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Enigma machine
The Enigma machine is a cipher device developed and used in
the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic,
and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi
Germany during World War II, in all branches of the German
military. The Germans believed, erroneously, that use of the
Enigma machine enabled them to communicate securely and thus
enjoy a huge advantage in World War II. The Enigma machine
was considered so secure that it was used to encipher even the
most top-secret messages.[1]

The Enigma has an electromechanical rotor mechanism that

scrambles the 26 letters of the alphabet. In typical use, one person
enters text on the Enigma's keyboard and another person writes
down which of 26 lights above the keyboard illuminated at each Military Enigma machine, model
key press. If plain text is entered, the illuminated letters are the "Enigma I", used during the late
encoded ciphertext. Entering ciphertext transforms it back into 1930s and during the war; displayed
readable plaintext. The rotor mechanism changes the electrical at Museo Nazionale Scienza e
connections between the keys and the lights with each keypress. Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci,
Milan, Italy
The security of the system depends on a set of machine settings
that were generally changed daily during the war, based on secret
key lists distributed in advance, and on other settings that were
changed for each message. The receiving station has to know and
use the exact settings employed by the transmitting station to
successfully decrypt a message.

While Nazi Germany introduced a series of improvements to

Enigma over the years, and these hampered decryption efforts,
they did not prevent Poland from cracking the machine prior to
the war, enabling the Allies to exploit Enigma-enciphered
messages as a major source of intelligence.[2] Many
commentators say the flow of Ultra communications intelligence
from the decryption of Enigma, Lorenz, and other ciphers,
shortened the war substantially, and might even have altered its
outcome.[3]

Military Enigma machine (in wooden

Contents box)
History
Breaking Enigma
Design
Electrical pathway

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Rotors
Stepping
Turnover
Entry wheel
Reflector
Plugboard
Accessories
Mathematical analysis
Operation
Basic operation
Details
Indicator
Additional details
Example encoding process
Models
Commercial Enigma
Military Enigma
Surviving machines
Derivatives
Simulators
In popular culture
See also
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links

History
The Enigma machine was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War
I.[4] This was unknown until 2003 when a paper by Karl de Leeuw was found that described in detail
Arthur Scherbius' changes.[5] The German firm Scherbius & Ritter, co-founded by Arthur Scherbius,
patented ideas for a cipher machine in 1918 and began marketing the finished product under the
brand name Enigma in 1923, initially targeted at commercial markets.[6] The name is said to be from
the Enigma Variations of English composer Edward Elgar.[7] Early models were used commercially
from the early 1920s, and adopted by military and government services of several countries, most
notably Nazi Germany before and during World War II.[8]

Several different Enigma models were produced, but the German military models, having a plugboard,
were the most complex. Japanese and Italian models were also in use. With its adoption (in slightly
modified form) by the German Navy in 1926 and the German Army and Air Force soon after, the name
Enigma became widely known in military circles. Pre-war German military planning emphasized fast,
mobile forces and tactics, later known as blitzkrieg, which depend on radio communication for

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command and coordination. Since adversaries would likely intercept radio signals, messages had to be
protected with secure encipherment. Compact and easily portable, the Enigma machine filled that
need.

Breaking Enigma

Around December 1932 Marian Rejewski, a Polish mathematician and cryptanalyst at the Polish
Cipher Bureau, used the theory of permutations, and flaws in the German military message
encipherment procedures, to break message keys of the plugboard Enigma machine. He achieved this
without knowledge of the machine's wiring, so this result did not allow the Poles to decrypt actual
messages. France's spy Hans-Thilo Schmidt obtained access to German cipher materials that included
the daily keys used in September and October 1932. Those keys included the plugboard settings. The
French passed the material to the Poles, and Rejewski used some of that material and the message
traffic in September and October to solve for the unknown rotor wiring. Consequently the Polish
mathematicians were able to build their own Enigma machines, called "Enigma doubles". Rejewski
was aided by cryptanalysts Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski, both of whom had been recruited with
Rejewski from Poznań University. The Polish Cipher Bureau developed techniques to defeat the
plugboard and find all components of the daily key, which enabled the Cipher Bureau to read German
Enigma messages starting from January 1933.

Over time the German cryptographic procedures improved, and the Cipher Bureau developed
techniques and designed mechanical devices to continue reading Enigma traffic. As part of that effort,
the Poles exploited quirks of the rotors, compiled catalogues, built a cyclometer to help make a
catalogue with 100,000 entries, invented and produced Zygalski sheets, and built the electro-
mechanical cryptologic bomba to search for rotor settings. In 1938 the Germans added complexity to
the Enigma machines, leading to a situation that became too expensive for the Poles to counter. The
Poles had six bomby (plural of bomba), but when the Germans added two more rotors, ten times as
many bomby were then needed, and the Poles did not have the resources.[9]

On 26 and 27 July 1939,[10] in Pyry near Warsaw, the Poles initiated French and British military
intelligence representatives into their Enigma-decryption techniques and equipment, including
Zygalski sheets and the cryptologic bomb, and promised each delegation a Polish-reconstructed
Enigma. The demonstration represented a vital basis for the later British continuation and effort.

In September 1939, British Military Mission 4, which included Colin Gubbins and Vera Atkins, went
to Poland, intending to evacuate cipher-breakers Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki, and Henryk
Zygalski from the country. The cryptologists, however, had been evacuated by their own superiors into
Romania, at the time a Polish-allied country where some of them were interned. On the way, for
security reasons, the Polish Cipher Bureau personnel had deliberately destroyed their records and
equipment. From Romania they traveled on to France, where they resumed their cryptological work,
collaborating by teletype with the British, who began work on decrypting German Enigma messages,
using the Polish equipment and techniques.[11]

Gordon Welchman, who became head of Hut 6 at Bletchley Park, has written: "Hut 6 Ultra would
never have gotten off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles, in the nick of time, the details
both of the German military version of the commercial Enigma machine, and of the operating
procedures that were in use."[12]

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During the war, British cryptologists decrypted a vast number of messages enciphered on Enigma. The
intelligence gleaned from this source, codenamed "Ultra" by the British, was a substantial aid to the
Allied war effort.[13]

Though Enigma had some cryptographic weaknesses, in practice it was German procedural flaws,
operator mistakes, failure to systematically introduce changes in encipherment procedures, and Allied
capture of key tables and hardware that, during the war, enabled Allied cryptologists to succeed and
"turned the tide" in the Allies' favour.[14][15]

Design
Like other rotor machines, the Enigma machine is a combination of
mechanical and electrical subsystems. The mechanical subsystem
consists of a keyboard; a set of rotating disks called rotors arranged
adjacently along a spindle; one of various stepping components to turn at
least one rotor with each key press, and a series of lamps, one for each
letter. These design features are the reason that the Enigma machine was
originally referred to as the rotor-based cipher machine during its Enigma in use, 1943
intellectual inception in 1915.[5]

Electrical pathway

An electrical pathway is a route for current to travel. By manipulating this phenomenon the Enigma
machine was able to scramble messages.[5] The mechanical parts act by forming a varying electrical
circuit. When a key is pressed, one or more rotors rotate on the spindle. On the sides of the rotors are
a series of electrical contacts that, after rotation, line up with contacts on the other rotors or fixed
wiring on either end of the spindle. When the rotors are properly aligned, each key on the keyboard is
connected to a unique electrical pathway through the series of contacts and internal wiring. Current,
typically from a battery, flows through the pressed key, into the newly configured set of circuits and
back out again, ultimately lighting one display lamp, which shows the output letter. For example,
when encrypting a message starting ANX..., the operator would first press the A key, and the Z lamp
might light, so Z would be the first letter of the ciphertext. The operator would next press N, and then
X in the same fashion, and so on.

Current flows from the battery (1) through a depressed bi-directional keyboard switch (2) to the
plugboard (3). Next, it passes through the (unused in this instance, so shown closed) plug "A" (3) via
the entry wheel (4), through the wiring of the three (Wehrmacht Enigma) or four (Kriegsmarine M4
and Abwehr variants) installed rotors (5), and enters the reflector (6). The reflector returns the
current, via an entirely different path, back through the rotors (5) and entry wheel (4), proceeding
through plug "S" (7) connected with a cable (8) to plug "D", and another bi-directional switch (9) to
light the appropriate lamp.[16]

The repeated changes of electrical path through an Enigma scrambler implement a polyalphabetic
substitution cipher that provides Enigma's security. The diagram on the right shows how the electrical
pathway changes with each key depression, which causes rotation of at least the right-hand rotor.
Current passes into the set of rotors, into and back out of the reflector, and out through the rotors
again. The greyed-out lines are other possible paths within each rotor; these are hard-wired from one
side of each rotor to the other. The letter A encrypts differently with consecutive key presses, first to G,
and then to C. This is because the right-hand rotor steps (rotates one position) on each key press,

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sending the signal on a

completely different route.
Eventually other rotors
step with a key press.

