1) Coulomb's law states that the magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2) Electric charge can be positive or negative. Objects become charged through processes like conduction, induction, or friction.
3) The document discusses key concepts related to electric charge including quantization of charge, conservation of charge, and invariance of charge. It also explains different charging processes and provides an example of applying Coulomb's law.
1) Coulomb's law states that the magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2) Electric charge can be positive or negative. Objects become charged through processes like conduction, induction, or friction.
3) The document discusses key concepts related to electric charge including quantization of charge, conservation of charge, and invariance of charge. It also explains different charging processes and provides an example of applying Coulomb's law.
1) Coulomb's law states that the magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2) Electric charge can be positive or negative. Objects become charged through processes like conduction, induction, or friction.
3) The document discusses key concepts related to electric charge including quantization of charge, conservation of charge, and invariance of charge. It also explains different charging processes and provides an example of applying Coulomb's law.
1) Coulomb's law states that the magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2) Electric charge can be positive or negative. Objects become charged through processes like conduction, induction, or friction.
3) The document discusses key concepts related to electric charge including quantization of charge, conservation of charge, and invariance of charge. It also explains different charging processes and provides an example of applying Coulomb's law.
FORCE MPS Department │ FEU Institute of Technology ELECTRIC CHARGE OBJECTIVES
• Explain the basic concepts of charge and conservation of charges
• Differentiate the types of charging ELECTRIC CHARGE The word “electric” is derived from the Greek word elektron, meaning amber.
They discovered that when they rubbed amber with wool, the amber could attract other objects.
Electricity is an invisible force in nature consisting of two electrical charges, the
proton and electron
Trains, electronic gadgets, heating and cooling appliances, and many more, even our brain uses electricity to work. ELECTRIC CHARGE Electrical charge is a property of matter that causes it to produce and experience electrical and magnetic effect It can be represented by the symbol (Q) with a unit called Coulomb that is represented by C.
The unit of electrical charge is named after Charles
Augustin De Coulomb.
Coulomb found out that each electric point charge Figure 1. Charles Augustin de Coulomb. Adapted exerts a mechanical force on the other. from “Charles Augustin de Coulomb”, by Citizendium, ( June 29, 2009 The charge of an electron or proton: 𝒆 = ±𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑪 ELECTRIC CHARGE Plastic rods and fur are particularly good for demonstrating electrostatics, the interactions between electric charges that are at rest.
Benjamin Franklin suggested to calling the two kinds of charges which are positive and negative charges.
The key concept is: Two positive charges or two negative charges repel each other. A positive and a negative charge attract each other.
When a material has an excess number of electrons, it has a negative electrical
charge but when a material has a deficiency of electrons, it has a positive electrical charge. PROPERTIES OF CHARGE (1) Quantization of Charge : Electric charge can have only discrete values, that is, charge is quantized. A charge q must be an integral multiple of this basic unit. That is, Q = ± ne where n = 1, 2, … and e= ± 1.602x10-19C
A typical charge of a rubbed body is 10-8 C.
A body is having a charge of +0.32 C. How many electrons have been removed from it ?
SOLUTION Since charge Q=+0.32 C, there electrons are removed from the body. Let n be the no. of electrons 𝟏𝒆 𝟏𝟖 𝒆 𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝑪 = 𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑪 PROPERTIES OF CHARGE
(2) Charge is always associated with mass : A charge cannot exist without mass, though a mass can exist without charge. The particles such as photon or neutrino have no (rest) mass. Hence, these particles can never have a charge. The mass of a body (slightly) increases when it acquires a negative charge (by gaining some electrons). On the other hand, when a body acquires a positive charge (by losing some electrons), its mass (slightly) decreases. PROPERTIES OF CHARGE
(2) Conservation of charge : Electric charge is always conserved in an isolated
system. One object gains some amount of negative charge while the other gains an equal amount of positive charge.
(3) Invariance of charge : Numerical value of a charge is independent of the
frame of reference. It means the value of charge on a body remains the same, whether it is stationary, or moving with a constant velocity or accelerating. CHARGING PROCESS CONDUCTION – charging that involves contact • Conductors – materials that permit electric charge to move easily from one region of the material to another. • Insulators – material that do not easily permit the electric charge to flow. • Semiconductor – is a material that has an intermediate property of conductor and Figure 2. Charging by Conduction. Adapted insulator. from “Methods of Charging” by The Physics Classroom Charging by conduction involves conductors. CHARGING PROCESS INDUCTION – Charging process that does not involve contact
Figure 3. Charging by Induction. Adapted from “Methods of Charging”, by The
Physics Classroom. CHARGING PROCESS FRICTION • Objects are rubbed with each other and electrons transfer • One of the bodies acquire negative charges leaving the other body positively charged.
After you electrify a comb by running it through your hair, you can pick up uncharged bits of paper with the comb. This interaction is called an induced – charged effect. GROUNDING This is the process of removing excess charge from an object by means of transfer of electrons between it and another object of substantial size.
