AUTOMATIC HAND SANITIZER DISPENSER USING ARDUINO

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC PAGE NO.


List of figures 6

List of tables 7

Acronyms 8

Abstract 9

CHAPTER 1 –-INTRODUCTION 10-12

CHAPTER 2 --LITERATURE REVIEW 13-14

CHAPTER 3 --PROPOSED SYSTEM 15-17

(Methodology)

CHAPTER 4 --PREPARATION OF HAND SANITIZER 18-19

(Prescribed formula by WHO)

CHAPTER 5 --TOOLS & SPECIFICATIONS 20-26

Arduino Nano
Ultrasonic sensor
Breadboard
Adapter
3-6 v submersible mini water pump
PNP Transistor

CHAPTER 6 -- HARDWARE MODELLING 27-29

(Circuit Diagram along with Breadboard connection)

CHAPTER 7 -- WORKING PRINCIPLE 30-34

(with flowchart)

CHAPTER 8 -– RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS 35-37

(Responses along with successful Code)

CHAPTER 9 –- CONCLUSIONS 38-39

CHAPTER 10 – REFERENCES 40-43

 LIST OF FIGURES

Sl no. Figures page no

1. Working steps of the proposed 16

system (Methodology)--------

2. Arduino Nano------- 21

3. Ultrasonic sensor------- 22

4. Breadboard & wires------- 23

5. Adapter------- 24

6. 3-6v submersible mini water pump------- 25

7. pnp transistor------ 26

8. Connection diagram of Arduino Nano with 28

ultrasonic sensor -----------

9. Connection (pin) diagram of Ardunio Nano, 28

ultrasonic sensor, pnp transistor

& 5v pump ----------

10. Contactless Hand sanitizer system ---------- 29

 LIST OF TABLES

Sl no tables page no.

1. Hand sanitizer formula------ 19

2. Flowchart of the proposed system------- 32

3. Responses ( result) ------ 36

 ACRONYMS

PWM - Pulse Width Modulation ICSP - In Circuit Serial

Programming LED - Light Emitting Diode USB -
Universal Serial Bus

COM - Common

NO - Normally Open

NC - Normally Closed
 ABSTRACT

COVID pandemic has influenced human life in various sectors. Various attempts were made to reduce
the virus transferring by work from home, social distancing, and also including hand hygiene. As COVID-
19 are transferrable through touch and contact, there are WHO guidelines to clean or sanitize hands
regularly to reduce the risk of infection. Dispensing of sanitizer from bottle and storage would require
manual intervention. And so far, most of the available hand sanitizers do not operate automatically. This
article aims to make an automatic hand sanitizer which finds it's use in hospitals, work places, offices,
schools and much more to reduce the risk due to contact. Here, the system can sense the proximity with the
help of ultrasonic sensor and sends signal to microcontroller (Arduino Nano).The controller processes the
sensor data & actuates the pump and solenoid valve. And the result is the sanitizer liquid dispenses through
mist nozzle.
 CHAPTER 1

(INTRODUCTION)
 INTRODUCTION

Hygiene is an important aspect to remain healthy. There are various aspects of hygiene. A clean hand is
one of them. Hands generally are touched at various surfaces and can be exposed to direct contamination.
Cleaning hands at regular interval is recommended by various health organizations including WHO.

Hand hygiene is now regarded as one of the most important element of infection control activities. In
the wake of the growing burden of health care associated infections (HCAIs), the increasing severity of
illness and complexity of treatment, superimposed by multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogen infections,
health care practitioners (HCPs) are reversing back to the basics of infection preventions by simple
measures like hand hygiene. This is because enough scientific evidence supports the observation that if
properly implemented, hand hygiene alone can significantly reduce the risk of cross-transmission of
infection in healthcare facilities (HCFs)1-5.

Evidence suggests that hand sanitization significantly reduces the transmission of healthcare-associated
pathogens and the incidence of HCAI (healthcare associated infections).[6]. According to the Centre for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), hand hygiene encompasses the cleansing of your hands using
soap and water, antiseptic hand washes, alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS), or surgical hand
antiseptics. These days, alcohol-based hand sanitizers are increasingly being used instead of soap and
water for hand hygiene in healthcare settings.
Poor or inadequate hand washing and/or hand hygiene is known to be problematic in hospital settings, and
is a major source of infections contracted while patients are admitted to a hospital. While hand washing
and hygiene policies and training are important and can be effective in reducing the spread of infections,
the problem of infections due to unsatisfactory hygiene of staff, medical professionals, and even patients
continues to be problematic. It is known to place hand washing stations and hand sanitizer dispensers
throughout medical facilities including in examination rooms, hallways, lobbies, and even patient rooms.
However, such systems are purely mechanical and are incapable of providing an automated means of
establishing accountability of good hygienic practices [7].
During the last quarter of 2019, a collection of unusual pneumonia cases went from a local concern to a
global pandemic in a matter of 70 days. The infamous Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) is the virus [8] that was first reported in Wuhan,
China on December 31, 2019, and was announced as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on
March 11, 2020. This virus is zoonotic (a virus that is transmitted between animals and humans) and
originates from bats [9]. Besides, this virus can also be transmitted from humans to humans. Coronavirus
can be transmitted either by air, direct contact, or indirectly. However, it is most commonly spread by
droplets. Symptoms caused by this virus include the mild flu, namely a cold, sore throat, cough, fever, and
difficulty breathing. In severe cases, Covid-19 can manifest as pneumonia. Patients can develop acute
respiratory distress syndrome for a short time and die from multiple organ failure [10].

