BWRA and Séférian Model For Preheating Temperature Calculation in Case of Low Alloyed and Unalloyed Steel

Materials Science Forum Submitted: 2016-02-28
ISSN: 1662-9752, Vol. 885, pp 239-244 Revised: 2016-08-07

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.885.239 Accepted: 2016-08-08
© 2017 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Online: 2017-02-10
BWRA and Séférian Model for Preheating Temperature Calculation in

Case of Low Alloyed and Unalloyed Steel
Tunde Kovacs 1a, Peter Pinke 1b
1
Óbuda University, Bánki Donát Faculty of Mechanical and Safety Engineering, Department of
Materials Technology, 1081 Budapest, Népszínház u. 8. Hungary
a
[email protected], b [email protected]
Keywords: preheating, Séférian model, BWRA, heat affected zone
Abstract. For the assurance of the welding quality is very important to choose an adequate welding
process. In case of this procedure specification we have to take account of the chemical
composition, plate thickness of the work pieces and the used welding process with its parameters. In
case of quenched and tempered steel even that limited alloys content we have to calculate the
carbon equivalent and the preheating temperature. The preheating temperature depends on the
carbon equivalent, the plate thickness and the welding process too. To obtains correct process
parameters, important to choose and use the appropriate model [1]. For calculate the suitable
preheating temperature we used the BWRA and the Séférian model too. We compared the results
and made welding tests to monitoring the effect of the different preheating temperature. We used
two different steel in our welding experiments, it was a carbon steel (S235JR) and a low alloyed
hardening steel (28Mn6). After the welding test we measured the hardness changing in the heat
affected zone (HAZ). On the base of our test results we concluded that in case of the used steels the
suitable method is the Séférian’s.
1. Introduction
In case of the low alloyed and unalloyed carbon steels welded joint in the heat affected zone we can
find a modification of the mechanical properties. The mechanical properties depend on chemical
composition and microstructure. The welding heat may cause phase transformation in the work
piece. The base of the welding process design (preheating temperature) is the carbon equivalent
calculation.
There are many carbon equivalent calculation methods [2,3,4], for different steel groups. In case of
high carbon equivalent preheating is required. In the industry instead of preheating they use alloyed
filler metals to reach an acceptable joint quality.
In this research our aim is to show two of the preheating methods, one is the BWRA (British
Welding Research Association) recommended method, and the other one is the Séférian’s
equations. In our calculations we used low alloyed steel (28Mn6) and unalloyed steel (S235JR). The
calculated preheating temperature was validated, which we used two types of wire electrodes
(ESAB OK 73.35, Böhler EMK 6D).
2. The carbon equivalent and the preheating temperature

2.1 BWRA method
This method is widely used for determining the preheating temperature in case of stick electrode
welding [5,6]. This equation depends on three parameters a) Thermic Severity Number (TSN), b)
Weldability coefficient, c) Diameter of the coated electrode.
The TSN takes into consideration the geometry and wall thickness of the samples.
a  a2
TSN  1 (1)
6
a1, a2 (mm) The wall thickness of the samples.
The weldability coefficient (from A to G) is calculated based on Breadstreet carbon equivalent
equation (CEBreadstreet) [3].
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240 Materials Science, Testing and Informatics VIII
Mn Ni Cr  Mo  V
CE Breadstreat  C    (2)
20 15 10
The alloying elements must be in weight percentage for the calculation to be correct. The preheating
temperature is determinable by the TSN, CEBreadstreet and the diameter of the coated electrode. [3]
2.2 Séférian model

For weldability Séférian defined s coefficient (can range from 0 to 10), which depends on the
carbon equivalent (CESéférian) that is shown in Fig. 1. He also defined a compensated carbon
equivalent (CESéférianC ), which takes into consideration the sample wall thickness. With this
equation (4) we can calculate the preheating temperature (5).
The preheating temperature can be defined using Séférian diagram (Fig. 2).
Mn  Cr Ni 7 Mo
CE Séférian  C    (3)
9 18 90
CE SéférianC  CE Séférian 1  0,005  a  (4)

