–100 600 0.5 39.39 0.4711 15 0
> 100 60 0 10.13 0.1761 15 0
Pn = rated power
8 MARINE
The calculated mass-emissions of spark ignited engines of group A

(recreational craft) or group B (commercial craft and not group A), as
well as the mass-emissions of diesel engines of group A may not
exceed the following values:
4500 g/h for carbon monoxide CO
290 g/h for hydrocarbons HC
1100 g/h for nitrogen oxides NOx
Smoke limit for diesel engines: The Bosch-Unit may not exceed 4.0 for
naturally aspirated engines and 3.0 for supercharged engines.
Stage II (engines, which have been built after 1 January 1996)

For spark ignition engines, the following limits apply:
Power Pn CO HC NOx
A m A m A m
<4 400 0.6505 30 0.6505 10 0.1505
4–100 400 0.6505 30 0.6505 10 0.1505
> 100 20 0 3.375 0.1761 5 0
Pn = rated power
For gasoline engines, the following limits apply:

Power Pn CO HC NOx
A m A m A m
<4 400 0.6505 30 0.6505 10 0.1505
4–100 400 0.6505 30 0.6505 10 0.1505
> 100 20 0 3.375 0.1761 10 0
Pn = rated power
• The calculated mass-emissions of spark ignited engines of group A

or group B, as well as the mass-emissions of diesel engines of
group A may not exceed the following values:
o 1500 g/h for carbon monoxide CO
o 95 g/h for hydrocarbons HC
o 360 g/h for nitrogen oxides NOx
• Smoke limit for diesel engines: The Bosch-Unit may not exceed 3.5
for naturally aspirated engines and 2.5 for supercharged engines.
• Test cycle: ISO 8178 Part 4, E5
MARINE 9
USA – Marine engines

On 6 May 2008 US EPA has published the final rule “40 CFR Parts 9,
85”, for marine engines less than 30 liters per cylinder. This rule
regulates amongst others the emission limit values for marine
engines that are operated in commercial and recreational vessels. The
regulation covers propulsion and auxiliary engines.
Tier 1:
Power and speed Model NOx HC-NOx PM CO
Cat.
displacement min-1 year g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
Pn < 8 kW – 2000 – 10.5 1.0 8.0
8 kW ≤ Pn – 2000 – 9.5 0.8 6.6
Small < 19 kW
19 kW ≤ Pn – 1999 – 9.5 0.8 5.5
< 37 kW
nn ≥ 2000 2004 9.8 – – –
C1, C2, Pn ≥ 37 kW
C3, 130 ≤ nn < 2004 45 • nn -0.2
– – –
Rec. und Vh,z ≥ 2.5 l 2000
nn < 130 2004 17.0 – – –
Tier 2:
Power Model HC+NOx PM CO
Cat.* Cylinder displacement
kW year g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
– Pn < 8 2005 7.5 0.8 8.0
Small – 8 ≤ Pn < 19 2005 7.5 0.8 6.6
– 19 ≤ Pn < 37 2004 7.5 0.6 5.5
Vh, z < 0.9 Pn ≥ 37 2005 7.5 0.4 5.0
C1 0.9 l ≤ Vh, z < 1.2 l – 2004 7.2 0.3 5.0
1.2 l ≤ Vh, z < 2.5 l – 2004 7.2 0.2 5.0
2.5 l ≤ Vh, z < 5 l – 2007 7.2 0.2 5.0
5 l ≤ Vh, z < 15 l – 2007 7.8 0.27 5.0
15 l ≤ Vh, z < 20 l Pn < 3300 2007 8.7 0.5 5.0
C2
15 l ≤ Vh, z < 20 l Pn ≥ 3300 2007 9.8 0.5 5.0
20 l ≤ Vh, z < 25 l – 2007 9.8 0.5 5.0
25 l ≤ Vh, z < 30 l – 2007 11.0 0.5 5.0
Vh, z < 0.9 l Pn ≥ 37 2007 7.5 0.4 5.0
0.9 l ≤ Vh, z < 1.2 l Pn ≥ 37 2006 7.2 0.3 5.0
Rec.
1.2 l ≤ Vh, z < 2.5 l Pn ≥ 37 2006 7.2 0.2 5.0
2.5 l ≤ Vh, z < 5.0 l Pn ≥ 37 2009 7.2 0.2 5.0
* No Tier-2-Standards for Category 3
10 MARINE
Tier 3 for C1 marine diesel engines in commercial vessels

(standard power density, < 35 kW/l):
Power Cylinder displacement Model HC+NOxD PM CO
[kW] [L] year g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
<19 < 0.9 2009 7.5 0.40 5.0
2009 7.5 0.30 5.0
19–75 < 0.9 A
2014 4.7B 0.30 B 5.0
<0.9 2012 5.4 0.14 5.0
0.9 < Vh < 1.2 2013 5.4 0.12 5.0
75–3700 1.2 < Vh < 2.5 2014 5.6 0.11C 5.0
2.5 < Vh < 3.5 2013 5.6 0.11 C 5.0
3.5 < Vh < 7 2012 5.8 0.11 C 5.0
A
<75 kW engines at or above 0.9 L/cylinder are subject to the corresponding
75–3700 kW standards.
B
Option: 0.20 g/kWh PM/5.8 g/kWh NOx+HC in 2014.
C
This standard level drops to 0.10 g/kWh in 2018 for <600 kW engines.
D
Tier 3 NOx+HC standards do not apply to 2000–3700 kW engines.
Tier 3 for C1 marine diesel engines commercial and recreational

(high power density, > 35 kW/l):
Power Model HC+NOx PM CO
Cylinder displacement [L]
[kW] year g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
<19 < 0.9 2009 7.5 0.40 5.0
2009 7.5 0.30 5.0
19–75 < 0.9 A
2014 4.7 B 0.30 B 5.0
<0.9 2012 5.8 0.15 5.0
0.9 < Vh < 1.2 2013 5.8 0.14 5.0
75–3700 1.2 < Vh < 2.5 2014 5.8 0.12 5.0
2.5 < Vh < 3.5 2013 5.8 0.12 5.0
3.5 < Vh < 7 2012 5.8 0.11 5.0
A
<75 kW engines at or above 0.9 L/cylinder are subject to the corresponding
75–3700 kW standards.
B
Option: 0.20 g/kWh PM/5.8 g/kWh) NOx +HC in 2014.
Tier 3 for C2A marine diesel engines:

HC+NOx B PM
Power [kW] Cylinder displacement [L] Model year
g/kWh g/kWh
7 < Vh < 15 2013 6.2 0.14
15 < Vh < 20 2014 7.0 0.27 C
<3700
20 < Vh < 25 2014 9.8 0.27
25 < Vh < 30 2014 11.0 0.27
A
Option for C2: Tier 3 PM/NOX+HC at 0.10 / 5.8 g/bhp-hr (0.14/7.8 g/kW-hr)
in 2012, and Tier 4 in 2015.
B
Tier 3 NOX+HC standards do not apply to 2000–3700 kW engines.
C
For engines below 3300 kW in this group, the PM Tier 3 standard is
0.25g/bhp-hr (0.34 g/kW-hr).
MARINE 11
Tier 4 for C1 und C2 marine diesel enginesE:

HC NOx PM
Power [kW] Model year
g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
2014 C 0.19 1.8 0.12A
≥ 3700
2016 B, C 0.19 1.8 0.06
2000 ≤ P < 3700 2014 C, D 0.19 1.8 0.04
1400 ≤ P < 2000 2016C 0.19 1.8 0.04
600 ≤ P < 1400 2017B 0.19 1.8 0.04
A
This standard is 0.19 g/bhp-hr (0.25 g/kW-hr) for engines with
15–30 liter/cylinder displacement.
B
Optional compliance start dates can be used within these model years;
see discussion below.
C
Option for C2: Tier 3 PM/NOX+HC at 0.10 / 5.8 g/bhp-hr (0.14/7.8 g/kW-hr)
in 2012, and Tier 4 in 2015.
D
The Tier 3 PM standards continue to apply for these engines in model years
2014 and 2015 only.
E
Recreational marine diesel engines are exemted from Tier 4.

operation).
• Test condition: air temperature 25°C / water temperature 25°C
• For recreational crafts the test cycle E5, ISO 8178-4 is valid.
• NTE (Not to exceed): In certain sections of the engine
performance map, emissions may not exceed 1.2 to 1.5 times the
cycle limit. These requirements come into force with 2007 model
year.
• ABT (Averaging, Banking and Trading): Emission credits (NOx+HC
and particulates) can be averaged, banked or traded.
• Voluntary Standards: Engines, which meet clearly lower limits,
may use the “Blue Sky Series” label. Therefore engines have to
meet Tier 3. For engines with no Tier 3 standards a calculated
level corresponding to a 40% reduction beyond Tier 2 will be
used.
12 MARINE
Turkey – Inland waterway vessels

The emission limit values (Regulation 97/68/AT, amended by
2004/26/AT) for propulsion engines of inland waterway vessels in
Turkish watercourses and the categorisation of the engines are
identical with the European Directive 97/68/EC and 2004/26/EC
respectively and with the Tier 2 US EPA inland waterway regulation.
The date of coming into force for all categories is 2010 so one to three
years later than regulated in the European Directive.
Category displacement per CO HC + NOx PM

Category Date*
cylinder power g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
Vh,z < 0.9 l
V 1:1 5.0 7.5 0.4 2010
Pn ≥ 37 kW
V 1:2 0.9 l ≤ Vh,z < 1.2 l 5.0 7.2 0.3 2010
V 1:3 1.2 l ≤ Vh,z < 2.5 l 5.0 7.2 0.2 2010
V 1:4 2.5 l ≤ Vh,z < 5.0 l 5.0 7.2 0.2 2010
V 2:1 5.0 l ≤ Vh,z < 15.0 l 5.0 7.8 0.27 2010
15.0 l ≤ Vh,z < 20.0 l
V 2:2 5.0 8.7 0.5 2010
Pn < 3300 kW
15.0 l ≤ Vh,z < 20.0 l
V 2:3 5.0 9.8 0.5 2010
Pn ≥ 3300 kW
V 2:4 20.0 l ≤ Vh,z < 25.0 l 5.0 9.8 0.5 2010
V 2:5 25.0 l ≤ Vh,z < 30.0 l 5.0 11.0 0.5 2010
* Date for placing on the market.
Russia – Marine
Carbon monoxide Hydrocarbon NOx
Date
CO [g/kWh] HC [g/kWh] [g/kWh]
< 1 Jan 2000 6.0 2.4 17.0
Carbon monoxide Hydrocarbon nn NOx

Date
CO [g/kWh] HC [g/kWh] 1/min [g/kWh]
< 130 17.0
≥ 1 Jan 2000 3.0 1.0 130 – 2000 45.0 • nn(-0.2)
> 2000 9.8
STATIONARY POWER PLANTS 13
World Bank – General EHS Guidelines

