U N IT 1 : Expl o ri ng th e Ele ctro n i cs In d u stry

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

 Identify the relevance of CSS in today's society;

 Differentiate the possible careers after achieving the CSS Qualification;

 Enumerate the different Occupational Health and Safety Procedures

and Policies; 

 Describe the different hazards that you may encounter in the industry;
and

 Enumerate the different forms in assessing the quality of materials.

LESSON 1: CSS in the Electronics Industry

Introduction

Hey there! Welcome to the online course of CSS!

As many of today's basic functions are being simplified by technology,

computers have been on the forefront in developing innovations through its
many functions.

Many of the things that we thought were impossible before are now being
achieved by computers nowadays.

In this digital economy, having the knowledge and skills in computer servicing
is the start and most fundamental of all.

TOPIC 1: Why is CSS relevant?

In today’s industry, almost every establishment needs the assistance of
technology.
Even establishments and businesses are now gearing towards the use
of information technology to promote their services. 

The demand for people who offer computer servicing and repair continues to
increase as society rapidly changes.

For example

 Computer hardware need maintenance services in order to repair

normal wear and tear.

 Network infrastructures used by organizations will need maintenance

and monitoring.

 Computer equipment would need occasional repair and maintenance;

thus, requiring the assistance of computer systems service providers.

Commonly, the industry’s main line of business is on selling computer

hardware systems and components, as well as providing repair and
installation services. 

Thus, if you were to venture in this industry, you must be well informed on
basic concepts related to computer systems servicing.

TOPIC 2: What jobs can I land on?

Since society is now becoming more technology-driven and technology-

dependent, it is no wonder that more and more establishments are in need of
the expertise of computer service providers.
The Computer Systems Servicing National Certificate (NC II) Qualification
trains its learners with competencies that will allow them to diagnose and
troubleshoot PC systems and software issues, as well as restoring its parts to
return the device to its normal function.

A person who has achieved the Computer Systems Servicing NC II

Qualification is competent to be a:

TOPIC 3: What are my job functions in the future?

TOPIC 4: What does the Qualification require?
Because technology also changes rapidly, computer technicians must be
updated with the current trends, technology, and developments related to the
computer industry. In addition to that, computer staff may need to work with
various people that will require their expertise. Thus, the ability to work in
groups and the ability to translate technical information to non-technical users
may be required when working in this field.

Having a CSS NC II qualification is an entry point for a career in the

computer field. 

Being a computer technician may require you to travel to see clients or be at

an office and workplaces as a member of the IT support team. As a
technician, you must possess the interests and skills that the job demands. 

TOPIC 5: What knowledge and skills do I need?

As much as possible, you will need some prior knowledge and skills so that
you will be able to perform computer servicing easily.
LESSON 2: OHS Policies and Procedures
Introduction

Occupational Health and Safety or OHS is concerned with health, safety,

and welfare issues in the workplace. Policies and procedures are important in
discussing OHS because it aims to make the workplace safer and better for
workers and stakeholders. 

It is concerned with many factors such as removal of hazards and reducing

accidents in the workplace.

As a future computer technician, it is your responsibility to know these

standard protocols especially since you will be assembling and repairing
expensive and sensitive equipment that need care and proper handling.

LESSON 2: OHS Policies and Procedures

TOPIC 1: Occupational Health and Safety
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is a set of policies and procedures
that is followed in a workplace in order to prevent accidents, illnesses, and
injuries. 
It involves knowing the risks that can be encountered in a workplace and
figuring out how it can be prevented.
 
Following OHS policies and procedures is important when dealing with
electronics since it would protect not only the personnel dealing with the
components, but also the unit itself. 
Three steps may be done to facilitate OHS procedures in a CSS work space:

1. Hazard identification
2. Risk assessment
3. Risk control

DD
LESSON 2: OHS Policies and Procedures
TOPIC 2: Hazard Identification
Hazards are anything that can hurt a person. Example of hazards that can be
encountered when conducting computer systems servicing are:

 Tangled electrical cords

 Unsecured or unevenly stacked boxes

  Noise

Hazard identification involves observing the workplace’s surroundings to

recognize potential risks.

