en e r a l Bi

G tinguishing ology
2 : Dis Prok
aryo
tic c
1
k an d uka ryo t i
ee E
W

CHECKING FOR
UNDERSTANDING
A. Let's Answer

01 02 03
DESCRIBE A TYPICAL DESCRIBE A TYPICAL EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A
PROKARYOTE CELL: EUKARYOTE CELL: PROKARYOTE AND EUKARYOTE CELL:
Prokaryotes are Eukaryotic cells are The difference between these two main types
unicellular organisms that cells that contain a of cells is that eukaryotic cells have a
lack organelles or other membrane-bound membrane-bound nucleus and prokaryotic
internal membrane-bound nucleus and many cells do not. The nucleus is where eukaryotes
structures. Therefore, internal membranes store their genetic information. In
they do not have nucleus called organelles. The prokaryotes, DNA is bundled together in the
and instead rely on a distinctive feature of nucleoid region, but it is not stored within a
single chromosome: a Eukaryotic cells is membrane-bound nucleus. Also, another
circular, double-stranded that they have a important difference is the DNA structure.
DNA strand found in the nucleus that is Eukaryote DNA consists of multiple molecules
nucleoid region of the surrounded by a of double-stranded linear DNA, while that of
cell. plasma membrane. prokaryotes is double-stranded and circular.

04 05
HOW HAS THE SIMPLICITY OF PROKARYOTES HOW HAS THE COMPLEXITY OF EUKARYOTES
AFFECTED THEIR ABILITY TO ADAPT AND SURVIVE? AFFECTED THEIR ABILITY TO ADAPT AND SURVIVE?
Almost all of the prokaryotes you can found a Compared to prokaryotes, because of the complexities
protective structure called cell wall which enable them of the eukaryotes it requires them a substantial
to live in both hyper- and hypo-osmotic environments. amount of energy to adapt for more cellular activity.
Some example of this are the oil bacteria, they produce Additionally, the lack of a cell wall to the eukaryotes
endospores for them to be able to withstand heat and became an advantage as it permits the cell to organize
drought. Furthermore, the simplicity of prokaryotes themselves into structures such as organs, bones,
allowed them to communicate and distribute nutrients plant stems, and fruit, which just shows how able they
more efficiently, which also in turn allowed them to are to adapt and survive even if they were given such
adapt to any environment. complexities.
GAINING MASTERY
Part B. Drawing

Pilus
Capsule

PROKARYOTIC CELL
Cell Wall

Plasma
Membrane

Plasmid

Flagelli
Ribosomes

Nucleoid
(DNA)

Cytoplasm

Microfilament
Ribosomes Mitochondrion

Cytoplasm
EUKARYOTIC CELL

Nucleolus

Microtubules

Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum Centriole

Nuclear Envelope

Lysosome

Golgi Apparatus
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Perixosome
Plasma Membrane
Vacuole
CHECKING FOR
UNDERSTANDING
A. Let's Answer

Nucleus Mitochondria Ribosomes

(Executive) (Printer) (Clients)

CELL OFFICE ANALOGY

Chloroplast
(Solar Panel)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Vacuole (Computer)
(Storage Room)

Proteins
Storage Room (Documents)

Cytoplasm Golgi Apparatus

(Main office) (Office Workers)

Cell Wall Lysosome

(Wall) (Janitor)

Cell Membrane
(Entrance/Exit Door)

CHLOROPLAST - SOLAR PANEL LYSOSOME - JANITOR

The chloroplast is like the solar panels on the roof of the The lysosome is like the janitor of the office because the
office because the solar panels convert the sun's energy janitor cleans up messes and throws away trash in the same
into energy to be used by electric appliances in the office in way that lysosome rids the cell of unwanted material.
the same way that the chloroplast carries out
photosynthesis by converting sunlight into ATP or glucose GOLGI APPARATUS - OFFICE WORKERS
used for energy for the plant cell. The Golgi Apparatus is like the workers of the office
VACUOLE - STORAGE ROOM because the workers put documents, receive it, and then
carry it out to deliver it to the clients in the same way that
The vacuole is like the storage room in the office because the Golgi Apparatus processes, sorts, and delivers proteins
the storage room stores materials to be used later in the in the cell.
same way that the vacuole stores materials such as water
and salts needed by the cell. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - COMPUTER
CYTOPLASM - MAIN OFFICE The endoplasmic reticulum is like the computer in the office
The cytoplasm is like the main office place of the office because the computer is where documents are produced and
because it allows the clients and other wokers to move made the same way that the endoplasmic reticulum helps in
around and have space to sit in the same way that the the assembly of proteins.
cytoplasm allows molecules to move around the cell. RIBOSOMES - CLIENTS
CELL WALL - WALL The ribosomes are like the clients of the office because the
The cell wall is like the walls of the office because the walls clients are the source or the patrons of the restaurant in
protects the office from environmental conditions and gives the same way that the ribosomes link amino acids to form
shape to the office in the same way the cell wall protects, proteins in the cell.
supports, and gives shape to the plant cell. MITOCHONDRIA - PRINTER
CELL MEMBRANE - ENTRANCE/EXIT DOOR The mitochondria is like the printer in the office because the
The cell membrane is like the entrance/exit door of the printer produce the energy for the documents to be printed
office because the door allows people to go in and out of the and make physical copies in the same way that the
office in the same way the cell membrane controls the mitochondria supplies eneroy for the cell to use.
passage of materials in and out of the cell. NUCLEUS - EXECUTIVE
PROTEINS - DOCUMENTS The nucleus is like the executive of the office because the
Proteins are like the documents in the office because executive is the person who is responsible for putting into
documents are the main material for office to function in the action the plans and policies controls the rest of the staff in
same way that the proteins are the job of the cell and carry the same way the nucleus controls the genetic information
out many critical functions. (DNA) and is the control center of the cell.
DRAWINGS
Note: I am going to Include this since it looks much
better without colors.

