2 Quadratic Functions

Fungsi Kuadratik

Quadratic Equations and Inequalities

2.1 Persamaan dan Ketaksamaan Kuadratik Textbook
pg. 36 – 44

SMART Notes
1. A quadratic equation in general form can be written as 3. If a and b are the roots of a quadratic equation, then

d.
ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b and c are constants and (x – a)(x – b) = 0 or x2 – (a + b)x + αβ = 0.
a ≠ 0. Jika α dan β ialah punca-punca bagi suatu persamaan

Bh
Suatu persamaan kuadratik dalam bentuk am boleh ditulis kuadratik, maka (x – α)(x – β) = 0 atau x2 – (α + β)x + αβ = 0.
sebagai ax2 + bx + c = 0 dengan keadaan a, b dan c ialah
pemalar dan a ≠ 0.
4. For x2 – (α + β)x + αβ = 0, α + β is the sum of roots
and αβ is the product of roots.
2. Methods used to solve quadratic equations: Bagi x2 – (α + β)x + αβ = 0, α + β ialah hasil tambah punca
Kaedah-kaedah yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan dan αβ ialah hasil darab punca.

.
dn
persamaan kuadratik:
(a) Completing the square 5. For a quadratic equation in the form
Kaedah penyempurnaan kuasa dua (x – a)(x – b) = 0, where a , b,
Bagi suatu persamaan kuadratik dalam bentuk
(b) Formula
(x – a)(x – b) = 0, dengan keadaan a , b,

S
Kaedah rumus
(a) if (x – a)(x – b) > 0, then x , a or x . b,
–b ± 
b2 – 4ac jika (x – a)(x – b) > 0, maka x , a atau x . b,
x=
gi
2a (b) if (x – a)(x – b) < 0, then a , x , b.
jika (x – a)(x – b) < 0, maka a , x , b.
an

1. Solve the following quadratic equations by using ‘completing the square’ method. Give your answers correct
to four decimal places. PL 3
l

Selesaikan persamaan kuadratik berikut dengan menggunakan kaedah ‘penyempurnaan kuasa dua’. Berikan jawapan anda betul
Pe

kepada empat tempat perpuluhan.

Example (a) x2 – 4x – 3 = 0
n

x2 + 3x – 6 = 0
Add the term x2 – 4x = 3
ta

x2 + 3x = 6 coefficient of x
 2  x2 – 4x + – 4  =
2
3 + – 4 
2

x2 + 3x +  3  = 6 +  3 
2 2 
on the left and 2 2
2 2
bi

the right of the x2 – 4x + (–2)2 = 3 + (–2)2

equation.
x + 32  = 33
2
(x – 2)2 = 7
4 x – 2 = ±√7
r

x = 4.6458  or  x = –0.6458

x + 3 = ± 33
ne

2 4
x = 1.3723  or  x = –4.3723
Pe

(b) –x2 + 6x + 1 = 0 (c) 3x2 + 9x – 2 = 0

x2 – 6x – 1 = 0 x2 + 3x – 2 = 0
x2 – 6x = 1 3
x + 3x = 2
2
x2 – 6x + – 6  = 1 + – 6 
2 2
3
2 2
x2 + 3x +  3  = 2 +  3 
2 2
x2 – 6x + (–3)2 = 1 + (–3)2 2 3 2
(x – 3)2 = 10
x + 32  = 35
2
x – 3 = ±
10
12
x = 6.1623  or  x = –0.1623
x + 3 = ± 35
2 12
x = 0.2078  or  x = –3.2078

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 18

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions 

2. Solve the following quadratic equations by using the formula method. Give your answers correct to four
decimal places. PL 3
Selesaikan persamaan kuadratik berikut dengan menggunakan kaedah rumus. Berikan jawapan anda betul kepada empat tempat
perpuluhan.
Example (a) 2x2 – 5x – 9 = 0
x – 6x + 7 = 0
2

a = 2, b = –5, c = –9
a = 1, b = –6, c = 7 –(–5) ± 
(–5)2 – 4(2)(–9)
x =
(–6) ± 
(–6)2 – 4(1)(7) 2(2)
x = – 5 ± 
97
2(1) =
6 ± 
8 4
=  
2 x = 5 + 97  or x = 5 – 97

d.
6 + 
8 6 – 
8 4 4
x =  or x = = 3.7122 = –1.2122
2 2

Bh
= 4.4142 = 1.5858

(b) 3x2 – 5x + 1 = 0 (c) –x2 + 8x – 9 = 0

.
dn
a = 3, b = –5, c = 1 a = –1, b = 8, c = –9
–(–5) ± 
(–5)2 – 4(3)(1) –8 ± 
(8)2 – 4(–1)(–9)
x = x =
2(3)

S
2(–1)
5 ± 
13 
= = –8 ± 28
6
gi –2
x = 5 + 
13  or x = 5 –  13 –8 + 
28  or x = –8 –  28
x =
an
6 6 –2 –2
= 1.4343 = 0.2324 = 1.3542 = 6.6458
l
Pe

3. Solve the following problems. PL 4

Selesaikan masalah-masalah berikut.

(a) The product of 3x and (x + 2) is (–x + 12). Find (b)   

n

the values of x. Give your answers correct to

A x cm B (2x + 3) cm
ta

three decimal places.

Hasil tambah 3x dan (x + 2) ialah (–x + 12). Cari nilai-
nilai x. Berikan jawapan anda betul kepada tiga tempat
bi

The diagram shows two squares, A and B. If the

perpuluhan.
area of the square A is equal to the perimeter
of the square B, find the value of x. Give your
r

3x(x + 2) = –x + 12
answer correct to three significant figures.
ne

3x2 + 6x = –x + 12
Rajah di atas menunjukkan dua buah segi empat sama,
3x2 + 7x – 12 = 0
A dan B. Jika luas segi empat sama A bersamaan dengan
x2 + 7 x – 4 = 0 perimeter segi empat sama B, cari nilai x. Berikan jawapan
3
Pe

anda betul kepada tiga angka bererti.

x2 + 7 x = 4
3
7 2
7 2 x2 = 4(2x + 3)
x2 + 7 x +
3  
3
2
= 4 +  
3
2
x2 = 8x + 12
x2 – 8x – 12 = 0

x2 + 7 x +  7  = 4 +  7 
2 2 –(–8) ± √(–8)2 – 4(1)(–12)
3 6 6 x = 2(1)
= 8 ± √112  
x + 76  =
193
2
2
36
7
x + = ± 193 x = 8 + √112  or x = 8 – √112
6 36 2 2
x = 1.149  or  x = –3.482 = 9.29 = –1.29 (rejected)
∴ x = 9.29

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   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions

4. Form quadratic equations by using the given roots. PL 3

Bentukkan persamaan kuadratik dengan menggunakan punca-punca yang diberikan.
Example (a) 1 and / dan 6 (b) –1 and / dan 1
4
2 and / dan –5
Let α = 1 and β = 6. Let α = –1 and β = 1 .
Let α = 2 and β = –5. 4
Sum of roots, α + β Sum of roots, α + β = 1+6
= 2 + (–5) Sum of roots, α + β = –1 + 1
= 7 4
= –3 Product of roots, αβ = 1×6 =– 3
Product of roots, αβ = 6 4
= 2 × (–5)
Product of roots, αβ = –1 × 1
= –10 x2 – (α + β)x + (αβ) = 0 4
x2 – (α + β)x + (αβ) = 0 x2 – 7x + 6 = 0 =– 1

d.
4
x2 – (–3)x + (–10) = 0
x2 + 3x – 10 = 0 x2 – (α + β)x + (αβ) = 0

Bh
x2 – – 3 x – 1 = 0
Alternative Method 4 4
(x – 2)(x + 5) = 0 x2 + x – 1 =
3 0
x2 + 5x – 2x – 10 = 0 4 4

.
4x2 + 3x – 1 = 0

dn
x2 + 3x – 10 = 0

5. Solve the following problems. PL 4

S
Selesaikan masalah-masalah berikut.
Example
gi
If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 – x – 15 = 0, form new quadratic equations using the
an
roots
Jika α dan β ialah punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 2x2 – x – 15 = 0, bentukkan persamaan kuadratik yang baru
menggunakan punca-punca
(i) 2 and / dan 2       (ii) (α + 3) and / dan (β + 3)
l
Pe

α β

2x2 – x – 15 = 0 (i) Sum of roots: (ii) Sum of roots:

2 + 2 = 2β + 2α (α + 3) + (β + 3) = α + β + 6
n

b α β αβ
α + β = –
a = 1 + 6
2(α + β) 2
ta

= 13
αβ =
= 1 2
2
2 1 
bi

c 2 Product of roots:
αβ = =
a – 15 (α + 3)(β + 3) = αβ + 3α + 3β + 9
2
= – 15 = αβ + 3(α + β) + 9
r

2 2
ne

=– = – 15 + 3 1  + 9
15 2 2
Product of roots: =3
4
Pe

 α2  2β  = αβ x2 – 13 x + 3 = 0
2
4 2x2 – 13x + 6 = 0
=
– 15
2
=– 8
15

x2 – – 2 x + – 8  = 0
15 15
x2 + 2 x – 8 = 0
15 15
15x2 + 2x – 8 = 0

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   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions 

(a) If the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 4x – 5 = 0 are α and β, form new quadratic equations using
the roots
Jika punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik x2 – 4x – 5 = 0 ialah α dan β, bentukkan persamaan kuadratik baru menggunakan
punca-punca
(i) 1 and / dan 1       (ii) (α + β)2 only / sahaja
α β

x2 – 4x – 5 = 0 (i) Sum of roots: (ii) Sum of roots:

1 + 1 = β + α (α + β)2 + (α + β)2
b α β αβ = 42 + 42
α + β = –
a =– 4 = 32
=4 5

c Product of roots: Product of roots:

d.
αβ = 1 (α + β)2 × (α + β)2

a
= –5
 α1  1β  = αβ = 42 × 42
=– 1 = 256

Bh

5
x 2 – 32x + 256 = 0
x2 – – 4 x – 1 = 0
5 5

.
x2 + 4 x – 1 = 0

dn
5 5
5x2 + 4x – 1 = 0

S
gi
(b) It is given that the roots of the quadratic equation 4x2 – px – 4 = 0 are q and – 1 . Find the values of
4
p and q.
an
Diberi punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 4x2 – px – 4 = 0 ialah q dan – 1 . Cari nilai-nilai p dan q.
4
l

4x2 – px – 4 = 0 Product of roots = –1 p

Sum of roots =
Pe

p 4
x2 – x – 1 = 0 ∴  q– 1  = –1
4 4 p
∴  q + – 1  =
q = 4 4 4
n

p
4 – 1 =
4 4
ta

15 = p

4 4
p = 15
r bi
ne

(c) Find the possible values of k if one of the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – kx + 8 = 0 is twice the
other.
Cari nilai-nilai k yang mungkin jika salah satu punca bagi persamaan kuadratik x2 – kx + 8 = 0 adalah dua kali ganda
Pe

punca yang satu lagi.

Let the roots of the quadratic equation Sum of roots =k

x2 – kx + 8 = 0 be α and 2α. ∴  α + 2α = k
k = 3α
Product of roots = 8 k = 3(2) or k = 3(–2)
∴ 2α2 = 8 = 6 = –6
α2 = 4
α = ±4
= 2 or –2

21 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions

6. Find the range of the values of x which satisfy the following quadratic inequalities. PL 3
Cari julat nilai x yang memenuhi ketaksamaan kuadratik berikut.
Example
2x2 + 3x – 5 > 0
(x – 1)(2x + 5) > 0 Write in the form of (x – a)(x – b), where
a and b are the roots

Method 1: Graph sketching Method 2: Number line

When (x – 1)(2x + 5) = 0, x = 1 or x = – 5 Point testing:
2 x = –3 x=0 x=2
(–3 – 1)(–6 + 5)  0 (0 – 1)(0 + 5)  0 (2 – 1)(4 + 5)  0

x
x
x – 5 –5 – 5  x 1 1 x 1

d.
–5 1 2 2 2
2

For (x – 1)(2x + 5) > 0, the range of the values of

Bh
For (x – 1)(2x + 5) > 0, the range of the values of
x is x < – 5 or x > 1. x is x < – 5 or x > 1.
2 2
Methohd 3: Table

.
dn
The range of the values of x
x<– 5 – 5 <x<1 x>1
2 2

S
(x – 1) – – +
(2x + 5) – + +
gi
(x – 1)(2x + 5) + – +
an

For (x – 1)(2x + 5) > 0, the range of the values of x is x < – 5 or x > 1.

2
l
Pe

(a) x2 + 4x + 3 > 0 (b) (x + 3)(x – 5) < 0

x2 + 4x + 3 > 0 (x + 3)(x – 5) < 0

(x + 1)(x + 3) > 0
n

When (x + 3)(x – 5) < 0, x = –3 or x = 5

When (x + 1)(x + 3) = 0, x = –1 or x = –3
ta

x
bi

x –3 5
–3 –1

For (x + 3)(x – 5) < 0, the range of the values

r

For (x + 1)(x + 3) > 0, the range of the values of x is –3 < x < 5.

ne

of x is x < –3 or x > –1.

(c) –x2 + 5x + 6 , 0 (d) –3x2 + 17x – 10 . 0

Pe

–x2 + 5x + 6 , 0 –3x2 + 17x – 10 . 0

(x + 1)(–x + 6) , 0 (3x – 2)(–x + 5) . 0
When (x + 1)(–x + 6) = 0, x = –1 or x = 6
When (3x – 2)(–x + 5) = 0, x = 2 or x = 5
3

x
–1 6 x
2 5
3

For (x + 1)(–x + 6) , 0, the range of the values For (3x – 2)(–x + 5) . 0, the range of the values
of x is x , –1 or x . 6. of x is 2 , x , 5.
3

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   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions 

Types of Roots of Quadratic Equations

2.2 Jenis-jenis Punca Persamaan Kuadratik Textbook
pg. 45 – 48

SMART Notes
1. The type of roots of a quadratic equation 2.
Two different real roots
ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be determined by finding the b2 – 4ac . 0
Dua punca nyata yang berbeza
value of discriminant, b2 – 4ac.
Jenis-jenis punca bagi suatu persamaan kuadratik Two equal real roots
b2 – 4ac = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0 boleh ditentukan dengan mencari nilai Dua punca nyata yang sama
pembezalayan, b2 – 4ac. No real roots
b2 – 4ac , 0
Tiada punca nyata

d.
7. Find the value of discriminant for each of the following quadratic equations. Then, determine the type of

Bh
roots of the quadratic equation. PL 3
Cari nilai pembezalayan bagi setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut. Kemudian, tentukan jenis punca bagi persamaan kuadratik tersebut.

Example (a) x2 – 8x = –16

.
dn
(x + 2)2 = 12x – 11
x2 – 8x + 16 = 0
x + 4x + 4 = 12x – 11
2

x2 – 8x + 15 = 0 Discriminant, b2 – 4ac

S
= (–8)2 – 4(1)(16)
Discriminant, b2 – 4ac
=0
= (–8)2 – 4(1)(15)
gi
=4.0
∴ two equal real roots
an
∴ The equation has two different real roots.

(b) x(6x – 5) = 1 (c) x2 + 2 = – 1 x

l

2
Pe

6x2 – 5x – 1 = 0 2(x2 + 2) = –x
2x2 + 4 = –x
Discriminant, b2 – 4ac 2x2 + x + 4 = 0
n

= (–5)2 – 4(6)(–1)
= 49 . 0 Discriminant, b2 – 4ac
ta

= (1)2 – 4(2)(4)
∴ two different real roots = –31 , 0
bi

∴ no real roots
r

8. Find the range of values of p if each of the following quadratic equations has two different real roots.
ne

PL 3
Cari julat nilai p jika setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut mempunyai dua punca nyata yang berbeza.

Example (a) 4x2 – 5x + 3p – 1 = 0 (b) x2 + px + 4 = 0

Pe

3x2 – 12x + p = 0 For two different real roots:

For two different real roots:
b2 – 4ac . 0
b2 – 4ac . 0
For two different real roots: (p)2 – 4(1)(4) . 0
(–5)2 – 4(4)(3p – 1) . 0
b2 – 4ac . 0 p2 – 16 . 0
25 – 16(3p – 1) . 0
(–12)2 – 4(3)(p) . 0 (p – 4)(p + 4) . 0
25 – 48p + 16 . 0
144 – 12p . 0
41 – 48p . 0 When (p – 4)(p + 4) = 0,
–12p . –144
–48p . –41 p = 4 or p = –4
12p , 144
48p , 41
p , 12
p , 41
48 p
–4 4

∴ p , –4 or p . 4

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   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions

9. Find the value of q if each of the following quadratic equations has two equal real roots. PL 4
Cari nilai q jika setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut mempunyai dua punca nyata yang sama.