The World Bank Group consists of five organisations. Their main issue
is to boost the economic development of the less developed member
countries with financial and technical help and consulting.
The emission limit values are valid for stationary engine driven power
plants (gas and diesel engines) with 3–50 MWth (at 15% residual
oxygen).
The emission limits will come into force for stationary engine driven
power plant financed by World Bank in a country where no national
emission limit values for those installations exist or where limits are
available but less strict than those stipulated by World Bank.
Emission bonuses for NOx are granted for power plants with high
efficiency (currently no World Bank definition, will be set project
related). The emission limit values are to be met for power plants that
are operated more than 500 hours per year.
Gas engines
Operation mode / PM SO2 NOx
bore [mm] mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3
spark ignition – – 200
Dual Fuel-Mode – – 400
compression ignition – – 1600
Diesel engines
PM SO2 NOx
Bore [mm]
mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3
< 400 1460
< 400 and high efficiency 50 or 100A 1.5–3 % S B 1600
≥ 400 mm 1850
A
if justified by project specific considerations (e. g. Economic feasibility of
using lower ash content fuel, or adding secondary treatment to meet 50,
and available environmental capacity of the site)
B
if justified by project specific considerations (e. g. Economic feasibility of
using lower S content fuel, or adding secondary treatment to meet levels of
using 1.5 percent sulphur, and available environmental capacity of the site)
14 STATIONARY POWER PLANTS
World Bank – EHS Guidelines for industry sectors:

Power plants > 50 MWth
The limit values are valid for power plants with a thermical capacity of
more than 50 MW and more than 500 operating hours per year.
When host country regulations differ from the levels and measures
presented in the EHS Guidelines, projects are expected to achieve
whichever is more stringent. If less stringent levels than those
provided in these EHS Guidelines are appropriate a detailed
justification is needed as part of the site-specific environmental
assessment.
The guidelines differ in installations in

• Degraded Airsheds (DA): (poor air quality); Airshed should be
considerd as being degraded if nationally legislated standards are
exceeded or, in their absence.
• Non-degraded Airsheds (NDA)
Plants in Degraded Airsheds (DA), areas with poor air quality

Operation modeB / PM S% C NOx
Fuel
Power [MWth] mg/mn3 A mg/mn3 A
Natural gas SI 200

– –
CI/DF 400
50 ≤ P < 300 0,5
Liquid fuels 30 400
P ≥ 300 0,2
Biofuels/gaseous SI, natural gas 200
fuels other than 30 –
natural gas other 400
A
dry gas excess 15% O2 content
B
SI=Spark Ignition, CI=Compression Ignition, DF=Dual Fuel
C
S%=fuel sulfur content
Plants in Non-Degraded Airsheds

Fuel/ Operation modeB / PM SO2 NOx
Power [MWth] Bore size [mm] mg/mn3 A mg/mn3 A mg/mn3 A
SI 200
Natural gas – –
CI, DF 400C
CI / < 400 1460
Liquid fuels 1170 or
50 ≤ P < 300 CI / ≥ 400 50
< 2% S D 1850
DF 2000
Liquid fuels 585 or
– 50 740
P ≥ 300 < 1% S D
30% higher
Biofuels/gaseous limits than
those for
fuels other than – 50 –
natural gas natural gas
and liquid
fuels
A
dry gas excess 15% O2 content
B
SI=Spark Ignition, CI=Compression Ignition, DF=Dual Fuel
C
Compression Ignition (CI) engines may require different emissions values
which should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis through the
environmental assessment process.
D
S%=fuel sulfur content
UN-ECE Gothenburg Protocol

In the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
(CLRTAP), which was adopted in 1979, emission ceilings for the Parties
to the Protocol are set and NOx limit values for facilities with station-
ary engines have been defined. The Gothenburg Protocol is intended
to abate acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone. The
Protocol has been adopted in 1999, became effective on 17 May 2005,
and sets limit values for specific emission sources. Parties to the
Protocol are all EU countries, Eastern Europe states, USA and Canada.
Limit values (Annex 5, issue 12)

Fuel type / NOx
Engine type
Operation mode mg/mn3
Spark ignition (gas engines) Lean burn engines 250
MWth > 1 Others 500
Natural gas
Compression ignition 500
(Jet ignition engines)
(Diesel / Dual fuel)
Heavy fuel oil 600
MWth > 5
Diesel or gas oil 500
• Regenerative gases like biogas, purification gas and landfill gas

also have to meet the limits for natural gas.
• Limit values do not apply to engines running less than 500 hours
a year.
• The O2 reference is 5 %.
• As an alternative, a Party to the Protocol may apply different
emission reduction strategies that achieve equivalent overall
emission levels for all source categories together.
EU – Industrial Emissions Directive

Since 6 January 2011, the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU)
came into force. This regulation includes the emissions from
combustion plants with a rated thermal input of 50 MW or more.
Gasmotoren, P ≥ 50MWth
Category NOx* CO*
mg/mn3 mg/mn3
Permit before 7 January 2013 or application before 7 January
100 100
2013 for operation not later than 7 January 2014
Permit or application after 7 January 2013 75 100
* dry gas excess 15% O2 content
• Excepted are gas engines for emergency use (<500 h/a) and on
offshore platforms.
• For diesel engines no limits have been published.
• For all combustion plants covered by this Directive, Member States
shall, from 1 January 2016, establish an annual inventory of the
emissions.
Germany – Stationary power plants

The “Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft (TA Luft)” is a
common administrative regulation of the German government
referring to the “Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz” (BImSchG). It
contains limit values for emission and imission of pollutants from
stationary plants and defines the respective measurement and
calculation procedures.
Subject to TA Luft are combustion engine power plants using

• oil residues and landfill gas independent from the rated power
• biogas, natural gas, purification gas with MWth > 1
• other fuels (e. g. diesel fuels) with MWth > 1
• The emission limits refer to dry exhaust gas with 5 % residual

oxygen.
• Dust means cumulative dust, including the part of cancer-
producing, inheritance-changing and reproduction-toxic
substances.
Gas engines
MWth CO NOx
Gas type Engine type
mg/mn3 mg/mn3
Lean mix engine 300 500
Natural gas
Others 300 250
Pit gas
Others 650 250
<3 2000 1000
Biogas / Jet ignition
≥3 650 500
purification
gas <3 1000 500
Spark ignition
≥3 650 500
Landfill gas
Others 650 250
Diesel engines
MWth Dust CO NOx
<3 20 300 1000
≥3 20 300 500
• Limit values applicable to normal operation (i. e. normally at

rated power)
• For emergency plants and plants that are operated up to 300 hours
per year to cover peak demands (e. g. power generation, gas or
water supply) the dust limit is 80 mg/mn3. The NOx- and CO-limits
do not apply.
• The NOx-limit for two-stroke engines is 800 mg/mn3
• The limit for formaldehyde emissions of biogas engines has been
lowered. From 1 January 2009 they must not exceed 40 mg/mn3.
For other engines the limit of 60 mg/mn3 is still in force.
Belgium
The Belgian law Vlarem 2 regulates the emission limit values of
permanently installed stationary (gas and diesel) engines subject to
their operating hours per year. The law distinguishes furthermore in
engines that have been installed before 31 December 2007 and after
1 January 2008. The emission limit values are given in mg/mn3 and
related to 5 % residual oxygen.
Stationary gas engines installed before 31 December 2007 and

operated 360 or more operating hours per year:
Engine
Category NOx CO Organic
power
Gas engine mg/mn3 mg/mn3 substances
[MWth]
first licence for operation granted
– – 2600 –
before 1 Jan 1993
on or after 1 Jan 1993 and before – 2600 • η/30 1300 –
1 Jan 2000
on or after 1 Jan 2000 and before – 500 • η/30 650 –
1 Jan 2005
first licence for operation granted 1 500 • η/30 650 150
on or after 1 Jan 2005 >1 500 650 150
Stationary gas engines installed after 1 January 2008 and operated

360 or more operating hours per year:
Engine
Category NOx CO Organic
power
[MWth]
– 1300 • η/30 * 1300 –
before 1 Jan 2000
– 500 • η/30 650 150
between 1 Jan 2000 and 1 Jan 2005
first licence for operation granted 1 500 • η/30 650 150
on or after 1 Jan 2005 >1 500 650 150
* not applicable for gas engines licensed before 1 January 1993
Stationary diesel engines installed before 31 December 2007 and

operated 360 or more operating hours per year:
SO2 SO2
Engine with with Organic
Category Dust
gas heating
NOx CO
power subst.
Diesel engine [MWth] oil* oil*
mg/mn3 % % mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3
first licence for operation
≥ 0.3 – 0.2 1.00 – 2600 –
granted before 1 Jan 1993
first licence for operation
granted between 1 Jan 1993 ≥ 0.3 200 0.2 1.00 4000 1000 –
and 1 Jan 2000
first licence for operation 0.3–3 50 0.2 4000 650 –
granted between 1 Jan 2000
and 1 Jan 2005 ≥3 50 0.2 2000 650 –
first licence for operation 0.3–3 50 0.2 1000 650 150
granted on or after 1 Jan 2005 ≥3 50 0.2 500 650 150
* maximum S-level in fuel (in mass %)
Stationary diesel engines installed after 1 January 2008 and operated

360 or more operating hours per year:
SO2 SO2
Engine with with Organic
Category Dust NOx CO
power gas heating subst.
Diesel engine [MWth] oil * oil *
mg/mn3 % % mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3
first licence for
operation granted before ≥ 0.3 300 0.1 0.60 5000 1500 –
1 Jan 1993
first licence for
operation granted between 1 ≥ 0.3 200 0.1 0.60 4000 1000 –
Jan 1993 andand 1 Jan 2000
first licence for 0.3–3 50 0.1 4000 650 –
operation granted between 1
Jan 2000 and 1 Jan 2005 ≥3 50 0.1 500 650 150
first licence for 0.3–3 50 0.1 1000 650 150
operation granted on or after 1
Jan 2005 ≥3 50 0.1 500 650 150
Stationary gas engines installed before 31 December 2007 and

operated less than 360 operating hours per year:
Category NOx CO
Gas engine mg/mn3 mg/mn3
– 2600
before 1 January 2000
first licence for operation granted on
500 • η/30 650
or after 1 January 2000
Stationary gas engines installed after 1 January 2008 and operated

less than 360 operating hours per year:
Category NOx CO Organis


1300 • η/30 * 1300 –
before 1 January 2000
first licence for operation granted on
500 • η/30 650 150
or after 1 January 2000
* For gas motors for which the first licence for operation was granted before
1 January 1993 the above mentioned emission limit value for NOx is replaced
by 10000 mg/mn3.
Stationary diesel engines installed before 31 December 2007 and

operated less than 360 operating hours per year:
SO2 with
Engine SO2 with
Category Dust heating NOx CO
Power gas oil*
oil*
Diesel engine [MWth]
mg/mn3 % % mg/mn3 mg/mn3
≥ 0.3 300 0.2 1.00 – 1500
before 1 Jan 2000
first licence for operation granted 0.3–3 50 0.2 4000 650
on or after 1 Jan 2000 ≥3 50 0.2 2000 –
Stationary diesel engines installed after 1 January 2008 and operated

less than 360 operating hours per year:
SO2 with
Engine SO2 with
Category Dust heating NOx CO
Power gas oil*
oil*
Diesel engine [MWth] mg/m n
3
% % mg/m n
3
mg/mn3
≥0.3 300 0.1 0.60 – 1500
before 1 Jan 2000
first licence for operation granted 0.3–3 50 0.1 4000 650
on or after 1 Jan 2000 ≥3 50 0.1 2000 –
Finland
The emission guideline of the Finish environmental protection agency
from October 2003 defines limits on SO2-, NOx- and particle emissions
of small combustion plants, which shall be reached by using so called
“best available techniques”. A small combustion plant within this
regulation means a plant unit, consisting of one or more combustion
components (steam boilers, engines, gas turbines) on a single location
with MWth < 50 and a flue gas evacuation through a common stack.
This guideline is not a law, only a recommendation, because in
Finland local authorities assign the operating licence for plants of this
size. The authorities should orientate on the following limits. All limits
refer to a 15 % residual oxygen content in the exhaust gas.
Limits for new diesel and gas engines