Rotors

The rotors (alternatively

wheels or drums, Walzen
in German) form the heart
of an Enigma machine. The scrambling action of
Each rotor is a disc Enigma's rotors is shown
approximately 10  cm for two consecutive letters
(3.9  in) in diameter made with the right-hand rotor
from Ebonite or Bakelite moving one position
with 26 brass, spring- between them.
loaded, electrical contact
pins arranged in a
circle on one face,
with the other face
housing 26
Enigma wiring diagram with arrows and the corresponding
numbers 1 to 9 showing how current flows from electrical contacts
key depression to a lamp being lit. The A key is in the form of
encoded to the D lamp. D yields A, but A never circular plates. The
yields A; this property was due to a patented pins and contacts
feature unique to the Enigmas, and could be represent the
exploited by cryptanalysts in some situations. alphabet — typically
Enigma rotor assembly. In the
the 26 letters A–Z,
Wehrmacht Enigma, the three
as will be assumed
installed movable rotors are
for the rest of this description. When the rotors are mounted side sandwiched between two fixed
by side on the spindle, the pins of one rotor rest against the plate wheels: the entry wheel, on the
contacts of the neighbouring rotor, forming an electrical right, and the reflector on the left.
connection. Inside the body of the rotor, 26 wires connect each
pin on one side to a contact on the other in a complex pattern.
Most of the rotors are identified by Roman numerals, and each issued copy of rotor I, for instance, is
wired identically to all others. The same is true for the special thin beta and gamma rotors used in the
M4 naval variant.

By itself, a rotor performs only a very simple type of encryption, a simple substitution cipher. For
example, the pin corresponding to the letter E might be wired to the contact for letter T on the
opposite face, and so on. Enigma's security comes from using several rotors in series (usually three or
four) and the regular stepping movement of the rotors, thus implementing a polyalphabetic
substitution cipher.

Each rotor can be set to one of 26 possible starting positions when placed in an Enigma machine.
After insertion, a rotor can be turned to the correct position by hand, using the grooved finger-wheel
which protrudes from the internal Enigma cover when closed. In order for the operator to know the
rotor's position, each has an alphabet tyre (or letter ring) attached to the outside of the rotor disc,
with 26 characters (typically letters); one of these is visible through the window for that slot in the
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cover, thus indicating the rotational position of the rotor. In early

models, the alphabet ring was fixed to the rotor disc. A later
improvement was the ability to adjust the alphabet ring relative to
the rotor disc. The position of the ring was known as the
Ringstellung ("ring setting"), and that setting was a part of the
initial setup needed prior to an operating session. In modern
terms it was a part of the initialization vector.

Three Enigma rotors and the shaft, Each rotor contains one or more notches that control rotor
on which they are placed when in stepping. In the military variants, the notches are located on the
use. alphabet ring.

The Army and Air Force Enigmas were used with several rotors,
initially three. On 15 December 1938, this changed to five, from
which three were chosen for a given session. Rotors were marked
with Roman numerals to distinguish them: I, II, III, IV and V, all
with single notches located at different points on the alphabet
ring. This variation was probably intended as a security measure,
but ultimately allowed the Polish Clock Method and British
Banburismus attacks.
Two Enigma rotors showing
The Naval version of the Wehrmacht Enigma had always been
electrical contacts, stepping ratchet
issued with more rotors than the other services: At first six, then
(on the left) and notch (on the right-
hand rotor opposite D). seven, and finally eight. The additional rotors were marked VI,
VII and VIII, all with different wiring, and had two notches,
resulting in more frequent turnover. The four-rotor Naval Enigma
(M4) machine accommodated an extra rotor in the same space as the three-rotor version. This was
accomplished by replacing the original reflector with a thinner one and by adding a thin fourth rotor.
That fourth rotor was one of two types, Beta or Gamma, and never stepped, but could be manually set
to any of 26 positions. One of the 26 made the machine perform identically to the three-rotor
machine.

Stepping

To avoid merely implementing a simple (solvable) substitution cipher, every key press caused one or
more rotors to step by one twenty-sixth of a full rotation, before the electrical connections were made.
This changed the substitution alphabet used for encryption, ensuring that the cryptographic
substitution was different at each new rotor position, producing a more formidable polyalphabetic
substitution cipher. The stepping mechanism varied slightly from model to model. The right-hand
rotor stepped once with each keystroke, and other rotors stepped less frequently.

Turnover

The advancement of a rotor other than the left-hand one was called a turnover by the British. This was
achieved by a ratchet and pawl mechanism. Each rotor had a ratchet with 26 teeth and every time a
key was pressed, the set of spring-loaded pawls moved forward in unison, trying to engage with a
ratchet. The alphabet ring of the rotor to the right normally prevented this. As this ring rotated with
its rotor, a notch machined into it would eventually align itself with the pawl, allowing it to engage
with the ratchet, and advance the rotor on its left. The right-hand pawl, having no rotor and ring to its
right, stepped its rotor with every key depression.[17] For a single-notch rotor in the right-hand
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position, the middle rotor stepped once for every 26 steps of the
right-hand rotor. Similarly for rotors two and three. For a two-
notch rotor, the rotor to its left would turn over twice for each
rotation.

The first five rotors to be introduced (I–V) contained one notch

each, while the additional naval rotors VI, VII and VIII each had
two notches. The position of the notch on each rotor was
determined by the letter ring which could be adjusted in relation
The Enigma stepping motion seen
to the core containing the interconnections. The points on the
from the side away from the
rings at which they caused the next wheel to move were as
operator. All three ratchet pawls
follows.[18] (green) push in unison as a key is
depressed. For the first rotor (1),
Position of turnover notches
which to the operator is the right-
Rotor Turnover position(s) BP mnemonic hand rotor, the ratchet (red) is
I R Royal always engaged, and steps with
each keypress. Here, the middle
II F Flags rotor (2) is engaged, because the
III W Wave notch in the first rotor is aligned with
the pawl; it will step (turn over) with
IV K Kings
the first rotor. The third rotor (3) is
V A Above not engaged, because the notch in
VI, VII and VIII A and N the second rotor is not aligned to the
pawl, so it will not engage with the
rachet.
The design also included a feature known as double-stepping.
This occurred when each pawl aligned with both the ratchet of its
rotor and the rotating notched ring of the neighbouring rotor. If a
pawl engaged with a ratchet through alignment with a notch, as it moved forward it pushed against
both the ratchet and the notch, advancing both rotors. In a three-rotor machine, double-stepping
affected rotor two only. If, in moving forward, the ratchet of rotor three was engaged, rotor two would
move again on the subsequent keystroke, resulting in two consecutive steps. Rotor two also pushes
rotor one forward after 26 steps, but since rotor one moves forward with every keystroke anyway,
there is no double-stepping.[17] This double-stepping caused the rotors to deviate from odometer-style
regular motion.

With three wheels and only single notches in the first and second wheels, the machine had a period of
26×25×26  = 16,900 (not 26×26×26, because of double-stepping).[17] Historically, messages were
limited to a few hundred letters, and so there was no chance of repeating any combined rotor position
during a single session, denying cryptanalysts valuable clues.

To make room for the Naval fourth rotors, the reflector was made much thinner. The fourth rotor
fitted into the space made available. No other changes were made, which eased the changeover. Since
there were only three pawls, the fourth rotor never stepped, but could be manually set into one of 26
possible positions.

A device that was designed, but not implemented before the war's end, was the Lückenfüllerwalze
(gap-fill wheel) that implemented irregular stepping. It allowed field configuration of notches in all 26
positions. If the number of notches was a relative prime of 26 and the number of notches were
different for each wheel, the stepping would be more unpredictable. Like the Umkehrwalze-D it also
allowed the internal wiring to be reconfigured.[19]

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Entry wheel

The current entry wheel (Eintrittswalze in German), or entry stator, connects the plugboard to the
rotor assembly. If the plugboard is not present, the entry wheel instead connects the keyboard and
lampboard to the rotor assembly. While the exact wiring used is of comparatively little importance to
security, it proved an obstacle to Rejewski's progress during his study of the rotor wirings. The
commercial Enigma connects the keys in the order of their sequence on a QWERTZ keyboard: Q→A,
W→B, E→C and so on. The military Enigma connects them in straight alphabetical order: A→A,
B→B, C→C, and so on. It took inspired guesswork for Rejewski to penetrate the modification.