Example (a) qx2 + 2x – 3 = 0 (b) x2 + (q – 1)x + 1 = 0

x2 – 6x + q = 0
For two equal real roots: For two equal real roots:
b2 – 4ac = 0 b2 – 4ac = 0
For two equal real roots:
(2)2 – 4(q)(–3) = 0 (q – 1)2 – 4(1)(1) = 0
b2 – 4ac = 0
4 + 12q = 0 q2 – 2q + 1 – 4 = 0
(–6)2 – 4(1)(q) = 0
12q = –4 q2 – 2q – 3 = 0
36 – 4q = 0
–4q = –36 q = – 1 (q – 3)(q + 1) = 0
3 q = 3 or q = –1
q = 9

d.
10. Find the range of values of m if each of the following quadratic equations has no real roots. PL 4

Bh
Cari julat nilai m jika setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut tidak mempunyai punca nyata.

Example (a) 2x2 + 6x – (3 – m) = 0 (b) x2 – (3m + 1)x + 12m + 4 = 0

x2 – 3x + 7m = 0

.
2x2 + 6x + (–3 + m) = 0 No real roots:

dn
No real roots: b2 – 4ac , 0
No real roots:
b2 – 4ac , 0 ( –3m – 1)2 – 4(1)(12m + 4) , 0
b2 – 4ac , 0
( 6)2 – 4(2)(–3 + m) , 0 9m2 + 6m + 1 – 48m – 16 , 0
(–3)2 – 4(1)(7m) , 0

S
(6)2 – 8(–3 + m) , 0 9m2 – 42m – 15 , 0
9 – 28m , 0
36 + 24 – 8m , 0 3m2 – 14m – 5 , 0
–28m , –9
gi
60 – 8m , 0 (3m + 1)(m – 5) , 0
28m . 9
9 –8m , –60 When (3m + 1)(m – 5) = 0,
m .
m = – 1 or m = 5
an
28 8m . 60
3
m . 15
2
l

m
Pe

1 5
–
3

∴  – 1 , m , 5
3
n
ta

11. Solve the following problems. PL 4

Selesaikan masalah-masalah berikut.
bi

(a) It is given the quadratic equation x(2x – 5) = p – 4, where p is a constant, has two different real roots.
Diberi persamaan kuadratik x(2x – 5) = p – 4, dengan keadaan p ialah pemalar, mempunyai dua punca nyata yang berbeza.
r

(i) Find the range of values of p.

ne

Cari julat nilai p.

(ii) State the value of p if the quadratic equation has two equal real roots.
Nyatakan nilai p jika persamaan kuadratik itu mempunyai dua punca nyata yang sama.
Pe

x(2x – 5) = p – 4
2x2 – 5x – p + 4 = 0

(i) For two different real roots, (ii) For two equal real roots,
b2 – 4ac = 0
b2 – 4ac . 0
( –5)2 – 4(2)(–p + 4) . 0 Hence, p = 7
25 – 8(–p + 4) . 0 8
25 + 8p – 32 . 0
8p – 7 . 0
8p . 7
p . 7
8

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   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions 

(b) It is given the quadratic equation (q + 1)x2 – 8x + p = 0, where p and q are constants, has two equal
real roots. Express p in terms of q.
Diberi persamaan kuadratik (q + 1)x2 – 8x + p = 0, dengan keadaan p dan q ialah pemalar, mempunyai dua punca nyata
yang sama. Ungkapkan p dalam sebutan q.

(q + 1)x2 – 8x + p = 0 (–8)2 – 4(q + 1)(p) = 0

64 – 4p(q + 1) = 0
For two equal real roots, 64 – 4pq – 4p = 0
b2 – 4ac = 0 16 – pq – p = 0
pq + p = 16
p(q + 1) = 16
p = 16
q+1

d.
(c) The quadratic equation 3x2 – 5x + 2p + 3 = 0 where p is a constant, has no real roots. Find the range
of values of p.

Bh
Persamaan kuadratik 3x2 – 5x + 2p + 3 = 0 dengan keadaan p ialah pemalar, tidak mempunyai punca nyata. Cari julat
nilai p.

.
3x2 – 5x + 2p + 3 = 0 (–5)2 – 4(3)(2p + 3) , 0

dn
25 – 12(2p + 3) , 0
No real roots, 25 – 24p – 36 , 0
b2 – 4ac , 0 –24p – 11 , 0

S
–24p , 11
p . – 11
gi 24
an
Quadratic Functions
2.3 Fungsi Kuadratik Textbook
pg. 49 – 64
l
Pe

SMART Notes
n

1. A quadratic function can be expressed in the form b2 – 4ac = 0

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are constants and
ta

Two equal real roots

a ≠ 0. Dua punca nyata yang sama
Fungsi kuadratik boleh diungkapkan dalam bentuk
bi

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, dengan keadaan a, b dan c ialah pemalar a0 a0

dan a ≠ 0. x

2. (a) If a . 0, graph has the shape which passes

r

through a minimum point. x

ne

Jika a . 0, graf berbentuk yang melalui titik minimum.

b2 – 4ac , 0
(b) If a , 0, graph has the shape which passes
No real roots
through a maximum point. Tiada punca nyata
Pe

Jika a , 0, graf berbentuk yang melalui titik

maksimum. a0 a0
x
3. The relationship between the position of the graph
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c on the x-axis and its type of roots:
Hubungan antara kedudukan graf f(x) = ax2 + bx + c pada paksi-x x
dan jenis puncanya:
4. A quadratic function can be expressed in the form
b2 – 4ac . 0 f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k where a, h and k are constants.
Two different real roots Fungsi kuadratik boleh diungkapkan dalam bentuk
Dua punca nyata yang berbeza f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k dengan keadaan a, h dan k ialah pemalar.
a 0 a0 5. In f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k, x = h is an axis of symmetry and
(h, k) is the coordinates of the minimum or maximum
x x point.
Dalam f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k, x = h ialah paksi simetri dan (h, k)
ialah koordinat titik minimum atau maksimum.

25 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions

12. Find the range of values of k if the graphs of the following quadratic functions intersect the x-axis at two
points. PL 3
Cari julat nilai k jika graf bagi fungsi kuadratik berikut menyilang paksi-x pada dua titik.

Example (a) f(x) = kx2 + 8x + 6 (b) f(x) = x2 + (k – 3)x + 1

f(x) = x2 – 3x – k
has two different real roots has two different real roots
b2 – 4ac . 0 b2 – 4ac . 0
The graph has
(8)2 – 4(k)(6) . 0 (k – 3)2 – 4(1)(1) . 0
two different real roots.
64 – 24k . 0 k2 – 6k + 9 – 4 . 0
b2 – 4ac . 0
–24k . –64 k2 – 6k + 5 . 0
(–3)2 – 4(1)(–k) . 0
24k , 64 (k – 5)(k – 1) . 0
9 + 4k . 0
4k . –9 k , 8 When (k – 5)(k – 1) = 0,
3

d.
k . – 9 k = 5 or k = 1
4

Bh
k
1 5

\ k , 1 or k . 5

.
dn
13. Find the value of p if the graphs of the following quadratic functions touch the x-axis at one point only. PL 3
Cari nilai p jika graf bagi fungsi kuadratik berikut menyentuh paksi-x pada satu titik sahaja.
Example
S
(a) f(x) = x2 – 2x + (p – 5) (b) f(x) = (p – 3)x2 + 4x – 5
gi
f(x) = x2 – 4x – p
has two equal real roots has two equal real roots
an
The graph has b2 – 4ac = 0 b2 – 4ac = 0
two equal real roots. (–2)2 – 4(1)(p – 5) = 0 (4)2 – 4(p –3)(–5) = 0
b2 – 4ac = 0 4 – 4(p – 5) = 0 16 + 20(p – 3) = 0
4 – 4p + 20 = 0 16 + 20p – 60 = 0
l

(–4)2 – 4(1)(–p) = 0
Pe

16 + 4p = 0 –4p = –24 20p = 44

4p = –16 p = 6 p = 11
5
p = –4
n
ta

14. Find the range of values of h if the following quadratic functions do not intersect the x-axis. PL 3
Cari julat nilai h jika graf bagi fungsi kuadratik berikut tidak menyilang paksi-x.
bi