NOx Primary NOx Secondary SO2 Particulates
Engine type
mg/MJ mg/mn3 mg/MJ mg/mn3 mg/MJ mg/mn3 mg/MJ mg/mn3
Oil diesel < 1400 A < 1600 A < 650 B < 750 B < 500 < 600 < 50 < 60
Gas diesel < 1400 A < 1600 A < 650 B < 750 B
Spark ign. < 150 < 175
Dual fuel < 150 < 175
A
primary methods: engine internal measures (for normal applications)
B
secondary methods: methods outside the engine (for special application,
e. g. urban areas)
Limits for already existing diesel and gas engines

NOx SO2 Particulates
Engine type
mg/MJ mg/mn3 mg/MJ mg/mn3 mg/MJ mg/mn3
Oil diesel < 2000 < 2300 < 500 < 600 < 60 < 70
Gas diesel < 1500 < 1750
Spark ign. < 160 < 175
Dual fuel < 160 < 185
There are no specific test-cycles. The limits are given for 100 % load as
maximum measured values or as values, which can be reached if the
reduction of the emissions is based on a “best available technique”.
France
The French Arrêté 2910 defines emission limits for stationary diesel
engines and gas engines.
Limit values
Operating time Power NOx CO NMHC Dust
h/year MWth mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3
Nat. Liquid Dual
gas fuel Fuel
20–100 350 1000 1000 650 150 100
> 500
> 100 250 600 750 650 150 100
20–100 875 2500 2500 650 150 100
≤ 500
> 100 625 1500 1875 650 150 100
• The emission limits refer to dry exhaust gas with 5 % residual

oxygen.
• The NOx limit for plants operated up to 500 hours per year is multi-
plicated with the coefficient 2.5.
• If the plant is operated as a combined heat and power generation
plant, the respective limit value in the table above can be exceeded
by 30 mg/mn3.
• The NOx limit for plants which have been licensed before
4 December 2000 and which consume liquid fuel amounts 1900
mg/mn3 (independent from the power of the plant).
• The NOx limit for plants that have been licensed before
4 December 2000 and that consume natural gas can be defined by
a person in charge from the responsible regulating authority up to
500 mg/mn3 if the operator of the plant can prove by a techno-
economic analysis that it is impossible to observe the emission
limit in the table above.
• If special fuel is used (e. g. biogas or coke oven gas), the person in
charge of the responsible authority can define the maximum limit
values separately.
• The limit for VOC in the exhaust gas is 20 mg/mn3, for plants with
more than 50 MWth and a mass flow of organic compounds of
more than 0.1 kg/h.
Limit values for sulphur oxide

Fuel type Natural gas Fuel oil Heavy fuel
SO2 limit value
35 300 1500
[mg/mn3]
India
The Central Environmental Protection Agency, which is mandated by
the Ministry of Environment and Forest, is responsible for the
emission limit regulation. The following content refers to diesel
engines for power generation.
Limit values for engines up to 800 kW rated power

Rated engine Implemen- NOx HC CO PM Smoke opac.*
power tation g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh m-1
≤ 19 kW 1 Jul 2005 9.2 1.3 3.5 0.3 0.7
1 Jan 2004 9.2 1.3 5.0 0.5 0.7
19–50 kW
1 Jul 2004 9.2 1.3 3.5 0.3 0.7
50–176 kW 1 Jan 2004 9.2 1.3 3.5 0.3 0.7
176–800 kW 1 Nov 2004 9.2 1.3 3.5 0.3 0.7
* Light absorption coefficient measured at full load. All other values are
measured according to test-cycle ISO 8178-4 D2, 5-Mode
Limit values for engines with more than 800 kW rated power
NOx NMHC CO PM
Date of order
ppmV mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3
Before
1100 150 150 75
1 July 2003
Between
1 July 2003 and 970 100 150 75
1 July 2005
After 1 July 2005 710 100 150 75
The following two agencies are able to implement type approvals:

• Automotive Research Association of India, Pune
• Vehicle Research and Development Establishment, Ahmednagar
The emission limits refer to dry exhaust gas with 15 % residual

oxygen.
Italy
Internal combustion engines < 50 MWth
PM CO NOx
Engine type MWth
mg/ mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3
P<3 130 650 4000
Self-ignition
P≥3 130 650 200
other 4 stroke 130 650 500
other 2 stroke 130 650 800
• Values relate to 5% residual oxygen in the exhaust gas flow..

• Emission values are not applicable to emergency generators and
other stationary internal combustion engines used only for
emergency.
Internal combustion engines ≥ 50 MWth

MWth PM CO SO2 NOx
Fuel
mg/ mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3
50 ≤ P < 100 50 650 850 400
liquid 100 ≤ P ≤ 300 30 650 500-P 200
P > 300 30 650 200 200
50 ≤ P < 100 5 650 35 150
Natural gas 100 ≤ P ≤ 300 5 650 35 150
gaseous P > 300 5 650 35 100
Liquefied gas P > 50 5 650 5 200
Other gases P > 50 5 650 35 200
• Values relate to 3% residual oxygen in the exhaust gas flow.

Japan
Diesel engines
NOx NOx Particulates Particulates
Bore
ppm mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3
mm
(13 % O2) (5 % O2) (13 % O2) (5 % O2)
< 400 950 3900 100* 200
≥ 400 1200 4900 100* 200
* In certain regions 80 mg/m n3 (13 % O2)
• Diesel engine plants with fuel consumption > 50 l/h

• Local limits may be lower (Example: Tokyo: NOx = 470 mg/mn3)
Gas engines
NOx NOx Particulates Particulates
ppm (0 % O2) mg/mn3 (5 % O2) mg/mn3 (0 % O2) mg/mn3 (5 % O2)
600 940 50* 38
* In certain regions 40 mg/mn3 (0 % O2)
• Local limits may be lower!

(Example: Tokyo: NOx = 310 mg/mn3 [5 % O2])
• Gas engine plants with fuel consumption > 35 l/hr
Netherlands
The BEMS has been set in force on 1 April 2010 for medium sized
installations (1 MWth < p < 50 MWth) with more than 500 running
hours per year. It replaces BEES B, while BEES A applies for big emitters
over 50 MWth. Existing installations have to comply 1 January 2017 or
when installation gets changed.
Fuel type Power MWth NOx SO2 PM HC

mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3
Diesel 1 – 50 450 200 50 –
Biogas 1 – 50 340 200 – –
< 2.5 340 200 – –
Natural Gas
> 2.5 100 200 – 1500
• 2019 for offshore installations and OCAP (organic carbon dioxide

assimilation for plants)
• All limits refer to 3% residual oxygen content in the exhaust gas.
Russia – Industrial engines

Date
< 1 Jan 2000 6.0 2.4 16.0
≥ 1 Jan 2000 3.0 1.0 10.0
Switzerland
According to the Clean Air Directive (Luftreinhalteverordnung) dated
16 December 1985 (status: 12 July 2005) the following emission limits
are valid for stationary combustion engines with a thermal capacity of
more than 100 kW per engine:
NOx CO Dust
Fuel type
Gas fuels* 400 650 50
Other fuels 250 650 50
* Biogas, purification gas, landfill gas, natural gas
• The pollutant content refers to dry exhaust with 5 % residual oxygen.

• For emergency engines that are operated up to 50 hours per year,
the limits above are not valid.
• Specifications for fuels that are used in stationary combustion
engines have to be considered.
Czech Republic
The current Czech emission regulation for stationary engines has
been updated with the order 146/2007 Coll. The new emission limit
values in the order came into force on 1 January 2008. The emission
regulation sets limits for existing installations, that have been
developed and constructed before 17 May 2006 and furthermore new
installations whose development and construction has been started
after 17 May 2006.
Existing installations whose construction has been started before

17 May 2006:
Engine type/ SO NOx SP ∑C CO
Fuel type
power category mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3
B
liquid fuel 500 130 – 650
spark ignition natural gas B
500 – – 650
0.2–1 MWth
biogas, B
1000 130 – 1030
landfill gas
heavy fuel oil, B
4000 130 – 650
compression gas oil
ignition natural gas,
0.2–1 MWth degasifying B
4000 130 – 650
gas C
B
liquid fuel 500 130 150 A 650
500 – 150 A 650
< 1–5 MWth
biogas, B A
1000 130 150 1300
landfill gas
heavy fuel oil, B
4000 130 150 A 650
compression gas oil
ignition natural gas,
> 1–5 MWth degasifying B
4000 130 150 A 650
gas C
B
liquid fuel 500 130 150 A 650
500 – 150 A 650
> 5 MWth
biogas, B
500 130 150 A 650
landfill gas
heavy fuel oil, B
compression 2000 130 150 A 650
gas oil
ignition
> 5 MWth natural gas, B A
2000 130 150 650
degasifying C
A
Total concentration of all organic substances except methane with a mass
flow over 3 kg/h
B
The sulphur content in fuel shall not exceed the limit values laid down in
special legislation and, in diesel fuel shall not exceed 0.05 % by mass
C
With injection ignition
New installations whose construction has been started after

17 May 2006:
Engine type/ SO NOx SP ∑C CO
Fuel type
power category mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3 mg/mn3
C B
liquid fuel 500 130 650
spark ignition natural gas C
500 – B
650
0.2–1 MWth
biogas, C B
1000 130 1300
landfill gas
C B
heavy fuel oil 4000 130 650
compression gas oil C
4000 130 B
650
ignition
0.2–1 MWth natural gas,
C B
degasifying 4000 130 650
gas D
C
liquid fuel 500 A 130 150 B 650
500 A
– 150 B 650
< 1–5 MWth
Biogas, C
500 A 130 150 B 1300
landfill gas
C
heavy fuel oil 600 A 130 150 B 650
compression gas oil C
500 A
130 150 B 650
ignition
> 1–5 MWth natural gas,
C
degasifying 500 A 130 150 B 650
gas D
C
liquid fuel 500 A 130 150 A 650
500 A
– 150 A 650
> 5 MWth
biogas, C A A
500 130 150 650
landfill gas
C
heavy fuel oil 600 A 130 150 A 650
compression C
ignition gas oil 500 A 130 150 A 650
> 5 MWth natural gas, C A A
500 130 150 650
degasifying D
A
The emission limits for NOx applies from 1 January 2008. The emission limits
shall not apply to engines operated for less than 500 hours per annum.
B
Total concentration of all organic substances except methane with a mass
flow over 3 kg/h.
C
The sulphur content in fuel shall not exceed the limit values laid down in
special legislation and, in diesel fuel shall not exceed 0.05 %.
D
With injection ignition.
USA – Stationary diesel engines
US EPA has published on 11 July 2006 a new legislation for stationary

diesel engines (40 CFR Parts 60, 85 et al.). It entered into force on
11 September 2006.
Compression ignition engines < 10 Liter displacement per Cylinder