What are common hazards that can be encountered in the electronic industry?
TOPIC 3: Risk Assessment
TOPIC 4: Risk Control
Once the hazard has been identified and its risks have been evaluated, it is
time to address these issues:
 Ask your supervisor for instruction and training before using or repairing
an equipment.

 Do not carry or move heavy objects by yourself.

LESSON 3: Applying Quality Standards
Standards are sets of rules that outline specification of dimensions, design
of operation, materials, and performance. Standards provide basis for good
quality and protocol.

When it comes to computer systems servicing, standards are important as it

serves as comparison for computer performance. Maintaining quality is
important to manage customer satisfaction where the revenue and profits  will
depend upon.

TOPIC 1: Assessing Quality

In computer systems servicing, you will be handling a lot of equipment. You
will be purchasing them, assembling and disassembling, repairing, or even
maintaining them! 

That is why it is important to assess the quality of the materials you will be
receiving especially when you are purchasing from a supplier.

Here are some standard protocols in checking the materials and goods you will
be receiving in work.
LESSON 3: Applying Quality Standards
TOPIC 2: Documentation
Here are some samples of log reports and documentation assessed by a quality checker.

Take note however, that not all organizations will make use of the same form.
TOPIC 3: Inventory Form
Here is an example of an inventory form. 
You will be encountering this after disassembling computers. You will be listing down
the PC specifications in this form.
You can write the general description of what the item is under Items while you can write
the specifications or necessary description below Description/Specification. Anything else
that you think are important notes should be written on the Remarks column.
Unit Test: Computer equipment would need occasional repair and maintenance; thus,
requiring the assistance of computer systems service providers.
Select one:

True 

False
As a computer technician, the ability to work in groups and the ability to translate
technical information to non-technical users are not required when working in this field.

Select one:

True 

False

Hazard ____________ involves observing the workplace’s surroundings to recognize

potential risks.

Select one:

a.
Recycling

b.
Observation

c.
Identification

d.
Control

Having a Computer Systems Servicing NC II qualification is an entry point for a career in the
computer field. 

Select one:

True 

False

The following are types of hazards EXCEPT FOR:

Select one:

a.
Thermal Hazards

b.
Chemical Hazards

c.
Electric Shock Hazards

d.
Physical Hazards

_____________________ is the possibility of the hazard harming someone.

Select one:
a.
Material

b.
Danger

c.
Risk

d.
Assessment

Occupational Health and Safety is concerned with health, safety, and welfare issues in the
workplace. 
Although policies and procedures are not important in discussing OHS, it is important to
remember what the supervisor tells you when you are in the workplace for it to be safer
and better.
Select one:

True

False 

__________ are sets of rules that outline specification of dimensions, design of operation,

materials, and performance. They provide basis for good quality and protocol.

Select one:
a.
Guidelines

b.
Quality

c.
Standards

d.
Assessments

The following are standard protocols in checking the materials and goods you will be
receiving in work EXCEPT FOR
Select one:

a.
There is documentation

b.
The packing slip is received

c.
The purchase order matches the specific device and quantity

d.
The device looks like it is working
Hazards are anything that can hurt a person.

Select one:

True 

False

UNIT 2: Understanding Basic Computer Concepts

Introduction

We all know that computers are essential pieces of technology that we

use to make life easier and perform jobs faster.  

A computer increases our productivity, connects us to the internet, lets us talk with
people across the world, helps us store a lot of information, and even make money!

In this lesson, we will start with the basics.

We want to understand how the computer works, how many types of computers are
there, what are the functions of the computer, and more!
Introduction
TOPIC 1: The Computer
In technical terms, the computer is a device that accepts information in the
form of digitalized data, and manipulates it for some result based on a
program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.
Introduction
TOPIC 2: Types of Computers
1. Supercomputer

Most powerful and most advance in terms of performance and data

processing. These computers are commonly used by large organizations to
conduct specific tasks such as weather forecasting, research, and exploration.
2. Mainframe Computer

Large and expensive computer capable of handling thousands of users and

programs simultaneously. Mainframe computers can handle, process, and
store large amount of data. These are commonly stored in large air-
conditioned rooms because of its big size. 
3. Minicomputer

Also known as midrange computers. It features all the functions of a large size
computer, but has a smaller size. Minicomputers can support many users
because of its multi-processing system. 
4. Microcomputer

Most widely used and fastest growing type of computer. Desktop computers,
laptops, tablets, and smartphones are types of microcomputers.