Example (a) f(x) = 8x2 + 4x + h (b) f(x) = (2h – 3)x2 + 2hx – 1

f(x) = x2 + 5x – h
r

does not have real roots does not have real roots
ne

b2 – 4ac , 0 b2 – 4ac , 0
The graph does not
(4)2 – 4(8)(h) , 0 (2h)2 – 4(2h – 3)(–1) , 0
have real roots.
16 – 32h , 0 4h2 + 4(2h – 3) , 0
b2 – 4ac , 0
Pe

–32h , –16 4h2 + 8h – 12 , 0

(5)2 – 4(1)(–h) , 0
32h . 16 h2 + 2h – 3 , 0
25 + 4h , 0
4h , –25 h . 1 (h – 1)(h + 3) , 0
2
h , – 25 When (h – 1)(h + 3) = 0,
4 h = 1 or h = –3

h
–3 1

\ –3 , h , 1

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 26

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions 

15. Express each of the following quadratic functions in the form of f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k. Then, state the minimum
or maximum value, axis of symmetry and minimum or maximum point. PL 3
Ungkapkan setiap fungsi kuadratik berikut dalam bentuk f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k. Kemudian, nyatakan nilai minimum atau maksimum,
paksi simetri dan titik minimum atau maksimum.

Minimum / Minimum /
maximum Axis of maximum
Quadratic function
f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k value symmetry point
Fungsi kuadratik
Nilai minimum / Paksi simetri Titik minimum /
maksimum maksimum
Example
f(x) = x2 – 2x + 5 f(x) = x2 – 2x + 5 Minimum Minimum
2 2 value point
= x2 – 2x + – 2  + 5 – – 2 

d.
a . 0, shape 2 2 =4 = (1, 4)
x=1
which passes = x2 – 2x + (–1)2 + 5 – (–1)2

Bh
through minimum = (x – 1)2 + 5 – 1
point Add and subtract
= (x – 1)2 + 4 coefficient of x 2
 2 

.
(a) f(x) = x2 – 6x – 3 f(x) = x2 – 6x – 3 Minimum x=3 Minimum

dn
2 2 value point
= x2 – 6x + – 6  – 3 – – 6 
2 2 = –12 = (3, −12)
= x2 – 6x + (–3)2 – 3 – (–3)2

S
= (x – 3)2 – 3 – 9
= (x – 3)2 – 12
gi
l an
Pe

(b) f(x) = –x2 + 2x – 8 f(x) = –x2 + 2x – 8 Maximum x=1 Maximum

= –[x2 – 2x + 8] value point
= –7 = (1, −7)
n

 
2 2
= – x2 – 2x + – 2  + 8 – – 2 
2 2
ta

= –[x2 – 2x + (–1)2 + 8 – (–1)2]

= –[(x – 1)2 + 8 – 1]
bi

= –[(x – 1)2 + 7]
= –(x – 1)2 – 7
r
ne
Pe

(c) f(x) = 2x2 + 10x + 7 f(x) = 2x2 + 10x + 7 Minimum x=– 5 Minimum
value 2 point

= 2 x2 + 5x + 7
2  = – 11 = – 5 , – 11 
2 2 2
= 2x + 5x +  5  + 7 –  5  
2 2
2
2 2 2
= 2x + 5  + 7 – 25 
2

2 2 4
= 2x + 5  – 11 
2

2 4
2
= 2x + 5  – 11
2 2

27 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions

16. Solve the following problems. PL 4

Selesaikan masalah-masalah berikut.
Example (a) The diagram shows the graph of quadratic
Given the quadratic function f(x) = x2 + 6x – 5 has function f(x) = (x – p)2 – 8.
a minimum point (h, k), find Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf bagi fungsi kuadratik
Diberi fungsi kuadratik f(x) = x2 + 6x – 5 mempunyai titik f(x) = (x – p)2 – 8.
f(x)
minimum (h, k), cari
(i) the values of h and k,
nilai-nilai h dan k,
(ii) the equation of the axis of symmetry, x
persamaan paksi simetri, –3 0 1
(iii) the minimum value of f(x).
nilai minimum f(x).

d.
Find / Cari
(i) f(x) = x2 + 6x – 5 (i) the equation of the axis of symmetry,

Bh
2 2
= x2 + 6x +  6  – 5 –  6  persamaan paksi simetri,
2 2 (ii) the value of p,
= x2 + 6x + (3)2 – 5 – (3)2 nilai p,
= (x + 3)2 – 5 – 9 (iii) the coordinates of the minimum point.

.
= (x + 3)2 – 14 koordinat bagi titik minimum.

dn
∴ h = –3 and k = –14
(i) x = –3 + 1 (ii) p = –1
2
(ii) x = –3

S
=– 2 (iii) (–1, –8)
2
(iii) –14
gi
= –1
an
(b) A quadratic function is given by f(x) = –x2 + 8x (c) The quadratic function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c has the
+ k2, where k is a constant. Find minimum point (–2, –9) and f(–1) = –7. Find
Suatu fungsi kuadratik diberi oleh f(x) = –x2 + 8x + k2, Fungsi kuadratik f(x) = ax2 + bx + c mempunyai titik
l

dengan keadaan k ialah pemalar. Cari minimum (–2, –9) dan f(–1)= –7. Cari
Pe

(i) the equation of the axis of symmetry, (i) the values of a, b and c,
persamaan paksi simetri, nilai-nilai a, b dan c,
(ii) the possible values of k if the quadratic (ii) the equation of the axis of symmetry.
function f(x) has a maximum value of 25. persamaan paksi simetri.
n

nilai-nilai k yang mungkin jika fungsi kuadratik f(x)

ta

mempunyai nilai maksimum 25. (i) In the form f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k
h = –2, k = –9
(i) f(x) = –x2 + 8x + k2 ∴ f(x) = a(x + 2)2 – 9
bi

= –[x2 – 8x – k2] = a(x2 + 4x + 4) – 9

= ax2 + 4ax + 4a – 9
r

 
2 2
= – x2 – 8x + – 8  – k2 – – 8  Comparing:
ne

2 2 ax2 + bx + c = ax2 + 4ax + 4a – 9

= –[x2 – 8x + (–4)2 – k2 – (–4)2] ∴  b = 4a and c = 4a – 9
= –[(x – 4)2 – k2 – 16]
Pe

= –(x – 4)2 + k2 + 16 f(–1) = a(–1)2 + 4a(–1) + 4a – 9

–7 = a – 4a + 4a – 9
Therefore, the equation of axis of symmetry –7 = a–9
is x = 4. a = 2

(ii) k2 + 16 = 25 b = 4(2)
k2 = 9 =8
k = ±√9
k = 3 or k = –3 c = 4(2) – 9
= –1

(ii) x = –2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 28

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions 

17. Sketch the graph of each of the following quadratic functions. PL 4

Lakarkan graf bagi setiap fungsi kuadratik berikut.
Example
f(x) = x2 – x – 6 for / untuk –3 < x < 4 When x = 0, f(0) = (0)2 – 0 – 6
= –6
a . 0, then the shape of the graph is .
∴ The y-intercept is (0, –6).
Discriminant, b2 – 4ac = (–1)2 – 4(1)(–6)
= 1 + 24 When x = –3, f(–3) = (–3)2 – (–3) – 6
= 25 . 0 = 9 + 3 – 6
∴ f(x) = x2 – x – 6 has two different real roots. = 6
∴ (−3, 6) Range: –3 < x < 4

f(x) = x2 – x – 6 When x = 4, f(4) = (4)2 – 4 – 6

d.
2 2
= x2 – x + – 1  – 6 – – 1  = 16 – 4 – 6
2 2 = 6

Bh
2
= x – 1  – 6 – 1 ∴ (4, 6)
2 4 f(x)
2 1
= x –  – 1 25 (–3, 6) x= (4, 6)
2
2 4

.
∴ The minimum point is  1 , –6 1 .

dn
2 4
The axis of symmetry is x = 1 . x
2 –2 0 3

S
When f(x) = 0, x2 – x – 6 = 0
f(x) = x2 – x – 6
(x – 3)(x + 2) = 0
gi
= 3  or  x = –2 –6 1 1
( , –6 )
2 4
∴ The x-intercepts are (3, 0) and (–2, 0).
an