Reflector

With the exception of models A and B, the last rotor came before a
'reflector' (German: Umkehrwalze, meaning 'reversal rotor'), a
patented feature unique to Enigma among the period's various
rotor machines. The reflector connected outputs of the last rotor
in pairs, redirecting current back through the rotors by a different
route. The reflector ensured that Enigma would be self-reciprocal;
thus, with two identically configured machines, a message could
be encrypted on one and decrypted on the other, without the need
for a bulky mechanism to switch between encryption and
Internal mechanism of an Enigma
decryption modes. The reflector allowed a more compact design,
machine showing the type B
but it also gave Enigma the property that no letter ever encrypted
reflector and rotor stack.
to itself. This was a severe cryptological flaw that was
subsequently exploited by codebreakers.

In Model 'C', the reflector could be inserted in one of two different positions. In Model 'D', the
reflector could be set in 26 possible positions, although it did not move during encryption. In the
Abwehr Enigma, the reflector stepped during encryption in a manner similar to the other wheels.

In the German Army and Air Force Enigma, the reflector was fixed and did not rotate; there were four
versions. The original version was marked 'A', and was replaced by Umkehrwalze B on 1 November
1937. A third version, Umkehrwalze C was used briefly in 1940, possibly by mistake, and was solved
by Hut 6.[20] The fourth version, first observed on 2 January 1944, had a rewireable reflector, called
Umkehrwalze D, nick-named Uncle Dick by the British, allowing the Enigma operator to alter the
connections as part of the key settings.

Plugboard

The plugboard (Steckerbrett in German) permitted variable wiring that could be reconfigured by the
operator (visible on the front panel of Figure 1; some of the patch cords can be seen in the lid). It was
introduced on German Army versions in 1928,[21] and was soon adopted by the Reichsmarine
(German Navy). The plugboard contributed more cryptographic strength than an extra rotor, as it had
150 trillion possible settings (see below).[22] Enigma without a plugboard (known as unsteckered
Enigma) could be solved relatively straightforwardly using hand methods; these techniques were
generally defeated by the plugboard, driving Allied cryptanalysts to develop special machines to solve
it.

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A cable placed onto the plugboard connected letters in pairs; for

example, E and Q might be a steckered pair. The effect was to
swap those letters before and after the main rotor scrambling
unit. For example, when an operator pressed E, the signal was
diverted to Q before entering the rotors. Up to 13 steckered pairs
might be used at one time, although only 10 were normally used.

Current flowed from the keyboard through the plugboard, and

proceeded to the entry-rotor or Eintrittswalze. Each letter on the
plugboard had two jacks. Inserting a plug disconnected the upper The plugboard (Steckerbrett) was
jack (from the keyboard) and the lower jack (to the entry-rotor) of positioned at the front of the
machine, below the keys. When in
that letter. The plug at the other end of the crosswired cable was
use during World War II, there were
inserted into another letter's jacks, thus switching the connections
ten connections. In this photograph,
of the two letters.
just two pairs of letters have been
↔
swapped (A J and S O).↔
Accessories

Other features made various Enigma machines more secure or

more convenient.[23]

Schreibmax

Some M4 Enigmas used the Schreibmax, a small printer that

could print the 26 letters on a narrow paper ribbon. This
eliminated the need for a second operator to read the lamps and
transcribe the letters. The Schreibmax was placed on top of the The Schreibmax was a printing unit
Enigma machine and was connected to the lamp panel. To install which could be attached to the
the printer, the lamp cover and light bulbs had to be removed. It Enigma, removing the need for
improved both convenience and operational security; the printer laboriously writing down the letters
could be installed remotely such that the signal officer operating indicated on the light panel.
the machine no longer had to see the decrypted plaintext.

Fernlesegerät

Another accessory was the remote lamp panel Fernlesegerät. For machines equipped with the extra
panel, the wooden case of the Enigma was wider and could store the extra panel. A lamp panel version
could be connected afterwards, but that required, as with the Schreibmax, that the lamp panel and
light bulbs be removed.[16] The remote panel made it possible for a person to read the decrypted
plaintext without the operator seeing it.

Uhr

In 1944, the Luftwaffe introduced a plugboard switch, called the Uhr (clock), a small box containing a
switch with 40 positions. It replaced the standard plugs. After connecting the plugs, as determined in
the daily key sheet, the operator turned the switch into one of the 40 positions, each producing a
different combination of plug wiring. Most of these plug connections were, unlike the default plugs,
not pair-wise.[16] In one switch position, the Uhr did not swap letters, but simply emulated the 13
stecker wires with plugs.

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Mathematical analysis

The Enigma transformation for each letter can be specified

mathematically as a product of permutations.[24] Assuming a three-rotor
German Army/Air Force Enigma, let P denote the plugboard
transformation, U denote that of the reflector, and L, M, R denote those
of the left, middle and right rotors respectively. Then the encryption E
can be expressed as

After each key press, the rotors turn, changing the transformation. For
example, if the right-hand rotor R is rotated n positions, the
transformation becomes
The Enigma Uhr
attachment

where ρ is the cyclic permutation mapping A to B, B to C, and so forth.

Similarly, the middle and left-hand rotors can be represented as j and k
rotations of M and L. The encryption transformation can then be described as

Combining three rotors from a set of five, each of the 3 rotor settings with 26 positions, and the
plugboard with ten pairs of letters connected, the military Enigma has 158,962,555,217,826,360,000
different settings (nearly 159 quintillion or about 67 bits).[25]

Operation

Basic operation

A German Enigma operator would be given a plaintext message to

encrypt. After setting up his machine, he would type the message
on the Enigma keyboard. For each letter pressed, one lamp lit
indicating a different letter according to a pseudo-random
substitution determined by the electrical pathways inside the
machine. The letter indicated by the lamp would be recorded,
typically by a second operator, as the cyphertext letter. The action Enciphering and deciphering using
of pressing a key also moved one or more rotors so that the next an Enigma machine
key press used a different electrical pathway, and thus a different
substitution would occur even if the same plaintext letter were
entered again. For each key press there was rotation of at least the right hand rotor and less often the
other two, resulting in a different substitution alphabet being used for every letter in the message. This
process continued until the message was completed. The cyphertext recorded by the second operator
would then be transmitted, usually by radio in Morse code, to an operator of another Enigma
machine. This operator would type in the cyphertext and  — as long as all the settings of the
deciphering machine were identical to those of the enciphering machine  — for every key press the
reverse substitution would occur and the plaintext message would emerge.

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Details

In use, the Enigma required a list of daily key settings and

auxiliary documents. In German military practice,
communications were divided into separate networks, each using
different settings. These communication nets were termed keys at
Bletchley Park, and were assigned code names, such as Red,
Chaffinch, and Shark. Each unit operating in a network was given
the same settings list for its Enigma, valid for a period of time.
The procedures for German Naval Enigma were more elaborate German Kenngruppenheft (a U-boat
and more secure than those in other services and employed codebook with grouped key codes).
auxiliary codebooks. Navy codebooks were printed in red, water-
soluble ink on pink paper so that they could easily be destroyed if
they were endangered or if the vessel was sunk.

An Enigma machine's setting (its cryptographic key in modern

terms; Schlüssel in German) specified each operator-adjustable
aspect of the machine:

Wheel order (Walzenlage) – the choice of rotors and the order

in which they are fitted.
Ring settings (Ringstellung) – the position of each alphabet
ring relative to its rotor wiring. Monthly key list number 649 for the
German Air Force Enigma, including
Plug connections (Steckerverbindungen) – the pairs of letters
in the plugboard that are connected together. settings for the reconfigurable
reflector (which only change once
In very late versions, the wiring of the reconfigurable reflector.
every eight days).
Starting position of the rotors (Grundstellung) – chosen by the
operator, should be different for each message.

For a message to be correctly encrypted and decrypted, both sender and receiver had to configure
their Enigma in the same way; rotor selection and order, ring positions, plugboard connections and
starting rotor positions must be identical. Except for the starting positions, these settings were
established beforehand, distributed in key lists and changed daily. For example, the settings for the
18th day of the month in the German Luftwaffe Enigma key list number 649 (see image) were as
follows:

Wheel order: IV, II, V

Ring settings: 15, 23, 26
Plugboard connections: EJ OY IV AQ KW FX MT PS LU BD
Reconfigurable reflector wiring: IU AS DV GL FT OX EZ CH MR KN BQ PW
Indicator groups: lsa zbw vcj rxn

Enigma was designed to be secure even if the rotor wiring was known to an opponent, although in
practice considerable effort protected the wiring configuration. If the wiring is secret, the total number
of possible configurations has been calculated to be around 3 × 10114 (approximately 380 bits); with
known wiring and other operational constraints, this is reduced to around 1023 (76 bits).[26] Because
of the large number of possibilities, users of Enigma were confident of its security; it was not then
feasible for an adversary to even begin to try a brute-force attack.