(effective from model year 2007 with ≤ 3000 bhp and effective from
model year 2011 with > 3000 bhp)
NMHC +
Maximum engine NOX NMHC NOx CO PM
Model year
power [kW]
g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
2007 7.5 – – 8 0.80
<8
2008+ – – – – 0.40
2007 – – – 6.6 0.80
8 ≤ P < 19
2008+ – – – – 0.40
2007 7.5 – – 5.5 0.60
19 ≤ P < 37 2008–2012 – – – – 0.30
2013+ 4.7 – – – 0.03
2007 7.5 – – 5 0.40
37 ≤ P < 56 2008–2012 4.7 – – – 0.30A
2013+ – – – – 0.03
2007 7.5 – – – 0.40
2008–2011 4.7 – – – –
56 ≤ P < 75
2012, 2013 – 0.19B 0.40 B 5 0.02
2014 – 0.19 0.40 5 0.02
2007 4.0 – – – 0.30
2008–2011 4.0 – – – 0.30
75 ≤ P < 130
2012–2013 – 0.19 B 0.40 B 5 0.02
2014 – 0.19 0.40 5 0.02
2007–2010 4.0 – – 3.5 0.20
130 ≤ P < 560 2011–2013 – 0.19 B 0.40 B – 0.02
2014 – 0.19 0.40 – 0.02
> 560 2007–2010 6.4 – – 3.5 0.20
Except generator 2011–2014 – 0.40 3.5 – 0.10
sets 2015+ – 0.19 3.5 – 0.04
2007–2010 6.4 – – 3.5 0.20
Generator sets
2011–2014 – 0.40 3.5 – 0.10
560 < P ≤ 900
2015+ – 0.19 0.67 – 0.03
2007–2010 6.4 – – 3.5 0.20
Generator sets
2011–2014 – 0.40 0.67 – 0.10
P > 900
2015+ – 0.19 – – 0.03
A
A manufacturer has the option of skipping the 0.30 g/KW-hr PM standard
for all 37–56 KW (50–75 HP) engines. The 0.03 g/KW-hr standard would
then take effect 1 year earlier for all 37–56 KW (50–75 HP) engines, in 2012.
The Tier 3 standard (0.40 g/KW-hr) would be in effect until 2012.
B
50 percent of the engines produced have to meet the NOX + NMHC standard,
and 50 percent have to meet the separate NOX and NMHC limits.
• The emission limit values are valid for non-emergency diesel engines
Compression ignition engines with < 10 Liter displacement/cyl

(model year before 2007 and years 2007–2010 with >3000 bhp)
NMHC +
Maximum engine power NMHC NOx CO PM
NOX
[kW]
g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
<8 10.5 – – 8.00 1.00
8 ≤ P < 19 9.5 – – 6.60 0.80
19 ≤ P < 37 9.5 – – 5.50 0.80
37 ≤ P < 56 – – 9.20 – –
56 ≤ P < 75 – – 9.20 – –
75 ≤ P < 130 – – 9.20 – –
130 ≤ P < 225 – 1.30 9.20 11.40 0.54
225 ≤ P < 450 – 1.30 9.20 11.40 0.54
450 ≤ P ≤ 560 – 1.30 9.20 11.40 0.54
P > 560 – 1.30 9.20 11.40 0.54
Compression ignition engines with 10–30 Liter displacement per

cylinder (model year beginning with 2007)
Cylinder displacement [L] THC + NOx CO PM
Power [kW] g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
5 ≤ VH ≤ 15
7.8 5.0 0.27
all power bands
15 ≤ VH ≤ 20
8.7 5.0 0.50
P < 3300 kW
15 ≤ VH ≤ 20
9.8 5.0 0.50
P 3300 kW
20 ≤ VH ≤ 25
9.8 5.0 0.50
all power bands
25 ≤ VH ≤ 30
11.0 5.0 0.50
all power bands
On 28 June 2011 US EPA promulgated revisions to the new source

performance standards (NSPS) for new CI engines. (US EPA, 40 CFR
Parts 60, 1039, 1042, 1065, 1068)
First tier standards for compression ignition engines with

10–30 Liter displacement per cylinder
Cylinder displacement Maximum engine PM NOx + HC Model year
[L] power [kW]
g/kWh g/kWh
10 ≤ VH ≤ 15 < 2000 0.14 6.2 2013+
10 ≤ VH ≤ 15 2000 ≤ P < 3700 0.14 7.8 2013+
15 ≤ VH ≤ 20 < 2000 0.34 7.0 2014+
20 ≤ VH ≤ 25 < 2000 0.27 9.8 2014+
25 ≤ VH ≤ 30 < 2000 0.27 11.0 2014+
Second tier standards for compression ignition engines with

10–30 Liter displacement per cylinder
Cylinder displacement Maximum engine PM NOx HC Model year
[L] power [kW] g/kWh
g/kWh g/kWh
All 600 ≤ P < 1400 0.04 1.8 0.19 2017+A
All 1400 ≤ P < 2000 0.04 1.8 0.19 2016+B
All 2000 ≤ P < 3700 0.04 1.8 0.19 2014+B
0.19 2014-
< 15 0.12 1.8
2015B
≥ 3700 0.19 2014-
15 ≤ VH ≤ 30 0.25 1.8
2015B
all 0.06 1.8 0.09 2016+A
A
Optional compliance start dates can be used within these model years; see
40 FCR 1042.101(a)(8).
B
Option: 1st Tier PM/NOx+HC at 0.14/7.8 g/kWh in 2012, and 2nd Tier in 2015
Standards for engines with displacement ≥ 30 Liter per cylinder

The US EPA standards for stationary diesel engines are harmonised
with revised IMO MARPOL Annex VI standards for marine engines.
nn NOx
1/min [g/kWh]
Engines installed prior to 1 January 2012
< 130 17.0
130 ≤ nn < 2000 45.0 • nn(-0.2)
≥ 2000 9.8
Engines installed after 1 January 2012
< 130 14.4
130 ≤ nn < 2000 44.0 • nn(-0.23)
≥ 2000 7.7
Engines installed after 1 January 2016
< 130 3.4
130 ≤ nn < 2000 9 • nn(-0.2)
≥ 2000 2.0
• The EPA is revising the fuel sulfur standards for stationary CI engines
≥ 30 l/cyl to a 1,000 ppm sulfur level beginning on 1 June 2012
Diesel engines for stationary emergency fire pumps

NMHC + CO PM
Maximum engine power [kW] Model year O
g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
2010 and earlier 7.8 6.0 0.75
<8
2011 + 5.6 – 0.30
2010 and earlier 7.1 4.9 0.60
8 ≤ P < 19
2011 + 5.6 – 0.30
2010 and earlier 7.1 4.1 0.60
19 ≤ P < 37
2011 + 5.6 – 0.22
2010 and earlier 7.8 3.7 0.60
37 ≤ P < 75
2011 +* 3.5 – 0.30
2009 and earlier 7.8 3.7 0.60
75 ≤ P < 130
2010 +* 3.0 – 0.22
2008 and earlier 7.8 2.6 0.40
130 ≤ P < 450
2009 +* 3.0 – 0.15
2008 and earlier 7.8 2.6 0.40
450 ≤ P < 560
2009 + 3.0 – 0.15
2007 and earlier 7.8 2.6 0.40
P > 560
2008 + 4.8 – 0.15
* Emergency fire pump engines with a rated speed of greater than 2650 rpm
are allowed an additional 3 years to meet these standards.
Diesel- and gas engines (California)

Date NOx VOC CO Unit
0.50* 1.00 6.00 lbm/MW-hr
2003
0.23 0.45 2.70 g/kWh
0.07 0.02 0.10 lbm/MW-hr
2007**
0.03 0.01 0.05 g/kWh
* For installations with CHP (combined heat and power) this values increases
to 0.70
** For CHP installations the heat energy is treated like electric energy
• Partical emissions not higher than for natural gas with sulphur
content of 1 grain / 100 scf (= PM < 0,5 mg/kWh)
USA – Stationary spark ignition internal

combustion engines
On 18 January 2008 the US EPA has published a new law for stationary
spark ignition engines (40 CFR Parts 60, 63, 85 et al.). It came into force
on 18 March 2008.
The regulation covers emission limit values for spark ignition
engines that are operated with gasoline, LPG, natural gas, landfill gas
and digester gas. Moreover the regulation distinguishes between
emergency and non-emergency engines.
Stationary spark ignition engines ≤19 kW
HC + NOx B NMHC + NOx B, C CO B

Engine class A
g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
I 16.1 14.8 610
I-A 50 – –
I-B 40 37 –
II 12.1 11.3 –
A
Class I–A: Engines with displacement less than 66 cubic centimeters (cc);
Class I–B: Engines with displacement greater than or equal to 66 cc and less
than 100 cc; Class I: Engines with displacement greater than or equal to
100 cc and less than 225 cc; Class II: Engines with displacement greater than
or equal to 225 cc.
B
Modified and reconstructed engines manufactured prior to 1 July 2008,
must meet the standards applicable to engines manufactured after 1 July
2008.
C
NMHC+NOX standards are applicable only to natural gas fueled engines at
the option of the manufacturer, in lieu of HC+NOX standards.
Stationary spark ignition engines > 19 kW

(Non-emergency SI gasoline engines and rich burn LPG engines)
HC + NOx A,B CO A,B
Maximum engine power [bhp] Manufacturer date
[g/kWh] [g/kWh]
1 July 2008 2.7 4.4
25 < P < 500 C 1 July 2008 E
2.7 130.0
(severe duty)
1 July 2007 2.7 4.4
P ≥ 500 D 1 July 2007 E
2.7 130.0
(severe duty)
A
Optionally engines may be certified according to the following formula instead
of the standards in Table 2 of this preamble: (HC+NOx) CO 0.784 ≤ 8.57. The
HC+NOX and CO emission levels you select to satisfy this formula, rounded
to the nearest 0.1 g/KW-hr, become the emission standards that apply for
those engines. You may not select an HC+NOx emission standard higher than
2.7 g/KW-hr or a CO emission standard higher than 20.6 g/KW-hr.
B
Provisions in 40 CFR part 1048 allow engines with a maximum engine power
at or below 30 KW (40 bhp) with a total displacement at or below 1,000
cubic centimeters (cc) to comply with the requirements of 40 CFR part 90.
C
Modified and reconstructed engines between 25 and 500 bhp manufactured
prior to 1 July 2008, must meet the standards applicable to engines
manufactured after 1 July 2008.
D
Modified and reconstructed engines greater than or equal to 500 bhp
manufactured prior to 1 July 2007, must meet the standards applicable to
engines manufactured after 1 July 2007.
E
Severe-duty engines are engines used in, for example, concrete saws,
concrete pumps, and similar severe applications where air-cooled engines
must be used.
Stationary non-emergency SI natural gas engines and lean burn LPG