(a) f(x) = x2 – 4x – 5 for / untuk –2 < x < 6

l
Pe

a . 0, then the shape of the graph is . When x = 0, f(0) = (0)2 – 4(0) – 5

= –5
Discriminant, b2 – 4ac = (–4)2 – 4(1)(–5)
= 16 + 20 ∴ The y-intercept is (0, –5).
n

= 36 . 0
ta

When x = –2, f(–2) = (–2)2 – 4(–2) – 5

∴ f(x) = x – 4x – 5 has two different real roots.
2
= 4 + 8 – 5
= 7
bi

∴ (–2, 7)
f(x) = x2 – 4x – 5
r

2 2
= x2 – 4x + – 4  – 5 – – 4  When x = 6, f(6) = (6)2 – 4(6) – 5
ne

2 2 = 36 – 24 – 5
= x2 – 4x + (–2)2 – 5 – (–2)2 = 7
= (x – 2)2 – 5 – 4 ∴ (6, 7)
Pe

= (x – 2)2 – 9
f(x)

∴ The minimum point is (2, –9). (–2, 7) x=2 (6, 7)

The axis of symmetry is x = 2.

x
–1 0 5
When f(x) = 0, x2 – 4x – 5 = 0
(x – 5)(x + 1) = 0 –5 f(x) = x2 – 4x – 5
x = 5  or  x = –1
(2, –9)
∴ The x-intercepts are (5, 0) and (–1, 0).

29 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions

(b) f(x) = –2x2 + 7x + 4 for / untuk –1 < x < 5

a , 0, then the shape of the graph is . When f(x) = 0, –2x2 + 7x + 4 = 0
(2x + 1)(4 – x) = 0
Discriminant, b2 – 4ac = (7)2 – 4(–2)(4) x = – 1  or x = 4
2
= 49 + 32
= 81 . 0 1
∴ The x-intercepts are (– , 0) and (4, 0).
2
∴ f(x) = –2x2 + 7x + 4 has two different real roots. When x = 0, f(0) = –2(0)2 + 7(0) + 4
= 4

f(x) = –2x2 + 7x + 4 ∴ The y-intercept is (0, 4).


= –2 x2 – 7 x – 2
2  When x = 5, f(5) = –2(5)2 + 7(5) + 4

  

d.
2 2 = –50 + 35 + 4
– 7 – 7
= –2 x – 7 x +
2
  2 –2– 2 = –11

Bh
2 2 2 ∴ (5, –11)

 
2 2
= –2 x2 – 7 x + – 7  – 2 – – 7  When x = –1, f(–1) = –2(–1)2 + 7(–1) + 4
2 4 4 = –2 – 7 + 4

.
= –5

dn
 
2
= –2 x – 7  – 2 – 49 ∴ (–1, –5)
4 16
f(x)

 
S
2
= –2 x – 7  – 81 3 1
4 16 (1
4
, 10 )
8
gi
2
= –2x – 7  + 81 4
f(x) = –2x2 + 7x + 4
4 8
an

∴ The maximum point is 1 3 , 10 1 . –1 0 4

x
4 8 2
3
The axis of symmetry is x = 1 .
l

(–1, –5)
4
Pe

x = 13
4 (5, –11)
n

18. Solve the following problems. PL 5

ta

Selesaikan masalah-masalah berikut.

Example
bi

(i) Given f(x) = 3x2 – 27, find the range of values of x such that f(x) is always positive.
Diberi f(x) = 3x2 – 27, cari julat nilai x dengan keadaan f(x) sentiasa positif.
r

(ii) Given f(x) = 3x2 – 9, find the range of values of x such that f(x) < –6x.
ne

Diberi f(x) = 3x2 – 9, cari julat nilai x dengan keadaan f(x) < –6x.
(i) f(x) . 0 (ii) f(x) < –6x
3(x2 – 9) . 0 3x2 – 9 < –6x
Pe

3(x – 3)(x + 3) . 0 3x2 + 6x – 9 < 0

x2 + 2x – 3 < 0
When 3(x – 3)(x + 3) = 0, (x – 1)(x + 3) < 0
x = 3 or x = –3
When (x – 1)(x + 3) = 0,
x = 1 or x = –3
x
–3 3

x
–3 1
∴ For 3x2 – 27 . 0, x , –3 or x . 3.

∴ For 3x2 – 9 < –6x, –3 < x < 1.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 30

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions 

(a) Given f(x) = 5x2 – 9x – 2, find the range of values (b) (i) Find the range of values of x for
of x such that f(x) is always (x + 2)2 , 11x + 12.
Diberi bahawa f(x) = 5x2 – 9x – 2, cari julat nilai x dengan Cari julat nilai x bagi (x + 2)2 , 11x + 12.
keadaan f(x) sentiasa (ii) Given the quadratic equation x(3k – x) = 4
(i) positive / positif, does not have any real roots, find the range
(ii) negative / negatif. of values of p.
Diberi persamaan kuadratik x(3k – x) = 4 tidak
(i) 5x – 9x – 2 . 0
2 mempunyai punca nyata, cari julat nilai p.
(x – 2)(5x + 1) . 0
When (x – 2)(5x + 1) = 0, x = 2 or x = – 1 (i) x2 + 4x + 4 , 11x + 12
5 x2 – 7x – 8 , 0
(x – 8)(x + 1) , 0

d.
x When (x – 8)(x + 1) = 0, x = 8 or x = –1
–1 1
4

Bh
∴ For 5x2 – 9x – 2 . 0, x , – 1 or x . 2. x
5 –1 8

(ii) 5x2 – 9x – 2 , 0
(x – 2)(5x + 1) , 0 ∴ For x2 – 7x – 8 , 0, –1 , x , 8.

.
dn
When (x – 2)(5x + 1) = 0, x = 2 or x = – 1 (ii) 3kx – x2 = 4
5
x – 3kx + 4 = 0
2

No real roots, b2 – 4ac , 0

S
x
1 2
(–3k)2 – 4(1)(4) , 0
–
5 9k2 – 16 , 0
gi
(3k – 4)(3k + 4) , 0
∴ For 5x2 – 9x – 2 , 0, – 1 , x , 2.
5 When (3k – 4)(3k + 4) = 0, k = 4 or k = – 4
an

3 3
l

x
Pe

4 4
–
3 3

∴ For 9k2 – 16 , 0, – 4 , k , 4 .
3 3
n

(c) Hashim threw a ball. The height of the ball is given by the function h(x) = –x2 + 6x + 1, where h is the
ta

height of the ball from the ground, in m, and x is the horizontal distance of the ball from Hashim’s
position, in m. Find  Daily Application
bi

Hashim membaling sebiji bola. Tinggi bola itu diberi oleh fungsi h(x) = –x2 + 6x + 1, dengan keadaan h ialah tinggi bola
dari permukaan tanah, dalam m, dan x ialah jarak mengufuk bola dari kedudukan Hashim, dalam m. Cari
(i) the maximum height, in m, of the ball thrown by Hashim,
r

tinggi maksimum, dalam m, bola yang dibaling oleh Hashim,

ne

(ii) the horizontal distance between Hashim and the ball, in m, when the ball touches the ground.
jarak mengufuk di antara Hashim dan bola, dalam m, apabila bola itu menyentuh permukaan tanah.
Pe

(i) h(x) = –x2 + 6x + 1 (ii) h(x) = 0

= –(x2 – 6x – 1) –x2 + 6x + 1 = 0
–b ± √b2 – 4ac
 
2 2
= – x2 – 6x +  –6  – 1 –  –6  x =
2a
2 2
= –[x2 – 6x + (–3)2 – 1 – (–3)2] –6 ± √62 – 4(–1)(1)
=
= –[(x – 3)2 – 10] 2(–1)
= –(x – 3)2 + 10 –6 ± √40
=
–2
a = –1 , 0, so the graph has a maximum point. –6 + √40 –6 – √40
x =   or  x =
–2 –2
The maximum value is 10 when x = 3. = –0.16 (ignore) = 6.16
Hence, the maximum height is 10 m.
Hence, the horizontal distance is 6.16 m.

31 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions

SPM Practice 2
7. A quadratic function is defined as f(x) = x2 + 6x + h,
Paper 1 SPM
2017
where h is a constant.
Suatu fungsi kuadratik ditakrifkan sebagai f(x) = x2 + 6x + h,
1. It is given the graph of a quadratic function dengan keadaan h ialah pemalar.