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Indicator

Most of the key was kept constant for a set time period, typically a day. A different initial rotor
position was used for each message, a concept similar to an initialisation vector in modern
cryptography. The reason is that encrypting many messages with identical or near-identical settings
(termed in cryptanalysis as being in depth), would enable an attack using a statistical procedure such
as Friedman's Index of coincidence.[27] The starting position for the rotors was transmitted just before
the ciphertext, usually after having been enciphered. The exact method used was termed the indicator
procedure. Design weakness and operator sloppiness in these indicator procedures were two of the
main weaknesses that made cracking Enigma possible.

One of the earliest indicator procedures for the Enigma was

cryptographically flawed and allowed Polish cryptanalysts to
make the initial breaks into the plugboard Enigma. The procedure
had the operator set his machine in accordance with the secret
settings that all operators on the net shared. The settings included
an initial position for the rotors (the Grundstellung), say, AOH.
The operator turned his rotors until AOH was visible through the
rotor windows. At that point, the operator chose his own arbitrary
starting position for the message he would send. An operator
Figure 2. With the inner lid down, might select EIN, and that became the message setting for that
the Enigma was ready for use. The encryption session. The operator then typed EIN into the machine
finger wheels of the rotors protruded twice, this producing the encrypted indicator, for example
through the lid, allowing the operator XHTLOA. This was then transmitted, at which point the operator
to set the rotors, and their current would turn the rotors to his message settings, EIN in this
position, here RDKP, was visible to example, and then type the plaintext of the message.
the operator through a set of
windows. At the receiving end, the operator set the machine to the initial
settings (AOH) and typed in the first six letters of the message
(XHTLOA). In this example, EINEIN emerged on the lamps, so
the operator would learn the message setting that the sender used to encrypt this message. The
receiving operator would set his rotors to EIN, type in the rest of the ciphertext, and get the
deciphered message.

This indicator scheme had two weaknesses. First, the use of a global initial position (Grundstellung)
meant all message keys used the same polyalphabetic substitution. In later indicator procedures, the
operator selected his initial position for encrypting the indicator and sent that initial position in the
clear. The second problem was the repetition of the indicator, which was a serious security flaw. The
message setting was encoded twice, resulting in a relation between first and fourth, second and fifth,
and third and sixth character. These security flaws enabled the Polish Cipher Bureau to break into the
pre-war Enigma system as early as 1932. The early indicator procedure was subsequently described by
German cryptanalysts as the "faulty indicator technique".[28]

During World War II, codebooks were only used each day to set up the rotors, their ring settings and
the plugboard. For each message, the operator selected a random start position, let's say WZA, and a
random message key, perhaps SXT. He moved the rotors to the WZA start position and encoded the
message key SXT. Assume the result was UHL. He then set up the message key, SXT, as the start
position and encrypted the message. Next, he transmitted the start position, WZA, the encoded
message key, UHL, and then the ciphertext. The receiver set up the start position according to the first
trigram, WZA, and decoded the second trigram, UHL, to obtain the SXT message setting. Next, he

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used this SXT message setting as the start position to decrypt the message. This way, each ground
setting was different and the new procedure avoided the security flaw of double encoded message
settings.[29]

This procedure was used by Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe only. The Kriegsmarine procedures on
sending messages with the Enigma were far more complex and elaborate. Prior to encryption the
message was encoded using the Kurzsignalheft code book. The Kurzsignalheft contained tables to
convert sentences into four-letter groups. A great many choices were included, for example, logistic
matters such as refuelling and rendezvous with supply ships, positions and grid lists, harbour names,
countries, weapons, weather conditions, enemy positions and ships, date and time tables. Another
codebook contained the Kenngruppen and Spruchschlüssel: the key identification and message
key.[30]

Additional details

The Army Enigma machine used only the 26 alphabet characters. Punctuation was replaced with rare
character combinations. A space was omitted or replaced with an X. The X was generally used as full-
stop.

Some punctuation marks were different in other parts of the armed forces. The Wehrmacht replaced a
comma with ZZ and the question mark with FRAGE or FRAQ.

The Kriegsmarine replaced the comma with Y and the question mark with UD. The combination CH,
as in "Acht" (eight) or "Richtung" (direction), was replaced with Q (AQT, RIQTUNG). Two, three and
four zeros were replaced with CENTA, MILLE and MYRIA.

The Wehrmacht and the Luftwaffe transmitted messages in groups of five characters.

The Kriegsmarine, using the four rotor Enigma, had four-character groups. Frequently used names or
words were varied as much as possible. Words like Minensuchboot (minesweeper) could be written as
MINENSUCHBOOT, MINBOOT, MMMBOOT or MMM354. To make cryptanalysis harder, messages
were limited to 250 characters. Longer messages were divided into several parts, each using a
different message key.[31][32]

Example encoding process

The character substitutions by the Enigma machine as a whole can be expressed as a string of letters
with each position occupied by the character that will replace the character at the corresponding
position in the alphabet. For example, a given machine configuration that encoded A to L, B to U, C to
S, ..., and Z to J could be represented compactly as

LUSHQOXDMZNAIKFREPCYBWVGTJ

and the encoding of a particular character by that configuration could be represented by highlighting
the encoded character as in

D > LUS(H)QOXDMZNAIKFREPCYBWVGTJ

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Since the operation of an Enigma machine encoding a message is a series of such configurations, each
associated with a single character being encoded, a sequence of such representations can be used to
represent the operation of the machine as it encodes a message. For example, the process of encoding
the first sentence of the main body of the famous "Dönitz message"[33] to

RBBF PMHP HGCZ XTDY GAHG UFXG EWKB LKGJ

can be represented as

0001 F > KGWNT(R)BLQPAHYDVJIFXEZOCSMU CDTK 25 15 16 26

0002 O > UORYTQSLWXZHNM(B)VFCGEAPIJDK CDTL 25 15 16 01

0003 L > HLNRSKJAMGF(B)ICUQPDEYOZXWTV CDTM 25 15 16 02

0004 G > KPTXIG(F)MESAUHYQBOVJCLRZDNW CDUN 25 15 17 03

0005 E > XDYB(P)WOSMUZRIQGENLHVJTFACK CDUO 25 15 17 04

0006 N > DLIAJUOVCEXBN(M)GQPWZYFHRKTS CDUP 25 15 17 05

0007 D > LUS(H)QOXDMZNAIKFREPCYBWVGTJ CDUQ 25 15 17 06

0008 E > JKGO(P)TCIHABRNMDEYLZFXWVUQS CDUR 25 15 17 07

0009 S > GCBUZRASYXVMLPQNOF(H)WDKTJIE CDUS 25 15 17 08

0010 I > XPJUOWIY(G)CVRTQEBNLZMDKFAHS CDUT 25 15 17 09

0011 S > DISAUYOMBPNTHKGJRQ(C)LEZXWFV CDUU 25 15 17 10

0012 T > FJLVQAKXNBGCPIRMEOY(Z)WDUHST CDUV 25 15 17 11

0013 S > KTJUQONPZCAMLGFHEW(X)BDYRSVI CDUW 25 15 17 12

0014 O > ZQXUVGFNWRLKPH(T)MBJYODEICSA CDUX 25 15 17 13

0015 F > XJWFR(D)ZSQBLKTVPOIEHMYNCAUG CDUY 25 15 17 14

0016 O > FSKTJARXPECNUL(Y)IZGBDMWVHOQ CDUZ 25 15 17 15

0017 R > CEAKBMRYUVDNFLTXW(G)ZOIJQPHS CDVA 25 15 18 16

0018 T > TLJRVQHGUCXBZYSWFDO(A)IEPKNM CDVB 25 15 18 17

0019 B > Y(H)LPGTEBKWICSVUDRQMFONJZAX CDVC 25 15 18 18

0020 E > KRUL(G)JEWNFADVIPOYBXZCMHSQT CDVD 25 15 18 19

0021 K > RCBPQMVZXY(U)OFSLDEANWKGTIJH CDVE 25 15 18 20

0022 A > (F)CBJQAWTVDYNXLUSEZPHOIGMKR CDVF 25 15 18 21

0023 N > VFTQSBPORUZWY(X)HGDIECJALNMK CDVG 25 15 18 22

0024 N > JSRHFENDUAZYQ(G)XTMCBPIWVOLK CDVH 25 15 18 23

0025 T > RCBUTXVZJINQPKWMLAY(E)DGOFSH CDVI 25 15 18 24

0026 Z > URFXNCMYLVPIGESKTBOQAJZDH(W) CDVJ 25 15 18 25

0027 U > JIOZFEWMBAUSHPCNRQLV(K)TGYXD CDVK 25 15 18 26

0028 G > ZGVRKO(B)XLNEIWJFUSDQYPCMHTA CDVL 25 15 18 01

0029 E > RMJV(L)YQZKCIEBONUGAWXPDSTFH CDVM 25 15 18 02

0030 B > G(K)QRFEANZPBMLHVJCDUXSOYTWI CDWN 25 15 19 03

0031 E > YMZT(G)VEKQOHPBSJLIUNDRFXWAC CDWO 25 15 19 04

0032 N > PDSBTIUQFNOVW(J)KAHZCEGLMYXR CDWP 25 15 19 05

where the letters following each mapping are the letters that appear at the windows at that stage (the
only state changes visible to the operator) and the numbers show the underlying physical position of
each rotor.