engines 19 < KW < 75 (25 < bhp < 100)
HC + NOxA,B COA,B
Maximum engine power [kW] Manufacturer date
[g/kWh] [g/kWh]
1 July 2008 3.8 6.5
19 < P < 75C 1 July 2008
3.8 200.0
(severe duty)
A
The following formula may be applied to determine alternate emission
standards that apply to your engines instead of the standards in paragraph
in Table 3 of this preamble: (HC+NOx)CO0.791 ≤ 16.78. HC+NOx emission levels
may not exceed 3.8 g/kW-hr and CO emission levels may not exceed
31.0 g/kW-hr.
B
For natural gas fuelled engines, it is not required to measure non-methane
HC or THC emissions for testing to show that the engine meets the emission
standards of Table 3 of this preamble.
C
Modified and reconstructed engines between 25 and 100 HP manufactured
prior to 1 July 2008, must meet the standards applicable to engines
manufactured after 1 July 2008.
Stationary SI engines ≥ 100 bhp (except gasoline and rich burn LPG),
stationary SI landfill/digester gas engines and stationary emergency
engines > 25 bhp
NOx* CO* VOC*
Max. engine Manu- g/HP-hr g/HP-hr g/HP-hr
Engine type and fuel
power [bhp] factur date (ppmvd at (ppmvd at (ppmvd at
15 % O2) 15 % O2) 15 % O2)
Non-emergency SI 2.0 4.0 1.0
1.7.2008
natural gas and non- (160) (540) (86)
100 ≤ P < 500
emergency SI 1.0 2.0 0.7
1.1.2011
lean burn LPG (82) (270) (60)
2.0 4.0 1.0
1.1.2008
Non-emergency SI lean (160) (540) (86)
500 ≤ P < 1350
burn natural gas and LPG 1.0 2.0 0.7
1.7.2010
(82) (270) (60)
Non-emergency SI 2.0 4.0 1.0
1.7.2007
natural gas and non- (160) (540) (86)
emergency SI lean burn P ≥ 500
LPG (except lean burn 1.0 2.0 0.7
1.7.2010
(82) (270) (60)
500 ≤ HP < 1350)
3.0 5.0 1.0
1.7.2008
(220) (610) (80)
P < 500
Landfill and digester gas 2.0 5.0 1.0
1.1.2011
(except lean burn (150) (610) (80)
3.0 5.0 1.0
500 ≤ HP < 1350) 1.7.2007
(220) (610) (80)
P ≥ 500
2.0 5.0 1.0
1.7.2010
(150) (610) (80)
3.0 5.0 1.0
1.7.2008
Landfill and digester (220) (610) (80)
500 ≤ P < 1350
gas lean burn 2.0 5.0 1.0
1.1.2011
(150) (610) (80)
10.0** 387 –
25 < P < 130
(–) (–) (–)
Emergency 1.1.2009
2.0 4.0 1.0
P ≥ 130
(160) (540) (86)
* Owners and operators of stationary non-certified SI engines may choose to

comply with the emission standards in units of either g/ bhp -hr or ppmvd at
15 percent O2.
** The emission standards applicable to emergency engines between 25 bhp
and 130 bhp are in terms of NOx+HC.
USA – NESHAP for existing engines

For existing reciprocating internal combustion engines US EPA has
published „National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutions“ (NESHAPs). The emission limits are valid for
• Engines in area sources. Area Sources are facilities that emit less
than 10 tpy (tons per year) of a single air toxic or less than 25 tpy
of a combination of air toxics.
• Engines in major sources having a site rating less than 500 bhp,
constructed or reconstructed before 12 Juni 2006. Major sources
are facilities that emit more than 10 tpy of a single air toxic or
more than 25 tpy of a combination of air toxics.
• Engines < 100 bhp and emergency engines are excepted.
Compression ignition engines
Site rating [bhp] Area Source Major Source
P < 100 – –
100 ≤ P < 300 – 230* ppm CO
300 ≤ P ≤ 500 49 ppm CO* or 70% CO reduction
P > 500** 23 ppm CO* or 70% CO reduction
* At 15% residual oxygen.
** Engines in major sources constructed or reconstructed before 19 December
2002.
• Engines > 300 bhp must use Ultra-low-Sulfur-Diesel (ULSD), except
in Alaska.
• Systems preventing emissions from the crankcase have to be installed.
Spark ignition engines in Major Sources, 100 ≤ P < 500
Category Emission Standard
2 Stroke, lean burn 225 ppm CO*

4 Stroke lean burn 47 ppm CO*
4 Stroke rich burn 10.3 ppm Formaldehyde*
Landfill/Digester Gas 177 ppm CO*
Spark ignition engines in Area Sources, P>500
Category Emission Standard
4 Stroke lean burn 47 ppm CO* or 93% CO reduction

4 Stroke rich burn 2.7 ppm Formaldehyde* or 76% reduction
NONROAD MOBILE MACHINERY 37
EU – Nonroad-Directive
97/68/EC (as amended by 2004/26/EC)
Diesel engines
Power Pn NOx HC CO Particulates Date*
kW g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
NOx + NMHC
Stage I
37 ≤ Pn < 75 9.2 1.3 6.5 0.85 Apr 99
75 ≤ Pn < 130 9.2 1.3 5.0 0.70 1999
130 ≤ Pn ≤ 560 9.2 1.3 5.0 0.54 1999
Stage II
18 ≤ Pn < 37 8.0 1.5 5.5 0.8 2001
37 ≤ Pn < 75 7.0 1.3 5.0 0.4 2004
75 ≤ Pn < 130 6.0 1.0 5.0 0.3 2003
130 ≤ Pn ≤ 560 6.0 1.0 3.5 0.2 2002
Stage III A
19 ≤ Pn < 37 7.5 5.5 0.6 2007
37 ≤ Pn < 75 4.7 5.0 0.4 2008
75 ≤ Pn < 130 4.0 5.0 0.3 2007
130 ≤ Pn ≤ 560 4.0 3.5 0.2 2006
Stage III B
37 ≤ Pn < 56 4.7 5.0 0.025 2013
56 ≤ Pn < 75 3.3 0.19 5.0 0.025 2012
75 ≤ Pn < 130 3.3 0.19 5.0 0.025 2012
130 ≤ Pn ≤ 560 2.0 0.19 3.5 0.025 2011
Stage IV
56 ≤ Pn < 130 0.4 0.19 5.0 0.025 Oct 2014
130 ≤ Pn ≤ 560 0.4 0.19 3.5 0.025 2014
* Date for placing the engine on the market, type approval one year earlier
• Engines above 560 kW are not regulated.

• Stationary test cycle: ISO 8178-4, C1/D2 (according to engine
operation)
• Transient test cycle: NRTC (mandatory for stage IIIB). By the choice
of the manufacturer this test can be used also for stage IIIA and for
the gaseous pollutants in stages IIIB and IV.
• Test condition: Air temperature 25°C
• NTE (Not to Exceed): Starting with stage IIIB limits in the
performance map will be applied (max. 100 % above cycle limit).
• For constant speed engines (e. g. mobile gensets) the limits of stage
II will be applied as of 2007, the limits of stage IIIA as of 2011.
Category J (37-75 kW) is exempted, for this category stage IIIA will
come into force 2012.
• For agricultural tractors Directive 2000/25/EC (as amended by
2005/13/EC) is valid. The emission limits are equivalent to those in
Directive 97/68/EC.
• As of stage IIIA compliance with the limits must be demonstrated
over the useful lifetime of the engine.
38 NONROAD MOBILE MACHINERY
USA – EPA Nonroad Regulation

(40 CFR 89, 40 CFR 1039 and 40 CFR 1068)
Diesel engines
Power Pn NOx HC* CO Particulates Date
kW g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh as of model
NOx + NMHC year
Tier 1
Pn < 8 10.5 8.0 1.0 2000
8 ≤ Pn < 19 9.5 6.6 0.8 2000
19 ≤ Pn < 37 9.5 5.5 0.8 1999
37 ≤ Pn < 75 9.2 – – – 1998
75 ≤ Pn < 130 9.2 – – – 1997
130 ≤ Pn < 560 9.2 1.3 11.4 0.54 1996
Pn > 560 9.2 1.3 11.4 0.54 2000
Tier 2
Pn < 8 7.5 8.0 0.8 2005
8 ≤ Pn < 19 7.5 6.6 0.8 2005
19 ≤ Pn < 37 7.5 5.5 0.6 2004
37 ≤ Pn < 75 7.5 5.0 0.4 2004
75 ≤ Pn < 130 6.6 5.0 0.3 2003
130 ≤ Pn < 225 6.6 3.5 0.2 2003
225 ≤ Pn < 450 6.4 3.5 0.2 2001
450 ≤ Pn ≤ 560 6.4 3.5 0.2 2002
Pn > 560 6.4 3.5 0.2 2006
Tier 3
Pn < 8 no further reduction
8 ≤ Pn < 19 no further reduction
19 ≤ Pn < 37 no further reduction
37 ≤ Pn < 75 4.7 5.0 0.4 2008
75 ≤ Pn < 130 4.0 5.0 0.3 2007
130 ≤ Pn ≤ 560 4.0 3.5 0.2 2006
Pn > 560 no further reduction
Tier 4 interim
19 ≤ Pn < 37 7.5 5.5 0.30 2008
37 ≤ Pn < 56 4.7 5.0 0.30 2008
56 ≤ Pn < 130 3.4 0.19 5.0 0.02 2012
130 ≤ Pn ≤ 560 2.0 0.19 3.5 0.02 2011
Pn > 560 3.5 0.4 3.5 0.10 2011
Tier 4 interim - Genset
Pn > 900 0.67 0.4 3.5 0.1 2011
Power Pn NOx HC CO Particulates Date

kW g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh as of model
NOx + NMHC year
Tier 4
Pn < 8 7.5 8.0 0.4A 2008
8 ≤ Pn < 19 7.5 6.6 0.4 2008
19 ≤ Pn < 37 4.7 5.5 0.03 2013
37 ≤ Pn < 56 4.7 5.0 0.03 2013
56 ≤ Pn < 130 0.4 0.19 5.0 0.02 2015B
130 ≤ Pn < 560 0.4 0.19 3.5 0.02 2014C
Pn > 560 3.5 0.19 3.5 0.04 2015
Tier 4 - Genset
Pn > 560 0.67 0.19 3.5 0.03 2015
A
hand-startable, air cooled direct injection engines may be certified to Tier 2
standards through 2009 and to an optional PM standard of 0.6 g/kWh
starting in 2010
B
PM/CO: full compliance from 2012; NOx/HC: Option 1 (if banked Tier 2
credits used) – 50 % engines must comply in 2012–2013; Option 2 (if no Tier
2 credits claimed) – 25 % engines must comply in 2012–2014, with full
compliance from 31 December 2014
C
PM/CO: full compliance from 2011; NOx/HC: 50 % engines must comply in
2011–2013
• Optional for Tier 3 / 4: 37–56 kW, PM = 0.3 g/kWh as of 2008;