SPM f(x) = px2 + 6x + q, where p and q are constants, has a
2015 (a) Express f(x) in the form (x + m)2 + n, where m and n
minimum point.
are constants.
Diberi graf bagi fungsi kuadratik f(x) = px2 + 6x + q, dengan Ungkapkan f(x) dalam bentuk (x + m)2 + n, dengan
keadaan p dan q ialah pemalar, mempunyai satu titik minimum. keadaan m dan n ialah pemalar.
(a) If p is an integer such that –2 , p , 2, state the value (b) If the minimum value of f(x) is 7, find the value of h.
of p.

d.
Jika nilai minimum f(x) ialah 7, cari nilai h.
Jika p ialah integer dengan keadaan –2 , p , 2, nyatakan [4]
nilai p. Ans: (a) (x + 3)2 + h – 9

Bh
(b) Using the answer in 1(a), find the value of q when the (b) h = 16
graph touches the x-axis at one point only.
Menggunakan jawapan di 1(a), cari nilai q apabila graf
tersebut menyentuh paksi-x pada satu titik sahaja. 8. Find the range of values of x such that the quadratic

.
[3] SPM function f(x) = 10 + 3x – x2 is negative.

dn
2017
Ans: (a) p = 1 Cari julat nilai x dengan keadaan fungsi kuadratik
(b) q=9 f(x) = 10 + 3x – x2 adalah negatif.
[3]

S
2. Find the range of values of x for 4x2 + 7x < 2. Ans: x , –2 or x . 5
SPM Cari julat nilai x untuk 4x2 + 7x < 2.
2015
gi
[2] 9. (a) Given one of the roots of the quadratic equation
Ans: –2 < x < 1
SPM x2 + (p + 4)x – p2 = 0, where p is a constant, is the
4
an
2017
negative of the other, find the value of product of
3. Given the quadratic equation (x + p)2 = 49, where p is roots.
SPM
2015
a constant, find the values of p if one of the roots of the Diberi satu daripada punca-punca persamaan kuadratik
l

equation is 4. x2 + (p + 4)x – p2 = 0, dengan keadaan p ialah pemalar,

Pe

Diberi persamaan kuadratik (x + p)2 = 49, dengan keadaan adalah negatif kepada yang satu lagi, cari nilai hasil darab
p ialah pemalar, cari nilai-nilai p jika satu daripada punca punca.
persamaan tersebut ialah 4. [2]
[2] (b) Given the quadratic equation mx – 9nx + m = 0,
2
n

Ans: p = 3 or p = –11 where m and n are constants, has two equal roots,
ta

find m : n.
4. The quadratic equation 16x2 – 24x + 9 = 0 has roots a and Diberi persamaan kuadratik mx2 – 9nx + m = 0, dengan
SPM b. Form a quadratic equation with the roots 3a and 3b. keadaan m dan n ialah pemalar, mempunyai dua punca
bi

2016
Persamaan kuadratik 16x2 – 24x + 9 = 0 mempunyai punca a yang sama, cari m : n.
dan b. Bentukkan persamaan kuadratik dengan punca-punca [2]
r

3a dan 3b. Ans: (a) –16

ne

[3] (b) 9 : 2
Ans: 16x2 – 72x + 81= 0
10. Encik Samad has a rectangular land with a dimension 4x m
Pe

SPM in length and 3x m in width. Three square regions of the

5. The quadratic function f(x) = –x – 2kx + 4k – 5, where
2
2018
land are planted with different types of vegetables. Each
SPM k is a constant, is always negative when m , k , n. Find
2016 region has a side length of x m. Find the range of values
the values of m and n.
of x if the region that is not planted with vegetables is at
Fungsi kuadratik f(x) = –x2 – 2kx + 4k – 5, dengan keadaan
least (x2 + 32) m2.
k ialah pemalar, adalah sentiasa negatif apabila m , k , n.
Encik Samad mempunyai sebidang tanah berbentuk
Cari nilai-nilai m dan n.
segi empat tepat yang berukuran 4x m panjang dan
[3]
3x m lebar. Tiga kawasan berbentuk segi empat sama ditanam
Ans: m = –5, n = 1
dengan pelbagai jenis sayur. Setiap kawasan itu mempunyai
panjang sisi x m. Cari julat nilai x jika kawasan yang tidak ditanam
6. Find the range of values of x for x2 + 30 , 11x. dengan sayuran adalah sekurang-kurangnya (x2 + 32) m2.
Cari julat nilai x untuk x2 + 30 , 11x. [3]
[3] Ans: x > 2

Ans: 5 , x , 6

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 32

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions 

11. Given the curve y = (p – 3)x2 – x + 8, where p is a constant,

SPM
2018
intersects the straight line y = 4x + 6 at two points, find Paper 2
the range of values of p.
1. It is given a and b are the roots of the quadratic equation
Diberi lengkung y = (p – 3)x2 – x + 8, dengan keadaan p ialah SPM x(x – 8) = 3h – 15, where h is a constant.
pemalar, menyilang garis lurus y = 4x + 6 pada dua titik, cari 2015

julat nilai p. Diberi a dan b ialah punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik

[3]
x(x – 8) = 3h – 15, dengan keadaan h ialah pemalar.
49 (a) Find the range of values of h if a ≠ b.
Ans: p ,
8 Cari julat nilai h jika a ≠ b.
[3]
12. Given the quadratic equation hx2 – 5x + k = 0, where h and a b
SPM k are constants, has roots b and 3b, express h in terms of k. (b) Given and are the roots of another quadratic
2018
2 2
Diberi persamaan kuadratik hx2 – 5x + k = 0, dengan keadaan equation x + kx + 3 = 0, where k is a constant, find
2

h dan k ialah pemalar, mempunyai punca-punca b dan 3b. the values of h and k.
a b

d.
Ungkapkan h dalam sebutan k. Diberi dan ialah punca-punca suatu persamaan
[3] 2 2
75 kuadratik yang lain, x2 + kx + 3 = 0, dengan keadaan k

Bh
Ans: h =
16k ialah pemalar, cari nilai-nilai h dan k.
[4]
13. It is given 5 and h + 1 are the roots of the quadratic 1
Ans: (a) h . –
equation x2 + (k – 1)x – 5 = 0, where h and k are constants. 3

.
Find the values of h and k. (b) h = 1, k = –4

dn
Diberi 5 dan h + 1 ialah punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik
x2 + (k – 1)x – 5 = 0 dengan keadaan h dan k ialah pemalar. 2. The curve of the quadratic function f(x) = 2(x – p)2 + 3q
Cari nilai-nilai h dan k. SPM intersects the x-axis at points (3, 0) and (7, 0). The straight

S
2016
[3] line y = –6 touches the minimum point of the curve.

Ans: h = –2, k = –3 Lengkung bagi fungsi kuadratik f(x) = 2(x – p)2 + 3q menyilang
gi paksi-x pada titik (3, 0) dan (7, 0). Garis lurus y = –6
14. The diagram shows the graph of a quadratic function menyentuh titik minimum lengkung tersebut.
y = f(x).
an
(a) Find the values of p and q.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf bagi suatu fungsi kuadratik Cari nilai-nilai p dan q.
y = f(x). [2]
y (b) Hence, sketch the graph of f(x) for 0 < x < 8.
l
Pe

3 Seterusnya, lakar graf f(x) untuk 0 < x < 8

y = f(x) [3]
(c) If the curve is reflected about the x-axis, write the
x equation of the curve.
–4 0 6
Jika lengkung tersebut dipantulkan pada paksi-x, tulis
n

State / Nyatakan persamaan bagi lengkung tersebut.

ta

[1]
(a) the roots of the equation when f(x) = 0, Ans: (a) p = 5, q = –2
punca-punca persamaan tersebut apabila f(x) = 0, (b) Refer to Answer Section
bi

(b) the equation of the axis of symmetry of the curve. (c) f(x) = –2(x – 5)2 + 6
persamaan paksi simetri lengkung itu.
[2]
r

3. The quadratic equation x2 – 7x + 12 = 0 has two roots p

Ans: (a) –4 and 6
ne

and q, where p . q.
(b) x = 1 Persamaan kuadratik x2 – 7x + 12 = 0 mempunyai dua punca
p dan q, dengan keadaan p . q.
Pe