The character mappings for a given configuration of the machine are in turn the result of a series of
such mappings applied by each pass through a component of the machine: the encoding of a character
resulting from the application of a given component's mapping serves as the input to the mapping of
the subsequent component. For example, the 4th step in the encoding above can be expanded to show
each of these stages using the same representation of mappings and highlighting for the encoded
character:

G > ABCDEF(G)HIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

  P EFMQAB(G)UINKXCJORDPZTHWVLYS         AE.BF.CM.DQ.HU.JN.LX.PR.SZ.VW

  1 OFRJVM(A)ZHQNBXPYKCULGSWETDI  N  03  VIII

  2 (N)UKCHVSMDGTZQFYEWPIALOXRJB  U  17  VI

  3 XJMIYVCARQOWH(L)NDSUFKGBEPZT  D  15  V

  4 QUNGALXEPKZ(Y)RDSOFTVCMBIHWJ  C  25  β

  R RDOBJNTKVEHMLFCWZAXGYIPS(U)Q         c

  4 EVTNHQDXWZJFUCPIAMOR(B)SYGLK         β

  3 H(V)GPWSUMDBTNCOKXJIQZRFLAEY         V

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  2 TZDIPNJESYCUHAVRMXGKB(F)QWOL         VI

  1 GLQYW(B)TIZDPSFKANJCUXREVMOH         VIII

  P E(F)MQABGUINKXCJORDPZTHWVLYS         AE.BF.CM.DQ.HU.JN.LX.PR.SZ.VW

F < KPTXIG(F)MESAUHYQBOVJCLRZDNW

Here the encoding begins trivially with the first "mapping" representing the keyboard (which has no
effect), followed by the plugboard, configured as AE.BF.CM.DQ.HU.JN.LX.PR.SZ.VW which has no
effect on 'G', followed by the VIII rotor in the 03 position, which maps G to A, then the VI rotor in the
17 position, which maps A to N, ..., and finally the plugboard again, which maps B to F, producing the
overall mapping indicated at the final step: G to F.

Note that this model has 4 rotors (lines 1 through 4) and that the reflector (line R) also permutes
(garbles) letters.

Models
The Enigma family included multiple designs. The earliest were commercial models dating from the
early 1920s. Starting in the mid-1920s, the German military began to use Enigma, making a number
of security-related changes. Various nations either adopted or adapted the design for their own cipher
machines.

A selection of seven Enigma machines and paraphernalia exhibited at the

U.S. National Cryptologic Museum. From left to right, the models are: 1)
Commercial Enigma; 2) Enigma T; 3) Enigma G; 4) Unidentified; 5)
Luftwaffe (Air Force) Enigma; 6) Heer (Army) Enigma; 7) Kriegsmarine
(Naval) Enigma — M4.

An estimated 40,000 Enigma machines were constructed.[34][35] After the end of World War II, the
Allies sold captured Enigma machines, still widely considered secure, to developing countries.[36]

Commercial Enigma

On 23 February 1918,[37] Arthur Scherbius applied for a patent for a ciphering machine that used
rotors.[38] Scherbius and E. Richard Ritter founded the firm of Scherbius & Ritter. They approached
the German Navy and Foreign Office with their design, but neither agency was interested. Scherbius &
Ritter then assigned the patent rights to Gewerkschaft Securitas, who founded the Chiffriermaschinen
Aktien-Gesellschaft (Cipher Machines Stock Corporation) on 9 July 1923; Scherbius and Ritter were
on the board of directors.
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Enigma A (1923)

Chiffriermaschinen AG began advertising a rotor

machine, Enigma model A, which was exhibited at
the Congress of the International Postal Union in
1924. The machine was heavy and bulky,
incorporating a typewriter. It measured
65×45×38  cm and weighed about 50 kilograms
(110 lb).

Enigma B (1924)
Scherbius Enigma patent, U.S. Patent 1,657,411 (htt
In 1924 Enigma model B was introduced, and was ps://patents.google.com/patent/US1657411), granted
of a similar construction.[39] While bearing the in 1928.
Enigma name, both models A and B were quite
unlike later versions: They differed in physical size
and shape, but also cryptographically, in that they lacked the reflector.
This model of Enigma machine was referred to as the Glowlamp Enigma
or Glühlampenmaschine since it produced its output on a lamp panel
rather than paper. This method of output was much more reliable and
cost effective. Hence this machine was 1/8th the price of its
predecessor.[5]

Enigma C (1926)
Typical glowlamps (with flat
The reflector, suggested by Scherbius' colleague Willi Korn, was tops), as used for Enigma.
introduced in Enigma C (1926).

Model C was the third model of the so-called ″glowlamp Enigmas″ (after A and B) and it again lacked
a typewriter.[5]

Enigma D (1927)

The Enigma C quickly gave way to Enigma D (1927). This version was widely used, with shipments to
Sweden, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, Spain, United States and Poland. In 1927
Hugh Foss at the British Government Code and Cypher School was able to show that commercial
Enigma machines could be broken, provided suitable cribs were available.[40] Soon, the Enigma D
would pioneer the use of a standard keyboard layout to be used in German computing. This layout was
referred to as "QWERTZ" and is very similar to the standard American keyboard format of today.

"Navy Cipher D"

Other countries used Enigma machines. The Italian Navy adopted the commercial Enigma as "Navy
Cipher D". The Spanish also used commercial Enigma machines during their Civil War. British
codebreakers succeeded in breaking these machines, which lacked a plugboard.[41] Enigma machines
were also used by diplomatic services.

Enigma H (1929)
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There was also a large, eight-rotor printing model, the Enigma H, called
Enigma II by the Reichswehr. In 1933 the Polish Cipher Bureau detected
that it was in use for high-level military communication, but it was soon
withdrawn, as it was unreliable and jammed frequently.[42]

Enigma K

The Swiss used a version of Enigma called Model K or Swiss K for

military and diplomatic use, which was very similar to commercial
Enigma D. The machine's code was cracked by Poland, France, the
United Kingdom and the United States; the latter code-named it
INDIGO. An Enigma T model, code-named Tirpitz, was used by Japan.

Typex A rare 8-rotor printing

Enigma model H (1929).
Once the British figured out Enigma's principle of operation, they fixed
the problem with it and created their own, the Typex, which the Germans
believed to be unsolvable.[43]

Military Enigma

Funkschlüssel C

The Reichsmarine was the first military branch to adopt Enigma. This version, named Funkschlüssel C
("Radio cipher C"), had been put into production by 1925 and was introduced into service in 1926.[44]

The keyboard and lampboard contained 29 letters  — A-Z, Ä, Ö and Ü  — that were arranged
alphabetically, as opposed to the QWERTZUI ordering.[45] The rotors had 28 contacts, with the letter
X wired to bypass the rotors unencrypted.[15] Three rotors were chosen from a set of five[46] and the
reflector could be inserted in one of four different positions, denoted α, β, γ and δ.[47] The machine
was revised slightly in July 1933.[48]

Enigma G (1928–1930)

By 15 July 1928,[49] the German Army (Reichswehr) had introduced their own exclusive version of the
Enigma machine, the Enigma G.

The Abwehr used the Enigma G (the Abwehr Enigma). This Enigma variant was a four-wheel
unsteckered machine with multiple notches on the rotors. This model was equipped with a counter
that incremented upon each key press, and so is also known as the "counter machine" or the Zählwerk
Enigma.

Wehrmacht Enigma I (1930–1938)

Enigma machine G was modified to the Enigma I by June 1930.[50] Enigma I is also known as the
Wehrmacht, or "Services" Enigma, and was used extensively by German military services and other
government organisations (such as the railways[51]) before and during World War II.
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The major difference between Enigma I (German Army version from

1930), and commercial Enigma models was the addition of a plugboard
to swap pairs of letters, greatly increasing cryptographic strength.