The existence of this disease has a big impact on both socials and economics. WHO has declared this a
pandemic disease and many cities around the world are in a lockdown situation. To prevent the cause of
this virus, it can be done by keeping a distance at least 1 meter, avoid going to crowded places, avoid
touching the eyes, mouth, and nose when outside, and cleaning hands with soap or alcohol-based hand rub
[11]. Providing containers for cleaning fluids in public spaces is a form of Covid-19 prevention, but the
provision of containers is currently ineffective because there are parts that are often touched. This could be
a point of transmission for Covid-19. Many health actions are carried out using automatic systems
including air quality monitoring [12], hand sanitizers [13],hand hygiene[14].Hand sanitizers are an
alternative for washing hands during a pandemic. It can be used when and water are not available. Hand
sanitizer is also available in several forms such as liquid (spray) or gel [15]. Hand sanitizer is usually made
from materials such as alcohol, polyacrylic acid, glycerine, propylene glycol, or plant extracts [16]. The
process of killing germs starts with removing the oil on the skin, then the bacteria in the body will come to
the surface. Soap or alcohol will kill bacteria after rubbing to your hand. Hand sanitizer is effective against
Covid-19.

So far, most of the available hand sanitizers do not operate automatically. This article aims to make an
automatic hand sanitizer where sanitizer liquid can come out automatically. Here, the circuit includes a
ultrasonic sensor SC-04. The sensor senses the proximity of hands under the machine. The machine is
designed for wall mount at a height of 4ft such that anyone can reach to get sanitizer dispense. The sensor
send signal to the microcontroller and the controller takes decision to actuate the pump and valve
simultaneously to dispense the liquid sanitizer through a mist nozzle.
CHAPTER 2

(LITERATURE SURVEY)
 LITERATURE SURVEY

The paper says about emergence of the novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which has caused unexpected
challenges to health of the people of this world, the paper also aims at reducing the transmission rate of the
disease. In the absence of availability of vaccine or effective antiviral drugs, hand hygiene is a mainstay of
efforts to prevent the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS- CoV-2), the virus
that causes COVID-19. In the hand sanitizer study, the researchers evaluated the effectiveness of different
concentrations of two WHO-recommended and two modified hand sanitizer formulations on COVID-19
virus. The WHO recommends two formulas: (1). 80% ethanol, 1.45% glycerol and 0.125% hydrogen
peroxide and (2). 75% 2-propanol, 1.45% glycerol and 0.125% hydrogen peroxide.

However, these formulas failed to meet the effectiveness requirements of European Norm 1500. So, the
modified versions used in this study was (1). 80% ethanol,0.725% glycerol and 0.125% hydrogen
peroxide and (2). 75% 2-propanol, 0.725% glycerol and 0.125% hydrogen peroxide.
It has been found that WHO formulation had a virus reduction factor of >= 3.8, while the
modified versions had a reduction factor of >= 5.9. [17]
This paper showed the effectiveness of the alcohol based hand sanitizers, which reduced infection rates
by whopping 30%. The paper also explains about the virus structure and how it is different from that of
the bacterial structure, which means that virus has single stranded or double stranded RNA or DNA
encapsulated in ‘capsid’ and virus can replicate only in presence of a host and described as ‘living
entities’. Bacteria also has almost the same structure including DNA or RNA along with ‘Cell
Membrane’ and can replicate without a host. The paper also gives a complete comparison between hand
sanitizers and soap, foam vs gel, and it says that high concentration of ethanol can reduce the amount of
virus particle present in the hand and hence proves the effectiveness of alcohol based hand sanitizer.
 CHAPTER 3

(PROPOSED SYSTEM)
 PROPOSED SYSTEM ( Methodology)

Several steps were carried out in this research to test the Automatic hand sanitizer container has
shown in Figure.1. Due to the spread of Covid disease, first we analyse the importance of environment
needed for automatic hand sanitizer. The second step we make the literature study about the related article.
We design the hardware, examine the product and report the result.
Here is the flowchart of the events as follows:
case analysis => research reference => design & modelling => creating an algorithm =>
connecting hardware => fabrication => testing & debugging => finish report