(a) Find / Cari

15. It is given the quadratic function f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3 can
(i) the values of p and q,
be expressed in the form f(x) = (x – 2)2 + m, where m is a
nilai-nilai p dan q,
constant.
(ii) the range of values of x if x2 – 7x + 12 . 0.
Diberi fungsi kuadratik f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3 boleh diungkapkan julat nilai x jika x2 –7x + 12 . 0.
dalam bentuk f(x) = (x – 2)2 + m, dengan keadaan m ialah [4]
pemalar. (b) By using the values of p and q in 3(a)(i), form a
(a) Find the value of m. quadratic equation which has the roots p – 2 and q + 4.
Cari nilai m. Dengan menggunakan nilai-nilai p dan q di 3(a)(i), bentuk
(b) Sketch the graph of the function f(x). satu persamaan kuadratik yang mempunyai punca-punca
Lakar graf bagi fungsi f(x). p – 2 dan q + 4.
[5] [3]

Ans: (a) m = –1 Ans: (a) (i) p = 4, q = 3;   (ii)  x , 3 or x . 4
(b) Refer to Answer Section (b) x2 – 9x + 14 = 0

33 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2 Quadratic Functions

4. A quadratic equation x2 + 3(x – p) = 0, where p is a (b) Find the minimum or maximum value of the quadratic
constant, has the roots q and –2q, q ≠ 0. function f(x).
Persamaan kuadratik x2 + 3(x – p) = 0, dengan keadaan p ialah Cari nilai minimum atau maksimum fungsi kuadratik f(x).
pemalar, mempunyai punca-punca q dan –2q, q ≠ 0. [1]
(a) Find the values of p and q. (c) Sketch the graph of f(x) = x2 – x – 12 for –4 < x < 5.
Cari nilai-nilai p dan q. Lakar graf f(x) = x2 – x – 12 untuk –4 < x < 5.
[4] [4]
(b) Hence, form a quadratic equation which has the roots (d) State the equation of the curve when the graph is
p – 3 and p + 1. reflected about the x-axis.
Seterusnya, bentuk satu persamaan kuadratik yang Nyatakan persamaan lengkung apabila graf tersebut
mempunyai punca-punca p – 3 dan p + 1. dipantulkan pada paksi-x.
[3]

Ans: (a) p = 6, q = 3 [1]
(b) x2 – 10x + 21 = 0 2
Ans: (a) x – 1  – 12 1

d.
2 4
5. It is given the quadratic function f(x) = x2 – x – 12. (b) Minimum value = –12 1
4
Diberi fungsi kuadratik f(x) = x2 – x – 12.

Bh
(c) Refer to Answer Section
(a) Express f(x) in the form f(x)= a(x + p)2 + q. 2

Ungkapkan f(x) dalam bentuk f(x) = a(x + p)2 + q. (d) f(x) = –x – 1  + 12 1 or f(x) = –x2 + x + 12
2 4
[2]

.
dn
HOTS Challenge
1. The diagram shows a right-angled triangle PQR.   HOTS

S
Applying
P
gi
Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan sebuah segi tiga bersudut tegak PQR.
(a) Find the value of x. Give your answer correct to four significant figures. (2x + 3) cm
an
Cari nilai x. Berikan jawapan anda betul kepada empat angka bererti. (x – 2) cm
(b) By using the value of x obtained in 1(a), calculate the area, in cm2, of
the right-angled triangle PQR.
R
Dengan menggunakan nilai x yang diperoleh di 1(a), hitung luas, dalam cm2,
l

Q (2x + 1) cm
Pe

segi tiga bersudut tegak PQR.

Answer Guide
Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the value of x.
n

Gunakan teorem Pythagoras untuk mencari nilai x.

ta

Ans: (a) x = 12.32

(b) 132.30 cm2
bi

3 2 6q + 1
2. It is given the quadratic function f(x) = px2 – 3x + q can be expressed in the form f(x) = p(x – ) + .
4 4p
r

Find   HOTS Applying

ne

Diberi fungsi kuadratik f(x) = px2 – 3x + q boleh diungkapkan dalam bentuk f(x) = p(x – 3 )2 + 6q + 1 . Cari
4 4p
(a) the values of p and q,
nilai-nilai p dan q,
Pe

(b) the range of values of x if f(x) > 4.

julat nilai x jika f(x) > 4.
Answer Guide
Express the function in vertex form using ‘completing the square’ method.
Ungkapkan fungsi itu dalam bentuk verteks dengan menggunakan kaedah penyempurnaan kuasa dua.

Ans: (a) p = 2, q = 5
1
(b) x < or x > 1
2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 34

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Answers 

CHAPTER 2  Quadratic Functions Product of new roots, 3a × 3b = 9(ab)

9
SPM Practice
=9
16 1 2
81
Paper 1 =
16
1. (a) p = 1 The graph has minimum point, p . 0
x2 – (Sum of new roots)x + (Product of of new roots) = 0
(b) f(x) = px + 6x + q
2
9 81
x2 – x+ = 0
= x2 + 6x + q 2 16
For two equal real roots, 16x2 – 72x + 81 = 0

d.
b2 – 4ac = 0
(6)2 – 4(1)(q) = 0

Bh
36 – 4q = 0 5. f(x) = –x2 – 2kx + 4k – 5
– 4q = –36 f(x) , 0, the function does not have real roots.
q = 9 b2 – 4ac , 0
(–2k)2 – 4(–1)(4k – 5) , 0 f(x)

.
4k2 + 16k – 20 , 0

dn
2. 4x2 + 7x < 2 k2 + 4k – 5 , 0
4x2 + 7x – 2 < 0 (k + 5)(k – 1) , 0 0
x

(4x – 1)(x + 2) < 0

1 When (k + 5)(k – 1) = 0,
When (4x – 1)(x + 2) = 0, x = or x = –2

S
4 gi k = –5, k = 1

x
an
–2 1 k
4 –5 1

1
l

\ For (4x – 1)(x + 2) < 0, –2 < x < .

4 For (k + 5)(k – 1) , 0, –5 , k , 1.
Pe

Hence, m = –5, n = 1

3. (x + p)2 = 49
Substitute x = 4 into the equation:
6.
n

x2 + 30 , 11x
(4 + p)2 = 49
x2 – 11x + 30 , 0
4 + p = ± √49
ta

(x – 6)(x – 5) , 0
4 + p = ±7
4 + p = 7 or 4 + p = –7 When (x – 6)(x – 5) = 0, x = 6 or x = 5
bi

p = 3 p = –11
r

4. 16x2 – 24x + 9 = 0 x
ne

a = 16, b = –24, c = 9 5 6
b
Sum of roots, a + b = –
a
For (x – 6)(x – 5) , 0, 5 , x , 6.
(–24)
Pe

=–
16
3 6 2
6 2
= 7. (a) f(x) = x2 + 6x + 122 +h– 122
2
c = x2 + 6x + (3)2 + h – (3)2
ab =
a = (x + 3)2 + h – 9
9
=
16 (b)
h – 9 = 7
h = 16
Sum of new roots, 3a + 3b = 3(a + b)
3
=3
2 1 2
9
=
2

1 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Answers

8. f(x) , 0 11. At intersection points,

10 + 3x – x2 , 0 (p – 3)x2 – x + 8 = 4x + 6
–x2 + 3x + 10 , 0 (p – 3)x – x – 4x + 8 – 6 = 0
2

(x + 2)(5 – x) , 0 (p – 3)x2 – 5x + 2 = 0
When (x + 2)(5 – x) = 0, x = –2 or x = 5
Two intersection points,
b2 – 4ac . 0
(–5) – 4(p – 3)(2) . 0
2

–2 5
x
25 – 8(p – 3) . 0
25 – 8p + 24 . 0
–8p + 49 . 0
–8p . –49
\ For (x + 2)(5 – x) , 0, x , –2 or x . 5 8p , 49
49
p ,
8

d.
9. (a) x2 + (p + 4)x – p2 = 0
a = 1, b = p + 4, c = –p2
Let the roots be 12. hx2 – 5x + k = 0

Bh
root 1 = a a = h, b = –5, c = k
root 2 = –a
b
Sum of roots = –
b a
Sum of roots = –

.
a (–5)
=–

dn
p+4 h
a + (–a) = – 5
1 =
p + 4 = 0 h
c

S
p = –4 Product of roots =
a
c k
Product of roots =
gi
a =
h
p2
=–
1 Given roots b and 3b,
an

= –p2 Sum of roots = b + 3b

= –(–4)2 = 4b
= –16
Product of roots = b(3b)
l
Pe

(b) mx2 – 9nx + m = 0 = 3b2

Two equal roots,
b2 – 4ac = 0 Comparing:
(–9n)2 – 4(m)(m) = 0 5
= 4b...................... 
n

81n2 – 4m2 = 0 h
4m2 = 81n2 k
ta

= 3b2..................... 
m2 81 h
=
n2 4 5
From , b = ........ 
m 2 9 2 4h
bi

1 2 1 2
n
=
2
Substitute  into ,
\m:n=9:2 5 2
r

k

h
= 3
4h1 2
ne

k 25
10. (4x)(3x) – 3x2 > (x2 + 32)
h
= 3 1
16h2 2
12x2 – 3x2 > x2 + 32
k 75
Pe

8x2 – 32 > 0 =
h 16h2
8(x2 – 4) > 0
8(x – 2)(x + 2) > 0 16h2k = 75h
When 8(x – 2)(x + 2) = 0, x = 2 or x = –2 16hk = 75
75
h =
16k

x
–2 2

For 8(x – 2)(x + 2) > 0, x < –2 (ignore) or x > 2.