Other differences included the use of a fixed reflector and the relocation
of the stepping notches from the rotor body to the movable letter rings.
The machine measured 28 cm × 34 cm × 15 cm (11.0 in × 13.4 in × 5.9 in)
and weighed around 12 kg (26 lb).[52]

In August 1935, the Air Force introduced the Wehrmacht Enigma for
their communications.[50]

M3 (1934)
Heinz Guderian in the
By 1930, the Reichswehr had suggested that the Navy adopt their Battle of France, with an
machine, citing the benefits of increased security (with the plugboard) Enigma machine. Note one
and easier interservice communications.[53] The Reichsmarine eventually soldier is keying in text
while another writes down
agreed and in 1934[54] brought into service the Navy version of the Army
the results,
Enigma, designated Funkschlüssel ' or M3. While the Army used only
three rotors at that time, the Navy specified a choice of three from a
possible five.[55]

Two extra rotors (1938)

In December 1938, the Army issued two extra rotors so that the
three rotors were chosen from a set of five.[50] In 1938, the Navy
added two more rotors, and then another in 1939 to allow a choice
of three rotors from a set of eight.[55]

Enigma in use on the Russian front M4 (1942)

A four-rotor Enigma was introduced by the Navy for U-boat traffic

on 1 February 1942, called M4 (the network was known as Triton, or Shark to the Allies). The extra
rotor was fitted in the same space by splitting the reflector into a combination of a thin reflector and a
thin fourth rotor.

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Enigma G, The German-made An Enigma model T An Enigma Enigma in

used by the Enigma-K used by (Tirpitz), a modified machine in the use in
Abwehr, had the Swiss Army had commercial Enigma K UK's Imperial Russia
four rotors, no three rotors and a manufactured for use War Museum (image
plugboard, reflector, but no by the Japanese. Bundesarchi
and multiple plugboard. It had v)
notches on locally re-wired rotors
the rotors. and an additional
lamp panel.

Enigma in radio car of the 7th

Panzer Div. staff, August 1941

Surviving machines
The effort to break the Enigma was not disclosed until the 1970s.
Since then, interest in the Enigma machine has grown. Enigmas
are on public display in museums around the world, and several
are in the hands of private collectors and computer history
enthusiasts.[56]

The Deutsches Museum in Munich has both the three- and four- A three-rotor Enigma machine on
rotor German military variants, as well as several civilian display at Computer Museum of
versions. Enigma machines are exhibited at the National Codes America and its two additional
Centre in Bletchley Park, the Government Communications rotors.
Headquarters, the Science Museum in London, Discovery Park of
America in Tennessee, the Polish Army Museum in Warsaw, the
Swedish Army Museum (Armémuseum) in Stockholm, the Military Museum of A Coruña in Spain, the
Nordland Red Cross War Memorial Museum in Narvik,[57] Norway, The Artillery, Engineers and
Signals Museum in Hämeenlinna, Finland[58] the Technical University of Denmark in Lyngby,
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Denmark, in Skanderborg Bunkerne at Skanderborg, Denmark,

and at the Australian War Memorial and in the foyer of the
Australian Signals Directorate, both in Canberra, Australia. The
Jozef Pilsudski Institute in London exhibited a rare Polish
Enigma double assembled in France in 1940.[59][60]
In 2020,
thanks to the support of the Ministry of Culture and National
Heritage, it became the property of the Polish History Museum.
[61]

In the United States, Enigma

machines can be seen at the
Computer History Museum in
Surviving three-rotor Enigma on Mountain View, California, and at
display at Discovery Park of the National Security Agency's
America in Union City, Tennessee, National Cryptologic Museum in
U.S. Fort Meade, Maryland, where
visitors can try their hand at
enciphering and deciphering
messages. Two machines that were acquired after the capture of U-505
during World War II are on display alongside the submarine at the
Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois. A three-rotor
A four-rotor Kriegsmarine
Enigma is on display at Discovery Park of America in Union City,
(German Navy, 1. February
Tennessee. A four-rotor device is on display in the ANZUS Corridor of
1942 to 1945) Enigma
the Pentagon on the second floor, A ring, between corridors 8 and 9. This
machine on display at the
machine is on loan from Australia. The United States Air Force Academy
U.S. National Cryptologic
in Colorado Springs has a machine on display in the Computer Science
Museum
Department. There is also a machine located at The National WWII
Museum in New Orleans. The International Museum of World War II
near Boston has seven Enigma machines on display, including a U-Boat
four-rotor model, one of three surviving examples of an Enigma machine with a printer, one of fewer
than ten surviving ten-rotor code machines, an example blown up by a retreating German Army unit,
and two three-rotor Enigmas that visitors can operate to encode and decode messages. Computer
Museum of America in Roswell, Georgia has a three-rotor model with two additional rotors. The
machine is fully restored and CMoA has the original paperwork for the purchase on 7 March 1936 by
the German Army. The National Museum of Computing also contains surviving Enigma machines in
Bletchley, England.[62]

In Canada, a Swiss Army issue Enigma-K, is in Calgary, Alberta. It is on permanent display at the
Naval Museum of Alberta inside the Military Museums of Calgary. A four-rotor Enigma machine is on
display at the Military Communications and Electronics Museum at Canadian Forces Base (CFB)
Kingston in Kingston, Ontario.

Occasionally, Enigma machines are sold at auction; prices have in recent years ranged from
US$40,000[63][64] to US$547,500[65] in 2017. Replicas are available in various forms, including an
exact reconstructed copy of the Naval M4 model, an Enigma implemented in electronics (Enigma-E),
various simulators and paper-and-scissors analogues.

A rare Abwehr Enigma machine, designated G312, was stolen from the Bletchley Park museum on 1
April 2000. In September, a man identifying himself as "The Master" sent a note demanding £25,000
and threatening to destroy the machine if the ransom was not paid. In early October 2000, Bletchley
Park officials announced that they would pay the ransom, but the stated deadline passed with no word
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from the blackmailer. Shortly afterward, the machine was sent

anonymously to BBC journalist Jeremy Paxman, missing three
rotors.

In November 2000, an antiques dealer named Dennis Yates was

arrested after telephoning The Sunday Times to arrange the
return of the missing parts. The Enigma machine was returned to
Bletchley Park after the incident. In October 2001, Yates was
sentenced to ten months in prison and served three months.[66]

In October 2008, the Spanish daily newspaper El País reported

that 28 Enigma machines had been discovered by chance in an
attic of Army headquarters in Madrid. These four-rotor
commercial machines had helped Franco's Nationalists win the
Spanish Civil War, because, though the British cryptologist Alfred
Dilwyn Knox in 1937 broke the cipher generated by Franco's
Enigma machines, this was not disclosed to the Republicans, who
failed to break the cipher. The Nationalist government continued
using its 50 Enigmas into the 1950s. Some machines have gone on
display in Spanish military museums,[67][68] including one at the
National Museum of Science and Technology (MUNCYT) in La
A four-rotor Kriegsmarine Enigma Coruña. Two have been given to Britain's GCHQ.[69]
machine on display at the Museum
of the Second World War, Gdańsk,
The Bulgarian military used Enigma machines with a Cyrillic
Poland
keyboard; one is on display in the National Museum of Military
History in Sofia.[70]

On 3 December 2020, German divers working on behalf of the

World Wide Fund for Nature discovered a destroyed Enigma machine in Flensburg Firth (part of the
Baltic Sea) which is believed to be from a scuttled U-Boat.[71] This Enigma machine will be restored by
and be the property of the Archaeology Museum of Schleswig Holstein.[72]

Derivatives
The Enigma was influential in the field of cipher machine design, spinning off other rotor machines.
The British Typex was originally derived from the Enigma patents; Typex even includes features from
the patent descriptions that were omitted from the actual Enigma machine. The British paid no
royalties for the use of the patents, to protect secrecy. The Typex implementation is not the same as
that found in German or other Axis versions.

A Japanese Enigma clone was codenamed GREEN by American cryptographers. Little used, it
contained four rotors mounted vertically. In the United States, cryptologist William Friedman
designed the M-325, a machine logically similar, although not in construction.

A unique rotor machine called Cryptograph was constructed in 2002 by Netherlands-based Tatjana
van Vark. This device makes use of 40-point rotors, allowing letters, numbers and some punctuation
to be used; each rotor contains 509 parts.[73]

Machines like the SIGABA, NEMA, Typex and so forth, are deliberately not considered to be Enigma
derivatives as their internal ciphering functions are not mathematically identical to the Enigma
transform.
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Several software implementations exist, but not all exactly match Enigma behaviour. Many Java
applet Enigmas only accept single letter entry, complicating use even if the applet is Enigma
compliant. Technically, Enigma@home is the largest scale deployment of a software Enigma, but the
decoding software does not implement encipherment making it a derivative (as all original machines
could cipher and decipher).