In equation (3) the amount of alloying elements must be in weight percentage. In equation (4) the
average wall thickness is denoted with a (mm). The preheating temperature (TP (ºC)).
Tp  350 CE SéférianC  0,25 (5)
Fig. 1. Séférian weldability diagram [5]

Materials Science Forum Vol. 885 241
Fig. 2. Séférian diagram [5]
3. Materials and experimental procedures
3.1 Materials
In our welding experiments we used 2 different steels: (28Mn6) low alloyed steel and (S235JR)
unalloyed low carbon steel which was welded in a V joint.
We used 8 mm thick sheets; the welding setup can be seen in Fig. 3. and Fig. 4. For the first
welding essay we used Ø2.5 mm ESAB OK 73.35 alloyed, coated electrode which is recommended
for quenched and tempered steels. In the second welding experiment we used Ø2.5 mm Böhler
EMK 6D general purpose solid electrode.
Tab. 1. Chemical composition of used steels

Steel name C% Si % Mn % P% S% N % Cr % Cu % Ni % Mo %
28Mn6 0.28 0.4 1.47 0.035 0.035 - 0.4 - 0.4 0.1
S235 JR 0.17 0.3 1.4 0.035 0.035 0.012 - 0.55 - -
Before the experiments the electrodes where dried in the furnace on 350ºC for 2 hours. The samples
where preheated before welding in LMM type laboratory furnace; the temperature was measured
with a ThermoChrom 2815/230 heat chalk.
Fig. 3. Setup of the welded samples Fig. 4. Setup of the welded samples
3.2 Determination of preheating temperature

We calculated the preheating temperature for low alloyed steel (28Mn6). The BWRA method TSN
coefficient in case of 8 mm wall thickness (TSN = 2,66) is 3, the carbon equivalent CEBreadstreet
<0,45% ,the weldability coefficient F, diameter of coated electrode is Ø2,5mm, the result of the
preheating temperature is Tp = 150 ºC.
On base of Séférian method the carbon equivalent CESéférian = 0,5%, the compensated CESéférianC =
0,52%, preheating temperature Tp = 181,4 ºC. Our result is same from the Séférian diagram (Fig.
2), Tp =180 ºC.
3.3 Experimental procedures
The used welding equipment was Kemppi Minisystem MP2400 MM20, the welding rate 3 mm.s-1.
Three welding experiments (WE) are performed, in case of different parameters: samples
preheating temperatures Tp (ºC), current I (A), voltage U (V), electrode types (Tab.2).
Tab.2. Welding variables

Sample sign Tp I U diameter of type of electrode
electrode
No.1. 150 ºC 110 A 30 V Ø2.5 mm ESAB OK 73.35
No.2. 180 ºC 110 A 30 V Ø2.5 mm ESAB OK 73.35
No.3. 180 ºC 110 A 30 V Ø2.5 mm Böhler EMK 6 D
In all welding experiments we made 75 mm long joints. All the joints where controlled visual
inspection and with penetration tests to show cracks and joint defects. We made a macro grind and
etched it in NITAL (3%) and tested by Vickers hardness tests HV 10, the distance between the tests
were 2 mm.
4. Results and discussion

4.1. Visual inspection and penetration test
No.1.: The welded pieces had spattering traces on the face and root sides and the root height was
optimal, the penetration test did not show any cracks or joint defects. The ESAB OK 73.35
electrodes used for making the joint was adequate.
No. 2.: The welded pieces did not have spattering traces on the face and root sides and the root
height was optimal and the penetration test did not show any cracks or joint defects. The ESAB OK
73.35 electrodes used for making the joint were adequate.
No.3.: The welded pieces did not have spattering traces on the face and root sides and the root
height was optimal. The welding penetration was not adequate and the joint was porous. The EMK
6 D electrodes used for making the joint was not adequate.
4.2. Hardness test

