Limit Rules of differentiation Application of Differentiation First D Test S1: Set f’(x)=0; => x=1,5,or 7

d dv du Tangent and Normal x x<1 x=1 1<x<5 x=5 5<x<7 x=7 7<x
lim[ f ( x) ⋅ g ( x)] = lim f ( x) ⋅ lim g ( x) = L1 ⋅ L2 ; (uv) = u +v
x→a x→a x→a
dx dx dx dy/dx +ve 0 -ve 0 +ve 0 +ve
du dv Maximum value: f(1) Maximum point: (1,f(1))
f ( x) lim f ( x) L v −u
lim = x→a = 1 L2 ≠ 0 d u dx dx Minimum value: f(5) Maximum point: (5,f(5))
x→ a g ( x ) lim g ( x) L2 ( )=
x→a dx v v2 Stationary point:(7,f(7))
n ∞
Chain Rule
 x x2 x3 xr
e = lim1 +  = 1 + x + + +  = ∑
x
dy dy du Rate of Change, Integration by parts Application of Integration
n →∞
 n 2 ! 3! r =0 r ! = ⋅
dx du dx 1 dv d 2 s
Normal : y − y1 = − ( x − x1 ) v=
ds
a= = ∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu b

 1
n
sin θ ex − 1
-----Differentiation ---> f ′( x1 ) dt dt dt 2 ; Area= ∫ (high − low)dx
lim1 +  = e lim = 1 lim =1 d n Tangent : y − y1 = f ' ( x)( x − x1 ) S1: formulate equation i.e. dv du
a
n →∞
 n θ →0 θ x →0 x
dx
( x ) = nx n −1
A = 4πr 2
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx b

First principal d
(sin x) = cos x
Second D Test S2: apply chain rule to diff w.r.t t. xe − > d (e );
x x
Shell method: ∫ (2πR) Hdy
f (x + ∆x ) − f (x ) dx f”(xo)<0 f”(xo)>0 dA d (4πr 2 ) dr x cos x − > d (sin x)
a
f ' ( x) = lim i.e. =
∆x → 0 ∆x d dt dr dt x2
(tan x) = sec 2 x x ln x − > d ( );
b b

The Binomial Theorem dx S3: Substitutes and solve. 2 Vol = ∫ 2πxydx or ∫ 2πxydy
n! d e x cos x − > d (e x ); a a
C rn = Prn = (n − r )! (sec x) = sec x tan x
r!(n − r )! dx Integration *Use by part X2 or Recurrent
(vertical->dx; horizontal ->dy)
n +1 d
C =C n
r
n
n−r C +C
n
r
n
r +1 =C r +1 (cos x) = − sin x Integration Trigo-Sub
dx S1’ set f’(x)=0 => x= xo
d S2’check f”(xo) a2 − x2 put x = a sin 
( x + y) =n
(cot x) = − csc 2 x
dx If f”(xo)<0 , (xo, f”(xo)) is a max. pt.
x n + C1n x n −1 y + C2n x n − 2 y 2 + ... + Cnn−1 xy n −1 + y n
d If f”(xo)>0 , (xo, f”(xo)) is a min. pt. a 2 + x 2 , put x = a tan 
(csc x) = − csc x cot x
dx a a
S1: General term; S2, Solve for r
d x Point of Inflexion ∫ a
f ( x)dx = ∫ f (t )dt ,
a x 2 − a 2 , put x = a sec
(e ) = e x b

∫ πR
2
Trigonometry dx a Disc method: dh
sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B d x ∫ a
f ( x)dx = 0 , a
a = a x ln a M.I.
cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B  sin A sin B dx a b
∫ f ( x)dx = − ∫ f ( x)dx ,
b b
When n=1,
2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A − B) d 1 b a Vol = ∫ πx dy 2
Vol = ∫ πy 2 dx
(ln x) = … a or a
2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A − B) dx x b b

2 sin A sin B = cos (A − B) − cos (A + B) d 1 ∫ a

kf ( x)dx = k ∫ f ( x)dx ,
a
It is true for n=1.
log a x = Assume the statement is true for
tan A ± tan B dx x ln a f”(xo) changes signs b
tan (A ± B) =
1  tan A tan B d Assymptotes ∫ a
[ f ( x) ± g ( x)]dx n=k
(ln sec x ) = tan x i.e. …
1 − cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x dx 2 b b
sin 2 x =
2
cos 2 x =
2 d
e.g. y = 2 x − 3 +
[x + 5] ∫ a
f ( x)dx ± ∫ g ( x)dx
a
When n=k+1
(ln sec x + tan x ) = sec x …
tan 2 x + 1 = sec 2 x dx Vertical: x = −5 b c b

cot 2 x + 1 = csc 2 x <--- Integration ----- Horizontal/Oblique: y = 2 x − 3 ∫ a

f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx
a c
It is true for n=k+1
By the principle of mathematical
2 a f ( x ) dx even
f ( x )dx =  ∫ 0
a induction, ….
∫ −a
0 odd
Matrix Properties of Determinants Vectors Scalar product(Dot Product)
Properties of Matrices Operation det AT = det A. a ⋅ b = | a || b |cos θ, where θ is the angle between a and b.
1. OP = xi + yj.
A0 = 0A = 0 det AB = (det A)(det B). (1) i ⋅ i = j ⋅ j = k ⋅ k = 1.