A user-friendly three-rotor simulator, where users can select rotors, use the plugboard and define new
settings for the rotors and reflectors is available.[74] The output appears in separate windows which
can be independently made "invisible" to hide decryption.[75] Another includes an "autotyping"
function which takes plaintext from a clipboard and converts it to cyphertext (or vice versa) at one of
four speeds. The "very fast" option produces 26 characters in less than one second.[76]

A Japanese Enigma clone, Tatjana van Vark's Enigma- Electronic

codenamed GREEN by inspired rotor machine. implementation of
American cryptographers. an Enigma
machine, sold at
the Bletchley Park
souvenir shop

Simulators

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UKW-
Name Platform Machine types Uhr
D

Web Encryptor - The Enigma I, M3 (Army/Navy), M4 (Army/Navy), Railway,

React App Tirpitz, Zahlwerk (Default/G-260/G-312), Swiss-K (Air No Yes
Online Encrypter[77]
Force/Commercial)
Franklin Heath Enigma
Android K Railway, Kriegsmarine M3,M4 No No
Simulator[78]
Wehrmacht I, Kriegsmarine M3, M4, Abwehr G31,
EnigmAndroid[79] Android No No
G312, G260, D, K, Swiss-K, KD, R, T
Andy Carlson Enigma
Applet (Standalone Java Kriegsmarine M3, M4 No No
Version)[80]

Minarke (Minarke Is Not C/Posix/CLI

A Real Kriegsmarine (MacOS,
Wehrmacht, Kriegsmarine, M3, M4 No No
Linux,
Enigma)[81]
UNIX, etc.)
Russell Schwager
Java Kriegsmarine M3 No No
Enigma Simulator[82]
PA3DBJ G-312 Enigma
Javascript G312 Abwehr No No
Simulator[83]
I (Wehrmacht), M3 (Kriegsmarine), M4 (Shark), D
Daniel Palloks Universal (commercial), K (Swiss), KD (Sweden), N (Norenigma),
Javascript R (Railway), S (Sondermaschine), T (Tirpitz/Japan), A- Yes Yes
Enigma[84]
865 (Zählwerk), G-111 (Hungary/Munich), G-260
(Abwehr/Argentina), G-312 (Abwehr/Bletchley Park)
Universal Enigma D, I, Norway, M3, M4, Zählwerk, G, G-111, G-260, G-
Javascript Yes Yes
Machine Simulator[85] 312, K, Swiss-K, KD, Railway, T

Virtual Enigma 3D (http

s://enigma.virtualcolossu JavaScript Wehrmacht, Kriegsmarine M4 No No
s.co.uk)[86]
Terry Long Enigma
MacOS Kriegsmarine M3 No No
Simulator[87]
Paul Reuvers Enigma
Simulator for RISC OS (h
ttp://www.cryptomuseum. RISC OS Kriegsmarine M3, M4, G-312 Abwehr No No
com/crypto/enigma/sim/ri
scos.htm)[88]
Dirk Rijmenants Enigma
Windows Wehrmacht, Kriegsmarine M3, M4 No No
Simulator v7.0[89]
Frode Weierud Enigma
Windows Abwehr, Kriegsmarine M3, M4, Railway No No
Simulators[90]
Alexander Pukall Enigma
Windows Wehrmacht, Luftwaffe No No
Simulator[91]
CrypTool 2 — Enigma
A/B/D (commercial), Abwehr, Reichsbahn, Swiss-K,
component and Windows No No
Enigma M3, Enigma M4
cryptanalysis[92]

In popular culture

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11/20/21, 5:08 PM Enigma machine - Wikipedia

Literature

Hugh Whitemore's play, Breaking the Code (1986), focuses on the life and death of Alan Turing,
who was the central force in continuing to solve the Enigma code in the United Kingdom, during
World War II. Turing was played by Derek Jacobi, who also played Turing in a 1996 television
adaptation of the play.
Robert Harris' novel Enigma (1995) is set against the backdrop of World War II Bletchley Park and
cryptologists working to read Naval Enigma in Hut 8.
Neal Stephenson's novel Cryptonomicon (1999) prominently features the Enigma machine and
efforts to break it, and portrays the German U-boat command under Karl Dönitz using it in
apparently deliberate ignorance of its penetration.
Enigma is featured in The Code Book, a survey of the history of cryptography written by Simon
Singh and published in 1999.
The Enigma machine is used as a key plot element in Century Rain by Alastair Reynolds, set in an
alternate Earth where technological research has stagnated and the Enigma is the highest level of
encryption available both to civilians and military.
Elizabeth Wein's The Enigma Game (2020) is a young adult historical fiction novel about three
young adults (a war orphan, a volunteer driver with the Royal Air Force, and a flight leader for the
648 Squadron) who find and use an Enigma machine (hidden by a German spy) to decode
overheard transmissions and help the British war effort during WWII

Films

Sekret Enigmy (1979; translation: The Enigma Secret), is a Polish film dealing with Polish aspects
of the subject.[93]
The plot of the film U-571 (released in 2000) revolves around an attempt by American, rather than
British, forces to seize an Enigma machine from a German U-boat.
The 2001 war comedy film All the Queen's Men featured a fictitious British plot to capture an
Enigma machine by infiltrating the Enigma factory with men disguised as women.
Harris' book, with substantial changes in plot, was adapted as the film Enigma (2001), directed by
Michael Apted and starring Kate Winslet and Dougray Scott. The film was criticised for historical
inaccuracies, including neglect of the role of Poland's Biuro Szyfrów. The film, like the book,
makes a Pole the villain, who seeks to betray the secret of Enigma decryption.[94]
The film The Imitation Game (2014) tells the story of Alan Turing and his attempts to crack the
Enigma machine cipher during World War II.[56]

Television

In the British television series The Bletchley Circle, the Typex was used by the protagonists during
the war, and in Season 2, Episode 4, they visit Bletchley Park to seek one out, in order to crack
the code of the black market procurer and smuggler Marta, who used the Typex to encode her
ledger. The Circle, forced to settle for using an Enigma, instead, successfully cracks the code.
In Elementary season 5, episode 23 ("Scrambled"), a drug smuggling gang uses a four-rotor
Enigma machine as part of their effort to encrypt their communications.
In Bones season 8, episode 12 ("The Corpse in the Canopy"), Dr. Jack Hodgins uses an Enigma
machine to send information to Seeley Booth at the FBI in order to prevent Christopher Pelant, a
master hacker, from spying on their communications.

See also

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11/20/21, 5:08 PM Enigma machine - Wikipedia

Beaumanor Hall, a stately home used during the Second World War for military intelligence
Alastair Denniston
Erich Fellgiebel
Gisbert Hasenjaeger — responsible for Enigma security
Erhard Maertens — investigated Enigma security
Fritz Thiele
United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory
Arlington Hall

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hi/europe/8158782.stm). BBC News.

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Bauer, F. L. (2000). Decrypted Secrets (https://books.google.com/books?id=E-epCAAAQBAJ)
(2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-66871-8.
Comer, Tony (2021), "Poland's Decisive Role in Cracking Enigma and Transforming the UK's
SIGINT Operations", RUSI Commentary, 27 January 2021. https://rusi.org/commentary/poland-
decisive-role-cracking-enigma-and-transforming-uk-sigint-operations
Hamer, David H.; Sullivan, Geoff; Weierud, Frode (July 1998). "Enigma Variations: An Extended
Family of Machines" (http://www.math.utoledo.edu/~codenth/Cryptanalysis/crypt_machs/ESIM/eni
gvar2.PDF) (PDF). Cryptologia. XXII (3): 211–229. doi:10.1080/0161-119891886885 (https://doi.or
g/10.1080%2F0161-119891886885). ISSN 0161-1194 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-1194).
Retrieved 18 February 2016.
Stripp, Alan (1993). Hinsley, F. H.; Stripp, Alan (eds.). The Enigma Machine: Its Mechanism and
Use (https://books.google.com/books?id=j1MC2d2LPAcC). Codebreakers: The Inside Story of
Bletchley Park.
Kahn, David (1991). Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-Boats Codes, 1939–
1943 (https://books.google.com/books?id=j1MC2d2LPAcC). ISBN 978-0-395-42739-2.
Kozaczuk, Władysław (1984). Kasparek, Christopher (ed.). Enigma: How the German Machine
Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two (https://books.google.c
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89093-547-7.
Kozaczuk, Władysław. "The origins of the Enigma/ULTRA" (https://web.archive.org/web/20030717
071218/http://www.enigmahistory.org/text.html). Archived from the original (http://www.enigmahist
ory.org/text.html) on 17 July 2003.
Kruh, L.; Deavours, C. (2002). "The Commercial Enigma: Beginnings of Machine Cryptography".
Cryptologia. 26: 1–16. doi:10.1080/0161-110291890731 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0161-110291
890731). S2CID 41446859 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41446859).
Marks, Philip; Weierud, Frode (2000). "Recovering the Wiring of Enigma's Umkehrwalze A" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20120213152736/http://cryptocellar.web.cern.ch/cryptocellar/pubs/ukwa.p
df) (PDF). Cryptologia. 24 (1): 55–66. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.622.1584 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/vie
wdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.622.1584). doi:10.1080/0161-110091888781 (https://doi.org/10.1080%
2F0161-110091888781). S2CID 4473786 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4473786).
Archived from the original (http://cryptocellar.web.cern.ch/cryptocellar/pubs/ukwa.pdf) (PDF) on 13
February 2012.