We did hardness tests on the cross-section starting from the 28Mn6 sheet through the joint to the
S235 JR sheet. If the heat affected zone has more martensite the hardness increases and the steel
becomes brittle. The CCT diagram shows the hardness limit (350 HV10) in case of 28Mn6 steel.
Fig. 5-7. shows the measured hardness on the face and root sides.
Materials Science Forum Vol. 885 243
Fig.5. Measured hardness in the joint and

HAZ at No. 1
No. 1.: The tested hardness in the HAZ was higher than the hardness limit (350 HV10) on both
sides. The used preheating temperature (Tp = 150 ºC) was not adequate.
Fig.6. Measured hardness in the joint and HAZ at No. 3
No. 2.: In case of this sample none of the measured hardness surpassed the hardness limit (350
HV10). The used preheating temperature (Tp = 180 ºC) was adequate (Fig.7.).
No. 3.: The tested hardness in the HAZ was higher than the hardness limit (350 HV10) on the
28Mn6 side, it quenched but the on the other side (S235 JR) it did not surpass the limit. The used
preheating temperature (Tp = 180 ºC) was not adequate.
Fig.7. Measured hardness in the joint and HAZ at No. 2
5. Conclusion
I. In case of 28Mn6 and S235 JR the calculated temperature for joining technology by the BWRA
equation was Tp = 150 ºC and by the Séférian equation was Tp = 180 ºC.
II. The hardness of HAZ in case of 28Mn6 with Tp = 150 ºC preheating and ESAB OK 73.35
surpassed the hardness limit (350 HV10) and the hardness of HAZ in case of S235 JR with Tp = 150
ºC preheating and ESAB OK 73.35 surpassed the hardness limit (350 HV10). The steel quenched in
the HAZ which means that the preheating temperature calculated by BRWA equation was not
enough.
III. In the welded joint the used preheating temperature (Tp = 180 ºC) and ESAB OK 73.35
electrode did not surpass the hardness limit which means that the preheating temperature calculated
by Séférian was adequate.
IV. In the welded joint the used preheating temperature (Tp = 180 ºC) and Böhler EMK 6 D
electrode surpassed the hardness limit (350 HV10) in the 28Mn6 HAZ side.
V. The results show that in case of joining low alloy quenched and tempered steels the Séférian
model is recommended but it is important to choose the right welding electrode too.
References
[1] Pokorádi László: Rendszerek és folyamatok modellezése, Debrecen: Campus Kiadó, 2008.
p.242
[2] Sükrü Talas et all.: The assessment of carbon equivalent formulas in predicting the properties of
steel weld metals, The assessment of carbon equivalent formulas in predicting the properties of steel
weld metals
[3] B.J. Bradstreet: Effect of Welding Conditions on Cooling Rate and Hardness in the Heat-
Affected Zone, Nov. 1969 p.499
[4] Bagyinszki Gy. Bitay E.:Hegesztéstechnika I. Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület 2010. Kolozsvár
[5] M. Jean Claude TÊTOT: Structures Metalliques Dossier Professeur: Métallurgie du soudage
[6] ISO/TR 581:2005: Weldability-Metallic materials-general principles

BWRA and Séférian Model For Preheating Temperature Calculation in Case of Low Alloyed and Unalloyed Steel

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Materials Science Forum Submitted: 2016-02-28

ISSN: 1662-9752, Vol. 885, pp 239-244 Revised: 2016-08-07

BWRA and Séférian Model for Preheating Temperature Calculation in

Keywords: preheating, Séférian model, BWRA, heat affected zone

2. The carbon equivalent and the preheating temperature

2.2 Séférian model

CE SéférianC  CE Séférian 1  0,005  a  (4)

Tp  350 CE SéférianC  0,25 (5)

Fig. 1. Séférian weldability diagram [5]

Fig. 2. Séférian diagram [5]

3. Materials and experimental procedures

Tab. 1. Chemical composition of used steels

3.2 Determination of preheating temperature

Tab.2. Welding variables

4. Results and discussion

4.2. Hardness test

Fig.5. Measured hardness in the joint and

Fig.6. Measured hardness in the joint and HAZ at No. 3

Fig.7. Measured hardness in the joint and HAZ at No. 2

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