Introduction
TOPIC 3: Fundamental Elements of a Computer

LESSON 2: Basic Hardware Components of Computer

Systems

Introduction
A computer system consists of hardware and software components. As
important as the software which are the programs that run the computer,
the hardware is the physical equipment such as the case, storage drives,
keyboards, monitors, cables, speakers, and printers that builds up and let the
software run. 

It is important to learn about these components as these will be the basis

before you handle equipment especially in disassembling and assembling a
computer system.

TOPIC 1: Computer Systems

The complete computer made up of the CPU, memory and related electronics
(main cabinet), all the peripheral devices connected to it and its operating
system. 

 Computer systems fall into two broad divisions: clients and servers. 

 Client machines fall into three categories from low to high end: laptop,
desktop and workstation. 
 Servers range from small to large: low-end servers, midrange
servers and mainframes.
TOPIC 1: Computer Systems
Processing Devices
Processing devices are the computer’s circuitry in the system unit.

 Motherboard – the circuit board housing the memory and the central
processing unit (CPU)
  Central Processing Unit (CPU) – manipulates input data into the
information needed by the users

 Memory – also known as Random Access Memory or RAM. It is a

series of electronic elements that act as temporary storage of data and
program instructions while the instructions are being processed by the
CPU.

 Chips – these make up the CPU and the memory; these are electronic
devices that contain many microscopic pathways designed to carry
electrical currents.

LESSON 2: Basic Hardware Components of Computer

Systems
TOPIC 1: Computer Systems
Storage Devices
Storage devices store data and programs. These hold data, information, and
programs permanently.
 Solid State Drive (SSD) – mass storage device that stores data in a
permanent state even without power. Similar to an HDD’s function, only
the internal components are different. SSDs do not have moving parts
but store data on magnetic platters making use of flash memory.

 Hard Disk Drive (HHD) – often called hard drive or hard disk. This is
the most common storage device that do not need power to maintain
data; these store data through spinning platters or magnetic disks,
recording individual bits written into the disk.
  Flash Drive – highly portable small data
storage devices making use of flash memory
and a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port
connection

 CD – “compact disc”, this storage device can hold up to 700 MB; it is

read by an optical drive through a laser

TOPIC 1: Computer Systems

Input Devices
Input devices allow the user to communicate with the computer by entering
data or commands.
 Keyboard – primary input device used to input alphanumeric data and
commands to the computer

 Mouse – primary input device used to navigate and interact with the monitor
output

 Scanner – scans documents and converts them digitally, which can be

edited on a computer.
  Webcam – small cameras attached to a monitor or desk that record or
broadcast video

 Joystick – device used to control video games, aside from the

keyboard

Output Devices
Output devices enable the computer to show the processed data and
information understandably to the user.
  Printer – prints paper documents, photographs, and other outputs
called hard copies which are physical versions of the documents.

 Monitor – acts as the primary display of the unit where the user
interface and programs are reflected.

 Speakers – sound system device that produce audio output from the
computer

 
TOPIC 2: The System Unit
The System Unit is the overall structure that houses the processor, memory,
and electronic components of the computer that are used to process data. All
input and output devices are connected into the system unit. The system unit
is housed by what is known as system case or computer case. It holds and
protects most components of a computer.

The Computer Case contains the framework to support and enclose internal

components of the computer.  It helps to prevent damage from static
electricity. It typically made up of plastic, steel, and aluminum which are
available in a variety of styles.  The size and layout of a case is called a form
factor.  It is also designed to keep internal components cool by using airflow
vents and cooling fans.  