AI = IA = A a11 a12 a13

a22 a23
Or OP = xi + y j + zk. (2) i ⋅ j = j ⋅ k = k ⋅ i = 0.
a21 a22 a23 = a 11 – a 12 a21 a23 + a 13
a32 a33 a31 a33
A(BC) = (AB)C (3) a ⋅ b = a ⋅ c ⇒ b = c
a31 a32 a33 2. | OP |= x 2 + y 2 Or | OP | = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
If a = x1i + y1j + z1k and b = x2i + y2j + z2k , then a ⋅
A(B ± C) = AB ± AC a21 a22
a31 a32 y
3. If OP ≠ 0, sin θ = , b = x1x2 + y1y2 + z1z2
(A± B)C = AC ± BC x + y2
2
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 + ka2 b1 + kb2 c1 + kc2
det A = a2 b2 c2 = − a3 b3 c3 = a2 b2 c2 a⋅b x1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 + z 1z 2
(αA)(βB) = A(αβ)B = (αβ)AB cos θ = =
a3 b3 c3 a2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3 x y a b x1 + y 1 2 + z1 2 ⋅ x 2 2 + y 2 2 + z 2 2
2

(A + B)T = AT + BT cos θ = and tan θ = ,

a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 x2 + y2 x
(AB)T = BTAT . and If a ⋅ b = 0 ,a is perpendicular to b.
k det A = a2 b2 c2 a1 b1 c1 = 0
ka3 kb3 kc3 a3 b3 c3 a
4. The unit vector in the direction of a is .
Inverse of Matrix Vector Products
a1 + x b1 + y c1 + z a1 b1 c1 x y z a
 A11 A21 A31  a2 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2 + a2 b2 c2 a × b=|a||b|sin θ n, where θ is the angle between a and b and n
−11  
A = adj  A12 A22 A32  a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 5. mi + nj = xi + yj ⇒ m=x and n=y
A A
 13 A23 A33  is the unit vector
System of Linear Equation 6. mi + nj = 0 ⇒ m=n=0
Non-singular => det A ≠ 0 (a) a × a = 0
 a11x + a12 y + a13z = b1 (b) a × b = –b × a
(Properties of inverses)  7. a is a unit vector iff a = 1 .
a 21x + a 22 y + a 23z = b 2
(a) (A-1)-1 = A, (b)(AB)-1 = B-1A-1 , a x + a y + a z = b (c) k(a × b) = (ka) × b = a × (kb) .
 31 32 33 3

(c) (AT)-1 = (A-1)T , (d) ( -1

A) 1 Cramer’s Rule 1.Parallelism (d) |a × b| = |b × a|
If the vectors p = mi + nj and q = xi + yj are parallel, then (e) For non-zero vectors a and b , a × b = 0 if and only if a
= -1 -1
A ∆ x determinant of A with x column replaced
x m x y
= and = and b are parallel.
∆y
n -1 -1 n
(e) (A ) = (A ) ∆x ∆ y n m n
x= , y= , z= z ;
Application of Vectors: det A det A det A
2. Division of a Line Segment (h) |a × b|2 = |a|2|b|2 – (a ⋅ b)2
2 Gaussian Elimination
AB such that AP : PB = m : n, then Vectors in R3
Area of ABCD = AB × AD 1 a b e 
  mQB + nQA
reduce to echelon form.  0 1 d f  QP = (i) i × i = j × j = k × k = 0.
m+n
1 0 0 1 g 
Area of ABD= AB × AD   n m (ii) i × j = k , j×k=i , k × i = j. (j × i = –k ,
2 , i.e. p = a+ b
n+m m+n
Volume of Parallel pine = (b × c) • a 3. Use inverse of Matrix k × j = –i , i × k = –j)
AX = B 3. Coplanar
1
Volume of triangular prism = (b × c) • a Vol=0 => Scalar Triple Product =0 (iii) If a × b = a × c ⇒ b ≠c (e.g. a and b are parallel, and
2 If det A ≠ 0, Unique Solution and X=A B −1

1 c is 0).
Volume of tetrahedron = (b × c ) • a Scalar Triple Product (b × c) • a
*For Homogeneous
6
If a = x1i + y1 j + z1k , b = x2i + y2 j + z2k and If a = x1i + y1 j + z1k and b = x2 i + y 2 j + z 2k are two
AX=0 ,
Pyramid with parallelogram base = non-zero vectors, and θ is the angle between them, then
If det A ≠ 0, then X =0, trivial solution. x1 y1 z1
1
(b × c) • a If det A = 0, AX = B has ∞ or no solutions (use Gaussian
3 c = x3i + y3 j + z3k then a ⋅ (b × c) = x2 y2 z2 . i j k
Elimination to Solve) x3 y3 z3 a × b = a b sin θ nˆ = x1 y1 z1 .
x2 y2 z2