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Rejewski, Marian (1980). "An Application of the Theory of Permutations in Breaking the Enigma
Cipher" (https://cryptocellar.org/Enigma/rew80.pdf) (PDF). Applicationes Mathematicae. 16 (4):
543–559. doi:10.4064/am-16-4-543-559 (https://doi.org/10.4064%2Fam-16-4-543-559).
ISSN 1730-6280 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1730-6280).
Smith, Michael (2000). Station X: The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=Wv4mSVDtA-wC). Pan. ISBN 978-0-7522-7148-4.
Smith, Michael (2006). "How it began: Bletchley Park Goes to War". In Copeland, B Jack (ed.).
Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=e6ocfloTkJ4C). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-284055-4.
Ulbricht, Heinz (2005). Die Chiffriermaschine Enigma — Trügerische Sicherheit: Ein Beitrag zur
Geschichte der Nachrichtendienste (http://opus.tu-bs.de/opus/volltexte/2005/705/pdf/enigmadiss.p
df) [The Enigma Cipher Machine — Deceptive Security: A contribution to the history of intelligence
services] (PDF) (Thesis). PhD Thesis (in German). Universitätsbibliothek Braunschweig.
doi:10.24355/dbbs.084-200511080100-324 (https://doi.org/10.24355%2Fdbbs.084-200511080100
-324).
Welchman, Gordon (1982). The Hut Six Story: Breaking the Enigma Codes. McGraw-Hill.
ISBN 978-0-07-069180-3.

Further reading
Aldrich, Richard James (2010). GCHQ: The Uncensored Story of Britain's Most Secret Intelligence
Agency (https://books.google.com/books?id=4I2PmCtrHOgC). HarperPress. ISBN 978-0-00-
727847-3.
Bertrand, Gustave (1973). Enigma: ou, La plus grande énigme de la guerre 1939–1945 (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=o2UNAAAAIAAJ). Plon.
Calvocoressi, Peter (2001). Top Secret Ultra (https://books.google.com/books?id=qxiHPwAACAAJ
&pg=PA98). M & M Baldwin. pp. 98–103. ISBN 978-0-947712-41-9.
Grime, James. "Enigma – 158,962,555,217,826,360,000" (https://web.archive.org/web/201303300
71428/http://www.numberphile.com/videos/enigma.html). Numberphile. Brady Haran. Archived
from the original (http://www.numberphile.com/videos/enigma.html) on 30 March 2013. Retrieved
7 April 2013.
Grime, James. "The Enigma Flaw" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130330065120/http://www.num
berphile.com/videos/enigma_flaw.html). Numberphile. Brady Haran. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.numberphile.com/videos/enigma_flaw.html) on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
Heath, Nick, Hacking the Nazis: The secret story of the women who broke Hitler's codes (https://w
ww.techrepublic.com/article/the-women-who-helped-crack-nazi-codes-at-bletchley-park)
TechRepublic, 27 March 2015
Herivel, John (2008). Herivelismus: And the German Military Enigma (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=voM0QwAACAAJ). M & M Baldwin.
Huttenhain, Orr; Fricke (1945), OKW/Chi Cryptanalytic Research on Enigma, Hagelin and Cipher
Teleprinter Messages (https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7sNVKDp-yiJOWYxZWFmNDgtODUyMS0
0Y2FiLThkNWItYmQ5N2JmMzEyMzIz/view), TICOM
Keen, John (1 August 2012). Harold 'Doc' Keen and the Bletchley Park Bombe (https://books.goog
le.com/books?id=tfq7MQEACAAJ). M & M Baldwin. ISBN 978-0-947712-48-8.
Large, Christine (6 October 2003). Hijacking Enigma: The Insider's Tale (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=jAkiAQAAIAAJ). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-86346-6.
Marks, Philip. "Umkehrwalze D: Enigma's Rewirable Reflector — Part I", Cryptologia 25(2), April
2001, pp. 101–141.

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Marks, Philip. "Umkehrwalze D: Enigma's Rewirable Reflector — Part II", Cryptologia 25(3), July
2001, pp. 177–212.
Marks, Philip. "Umkehrwalze D: Enigma's Rewirable Reflector — Part III", Cryptologia 25(4),
October 2001, pp. 296–310.
Paillole, Paul (1985). Notre espion chez Hitler [Our Spy with Hitler] (in French). Robert Laffont.
Perera, Tom (2010). Inside ENIGMA. Bedford, UK: Radio Society of Great Britain. ISBN 978-1-
905086-64-1.
Perera, Tom. The Story of the ENIGMA: History, Technology and Deciphering, 2nd Edition, CD-
ROM, 2004, Artifax Books, ISBN 1-890024-06-6 sample pages (http://w1tp.com/enigma/ecds.htm)
Rebecca Ratcliffe: Searching for Security. The German Investigations into Enigma's security. In:
Intelligence and National Security 14 (1999) Issue 1 (Special Issue) S. 146–167.
Ratcliffe, Rebecca (1 January 2005). Winkel, Brian J. (ed.). How Statistics led the Germans to
believe Enigma Secure and Why They Were Wrong: neglecting the practical Mathematics of
Cipher machines (https://books.google.com/books?id=1eVOAAAAMAAJ). The German Enigma
Cipher Machine: Beginnings, Success, and Ultimate Failure. Artech House. ISBN 978-1-58053-
996-8.
Rejewski, Marian. [1] (http://chc60.fgcu.edu/images/articles/rejewski.pdf) How Polish
Mathematicians Deciphered the Enigma", Annals of the History of Computing 3, 1981. This article
is regarded by Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing's biographer, as "the definitive account" (see Hodges'
Alan Turing: The Enigma, Walker and Company, 2000 paperback edition, p. 548, footnote 4.5).
Quirantes, Arturo (April 2004). "Model Z: A Numbers-Only Enigma Version". Cryptologia. 28 (2):
153–156. doi:10.1080/0161-110491892845 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0161-110491892845).
S2CID 44319455 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44319455).
Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2011). Enigma: The Battle for the Code. Orion. ISBN 978-1-78022-123-
6.
Ulbricht, Heinz. Enigma Uhr, Cryptologia, 23(3), April 1999, pp. 194–205.
Turing, Dermot (2018). X, Y & Z: The Real Story of How Enigma Was Broken. Gloustershire
England: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-8782-0. OCLC 1029570490 (https://www.worldcat.org/o
clc/1029570490).
Winterbotham, F. W. (1999). The Ultra Secret. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-64405-7.

Untold Story of Enigma Code-Breaker — The Ministry of Defence (U.K.) (https://web.archive.org/w

eb/20051118083351/http://news.mod.uk/news/press/news_headline_story.asp?newsItem_id=333
9)

External links
Gordon Corera, Poland's overlooked Enigma codebreakers, BBC News Magazine, 4 July 2014 (ht
tps://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28167071)
Long-running list of places with Enigma machines on display (http://enigmadisplays.blogspot.ca/)
Bletchley Park National Code Centre Home of the British codebreakers during the Second World
War (http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/)
Enigma machines on the Crypto Museum Web site (http://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/enigm
a/)
Pictures of a four-rotor naval enigma, including Flash (SWF) views of the machine (http://cnm.ope
n.ac.uk/projects/stationx/enigma/index.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201107240152
09/http://cnm.open.ac.uk/projects/stationx/enigma/index.html) 24 July 2011 at the Wayback
Machine

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Enigma Pictures and Demonstration by NSA Employee at RSA (http://www.cgisecurity.net/2008/0

4/getting-to-see-an-enigma-machine-at-rsa-2008-.html)
Enigma machine (https://curlie.org/Science/Math/Applications/Communication_Theory/Cryptograp
hy/Historical/) at Curlie
Kenngruppenheft (https://web.archive.org/web/20130426233328/http://www.wwiiarchives.net/servl
et/action/document/index/97/0)
Process of building an Enigma M4 replica (http://www.enigma-maschine.de/en/)
Breaking German Navy Ciphers (http://www.enigma.hoerenberg.com/)
An online Enigma Machine simulator (http://russells.freeshell.org/enigma/)
Enigma simulation (http://enigmaco.de/enigma/enigma.swf)
Universal Enigma simulator (http://people.physik.hu-berlin.de/~palloks/js/enigma/index_en.html)
Cryptii — Online modular playground, including 13 Enigma machine variations (https://cryptii.com/
pipes/enigma-machine)

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