Computer cases are referred to in a number of ways: Computer

chassis, Cabinet, Tower, Box and Housing.
Types:

 Tower (Full, Mid, Mini)

 Desktop (Standard, Slimline)

Power Supply

Power supplies serve as the source for electricity to the computer. Attached

are vital hardware cables and buses for transferring power to various
components in the computer. 
The following are the basic connector you can see in a power supply:

 ATX 24 pin main power connector is the standard motherboard power

connector used in nearly every computer.
 SATA 15 pin power supply connector is one of several standard
peripheral power connectors. SATA power connectors only connect to
SATA drives like hard drives and optical drives. SATA power connectors
do not work with older PATA devices.
 Molex 4 pin power supply connector is a standard peripheral power
connector. Molex power connectors connect to many different kinds of
internal peripherals including PATA hard drives and optical drives, some
video cards, and even some other devices.
 Floppy drive 4 pin power supply connector is the standard floppy
drive power connector. The floppy power connector, also called a Berg
connector or Mini-Molex connector, is included in even the newest
power supplies even though floppy drives are becoming obsolete.
  ATX 4 pin power supply connector is a standard motherboard power
connector used to provide +12 VDC to the processor voltage regulator.
This small connector usually attaches to the motherboard near the CPU.
 ATX 6 pin power supply connector is a motherboard power connector
used to provide +12 VDC to the processor voltage regulator but the 4-
pin variety is the more commonly used connector. This small connector
usually attaches to the motherboard near the CPU.

Motherboard
The motherboard is also known as mainboard, system board, logic
board, or MOBO. It holds and allows communication between the crucial
components of the computer such as the CPU and memory. It also provides
connection for other peripherals. This provides the path which the processor
(CPU) communicates with all the components of the computer.
There are several components that are attached to the motherboard. These
include:

1.     Chip – small piece of semiconducting material, where more integrated

circuits are embedded. They have standard-sized pin connectors that allows
them to be attached to the motherboard.

2.     Bus - an electrical path that enables data flow between various system
components.

3.     Integrated Circuit (IC) – contains microscopic pathways that carry

electric current. The IC contains millions of elements such as resistors,
capacitators, and transistors. Many different kinds of chips are located in the
motherboard

4.     Microprocessor – this is the central processing unit on a chip.

Different variety of chip packages:

1.     Dual Inline Package (DIP) – this has two parallel rows of pints that
attach the chip package to the circuit board

2.     Pin Grid Array (PGA) – holds a larger number of pins because the pins
are mounted on the surface of the package.

3.     Flip Chip-PGA (CF-PGA) Package – higher performance PGA

packaging that places the chip on the opposite sides of the pins.
4.     Single Edge Contact (SEC) Cartridge – does not use pins but connects
to one of the edges in the motherboard.

The form factor of motherboards pertains to the size and shape of the board. 
It also describes the physical layout of the different components and devices
on the motherboard.  Various form factors exist for motherboards:

 AT – Advanced Technology

 ATX – Advanced Technology Extended
 Mini-ATX – Smaller footprint of ATX
 Micro-ATX – Smaller footprint of ATX
 LPX – Low-profile Extended
 NLX – New Low-profile Extended
 BTX – Balanced Technology Extended
The function of the northbridge is primarily a fast path between the CPU and
the video bus and system RAM. While the southbridge connects with the slow
hardware/components of the system. 

See the photo below (courtesy of Quora) to understand the function of these
bridges:
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Commonly known as the CPU or processor, this is the brain of the computer.
It interprets and carries out the basic instructions to operate a computer. 

It impacts overall computing power and manages most of the computer

operations. The motherboard contains a socket to hold the processor or CPU.
The central processing unit (CPU), also called the processor or
microprocessor, does most of the processing of data and instructions for the
entire system. Because the CPU generates heat, a fan and heat sink might be
installed on top to keep it cool.

Nowadays, processors have multiple cores called multi-core processors.

This means that the processor is a single chips that has two or more separate
processors. In multi-core processors, each of the processors run at a slower
clock speed as compared to a single-core processor, but this efficient process
typically increases performance. There are two kinds of common multi-core
processors today:
1.     Dual Core Processor – chip that contains two separate processors

2.     Quad Core Processor – chip with four separate processors

AMD and Intel are the two most popular brands of processors in the market

nowadays.

Bundled with the processors are the heat sinks.  A heat sink consists of metal
fins that draw heat away from a component. The fan and heat sink together
are called the processor cooler. The photo below shows a CPU with a heat
sink mounted on the motherboard.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
The Random Access Memory or RAM acts as temporary storage as long as
the computer is running. The contents of the RAM change as programs are
executed. These are chips that are placed directly on the motherboard. These
RAM consists of switches which are triggered by changes in electric current. 