56–560 kW Phase in / Phase out
• Additionally to particulate measurement, a transient smoke test is
required. As of Tier 4 this is only necessary if particulate emissions
exceed 0.07 g/kWh. Engines which are operated at constant speed
are generally excluded.
• Stationary test cycle: ISO 8178-4, C1/D2/E3. As of Tier 4 the
appropriate Ramped Mode Cycle (see chapter 6) may be used
alternatively.
• Transient test cycle: NRTC; all engines as of Tier 4, except engines
above 560 kW and constant speed engines of any power category.
• Test condition: Air temperature 25°C
As of Tier 4: Air temperature 20°C–30°C,
Ambient pressure 0.8–1.03 bar
• Compliance with the emission limits has to be guaranteed over
the useful lifetime of the engine.
• ABT (Averaging, Banking and Trading): Emission credits
(CO, NOx+HC and particulates) can be averaged, banked or traded
• NTE (Not to Exceed): As of Tier 4, the emissions may not exceed
1.25 to 1.5 times the cycle limit.
• The regulations of Tier 4 allow open crankcase ventilation if these
emissions are measured and added to the exhaust emissions.
Brazil
On 13 July 2011 the Brazilian Environmental Council (CONAMA) has
published Resolution No. 433, the first regulation on emissions from
new agricultural and construction machinery. The limits are
equivalent to EC stage IIIA for mobile machinery.
Power Pn HC + NOx CO PM
kW* g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
19 ≤ Pn < 37 7,5 5,5 0,6
37 ≤ Pn < 75 4,7 5,0 0,4
75 ≤ Pn < 130 4,0 5,0 0,3
130 ≤ Pn < 560 4,0 3,5 0,2
Dates of introduction:
• Construction machinery ≥ 37 kW from 1 January 2015, between 19
and 37 kW from 1 January 2017
• Agricultural machinery ≥ 75 kW from 1 January 2017, between 19
and 75 kW from 1 January 2019
India
On 21 September 2006 the emission limit values for diesel engine
driven mobile machinery in India have been published and came into
force.
Power Pn NOx HC CO PM Date

kW g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
Bharat Stage II (CEV)
Pn < 8 9.20 1.30 8.00 1.00 Oct 2008
8 ≤ Pn < 19 9.20 1.30 6.60 0.85 Oct 2008
19 ≤ Pn < 37 9.20 1.30 6.50 0.85 Oct 2007
37 ≤ Pn < 75 9.20 1.30 6.50 0.85 Oct 2007
75 ≤ Pn < 130 9.20 1.30 5.00 0.70 Oct 2007
130 ≤ Pn < 560 9.20 1.30 5.00 0.54 Oct 2007
Bharat Stage III (CEV)
HC + NOx [g/kWh]
Pn < 8 7.50 8.00 0.80 Apr 2011
8 ≤ Pn < 19 7.50 6.60 0.80 Apr 2011
19 ≤ Pn < 37 7.50 5.50 0.60 Apr 2011
37 ≤ Pn < 75 4.70 5.00 0.40 Apr 2011
75 ≤ Pn < 130 4.00 5.00 0.30 Apr 2011
130 ≤ Pn < 560 4.00 3.50 0.20 Apr 2011
• Test cycle: ISO 8178 part 4 C1-8 and ISO 8178 part 4 D2-5
• The test shall be on engine dynamometer.
• The test procedure for measurement of gross power (without fan)
shall be as per Part IV of MoSRTH/CMVR/TAP-115/116 Issue No. 3.
• The test procedure for measurement of emission of visible
and gaseous pollutants and Particulate Matter shall be as per
MoSRTH/CMVR/TAP-115/116 Part X (sub part B).
• The emission of visible pollutants shall not exceed the limit values
given in sub-rule (3) of rule 115A when tested on engine
dynamometer at eighty per cent load at six speeds as per sub-rule
(3) of rule 115A.
• To meet the Bharat Stage III (CEV) standards with effect from
1 April 2011 engine manufacturer may opt for an engine test as
mentioned in the table below for evaluating deterioration factors
as per Annex V of Part X, sub part B of MoSRTH/CMVR/TAP-
115/116 issue No. 3.
• There shall be no relaxation of norms for COP (Conformity of
production) purposes.
• COP selection procedure shall be as per MoSRTH/CMVR/TAP-
115/116 Part VI.
• COP-frequency:
a) for equipment with annual production up to 200:
once in two years per engine family.
b) for equipment with annual production exceeding 200:
once in every year per engine family
Durability
Power band [kW]
Emission resistance
< 19 3000
19 < P < 37 (constant speed) 3000
19 < P < 37 (variable speed) 5000
> 37 8000
Deterioration factors
CO HC NOx PM
1.10 1.05 1.05 1.1
Emission limit values for agricultural tractors

NOx HC CO PM Date
g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
HC + NOx [g/kWh]
Bharat (Trem)
18.0 3.5 14.0 – Oct 99
Stage I
Bharat (Trem)
15.0 9.0 1.0 Jun 03
Stage II
Bharat (Trem)
9.5 5.5 0.80 Oct 05
Stage III
• Test cycle: ISO 8178 C1-8
Japan
Emission limit values stipulated by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism (MLIT) for “Special Motor Vehicles” and by MLIT,
Ministry of the Environment (MOE) and Ministry of Economy, Trade and
Industry (METI) for “Nonroad Motor Vehicles”:
Date for
Power Pn CO NOX HC PM Smoke imported
Date
kW g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh % machines and
vehicles
Stage I
19 ≤ Pn < 37 5.0 8.0 1.5 0.80 40 Oct. 03 –
37 ≤ Pn < 56 5.0 7.0 1.3 0.40 40 Oct. 03 –
56 ≤ Pn < 75 5.0 7.0 1.3 0.30 40 Oct. 03 –
75 ≤ Pn < 130 5.0 6.0 1.0 0.30 40 Oct. 03 –
130 ≤ Pn < 560 3.5 6.0 1.0 0.20 40 Oct. 03 –
Stage II
19 ≤ Pn < 37 5.0 6.0 1.0 0.40 40 Oct. 07 01. Sep. 08
37 ≤ Pn < 56 5.0 4.0 0.7 0.30 35 Oct. 08 01. Sep. 09
56 ≤ Pn < 75 5.0 4.0 0.7 0.25 30 Oct. 08 01. Sep. 10
75 ≤ Pn < 130 5.0 3.6 0.4 0.20 25 Oct. 07 01. Sep. 08
130 ≤ Pn < 560 3.5 3.6 0.4 0.17 25 Oct. 06 01. Sep. 08
• Test cycle and measurement: Special Vehicle Diesel 8 mode

• Definition “Special Motor Vehicles”: self propelled nonroad
vehicles and mobile machinery that run on public roads.
• Definition “Nonroad Motor Vehicles”: self propelled nonroad
vehicles and mobile machinery that don’t run on public roads.
Emission limits of the MLIT for construction machinery:

Power Pn CO NOX HC PM Smoke
kW g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh %
Stufe II
8 ≤ Pn < 19 5.0 NOx+HC: 7.5 0.80 40
19 ≤ Pn < 37 5.0 6.0 1.0 0.40 40
37 ≤ Pn < 56 5.0 4.0 0.7 0.30 35
56 ≤ Pn < 75 5.0 4.0 0.7 0.25 30
75 ≤ Pn < 130 5.0 3.6 0.4 0.20 25
130 ≤ Pn < 560 3.5 3.6 0.4 0.17 25
• Test cycle and measurement: ISO 8178-4,C1

• The emission limit values for engines with 19-560 kW are identical
with the limits stipulated by the MLIT according to Special Motor
Vehicles and Nonroad Motor Vehicles Stage II.
Turkey
Turkey has adopted the emission limit values of the European non-
road Directive 97/68/EC. Differing are solely the dates of coming into
force of stages I – IIIA.
NOX HC
Power Pn g/kWh CO PM
g/kWh Date*
[kW] g/kWh g/kWh
NOX + NMHC
Stage I (Faz I)
37 ≤ Pn < 75 9.2 1.3 6.5 0.85 5 Apr 2003
75 ≤ Pn < 130 9.2 1.3 5.0 0.70 5 Apr 2003
130 ≤ Pn ≤ 560 9.2 1.3 5.0 0.54 5 Apr 2003
Stage II (Faz II)
18 ≤ Pn < 37 8.0 1.5 5.5 0.8 2007
37 ≤ Pn < 75 7.0 1.3 5.0 0.4 2007
75 ≤ Pn < 130 6.0 1.0 5.0 0.3 2007
130 ≤ Pn ≤ 560 6.0 1.0 3.5 0.2 2007
Stage III A (Faz IIIA)
19 ≤ Pn < 37 7.5 5.5 0.6 2010
37 ≤ Pn < 75 4.7 5.0 0.4 2010
75 ≤ Pn < 130 4.0 5.0 0.3 2010
130 ≤ Pn ≤ 560 40 3.5 0.2 2010
Stage III B (Faz IIIB)
37 ≤ Pn < 56 4.7 5.0 0.025 2013
56 ≤ Pn < 75 3.3 0.19 5.0 0.025 2012
75 ≤ Pn < 130 3.3 0.19 5.0 0.025 2012
130 ≤ Pn ≤ 560 2.0 0.19 3.5 0.025 2011
Stage IV (Faz IV)
56 ≤ Pn < 130 0.4 0.19 5.0 0.025 Oct 2014
130 ≤ Pn ≤ 560 0.4 0.19 3.5 0.025 2014
• Test cycle: ISO 8178-4, C1/D2

Russia – mobile machinery and small tractors

The limits became effective at 1 July 2001.
Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide NOx

Power
all power bands 11.0 6.0 18.0
Switzerland – Construction machinery

The emissions from construction machineries are regulated by the
Clean Air Directive (Luftreinhalteverordnung 814.318.142.1). The
limits correspond with the Directive 97/68/EC (amended by
2004/26/EC).
Particulate Matter
Emissions should also not exceed the number of 1 x 1012 particles with
diameters> 23 nm per kWh. Requirements for particle filter systems
are also prescribed in the regulation.
RAIL 45
EU – Rail
The directive 97/68/EC (as amended by 2004/26/EC) applies for
compression ignition engines installed on railway vehicles with a
rated power of more than 130 kW for propulsion engines, and at least
19 kW for engines running at constant speed. For engines that are
operated at constant speed the limits apply as of 31 December 2006.
Locomotive propulsion engines

Stage Power Pn NOX HC CO PM Date*
Cylinder displ. g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
HC + NOx [g/kWh]
130 ≤ Pn < 560 kW 4.0 3.5 0.2 2007
Pn > 560 kW 6.0 0.5 3.5 0.2 2009
IIIA
Pn > 2000 kW
7.4 0.4 3.5 0.2 2009
Vh.z > 5 l
IIIB Pn > 130 kW 4.0 3.5 0.025 2012
Railcar propulsion engines

Stage Power Pn NOX HC CO PM Date*
HC + NOx [g/kWh]
IIIA Pn > 130 kW 4.0 3.5 0.2 2006
IIIB Pn > 130 kW 2.0 0.19 3.5 0.025 2012
* Date for placing on the market of engines, type approval one year earlier.
• No stage I and II
• Test cycle: ISO 8178-4, C1 (railcars) respectively F
• Test condition: air temperature 25°C
• As of stage IIIB there are limits in the performance map (NTE).
• Compliance with the limits must be demonstrated over the useful
lifetime of the engine.
46 RAIL
UIC – International Union of Railways