Figure 4. (a) When a charged rod is brought near the metal sphere without touching it, some of the positive and negative charges in the sphere are separated. (b) Some of the electrons leave the sphere through the grounding wire, with the result (c) that the sphere acquires a positive net charge. Adapted from “Charging by Contact and by Induction” by demowebassign,net COULOMB’S LAW OBJECTIVES
• Explain the basic concepts of electrostatic forces
• Solve problems related to Coulomb’s Law and Superposition principle COULOMB’S LAW
q1 q2 r
“The magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is
directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them” COULOMB’S LAW
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝑭𝒆 ∝ 𝒓𝟐
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝑭𝒆 = 𝟐 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟒𝝅Ɛ𝒐 𝒓 𝒓𝟐 Where: Fe – Force (N) r – distance between the charges in meters (m) 𝐶 2 𝑁𝑚2 Ɛ0 – Permittivity of free space ( 𝑁𝑚2 ) ke – force constant (Nm2/C2) 1 = 8.99 x 109 (𝑁𝑚2) ke = 4πƐ q1 and q2 – Charges in Coulomb (C) 𝑜 𝐶2 COULOMB’S LAW Vector form of electric force between charges q1 and q2:
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝒓ො 𝟏𝟐 𝒓𝟏𝟐
(a) When the charges are of the same sign, the force is repulsive. (b) When the charges are of opposite signs, the force is attractive Figure 1.Attractive and Repulsive forces. Adapted from “Coulomb’s Law”, by Tyler (2014). SAMPLE 1. The Hydrogen Atom: The electron and proton of a PARTICLE CHARGE (C) MASS (kg) hydrogen atom are separated by a distance of Electron (e) -1.602x10-19 9.1094x10-31 approximately 5.3 × 10-11 m. Find the magnitude of the Proton (p) +1.602x10-19 1.67262x10-27 electric force and gravitational between the two Neutron 0 1.67262x10-27 particles. SOLUTION 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑝 𝐹𝑔 = 𝐺 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑟2 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑟2 2 9.11𝑥1031 𝑘𝑔 1.67𝑥10−27 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚2ൗ 1.602𝑥10−19 𝐶 2 𝐹𝑔 = 6.67𝑥10−11 𝑁𝑚 ൗ 2 𝐹𝑒 = 8.99𝑥109 𝑁 𝑘𝑔 5.3𝑥10−11 𝑚 2 𝐶2 5.3𝑥10−11 𝑚 2
𝐹𝑒 = 8.2 𝑥 10−8 𝑁 𝐹𝑔 = 3.6𝑥10−47 𝑁
Gravitational force is very small compared to the electric force between the electron and proton. SAMPLE 2. Two point charges, q1 = 25nC and q2 = -75nC, are separated by a distance of 3.0 cm. Find the magnitude and direction of (a) the electric force that q1 exerts on q2 and (b) the electric force that q2 exerts on q1.
SOLUTION 𝑞1 𝑞2 (a) 𝐹12 = 𝑘 𝑟2 2 25𝑥10−9 𝐶 −755𝑥10−9 𝐶 𝐹12 = 8.99𝑥109 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 ൗ 2 = 0.019𝑁 𝑟 3𝑥10−2 𝑚 2 (b) 𝐹12 = 𝐹21 𝐹21 = 0.019𝑁 SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE Consider more than two charges, to find the net q3 electric force on a charge, we will be using superposition principle, that is, addition of vectors. q4
Vector form of electric force between charges q1 and q2:
F41 q2 q1 𝑞1 𝑞2 F21 𝐹റ12 = 𝑘𝑒 2 𝑟12 Ƹ 𝑟12 F31 The net force on q1 due to other charges: Where 𝐹റ21 is the force on q1 due to q2 𝑭𝟏 = 𝑭𝟐𝟏 +𝑭𝟑𝟏 +𝑭𝟒𝟏 𝐹റ31 is the force on q1 due to q3 𝐹റ41 is the force on q1 due to q4 SAMPLE 3. Two point charges are located on the positive x-axis of a coordinate system. Charge q1 = 1.0 nC is 2.0 cm from the origin and charge q2 = -3.0 nC is 4.0 cm from the origin. What is the total electric force exerted on a charge q3 = 5.0 nC located at the origin? SAMPLE F2 F1 SOLUTION q3
4. Four point charges are located at the corners of a rectangle, as shown in figure. Find the net force acting on the charge q1
Figure 2. Forces acting on q1 due to q2, q3, and q4. Adapted from “Superposition Principle”, by Dronstudy.com (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.dronstudy.com/book/chapter-notes- electrostatics-class-12/ q2 SAMPLE q3 - F31 +
3cm 4. Four point charges are located at the corners of a F41 rectangle, as shown in figure. Find the net force acting on the q4 - + q1 4cm charge q1 F21 SOLUTION 𝑞1 𝑞3 𝐹31 =𝑘 The force 𝐹റ21 is repulsive, while 𝐹റ31 and 𝐹റ41 are 𝑟13 2 attractive. 9 𝑁𝑚2 8𝑥10−9 𝐶 8𝑥10−9 𝐶 = 9𝑥10 ൗ 2 Find the magnitude: 𝐶 5𝑥10−2 2 = 23𝑥10−5 𝑁 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝐹21 =𝑘 𝐹41 =𝑘 𝑟12 2 𝑟12 2 9 𝑁𝑚2 8𝑥10−9 𝐶 4𝑥10−9 𝐶 2 8𝑥10−9 𝐶 12𝑥10−9 𝐶 = 9𝑥10 ൗ 2 = 9𝑥109 𝑁𝑚 ൗ 2 𝐶 3𝑥10−2 2 𝐶 4𝑥10−2 2 = 32𝑥10−5 𝑁 = 54𝑥10−5 𝑁 SAMPLE q3 - F31 + q2 3cm SOLUTION F41 - + q1 Writing in i-j notations: 𝐹റ = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑖Ƹ + 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑗Ƹ q4 4cm
𝐹റ41 = −54𝑥10−5 𝑁 𝑖Ƹ REFERENCES Webassign.net, (n.d). Charging by Contact and by Induction. [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://demo.webassign.net/ebooks/cj6demo/art/images/c18/nw0718- n.gif
Tyler, (2014). Coulomb’s Law. [Photograph]. Retrieved from