Three basic types of RAM:

1.     Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – This kind of RAM needs to be recharged by

the CPU. If not, it loses its contents. There are many variations of DRAM such
as:

o Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) – faster than DRAM because it is

synchronized to the system clock

o Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM – faster than SDRAM because they
transfer data twice for each clock cycle

o DDR2 and DDR3 SDRAM – faster than DDR SDRAM

o  ambus DRAM (RDRAM) – type of DRAM faster than SDRAM that uses
pipelining techniques

2.     Static RAM (SRAM) – This kind is faster and more reliable than any
form of DRAM. Unlike the DRAM, this does not need to be re-energized.
However, it is much more expensive and it used for special purposes.
3.     Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) – This kind stores data using magnetic
charges instead of electrical charges. It has greater storage capacity,
consume less power, and faster access times.

The RAM chips are housed in a small circuit board called the memory
module, which is inserted into the motherboard.

Three types of memory modules:

1.     Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) – this has pins on opposite sides
of the circuit board which connect together to form a single set of contacts.
This houses SDRAM chips along with DIMMs.

2.     Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) – the pins on the opposite sides of
the circuit board do not connect and form two sets of contacts. This houses
SDRAM chips along with SIMMs.

3.     Rambus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) – this houses RDRAM chip

The computer will need a certain amount of memory to be able to handle
programs, data, and information, depending on the types of applications
used. 

The more RAM a computer has, the faster the computer will be. 

 To be able to use basic application software such as Office Suite,

one needs at least 1GB of RAM. 
 Using programs and multimedia should have at least 4GB. 
 Playing modern games or using editing software will require at least
8GB. 

Today the RAM ranges up to 64GB depending on the programs that will be
used for the computer.

Cooling Technology
Cooling technologies are essential in avoiding the computer from
overheating and maintaining a good, well-ventilated system.

Several cooling technologies are present throughout the system unit:

 o    Fans are also present in several components such as the power supply, ports,
processor, hard disk etc.

o    Heat sink, on another hand, is a small metal or ceramic component with fins on
the surface which absorbs and distributes heat produced by electrical components.

o    Heat pipe is used on smaller devices like notebook computers since this is smaller
in size.

Expansion Cards
A motherboard has expansion slots to be used by expansion cards.
An expansion card, also called an adapter card, is a circuit board that
provides more ports than those provided by the motherboard. 

The photo below shows a Video Card, where it provides three video ports.
Notice the cooling fan and heat sink on the card, which help to keep the card
from overheating. The trend today is for most ports in a system to be provided
by the motherboard (called onboard ports) and less use of expansion cards.
There are also other variants of expansion cards such as network cards,
sound cards, video capture cards, interface cards, and other expansion cards
that cater to whatever the computer user for his/her needs and improvements
for the system.

Storage
A system might have one or more hard drives, an optical drive, a tape drive,
or, for really old systems, a floppy drive. 

A hard drive, also called a hard disk drive (HDD), is permanent storage
used to hold data and programs.  
For example, the Windows  operating system and applications are installed on
the hard drive. All drives in a system are installed in a stack of drive bays at
either the front or on the lower portion of the case.  Nowadays, users
use Solid State Drive or SSDs because of its use of flash memory, which
does not use physical disks to write memory/data.

Each drive has two connections for cables: the power cable connects to the
power supply and another cable, used for data and instructions, connects to
the motherboard.
TOPIC 3: Ports, Sockets, Slots, & Connectors
The motherboard has several ports, sockets, slots, and connectors that link
the computers' components, input, and output devices among each other.
First we'll look at the port which are usually found at the side of the
motherboard or the back of the system case.

The port basically serves as an interface between the computer and other
computers or peripheral devices. 

A port generally refers to the female part of connection. Computer ports have

many uses, to connect a monitor, webcam, speakers, or other peripheral
devices. 

On the physical layer, a computer port is a specialized outlet on a piece of

equipment to which a plug or cable connects. Electronically, the several
conductors where the port and cable contacts connect, provide a method to
transfer signals between devices.

