TEST PAPER

1. An aircraft leaves at 0900UTC on a 250 nm journey with a planned groundspeed of 115

knots. After 74 nm the aircraft is 1.5 minutes behind the planned schedule.
What is the revised ETA at the destination?
a 1100
b 1110
c 1115
d 1054
2. From the departure point, the distance to the point of equal time is:

a proportional to the sum of ground speed out and ground speed back
b inversely proportional to the total distance to go
c inversely proportional to ground speed back
d inversely proportional to the sum of ground speed out and ground speed back

3. An aircraft is flying TAS 180 knots and tracking 090°T. The W/V is 045/50. How far can
the aircraft fly out from its base and return within 1 hour?

a 74 nm
b 85 nm
c 102 nm
d 111 nm

4. An aircraft has a TAS of 300 knots and a safe endurance of 10 hours. If the wind
component on the outbound leg is 50 knots head, what is the distance to the point of safe
endurance?

a 1500 nm
b 1458 nm
c 1544 nm
d 1622 nm

5. An aircraft has a TAS of 300 knots and is over a stretch of water between 2 airfields 500
nm apart. If the wind component is 60 knots head, what is the distance from the first
airfield to the critical point?

a 250 nm
b 200 nm
c 300 nm
d 280 nm

6. The distance from A to B is 2368 nautical miles. If outbound groundspeed in 365 knots
and homebound groundspeed is 480 knots and safe endurance is 8 hours 30 minutes,
what is the time to the PNR?
a 290 minutes
b 209 minutes
c 219 minutes
d 190 minutes

7. You leave A to fly to B, 475 nm away, at 1000 hours. Your ETA at B is 1130. At 1040, you
are 190 nm from A. What groundspeed is required to arrive on time at B?

a 317 knots
b 330 knots
c 342 knots
d 360 knots

8. An aircraft was over ‘Q’ at 1320 hours flying direct to ‘R’.

Given:
Distance ‘Q’ to ‘R’
True air speed
Mean wind component ‘out’ Mean wind component ‘back’ Safe endurance
3016 NM 480 knots -90 kt +75 kt 10:00 HR
The distance from ‘Q’ to the Point of Safe Return (PSR) is:

a 2370 NM
b 2290 NM
c 1510 NM
d 1310 NM

9. Fuel flow per HR is 22 US-GAL, total fuel on board is 83 IMP GAL. What is the
endurance?
a 2 hr 15 min
b 4 hr 32 min
c 3 hr 12 min
d 3 hr 53 min

10. The distance A to B is 90 nm in a straight line. You are 60 nm from A when you fix your
position 4 nm to the left of track. What correction do you need to make to arrive at B?
a) 4°
b) 8°
 c) 12°
d) 10°
11. You are flying from C to D. You find that your position is 120 nm outbound from
C and 8 nm right of the required track. What is your track error angle?
a. 7° L
b. 4° R
c. 8° L
12. You are flying from N to P, which is a required track of 315oT. You find that your
position is 40 nm outbound from N and 6 nm left of the required track. What is your
track made good?
a. 042° T
b. 224° T
c. 306° T

13. You are flying from S to T, which is a required track of 272oT. You find that your
position is 50 nm from T and 5 nm right of the required track. What track must you fly to
arrive overhead T?
a. 224° T
b. 266° T
c. 128° T

14. If an aircraft is 3° off required track at a range of 120nm, how far in nautical miles (nm)
is the aircraft off required track?
a. 9 nm
b. 6 nm
c. 12 nm
d. 3nm

15. An aircraft leaves A to fly to B, 95 nms distance. Having flown 35nms, the aircraft
position is found from a ‘pinpoint’ (a geographical point over which the aircraft has flown);
the pinpoint is 7 nms right of track.
a. What is the track error?
b. What alteration of heading is required to fly direct to B?
c. What is the drift?
16. An aircraft takes-off from an airport 2 hours before sunset. The pilot flies a track of
090° (T), W/V 130° / 20 kt, TAS 100 kt. In order to return to the point of departure before
sunset, the furthest distance which may be travelled is:
A) 115 NM
B) 97 NM
C) 105 NM
D) 84 NM
17. Distance Q to R 1760 NM, Groundspeed out 435 kt, Groundspeed back 385 kt The
time from Q to the Point of Equal Time (PET) between Q and R is:
A) 110 MIN.
B) 106 MIN.
C) 102 MIN.
D) 114 MIN