Figure 1
Here, An Arduino Nano microcontroller is used since it is easy to program, has inbuilt ADC, DAC. The
input to the Arduino is given using an ultrasonic sensor, which is used to sense the distance, it emits
ultrasonic frequency from one side and the notes the time taken by sound wave to get reflected back. The
ultrasonic sensor is used to detect hands with a distance of approximately 7 cm from the sensor. If a human
hand has been detected, the sensor will send input to the Arduino Nano as a microcontroller (central
controller). The Arduino Nano microcontroller is the control main which has a program to access data
from the input of the ultrasonic sensor. The Arduino gives a 100ms pulse from it’s digital output pin. The
pump cannot be used directly, hence a relay is used as a switch. The relay accepts the pulse from Arduino
and makes the pump run. The pump is 3V to 6V submersible type, which pumps out a few drops of hand
sanitizer on to the hands, after pumping, the distance is sensed for every 1000ms(1s) for scanning
purposes.
 CHAPTER 4

(PREPARATION OF HAND SANITIZER)

 PREPARATION OF HAND SANITIZER

At present, alcohol-based hand rubs are the only known means for rapidly and effectively inactivating a
wide array of potentially harmful microorganisms on hands [18-23]. To help the countries and healthcare
facilities, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended formulations for local preparation of
alcohol-based hand rubs to be used for hand hygiene. Logistic, economic, safety, cultural, and religious
factors have all been carefully considered by WHO before recommending such formulations for use
worldwide. Hand sanitizer used in the automated touchless hand sanitizer dispenser developed in this study
was prepared strictly following the WHO recommended formulation and procedure for local production, as
shown in Table. The choice of components for the WHO-recommended hand rub formulations takes into
accounts the cost constraints and microbicide activity.

World Health Organization recommended formulations for local production of alcohol-based

hand sanitizer as follows:

Table 1
 CHAPTER 5

(TOOLS & SPECIFICATIONS)

 TOOLS & SPECIFICATIONS

A) ARDUINO NANO:- Arduino Nano is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P

(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output
pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 8 Analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and
a reset button.

Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM)

Analog Input Pins: 8

Flash Memory: 32 KB (ATmega328P)

B ). ULTRASONIC SENSOR:-An Ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an
object using ultrasonic sound waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and
receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object's proximity.
Power Supply: DC 5V
Working Current: 15mA
Working Frequency: 40Hz
Ranging Distance : 2cm – 400cm/4m
Resolution : 0.3 cm
Measuring Angle: 15 degree
Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS
Dimension: 45mm x 20mm x 15mm
C) BREADBOARD:- A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a bunch of tiny holes in it. These
holes let you easily insert electronic components to prototype (meaning to build and test an early version
of) an electronic circuit, like this one with a battery, switch, resistor, and an LED (light-emitting diode).

Height / Thickness: 0.5118 inch.

Length: 7.87 to 47.24 inch.
Units: Metric.
Width: 7.87 to 47.24 inch.
D) ADAPTER:- An adapter is a device that allows a specific type of hardware to work with another
device that would otherwise be incompatible. Examples of adapters include electrical adapters, video
adapters, audio adapters, and network adapters.

• Brand Name Orange

• Input Voltage (V) 100 ~ 280 VAC @50 ~ 60Hz
• Input current (mA) 100
• Output Voltage (V) 5
• Output current (A) 1
• Load regulation (%) +/- 0.5
E) 3-6v Submersible Water Pump:- Make sure that the water level is
always higher than the motor. The dry run may damage the motor due to heating and it will also produce
noise.

2.5 to 6
• Operating Voltage (VDC)
• Operating Current (mA) 130 to 220
• Flow Rate (L/H) 80 to 120
• Maximum Lift (mm) 40 to 110
• Continuous Working Life (hours) 500
• Driving Mode DC, Magnetic Driving
• Material Plastic
• Outlet outside diameter (mm) 7.5

• Outlet inside diameter (mm) 5

• Shipment weight 0.06 kg

• Shipment dimensions 5 cm *4 cm *3 cm
F) PNP TRANSISTOR (BC547) :-

• Transistor Type: NPN

• Max Collector Current (IC): 100mA
• Max Collector-Emitter Voltage (VCE): 45V
• Max Collector-Base Voltage (VCB): 50V
• Max Emitter-Base Voltage (VEBO): 6V
• Max Collector Dissipation (Pc): 500 mW
• Max Transition Frequency (fT): 300 MHz
 CHAPTER 6

(HARDWARE MODELING)
 Hardware Modelling

The circuit scheme can be shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.