Familiarize yourself with the following ports usually found with computer
systems below:
Ports

Go through the flashcards to be familiarized with the different

ports for the computer systems! (No need to input an answer
just click the next card)
Ports, Sockets, Slots, & Connectors
Slots
Sockets
The following are the most common sockets found in the motherboard. The
CPU socket where the CPU itself is inserted and the CMOS slot where the
CMOS battery (which lets the motherboard remember the date and time of the
computer) that is replaced after it has worn out.
Connectors
LESSON 3: Hand Tools and Equipment
Introduction
Most tools used in computer system servicing are hand tools. These can be
part of a computer repair toolkit as well. In this lesson, you will learn about the
common hand tools and equipment that you will be using especially in
handling computer equipment such as disassembly/assembly of a computer,
as well as  repair and maintenance.

TOPIC 1: Electrostatic Discharge Tools

When working with electronic equipment, it is important to make sure that
there is no static electricity to avoid damage of computer parts. 

Static electricity can be easily generated by friction on carpets, clothing, hair,

fabric, flooring, etc. 

Thus, these tools should be utilized:

 Anti-static wrist wrap 

Worn to prevent ESD damage to computer hardware

Anti-static mat 

Used to stand on or place tools to prevent buildup of static electricity.

TOPIC 2: Hand Tools

TOPIC 3: Cleaning Tools
Lint-free cloth 

For cleaning computer parts without leaving marks or scratches.

Compressed air 

For clearing or blowing away dust from computer parts.

Cable Ties 

Used to organize and bundle cable together.

 Parts organizer  

For holding and organizing screws and other small computer parts.

TOPIC 4: Diagnostic Tools

Digital Multimeter 

A tool that can be used to measure amps, volts, and ohms. It can test the
integrity of circuits and the quality of electricity in computer components.
Information is flashed on the screen.
Loopback Adapter 

Also called as loopback plug. This tool tests the basic functionality of
computer ports. The adapter is specific to the port that you want to test.

Toner Probe 

A two-part tool that generates a tone that travels the length of the cable. The
toner part is attached to a cable at one end using specific adapters, such as
RJ-45, coaxial, or metal clips. When the probe is near to the cable where the
toner is attached, a tone can be heard from the speaker.
There are various types of computers depending on its purpose. 
The following are types of computers EXCEPT FOR:
Select one:

a.
Mainframe Computer

b.
Microcomputer

c.
Supercomputer

d.
Market Computer

This is a kind of port that is used in modern monitors and home theaters. It also
transmits digital audio and video.
Select one:
a.
VGA 

b.
Firewire

c.
HDMI

d.
S/PDIF

This serves as the source for electricity to the computer. Attached are vital hardware
cables and buses for transferring power to various components in the computer. 

Select one:

a.
Central Processing Unit

b.
Power Supply

c.
System Unit
d.
Battery

The computer, since it was made in the 19th century, have been developed and improved
through the years. 
The following are the computers made during those years EXCEPT FOR:
Select one:

a.
MS-Dos

b.
Analytical Engine

c.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer

d.
Value Machine

How much GB of  RAM (at least) should the following require?

 Basic application software such as Office Suite |  at least ___ GB . 

 Programs and multimedia  |  at least ___ GB. 

 Modern games and editing software | at least   ___ GB. 

Select one:

a.
1, 4, 8

b.
2, 6, 8

c.
1, 2, 4

d.
4, 8, 16

The following are storage devices EXCEPT FOR:

Select one:

a.
Hard Disk Drive

b.
Solid State Drive

c.
Random Access Memory

d.
Flash Drive

When working with electronic equipment, it is important to make sure that there is no
static electricity to avoid damage of computer parts that is why it is important to use these
tools:
Select one:

a.
Crimping Tool

b.
LAN Tester

c.
Compressed Air

d.
Antistatic Mat and Wrist Wrap

This is a tool used in locking Rj45 into UTP Cables

Select one:

a.
Crimping Tools

b.
Precision Tools

c.
LAN Tester

d.
Desoldering Tool
The computer is a device that accepts information in the form of ___________________,
and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on
how the data is to be processed.

Select one:

a.
Controlled Currrents

b.
Analog Frequencies

c.
Electric Blasts

d.
Digitalized Data

The following are FACTS about the Central Processing Unit (CPU) EXCEPT FOR:

Select one:

a.
It is the brain of the computer. It interprets and carries out the basic instructions to operate
a computer. 

b.
A fan and a heat sink is usually installed to regulate its temperature.

c.
Intel is the only brand of CPU available in the market.

d.
It is also called the processor.

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