Hence, x > 2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 2

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Answers 

13. Sum of roots = 5 + h + 1 (b) From x(x – 8) = 3h – 15, sum of roots is 8 and product
=h+6 of roots is –3h + 15.
Product of roots = 5(h + 1) a + b = 8....................... 
= 5h + 5 ab = –3h + 15.......... 
∴ x2 – (h + 6)x + 5h + 5 = 0
For x2 + kx + 3 = 0,
a b
Compare with x2 + (k – 1)x – 5 = 0, + = –k
2 2
5h + 5 = –5 a + b = –2k.............. 
5h = –10
h = –2 a b
and
1 2 21 2 2 = 3
–(h + 6) = k – 1
ab
= 3
–(–2 + 6) = k – 1 4
k – 1 = –4 ab = 12................ 
k = –3  = ,

d.
–2k = 8
k = –4
14. (a) –4 and 6

Bh
 = ,
–4 + 6 –3h + 15 = 12
(b) x = –3h = –3
2
= 1 h = 1

.
dn
3+7
4 2 4 2 2. (a) p =
2
15. (a) f(x) = x – 4x + –
2
1 2
2
+3– –
2 1 2 = 5

S
= x2 – 4x + (–2)2 + 3 – (–2)2 3q = –6
= (x – 2)2 – 1 q = –2
\ m = –1
gi
(b) f(x) = 2(x – 5)2 – 6
(b) Minimum point is (2, –1). When x = 8, f(8) = 2(8 − 5)2 − 6
an
When f(x) = 0, x2 – 4x + 3 = 0 = 12
(x – 3)(x – 1) = 0 When x = 0, f(0) = 2(0 − 5)2 − 6
x = 3 or x = 1 = 44
l

\ The x-intercepts are (1, 0) and (3, 0).

Pe

f(x)
When x = 0, f(0) = (0)2 – 4(0) + 3 x=5
=3 (0, 44)
\ The y-intercept is (0, 3).
n

(8, 12)
f(x)
ta

x
x=2 0 3 7
(5, –6)
f(x) = 2(x – 5)2 – 6
f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3
bi

x

r

0 1 3
ne

(2, –1) (c) Equation of reflected curve,
f(x) = –[2(x – 5)2 – 6]
= –2(x – 5)2 + 6
Paper 2
Pe

1. (a) x(x – 8) = 3h – 15 3. (a) (i) x2 – 7x + 12 = 0

x2 – 8x = 3h – 15 (x – 4)(x – 3) = 0
x – 8x – 3h + 15 = 0
2
x = 4 or x = 3
Since p . q, p = 4 and q = 3.
Two different real roots,
b2 – 4ac . 0 (ii) If x2 – 7x + 12 . 0, (x – 4)(x – 3) . 0
(–8)2 – 4(1)(–3h + 15) . 0 When (x – 4)(x – 3) = 0, x = 4 or x = 3
64 – 4(–3h + 15) . 0
64 + 12h – 60 . 0
12h + 4 . 0
12h . – 4 x
1 3 4
h . –
3
\ For x2 – 7x + 12 . 0, x , 3 or x . 4.

3 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Answers

(b) p – 2 = 4 – 2 When x = –4, f(–4) = (–4)2 – (–4) – 12

=2 = 16 + 4 – 12
=8
q + 4 = 3 + 4
\ (–4, 8)
=7
When x = 5, f(5) = (5)2 – 5 – 12
The new roots are 2 and 7.
=8
Sum of roots = 2 + 7
\ (5, 8)
=9 f(x)
Product of roots = 2 × 7 1
= 14 (–4, 8)
x=
2 (5, 8)
\ New equation: x2 – 9x + 14 = 0

x
4. (a) x2 + 3(x – p) = 0 –3 0 4
x2 + 3x – 3p = 0
f(x) = x2 – x – 12

d.
For roots q and –2q,
Sum of roots = q + (–2q) –12
(
1 1
, –12 )

Bh
= –q 2 4
Product of roots = q(–2q)
= –2q2
\ x2 + qx – 2q2 = 0 1 2 1
(d) f(x) = –(x –
) + 12

.
2 4
Compare with x + 3x – 3p = 0,

dn
2
or f(x) = –x2 + x + 12
q=3
and
–2q2 = –3p
HOTS Challenge

S
2q2 = 3p
2(3)2 = 3p 1. (a) (2x + 3)2 = (x – 2)2 + (2x + 1)2
3p = 18
gi
4x2 + 12x + 9 = x2 – 4x + 4 + 4x2 + 4x + 1
p = 6 4x2 + 12x + 9 = 5x2 + 5
x2 – 12x – 4 = 0
an
(b) p – 3 = 6 – 3
=3 – (–12) ± √(–12)2 – 4(1)(–4)
x =
p + 1 = 6 + 1 2
l

=7 12 ± √160
=
Pe

The new roots are 3 and 7. 2

Sum of roots = 3 + 7 12 + √160 12 – √160
= 10 x =  or x =
2 2
Product of roots = 3 × 7
n

= 12.32 = –0.32 (rejected)

= 21
ta

\ New equation: x2 – 10x + 21 = 0 \ x = 12.32

(b) Area of the right-angled triangle PQR

bi

5. (a) f(x) = x2 – x – 12
1 2 1 1
2
= (12.32 – 2)[2(12.32) + 1]
= x2 – x + –
2 1 2
– 12 – –
2 1 2 2
r

1 2 1 = 132.30 cm2
= x – 1
– 12 – 2
ne

2 4
1 2 1 2. (a) f(x) = px2 – 3x + q
= x –
2 1
– 12
4 2
3 q

= p x2 – x + 
Pe

1 p p
(b) Minimum value = –12

  
4
– 3p – 3p
2 2

(c) Discriminant, b2 – 4ac = (–1)2 – 4(1)(–12)

= 1 + 48
3
= p x2 – x +
p   2
q
+ –
p 2
= 49 . 0
\ f(x) has two different real roots.
 3p x + 1– 2p3 2 + qp – 1– 2p3 2 
2 2
= p x2 –
When f(x) = 0, x2 – x – 12 = 0
3 q
+ – 9 
2
= p1x –
2p 2
(x – 4)(x + 3) = 0
p 4p 2
x = 4 or x = –3
3
+q– 9
2
\ (4, 0); (–3, 0) = p x –1 2p 2 4p
When x = 0, f(0) = (0)2 – 0 – 12
= –12
\ y-intercept = (0, –12)

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 4

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Answers 

(b) f(x) = px2 – 3x + q

Compare with f(x) = p x – 3 + 6q +1 ,
2
14 2 4p = 2x2 – 3x + 5
2p = 4
p=2 2x2 – 3x + 5 > 4
2x2 – 3x + 1 > 0
and for minimum value
(x – 1)(2x – 1) > 0
q – 9 = 6q + 1 When (x – 1)(2x – 1) = 0, x = 1 or x = 1
4p 4p 2
q – 9 = 6q + 1
4(2) 4(2)
q – 9 = 6q + 1 x
8 8 1 1
9 3q
+ 1
2
q – =
8 4 8
q 5
= \ For (x – 1)(2x – 1) > 0, x < 1 or x > 1.

d.
4 4 2
q = 5

. Bh
S dn
gi
l an
Pe
n
ta
r bi
ne
Pe

5 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.