UIC code 624V establishes emission limits for railway propulsion
engines, which are mandatory for all UIC members. The UIC stage III
corresponds to the stage IIIA of the EU – Nonroad-Directive 97/68/EC
(see above).
Power Pn NOX HC CO PM
Stage Date
Speed nn g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
Pn > 560 kW 6.0 0.6 2.5 0.25 1 Jan 2003
Pn > 560 kW
9.5 0.8 3.0 0.25 1 Jan 2003
UIC II nn > 1000 rpm
Pn > 560 kW
9.9 0.8 3.0 0.25 1 Jan 2003
nn ≤ 1000 rpm
• UIC II: test cycle ISO 8178-4, F

• The UIC stage III corresponds to the stage IIIA of the EU – Nonroad-
Directive 97/68/EC (see above).
• UIC III: test cycle ISO 8178-4, F (C1 for railcars, corresponding to EU
– Nonroad-Directive 97/68/EC)
• Test fuel corresponding to ISO 8178-5
• Test condition: air temperature 25°C
• Exempted are engines with a rated power of less than 100 kW as
well as engines installed in special locomotives (e. g. refinery- or
mining-locomotives).
Russia – Locomotives
Date
< 1 Jan 2000 6.0 2.4 18.0
≥ 1 Jan 2000 3.0 1.0 12.0
RAIL 47
USA
On 6 May 2008 the US EPA has published the final rule “40 CFR Parts 9,
85, et al.” for locomotive engines less than 30 liters per cylinder. This law
regulates the emission limit values for all rail diesel engines.
Line-haul Locomotives
PM NOx HC
Engine category Take effect in year [g/bhp-hr] [g/bhp-hr] [g/bhp-hr]
Remanufactured Tier 0 without 2008, as available
0.22 8.0 1.00
separate loop intake air cooling 2010 required
Remanufactured Tier 0 with 2008, as available
0.22 7.4 0.55
separate loop intake air cooling 2010 required
2008, as available
Remanufactured Tier 1 0.22 7.4 0.55
2010 required
2008, as available
2013 required
New Tier 3 2012 0.10 5.5 0.30
New Tier 4 2015 0.03 1.3 0.14
Switch-haul locomotives
PM NOx HC
Engine category Take effect in year [g/bhp-hr] [g/bhp-hr] [g/bhp-hr]
2008, as available
2010 required
2008, as available
2010 required
2008, as available
2013 required
Tier 3 2011 0.10 5.0 0.60
Tier 4 2015 0.03 1.3 0.14
• Test specification: US EPA Part 1065: Test Procedures

48 RAIL
Turkey
The rule 97/68/AT (2004/26/AT) is valid for rail vehicles propelled with
diesel engines with 130 kW (propulsion engine).
The dates of coming into force for the emission stage Faz IIIA are both
for locomotives and railcars consistently in 2010. That is 1–4 years
after the appropriate dates in the EU legislation. The dates for the
emission stage Faz IIIB are indentical with the appropriate dates in the
EU legislation.
Propulsion engines for locomotives

NOX HC
g/kWh g/kWh CO PM
Stage Power Pn Date
g/kWh g/kWh
NOX + HC g/kWh
130 ≤ Pn ≤ 560 kW 4.0 3.5 0.2 2010

560 < Pn ≤ 2000 kW 6.0 0.5 3.5 0.2 2010
Faz IIIA
Pn > 2000 kW
7.4 0.4 3.5 0.2 2010
Vh.z > 5 l
Faz IIIB Pn > 130 kW 4.0 3.5 0.025 2012
Propulsion engines for railcars

NOX HC CO PM
Stage Power Pn Date*
IIIA Pn > 130 kW 4.0 3.5 0.20 2010
IIIB Pn > 130 kW 2.0 0.19 3.5 0.025 2012
• No emission stages I and II

TEST CYCLES 49
TEST CYCLES
ISO 8178
• Part 4 of ISO 8178 deals with the test cycles for different non-road
engine applications.
• The test cycles for the measurement and evaluation of gaseous and
particulate exhaust emissions in reciprocating internal combustion
engines are established, if the power is determined with a dynamometer.
• The tests are carried out under steady state operation.
• Engines for motor vehicles primarily designed for road use are excluded.
• The engine has to warm-up to the rated power used in the test
cycle, according to the recommendations of the manufacturer,
to stabilise the engine operating-parameters.
• The test conditions are established in ISO 8178-1 and ISO 8178-2.
Classification of the test cycles:
A Heavy-duty diesels in road vehicles (compare ECE R49)
B Universal, includes all test modes of cycles A, C, D, F, E1 and E2

without weighting, and can be used as the basis for calculating
emissions for these test cycles
C Vehicles (except on-road vehicles) and industrial equipment

C1 Nonroad vehicles and industrial equipment with diesel
engines
C2 Nonroad vehicles and industrial equipment with spark-
ignition engines and rated power above 20 kW
D Constant speed
D1 Gensets, irrigation pumps
D2 Units with intermittent load
E Marine engines
E1 Diesel engines for craft less than 24 m, except engines for
tug/push boats
E2 Heavy-duty, constant-speed engines for marine propulsion,
without restriction of vessel length
E3 Heavy-duty engines running on the propeller curve for marine
main propulsion, without restriction of vessel length,
E4 Spark-ignition engines for craft less than 24 m, except engines
for tug/push boats
E5 Diesel engines for craft less than 24 m, except for tug/push
boats
50 TEST CYCLES
F Rail engines
G Engines with a rated power usually less than 20 kW, for utility,
lawn and garden equipment
G1 Non hand-held applications with intermediate speed
G2 Non hand-held applications with rated speed
G3 Hand-held applications with rated speed
Weighting factors (mean pressure referenced to full-load curve)

Test mode Speed Mean pr. Cycle
B-cycle pme/pme, max
C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 F
1 1 0.15 0.3 0.05 0.08 0.2 0.15
2 0.75 0.15 0.5 0.25 0.11 0.5
3 Rated speed 0.5 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.15
4 0.25 0.06 0.3 0.15
5 0.1 0.1 0.1
6 1 0.1 0.02
7 0.75 0.1 0.05 0.19
Intermediate
8 0.5 0.1 0.32 0.32 0.25
speed
9 0.25 0.3
10 0.1 0.1
11 Low idle 0 0.15 0.15 0.3 0.6
Intermediate speed:
• For engines which are designed to operate over a speed range on a
full-load torque curve, the intermediate speed shall be the declared
maximum torque speed if it occurs between 60 % and 75 % of
rated speed.
• If the declared maximum torque speed is less than 60 % of rated
speed, then the intermediate speed shall be 60 % of the rated
speed.
• If the declared maximum torque speed is greater than 75 % of the
rated speed then the intermediate speed shall be 75 % of rated
speed.
• For engines which are not designed to operate over a speed range
on the full load torque curve at steady state conditions, the
intermediate speed will typically be between 60 % and 70 % of the
maximum rated speed.
• For engines to be tested on cycle G1, the intermediate speed shall
be 85 % of the maximum rated speed.
TEST CYCLES 51
Weighting factors (for test cycles based on the propeller curve)

Speed Power Cycle
Test mode
n/nn P/Pn E3 E5
1 1.00 1.00 0.20 0.08
2 0.91 0.75 0.50 0.13
3 0.80 0.50 0.15 0.17
4 0.63 0.25 0.15 0.32
5 idle 0.00 0.30
ECE R49 – Test cycle

Stationary heavy-duty vehicle test (Euro II) corresponding to ISO 8178,
A-cycle
Mean pressure
Test mode Speed n/nn Weighting factor
pme/pme, max
1 Low idle 0.00 0.25/3
2 0.10 0.08
3 0.25 0.08
4 Intermediate speed 0.50 0.08
5 0.75 0.08
6 1.00 0.25
7 Low idle 0.00 0.25/3
8 1.00 0.10
9 0.75 0.02
10 Rated speed 0.50 0.02
11 0.25 0.02
12 0.10 0.02
13 Low idle 0.00 0.25/3
ECE/EU Smoke measurement

(ECE R 24/03 and 97/20/EC respectively)
Measurement of the light-absorption coefficient (opacity) of the
exhaust-gas for all vehicles with diesel engines (commercial vehicles
up to Euro II)
1. Testing at constant speeds under full load

• Measurement of the full-load smoke at six different constant
speeds between rated speed and 45 % of the rated speed, or at
1000 rpm.
• For ECE R 24/03: the 7th measuring point at maximum torque.
52 TEST CYCLES
2. Testing at free acceleration

• Measurement of smoke at free acceleration of the engine from idle
to maximum speed.
• Limit specified only for engines with turbocharger.
RMC – Ramped Mode Cycle
• Stationary Nonroad test cycle, created by the EPA

(for Nonroad-engines, Tier 4).
• The test modes of the ISO test cycles are connected by transition
periods of 20 seconds (ramps).
• The whole test sequence has to be performed in a specified time
without interruption.
NRTC – Nonroad Transient Cycle
• Dynamic test for mobile machinery.

• Is valid in the USA (Tier 4) for measurement of particulate and
gaseous emission.
• To use for the EU-stages III B and IV for measurement of particulate
emission at all engines for mobile machinery except engines with
constant speed, rail engines and propulsion engines of inland
navigation vessels.
• The manufacturer can use this test also for measurements
in EU-stage IIIA and for measurement of gaseous pollutants in
EU-stages III B and IV.
US – Smoke test
(commercial vehicles and nonroad engines)
• Measurement of the exhaust-gas opacity at transient engine

operation on a test stand.
• Starting at idle, the engine is accelerated in two phases with a brief
interruption (acceleration-mode).
• The engine is then operated at rated speed and power and
subsequently lugged down through increasing of the load until the
intermediate speed (Lugging-mode).
• Thereupon, the engine is decelerated to idle speed.
• This cycle is repeated three times. From the values measured
during all three runs, the average opacity for acceleration, lugging
and the maximum figure (peak) are calculated.
TEST CYCLES 53
US locomotive test cycle

As a result of the special operating conditions of locomotives in the
USA, EPA has worked out a separate test cycle.
Throttle Duration Weighting factor Weighting factor

Test mode
setting (minutes) Line-haul cycle Switch cycle
Warm-up Notch 8 5±1 0A 0A
Warm-up Lowest idle max. 15 0A 0A
1a Low idleB 6 0.190 0.299
1 Normal idle C 6 0.190 0.299
2 Dynamic braking 6 0.125 0
3 Notch 1 6 0.065 0.124
4 Notch 2 6 0.065 0.123
5 Notch 3 6 0.052 0.058
6 Notch 4 6 0.044 0.036
7 Notch 5 6 0.038 0.036
8 Notch 6 6 0.039 0.015
9 Notch 7 6 0.030 0.002
10 Notch 8 max. 15 0.162 0.008
A
no measurement
B
not applicable if equipped differently
C
for applications with only one idle speed, the weighting factor is doubled
Cycle value calculation