Figure 8. Arduino Nano and ultrasonic sensor HCSR04

Figure 9. Arduino Nano, ultrasonic sensor HCSR04, 5V pump, pnp transistor BC547

The circuit in this research has two systems that can work simultaneously.

Figure 10. Ultrasonic sensor senses the distance of object

The sensor connected to the Arduino will start working when the device is activated. The ultrasonic
sensor in this circuit is used to detect the distance to an object. The circuit in Figure 10 works when the
distance is less than 8 (<=7 cm) cm, the ultrasonic sensor will send data to the Arduino Nano so that it
can activate the 5V pump through the pnp transistor(BC547) and the cleaner reaches the hand through a
small pipe.
 CHAPTER 7

(WORKING PRINCIPLE)
 Working Principle

( with flowchart)

At first, the device should be plugged in using a 12 V AC-DC adapter. Then the process will
automatically start to run without any human interaction. The functionality of this dispenser device is
simple. Whenever the user puts his/her hand at a distance less than 3 cm, the ultrasonic sensor detects it.
The signal from the ultrasonic sensor is then processed and obtained in the Arduino Microcontroller. After
that, Arduino will send an output signal to the motor driver. The motor driver is used to turn on the pump
motor when getting commands from the microcontroller. The motor driver is used because the
microcontroller cannot directly turn on the pump motor.

After the pump motor runs for pre-programmed time of 1 (one) second, it turns off automatically and stops
the flow of sanitizer. The hand sanitizer is equipped with a safety device in the form of hand detection
which must be more than 1 (one) second in order not to waste the hand sanitizer unnecessarily. One time
filling of hand sanitizer liquid can be used up to approximately 400 times.

Here is the flowchart as follows:

CODE :

#define echoPin 2

#define trigPin 3

long duration;

int distance;

void setup() {

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

pinMode(5, OUTPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop() {

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH); delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); duration =
pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;

Serial.print("Distance: "); Serial.print(distance);
Serial.println(" cm");
 if (distance<=7)

digitalWrite(5, HIGH);

Serial.print("Pump On");

delay(150);

digitalWrite(5, LOW);

Serial.print("Pump OFF");

delay(2000);

else

digitalWrite(5, LOW);

Serial.print("Pump OFF");

delay(50);

}
 CHAPTER 8

(RESULT & DISCUSSIONS)

 Result & Discussions :

Testing of automatic hand sanitizer tools is carried out by testing the performance of
automatic hand sanitizer. Testing of the automatic hand sanitizer tool is in the form of testing the success
rate of the tool. In the above paper, Arduino is used as a microcontroller for calculating the distance
between the sensor and the hand placed below it. If it is less than 7cm, then pump runs for 100ms through
a relay and pumps out few mL of liquid alcohol based hand sanitizer and also senses the distance for every
1000ms. Components like pump, relay, Arduino microcontroller were tested. Testing is done by testing the
ultrasonic sensor by placing your hands at a certain distance, namely 5 cm, 7 cm, and 10 cm. The test was
carried out on 10 people with 10 detections for each person and the distance between the hands and the
sensor.
Based on Table, it shows that the automatic hand sanitizer sensor will work properly when the hand is at a
distance of 7 cm. The successful discharge rate of hand sanitizer reaches 100%. The success rate of
automatic hand sanitizer with a hand distance of 5 cm from the sensor reaches 90%. While the success rate
of automatic hand sanitizer with a hand distance of 10 cm from the sensor reaches 10 cm. This is because
the program is set at 7 cm to match the hand sanitizer fluid discharge pipe. The program distance can be
adjusted via the Arduino program.
 CHAPTER 9

(CONCLUSIONS)
 CONCLUSIONS

The paper says that non contact dispensing is very important to prevent pathogen spreading and finally,
hand hygiene is most important and must be part of our daily life. In this study, a novel design of an
automated hand sanitizer dispenser was demonstrated. The components needed for the device fabrication
were described in detail. The circuit diagram was discussed, which clarifies the connection between the
components with the microcontroller circuit (Arduino Nano). The piping conditions were shown and
described accordingly. The relevant diagrams and components of the original device were presented in
sequential order for a better understanding. Arduino Nano was used to input the program into the
microcontroller. The algorithm used in this device was described with a flowchart to depict the
functionality of the dispenser. Based on the results of the research on the design of the automatic hand
sanitizer that the researchers did, it can be concluded that the hand sanitizer can work well when the hands
are at a distance of 7 cm. According to the researchers, 7 cm is considered ideal because it has been
adjusted to the discharge pipe for the hand sanitizer. The hand sanitizer can be active for approximately 20
hours and one time filling of the hand sanitizer liquid can be used up to 400 times.
CHAPTER 10

(REFERENCES)
 REFERENCES

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