18. Why do we normally overlook the descend phase when calculating Point of Equal Time
(PET)?
A) Because we never know what kind of descend clearance we will get from ATC.
B) Because there are so many uncertain factors in the descend phase.
C) Because the descend will have an equal effect, whatever destination we decide to
proceed to.
D) Because the W/V during the descend is not known in academic situations.

19. You fly from C to D, a distance of 450 NM. The WC C - D is +30, and the WC D - C is -
40. TAS is 160 Kt and reduced TAS is 130 Kt. The Fuel Flow is 165 kg/hr, and the Safe
endurance when overhead C is 4 hours. Calculate PNR for return to C. What is the
distance from PNR to D?
A) 180,0 NM.
B) 155,5 NM.
C) 243,0NM.
D) 95,5 NM

20. You have calculated Point of No Return (PNR) on a flight, having all negative WCs in
the flight plan. During the flight you experience that the W/V is stronger but coming from
the same direction as in the flight plan. Consider the following statements:
A) The PNR will, if recalculated, move toward the no-wind PNR.
B) The PNR will not change because the neither TAS nor Fuel Flow has changed.
C) A recalculated PNR will move toward the place of departure.
D) You will arrive at the PNR at a later time than flight planned

21. Given: Distance A to B 90 nm; a fix is obtained 60 nm along and 4 nm to the right of
track. What heading alteration must be made to reach B?
a) 12° Left
b) 4° Left
c) 16° Left
d) 8° Left

22. Given: Distance between A to B 200 nm; to calculate compass heading the pilot used
2E variation instead of 2W. What will the off track distance be at point B?
a) 7nm
b) 14nm
c) 21nm
d) 0nm

23. You are flying from A to B planned track 245°M distance 225 nm. Your groundspeed is
180 kts. After 15 minutes flying you fix your position as 3 miles left of planned track. Which
of the following statements is correct?
a) You should turn 8° right to go direct to B
b) You should turn 5° right to go direct to B
c) Your drift is 4P
d) Your drift is 2P

24. The latitude where the value of convergency is half the value of
convergency at 60° N is:
A) 30° 00 N
B) 25° 39 N
C) 90° 00 N
D) 27° 52 N

25. What is variation at the magnetic equator?

A) 180° E/W.
B) Less than 90° .
C) Between 45° and 90° .
D) Zero.
26. Required track 300° T, drift 8° right, variation 10° W, deviation -4° . What is the
required compass heading?
A) 310°
B) 298°
C) 306°
D) 314°

27. The Earth can be considered as being a magnet with the:

a. red pole near the north pole of the earth and the direction of the
magnetic force pointing straight up from the earths surface.
b. red pole near the north pole of the earth and the direction of the
magnetic force pointing straight down to the earths surface.
c. blue pole near the north pole of the earth and the direction of the
magnetic force pointing straight up from the earths surface.
d. blue pole near the north pole of the earth and the direction of the
magnetic force pointing straight down to the earths surface.

28. On a chart with a scale of 1:600000 the distance from A to B is 42mm. What is the
distance on the Earth from A to B?
A) 25.2 km
B) 157 SM
C) 136 NM
D) 252 km
29. On a polar stereographic projection chart showing the South Pole, a straight line joins position
A (70° S 065° E) to position B (70° S 025° W). The true course on departure from position A is
approximately:
A) 135° .