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell

3D Eukaryotic Cell Analogy

 en e r a l Bi
G ssifying Pla ology
2 : Cla nt an
d An 1
k ima
ee l Tis s u e
W

CHECKING FOR
UNDERSTANDING
Let's Answer

1. HOW DOES THE STRUCTURE OF SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM ALLOW FOR EFFICIENT EXCHANGE OF GASES
AND SOLUTES ACROSS THE CAPILLARIES AND LUNGS?
Cells gather together to form a covering or lining which are slightly uneven. When cells are organized in a single
layer (simple epithelia), diffusion in tissues such as the lungs' gas exchange regions and the exchange of
nutrients and waste at blood capillaries is facilitated.

2. HOW IS MERISTEMATIC TISSUE CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF THEIR FUNCTION?

Apical meristems are in charge of root and shoot extension and give rise to the primary plant body. Secondary
meristems are responsible for secondary growth, or an increase in the girth and thickness of the stem.
Furthermore, meristems are responsible for wound healing because they regenerate from other cells in
wounded tissues. Now, because meristematic zones can be divided indefinitely, plants, unlike most animals,
can continue to grow throughout their lives.

3. WHAT TYPE OF MERISTEM IS FOUND ONLY ON MONOCOTS, SUCH AS LAWN GRASSES? EXPLAIN HOW THIS
TYPE OF MERISTEMATIC TISSUE IS BENEFICIAL IN LAWN GRASSES THAT ARE MOWED EACH WEEK?
Intercalary meristems are found only in monocots at the bases of leaf blades and at nodes (the areas where
leaves attach to a stem). Due to this tissue, the monocot leaf blade can grow longer from the leaf base,
allowing lawn grass leaves to lengthen even after repeated mowing.

4. EXPLAIN HOW THE STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND GLIAL TISSUE COMPLIMENTS THE FUNCTION OF NEURON
TISSUES.
Glial (Neuroglial) cells support, nourish, and protect the neurons and do not conduct nerve impulses. It guides
maturing neurons to their destinations, produce myelin sheaths around axons, and buffer ions and poisons that
would otherwise injure neurons. They've also recently been discovered to play a part in nerve activity response
and nerve cell communication.

5. HOW DO CARDIAC MUSCLES DIFFER FROM SKELETAL MUSCLES? EXPLAIN BRIEFLY

Cardiac muscles differ from skeletal muscles as they exhibit rhythmic contractions and they are not under
voluntary control. The sinoatrial node of the heart regulates the rhythmic contraction of cardiac muscles which
is involuntary by nature. Moreover, cardiac muscles are highly reliant on aerobic respiration, whereas skeletal
muscles can function under anaerobic situations for short periods of time.
GAINING MASTERY
Part B

1. WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ROLE OF VASCULAR TISSUES?

The most important role of vascular tissues is to transport water, nutrients, and carbohydrates to various
areas of the plant, and the xylem and phloem are two specialized conducting tissues that make up vascular
tissues. Additionaly, water and nutrients are transported from the roots to various areas of the plant through
xylem tissues, which also serve as structural supports in the stem.

2. HOW DO DERMAL TISSUE REGULATE WATER LOOSE IN PLANTS?

The dermal tissue functions to protect the plant from injury and water loss. It covers the outside of the plant,
except in woody shrubs and trees, which have bark. The most common cell type in dermal tissue is the
epidermal cell. A waxy cuticle covers the dermal tissue of the stems and leaves, preventing evaporative water
loss. Stomata are specialized pores in the cuticle that allow gas exchange through holes.

3. WHAT TYPE OF TISSUE ARE THE VEINS IN LEAVES?

The veins in the leaves are the vascular tissue, it is a complex conducting tissue found in vascular plants that
is made up of multiple cell types. The vascular tissue is comprised of the xylem and the phloem, the main
transport systems of plants, and they typically occur together in vascular bundles in all plant organs,
traversing roots, stems, and leaves.

4. NAME THREE TISSUES IN THE GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM.

The ground tissue system arises from a ground tissue meristem and consists of three simple tissues:
parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

FLORENE BHON GUMAPAC

GRADE XII DALTON