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Mathematics Language and Symbols

Here are the symbolic forms: 1. ∀x(Sx → Rx) 2. ∃x(Sx) 3. ∃x(Sx ∧ Rx) 4. ∀x(Sx → ∃y(Sy ∧ Lxy)) Where: Sx = x is a student Rx = x is smart Lxy = x loves y

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Queenie Jane Canoy
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32 views

Mathematics Language and Symbols

Here are the symbolic forms: 1. ∀x(Sx → Rx) 2. ∃x(Sx) 3. ∃x(Sx ∧ Rx) 4. ∀x(Sx → ∃y(Sy ∧ Lxy)) Where: Sx = x is a student Rx = x is smart Lxy = x loves y

Uploaded by

Queenie Jane Canoy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics

Language and
Symbols
“The laws of nature
are written in the
language of
mathematics.”

- Galileo Galilei
Importance of Language
 To understand the expressed ideas
 To communicate ideas to others

Characteristics of the Mathematics Language


 Precise (able to make very fine distinctions or
definitions)
 Concise (able to say things briefly)
 Powerful (able to express complex thoughts with
relative ease)
English Language to Mathematics Language
 Noun to mathematical expressions
Example: x + 5; sin x; log x
 Sentence to mathematical sentence
Example: 2x + y = 6

The Grammar of Mathematics


 Structural rules governing the use of symbols
representing mathematical objects
Difficulties
 The word “is” could mean equality, inequality, or
membership in a set
 Different use of a number (cardinal, ordinal, nominal,
ratio)
 Mathematical objects may be represented in many
ways such as sets and functions.
 The words “and” and “or” mean differently in
mathematics from its English use.
Describe the error in each of the
following.
•1⊂N
• (1, 2) ∈ 𝑓 where 𝑓 is a function
• 𝑥 > 2 or 𝑥 < 1 is equivalent to 2 < 𝑥 < 1
• Given the function 𝑥 + 10, find the value of
𝑓 4
• ‫ 𝑥 𝑒(׬‬+ 𝑥)
Translate each sentence using mathematical
symbols

1. 0 is an integer.
2. 𝑥 is multiple of 5.
3. 𝑥 belongs to both sets A and B.
4. The values of x range from -2 to 5.
5. The square of the sum of x and y is not more than 20.
6. The square of a number is nonnegative.
7. The sum of two consecutive numbers is 31.
Logic

 Allowsus to determine the validity of


arguments in and out of mathematics
 Illustrates
the importance of precision and
conciseness of the language of mathematics
Statement or Proposition
 Must express a complete thought.
A declarative sentence or statement that is either
true or false but not both.

Determine whether proposition or not


• All multiples of 5 are odd numbers.
• x is a real number.
• Sketch the graph of 𝑓.
Conjunction 𝑃∧𝑄 P and Q True if and only if P and Q
are both true
Disjunction 𝑃 ∨𝑄 P or Q True if and only if P is true
or Q is true or both are
true
Implication 𝑃→𝑄 P implies Q True under all
If P then Q circumstances except
Q if P when P is true and Q is
P only if Q false.
Bi-conditional 𝑃↔𝑄 P if and only if Q True if and only if P and Q
are both true or both false
Quantification
 Universal Quantification
▪ “For all” or “For every”
▪ Symbol: ∀ "for every object x in the universe, x > 1", which
▪ Example: is expressed as " ∀x, x > 1"

 Existential Quantification
▪ “There exists” or “For some”
▪ Symbol: ∃
▪ Example: “there exists an object x in the universe, x > 1",
which is expressed as "∃x, x > 1"
Express the following in symbolic form.

1. All Students are smart.


2. There exists a student.
3. There exists a smart student.
4. Every student loves some student.

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