B) 250° .
C) 225° .
D) 315°
30. An aircraft leaves 0° N/S 45° W and flies due south for 10 hours at a speed of 540 kts.
What is its position as a true bearing from the south pole?
A) 60° T
B) 000° T
C) 30° T
D) 45° T

31. If the TAS is 90 kts, the aircraft heading is 044° T (variation is 20° W), drift is 8° S and
groundspeed is 70 kts, the wind is:

A) 004° T/30kts.
B) 038° T/23kts.
C) 018° T/23kts.

D) 025° T/30kts.

32. Position A is located on the Equator at 130°00E. Position B is 100 nm from A on a bearing of
225°(T). The coordinates of position B are:
a) 01°11'N 131°11'E
b) 01°11'S 131°11'E
c) 01°11'S 128°49'E
d) 01°11'N 128°49'E

33. Position A 45°N ?°E; position B 45°N 45°15'E; distance A - B 280 nm. B is to the East
of A. What is the longitude of A?
a) 40°33'E
b) 38°39'E
c) 49°57'E
d) 51°51'E

34. The horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field:

a) weakens with increasing distance from the nearer magnetic pole

b) is approximately the same at all magnetic latitudes less than 60°
c) is stronger closer to the magnetic equator
d) weakens with increasing distance from the magnetic poles
35. A Lambert Conformal conic chart has a constant of the cone of 0.80. A straight line
course drawn on this chart from A (53°N 004°W) to B is 080°T at A. The course at B is
092°T. What is the longitude of B?
a) 011°E
b) 019°E
c) 008°E
d) 013°E

36. On a Polar Stereographic chart a straight line joins A (70°N 40°W) to B (70°N 80°E).
The direction at A of the straight line track from A to B is:
a) 060°T
b) 069°T
c) 030°T
d) 033°T

37. Contour lines on aeronautical maps and charts connect points:

a) having the same longitude
b) of equal latitude
c) having the same elevation above sea level
d) with the same variation

38. Position A is 55N 30W. Position B is 54N 20W. The Great Circle track from A to B, measured
at A, is100°T. What is the Rhumb line bearing from A to B?
a 104°T
b 090°T
c 100°T
d 284°T

39. What is the shortest distance between J (3557N 13535E) and K (2210S 04425W)?

a. 8450 nm
b. 9973 nm
c. 9148 nm
40. A Rhumb Line cuts all meridians at the same angle. This gives:
a. The shortest distance between two points.
b. A line which could never be a great circle track
c. A line of constant direction

41. The initial great circle track from C (3600N 01500E) to D (4200N longitude) is 300°(T) and the
final great circle track at D is 295°(T).
a. What is the longitude of D?
b. What is the approximate great circle track direction at longitude 01100E?

42. a. Determine the value of convergency between J (5812N 00400W) and K (5812N 00600E).

b. What is the rhumb line track from J to K?

c. What is the initial great circle track from K to J?

43. A and B are both in the southern hemisphere and the convergency of their meridians is 8°. The
initial great circle track from A to B is 094°(T). If the position of B is 23°00’S 20°00’W, what is the
position of A?
a. 23° 00S 040° 30’ W
b. 23° 00S 048° 15’ W
c. 23° 00S 028° 20’ W

44. In which latitude is a difference of longitude of 44°11’ equivalent to a departure of 2000nm?

a. 60° north and south
b. 41° north or south
c. 72° north and south
d. 35° north and south

45. a. In which latitude is the departure in nm. between two points equal to:

i. their difference in longitude in minutes?

ii. half their difference in longitude in minutes?
b. In latitude 52°N,
i. What is the departure between the meridians of 136°16’W and 43°44’E?
ii. what is the shortest distance between the same points?

46. An aircraft leaves position L in latitude 37°S and makes good the following tracks and ground
speeds:
L to M 270(T) 310kt M to N 180(T) 280kt N to P 090°(T) 250kt
P is due south of L
M is reached 80 minutes after leaving L P is reached 93.5 minutes after leaving N
Calculate the distance and time from M to N ? .
47. An aircraft is flying around the Earth eastwards along the 60N parallel of latitude at a
groundspeed of 240 knots. At what groundspeed would another aircraft have to fly eastwards along
the Equator to fly once round the Earth in the same journey time?
a. 600 knots
b. 240 knots
c. 480 knots
d. 120 knots

48. On a chart 5 Centimetres represents 7 Nautical Miles

a. Give the Scale of this chart as a Representative Fraction?
b. Determine the distance in Inches on this chart which would represent the distance
flown by an aircraft in 5 minutes at a Groundspeed of 156 Knots.?