The cycle value Ex (g/kWh) is calculated as follows using the pollutant
mass flows Mxi (g/h) that are measured at the cycle points 1 to i with
power Pi and weighting factor Wi:
54 FUELS
FUELS
EU – Directives 98/70/EC
(as amended by 2003/17/EC) and 2005/33/EC
• Diesel fuels: Gasoils which belong to KN-Code 27 10 19 41 and

which are used for propulsion of vehicles for the purpose of the
directives 70/220/EEC and 88/77/EEC.
• The member states ensure, that at the latest on 1 January 2005
diesel fuel with a maximum sulphur content of 10 ppm is placed
on the market in their sovereign territory. In all other aspects, the
fuel has to comply to the specifications stated below.
• As of 1 January 2009 only diesel fuel may be placed on the market,
which complies with the specifications below and has a maximum
sulphur content of 10 mg/kg (= 10 ppm).
AttributeA Unit Minimum B Maximum B
Cetane number 51 –
Density at 15°C kg/m3 – 845
Boiling characteristics:
°C – 360
95 % (v/v) re-extracted at
Polycyclic aromatic
% m/m – 11
hydrocarbons
50
Sulphur content ppm –
10C
A
Test procedure according to EN 590:1999
B
“Effective Values” according to ISO 4259
C
As of 1 January 2009 the regulated maximum sulphur content has to be
satisfied by every diesel fuel that is placed on the market.
• Furthermore, the Member States shall assure that the gasoils

which are placed on the market for use in mobile machinery
or in agricultural tractors have a maximum sulphur content of
2000 mg/kg (= 2000 ppm).
• As of 1 January 2008 the maximum sulphur content of the above
mentioned gasoils is 1000 mg/kg (= 1000 ppm).
• As of 1 January 2010 the maximum sulphur content of fuels for
inland navigation vessels is 1000 mg/kg (= 1000 ppm) as regulated
in the directive 2005/33/EC.
• For seagoing vessels the directive 2005/33/EC regulates for special
areas (so called SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA) the following
limits for the sulphur content: 1.5 % sulphur content for the North
Sea (11 August 2007) and the Baltic Sea and also for passenger
ships at regular service between Community Ports (11 August
2006); 0.1 % for all ships at berth in Community Ports (1 January
2010).
FUELS 55
USA 40 CFR
• For mobile machinery the sulphur limit is 500 ppm as of 2007

and 15 ppm as of 2010.
• For trains and ships the sulphur limit is 15 ppm as of 2012.
IMO – Marine fuels

The IMO is further reducing the sulphur level in marine fuels.
For details see chapter “Marine”.
56 CONVERSION FORMULAS
CONVERSION FORMULAS
For sulfur free diesel fuel (10 ppm sulfur) corresponding to EN 590
with a density of ρ = 830 kg/m3 (15° C), the following applies
approximately:
Conversion of g/mn3 (5 % O2) to g/kWh:
Conversion with differing residual oxygen content (as per “TA Luft”):
Conversion of ppm to g/kWh:
EPi Pollutant mass, i, referenced to Peff (g/kWh)

EAi Pollutant mass, i, referenced to exhaust volumes based on dry
exhaust with 5 % residual oxygen under standardized
conditions (g/mn3)
EXi Pollutant mass, i, referenced to exhaust volumes based on dry
exhaust with X % residual oxygen under standardized
conditions (g/mn3)
EVi Exhaust emission value of components, i, as volume share
(ppm)
Mi Mol mass of the components, i, (kg/kmol)
MExh Mol mass of the exhaust (kg/kmol)
Exh Exhaust mass flow (kg/h)
Peff Power output (kW)
beff Specific fuel consumption (g/kWh)
Index d: dry
Index w: wet
Mol mass
Component Remarks
kg/kmol
NO2 46.006 NOx treated as NO2
CO 28.0104
HC 13.876 HC 1
SO2 64.061
Exhaust dry 30.21 / 29.84 5 % O2 / 9.6 % O2
Exhaust wet 28.84 / 28.82 5 % O2 / 9.6 % O2
CONVERSION FORMULAS 57
• At 5 % residual oxygen (corresponding to an excess air ratio of

1.3 : 1) and beff = 210 g/kWh, the following applies approximately:
- 1000 ppm NOx, 3

measured wet, corresponds to 2310 mg/m , d, 5 % (6.60 g/kWh)
n
- 100 ppm HC, 3

measured wet, corresponds to 70 mg/m , d, 5 % (0.20 g/kWh)
n
- 100 ppm CO,

measured dry, corresponds to 125 mg/mn3, d, 5 % (0.36 g/kWh)
• At an excess air ratio of 1.8 : 1 (residual oxygen content

corresponding to 9.6 %) and beff = 210 g/kWh the following applies
approximately:
- 1000 ppm NOx, 3

measured wet, corresponds to 9.10 g/kWh (3150 mg/m , d, 5 %) n
- 100 ppm HC, 3

measured wet, corresponds to 0.27 g/kWh (95 mg/m , d, 5 %) n
- 100 ppm CO, measured dry, corresponds to 0.51 g/kWh

(176 mg/mmg/mn3, d, 5 %)
Units:
Energy 1J = 1 Nm = 1 Ws = 1 VAs
1 Wh = 3.6 kJ
1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
Power 1W = 1 VA = 1 J/s = 1 Nm/s
Force 1N = 1 kgm/s2
Pressure 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 bar = 105 Pa
Conversion of non-SI units:

Length
Inch 1 in = 25.4 mm
Foot 1 ft = 304.8 mm = 12 in
Yard 1 yd = 914.4 mm = 3 ft
Statute mile 1 mi = 1609.34 m = 1760 yd
Nautical mile 1 nm = 1852 m
58 CONVERSION FORMULAS
Surface
Square inch 1 sq in = 645.16 mm2
Volume
Cubic inch 1 cu in = 0.016387 Liter
Gallon (US) 1 gal (US) = 3.78541 Liter
Gallon (UK) 1 gal (UK) = 4.54609 Liter
Liquid barrel (US) 1 liq bbl = 119.24 Liter
Barrel Petroleum 1 bbl = 158.99 Liter
Mass
Grain 1 gr = 64.7989 mg
Ounce 1 oz = 28.3495 g
Pound mass 1 lbm = 0.45359 kg = 16 oz = 7000 gr
Hundredweight (US) 1 cwt (US) = 45.3592 kg = 1 short cwt = 100 lbm
Hundredweight (UK) 1 cwt (UK) = 50.8023 kg = 1 long cwt = 112 lbm
Ton (US) 1 ton (US) = 907.185 kg = 1 short ton = 2000 lbm
Ton (UK) 1 ton (UK) = 1016.05 kg = 1 long ton = 2240 lbm
Force
Pound force 1 lbf = 4.44822 N
Pressure
Atmosphere 1 atm = 1.01325 bar
Water column 1 mm WS = 9.80665 Pa
Mercury column 1 mm Hg = 133.322 Pa = 1 Torr
Psi 1 lbf / in2 = 6894.76 Pa pound per square inch
Energy
Calorie 1 kcal = 4186.8 J
Foot pound-force 1 ft lbf = 1.35582 J
British thermal unit 1 Btu = 1055.06 J
Mineral coal unit 1 kg SKE = 29.3076 MJ = 8.141 kWh
Oil equivalent 1 kg OE = 41.868 MJ = 11.63 kWh
Power
Horsepower (metric) 1 PS = 735.499 W
Horsepower, HP 1 bhp = 745.70 W = 550 ft • lbf/s
Temperature
T (K) = t (°C) + 273.15
t (°C) = 5/9 • (t(°F) – 32)
GLOSSARY 59
Glossary
Exhaust emission components
CO Carbonmonoxide
HC Hydrocarbons
NOX Nitrogen oxides
NMHC Non-Methane-Hydrocarbons
PM Particulate matter
SOX Sulfur oxide
THC Total Hydrocarbon
VOC Volatile organic components
(equals HC)
Regulations
BSO Bodensee Schifffahrtsordnung,
Lake Constance Shipping Ordinance
CFR Code of Federal Register (US regulations)
RheinSchUO Rhine vessel inspection regulation
TA-Luft Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft
(German clean-air standard for approval authorities)
Authorities and organizations

EU European Union
EC European Commission
ECE Economic Commission for Europe
(UN economic commission for Europe)
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
(US environmental authority)
CARB California Air Resources Board
IMO International Maritime Organization
CCNR Central Commission for the Navigation on the Rhine
UIC Union International des Chemins de Fer
(International Union of Railways)
Engine parameters
m n3 standard cubic meter
MWe Megawatt electrical
MWth Megawatt thermal
Pn Engine rated power [kW]
nn Engine rated speed [rpm]
Vh,z Swept volume per cylinder (cyl. displacement) [liter]
VDMA
Engines and Systems
Lyoner Strasse 18
60528 Frankfurt am Main
Contact
Diana Schnith
Phone +49 69 6603-1378
Fax +49 69 6603-2378
E-Mail [email protected]
Editorial team
Martin Nitsche
Jens Slama
Cover foto: AGCO GmbH
www.vdma.org/engines

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Engines and Systems

Exhaust emission legislation

13 Stationary power plants

37 Nonroad mobile machinery

No responsibility is taken for the correctness of this information.

Date of issue: November 2011

IMO – Seagoing ships

MARPOL has to be followed primarily by ships, which run under the

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

North American coastlines have been established as the first NOx

Existing vessels shall be modified so that they fulfil Tier I emission

Replacement engine or additional engine

Major engine conversion:

• NOx limit dependent on engine rated speed.

Sulphur oxides (SOx)

Global sulphur limit levels:

* Review of the date of entry into force in 2018. In case of non-availability of

IMO, Sulfur limits

EU – Inland waterway vessels

Cylinder Displac. CO HC + NOx PM

Exempted from the limits are the following ships:

For the national implementation of the directive, the exceptions have

Limits (valid since 1 January 2005)

• Exhaust emissions are measured according to the harmonised

Rhine vessel inspection regulation

Stage I (since 2003)

• Only combustion engines which use fuels with a flashpoint above

Stage II (as of 1 July 2007 [Date of putting in service of the ship])

• Test cycles and test conditions as for stage I

Lake Constance shipping ordinance (BSO)

The calculated mass-emissions of spark ignited engines of group A

Stage II (engines, which have been built after 1 January 1996)

For gasoline engines, the following limits apply:

• The calculated mass-emissions of spark ignited engines of group A

USA – Marine engines

Tier 3 for C1 marine diesel engines in commercial vessels

Tier 3 for C1 marine diesel engines commercial and recreational

Tier 3 for C2A marine diesel engines:

Tier 4 for C1 und C2 marine diesel enginesE:

• Test cycle: ISO 8178-4, E2/E3/D2/C1 (according to engine

Turkey – Inland waterway vessels

Category displacement per CO HC + NOx PM

Carbon monoxide Hydrocarbon nn NOx

World Bank – General EHS Guidelines

World Bank – EHS Guidelines for industry sectors:

The guidelines differ in installations in

Plants in Degraded Airsheds (DA), areas with poor air quality

Natural gas SI 200

Plants in Non-Degraded Airsheds

UN-ECE Gothenburg Protocol

Limit values (Annex 5, issue 12)

• Regenerative gases like biogas, purification gas and landfill gas

EU – Industrial Emissions Directive

Germany – Stationary power plants

Subject to TA Luft are combustion engine power plants using

• The emission limits refer to dry exhaust gas with 5 % residual

• Limit values applicable to normal operation (i. e. normally at

Stationary gas engines installed before 31 December 2007 and