49. On a direct Mercator, with the exception of the meridians and the Equator, Great Circles are
represented as:
a. Curves concave to the Nearer Pole
b. Curves convex to the Equator
c. Curves concave to the Equator
d. Straight lines

50. At 40N, the scale of Mercator chart is 1:10,000,000. What is the distance in centimetres between
the 160E and 160W meridians at 20S?
a. 50 cms
b. 34 cms
c. 22cms
d. 72cms
51. A Mercator chart has a scale of 1:3,000,000 at 60N.
a. In what latitude is the scale:
i. 1:6,000,000 ?
ii. 1:5,300,000 ?

b. Is there a latitude on this chart where the scale is 1:6,500,000 ?

52. Scale on a Lambert’s conformal conic chart

a. is constant
b. is constant along a meridian of longitude
c. varies slightly as a function of latitude and longitude
d. is constant along a parallel of latitude

53. You are flying from A to B, planned track 245°(M), distance 225 nm. Your groundspeed is 180
knots. After 15 minutes flying, you fix your position as 3 nm left of planned track. Which of the
following statements is correct?
a. Your drift is 2P
b. Your drift is 4P
c. You should turn 5 right to go direct to B
c. You should turn 8 right to go direct to B

54. Convergence on a Transverse Mercator chart is correct at:

a. the datum meridian only
b. the datum meridian and the Equator
c. the Equator and the Poles
d. the Parallel of Origin

55. Course 040°T, TAS 120 kn, Wind speed = 30 knots. From which direction will the wind give the
greatest drift?
a 215°T
b 230°T
c 235°T
d 240°T

56. During a low level flight 2 parallel roads are crossed at right angles by an aircraft. The time
between these roads can be used to check the aircraft:
a track
b drift
c groundspeed
d heading
57. On a Transverse Mercator projection, a parallel of latitude other than the equator is:
a an ellipse
b parabolic
c hyperbolic
d a straight line
58. On which chart projection is it not possible to show the North Pole?
a) Direct Mercator
b) Lamberts
c) Transverse Mercator
d) Polar Stereographic

59. At a specific location, the value of magnetic variation:

a. depends on the magnetic heading
b. depends on the value of true heading
c. varies slowly over time
d. depends on the type of compass installed

60. An Oblique Mercator projection is used specifically to produce:

a. radio navigation charts in equatorial regions
b. topographical maps of large east/west extent
c. plotting charts in equatorial regions
d. charts of the great circle route between two points
61. Which of the following describes the appearance of Rhumb lines, except meridians, on a Polar
Stereographic chart?
a. Ellipses around the Pole
b. Straight lines
c. Curves concave to the Pole
d. Curves convex to the Pole

62. Which one of the following statements is correct concerning the appearance of great
circles with the exception of meridians on a Polar Stereographic chart whose tangency is
at the pole?
a) They are curves convex to the pole
b) They are complex curves that can be convex and/or concave to the pole
c) Any straight line is a great circle
d) The higher the latitude the closer they approximate to a straight line

63. Track = 090 (T), TAS = 460 knots, W/V = 360 (T) / 100, Variation = 10 E,
Deviation = -2. What is compass heading and groundspeed?
A) 079 470 knots
B) 068 460 knots
C) 069 450 knots

D) 070 455 knots

64. The constant of cone of a Lambert conformal conic chart is quoted as

0.3955. At what latitude on the chart is earth convergency correctly
represented?
A) 66° 42
B) 68° 25
C) 21° 35
D) 23° 18

65. At the magnetic equator:

a) Deviation is zero
b) Dip is zero
c) The isogonal is an agonic line
d) Variation is zero
66. In order to fly from position A (10°00'N 030°00'W) to position B (30°00'N 050°00'W)
maintaining a constant true course it is necessary to fly:
a) the constant average drift route
b) a straight line plotted on a Lambert chart
c) the great-circle route
d) a rhumb line track

67. The north and south magnetic poles are the only positions on the earth's surface
where:
a) a position where the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field is a maximum
b) a freely suspended compass needle will stand horizontal
c) a freely suspended compass needle would stand vertical
d) the value of magnetic variation equals 90°

68. One purpose of a compass calibration is to reduce the difference if any between:
a) true north and magnetic north
b) compass north and the lubber line
c) compass north and true north
d) compass north and magnetic north

69. A straight line is drawn on a Lambert Conformal conic chart between two positions of
different longitude. The angular difference between the initial true track and the final true
track of the line is equal to:
a) difference in longitude
b) chart convergency
c) earth convergency
d) conversion angle

70. Contour lines on aeronautical maps and charts connect points:

a) having the same longitude
b) of equal latitude
c) having the same elevation above sea level
d) with the same variation

71. The angle between the true great-circle track and the true rhumb-line track joining the
following points: A (60° S 165° W) and B (60° S 177° E) at the place of departure A is:
a) 9°
b) 15.6°
c) 5.2°
d) 7.8°

72. At 60S on a Mercator chart, chart convergence is:

a. greater than Earth convergency
b. “correct”
c. less than Earth convergency
d. equal to ch long x 0.866

73. Which of the following statements concerning earth magnetism is completely correct?
a) An isogonal is a line which connects places with the same magnetic variation, the aclinic
is the line of zero magnetic dip
b) An isogonal is a line which connects places with the same magnetic variation, the
agonic line is the line of zero magnetic dip
c) An isogonal is a line which connects places of equal dip, the aclinic is the line of zero
magnetic dip
d) An isogonal is a line which connects places with the same magnetic variation, the
aclinic connects places with the same magnetic field strength

74. On a Lambert conformal conic chart, the distance between parallels of latitude spaced
the same number of degrees apart :
a) reduces between, and expands outside, the standard parallels
b) is constant between, and expands outside, the standard parallels
c) expands between, and reduces outside, the standard parallels
d) is constant throughout the chart

75. The great circle distance between position A (59°34.1'N 008°08.4'E) and B (30°25.9'N
171°51.6'W) is:
a) 5400nm
b) 2,700 nm
c) 10,800 nm
d) 10,800 km

76. The length of a nautical mile is:

a) maximum at 45°N/S
b) maximum at the Equator
c) consistent
d) maximum at the Poles

77. An aircraft at position 60°N 005°W tracks 090°T for 315 km. On completion of the flight
the longitude will be:
a) 000°15'E
b) 002°10'W
c) 000°40'E
d) 005°15'E

78. The magnetic direction from the north magnetic pole to the north geographic pole is:
a) 090°
b) 180°
c) 000°
d) 360°

80. A great circle track joins position A (59°S 141°W) and B (61°S 148°W). What is the
difference between the great circle track at A and B?
a) It decreases by 3°
b) It increases by 6°
c) It decreases by 6°
d) It increases by 3°

81. Given: A is at 55°N 000°E/W, B is at 54°N 010°E; the average course of the great circle
is 100°T. The course of the rhumb line at point A is:
a) 096°
b) 107°
c) 100°
d) 104°

82. What is the time required to travel along the parallel of latitude 60°N between
meridians 010°E and 030°W at a groundspeed of 480 kts?
a) 5hr00min
b) 1hr45min
c) 2hr30min
d) 1hr15min

83. Given: TRK 352°T; Variation 11W; Deviation - 5; Drift 10°S. What is the HDG?
a) 025°C
b) 346°C
c) 078°C
d) 358°C

84. Given: Runway direction 230°T; surface W/V 280°T/40. What is the effective cross-
wind component?
a) 26 kts
b) 36 kts
c) 21 kts
d) 31 kts