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Pharmacological profile of Cassia occidentalis L - A review

Article  in  International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences · January 2013

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 Academic Sciences Internati onal Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuti cal Sci ences

ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 5, Issue 3, 2013

Review Article

PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE OF CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS L – A REVIEW

VIJAYALAKS HMI *S, RANJITHA J, DEVI RAJESWARI V # , BHAGIYALAKS HMI M

CO 2 Research and Green Technologies center, VIT University, Vellore – 14, India, #School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University,
Vellore – 14, India. Email: [email protected]
Received: 22 Mar 2013, Revised and Accepted: 24 May 2013
ABSTRACT
Cassia occidentalis L. is an Ayurvedic medicinal plant used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. This plant extracts are
known to have antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and Immunosuppression activity.
Phytochemical constituents include achrosin, aloeemodin, emodin, anthraquinones, anthrones, apigenin, aurantiobtusin, campest erol, cassiollin,
chryso-obtusin, chrysophanic acid, chrysarobin, chrysophanol, chrysoeriol etc. have been investigated in Cassia occidentalis. This review
summarizes the ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, bioactivity and toxicity studies of C. occidentalis plant.
Keywords: Cassia occidentalis, Phytochemical, Pharmacological, Bioactivity, Toxicity studies

INTRODUCTION known for their laxative and purgative properties and for the
treatment of skin diseases [8]. Cassia occidentalis Linn. has been
Plants have been used as a traditional medicine and pharmacopoeial used as a folklore medicine for hepatotoxicity treatment [9]. There is
drugs from ancient times. Most of world’s population is depend on now an increasing body of scientific evidence demonstrating that the
plant due its medicinal value and scarcity [1, 2]. Medicinal plants plants possess many other beneficial properties.
have been used for the treatment of illness since ancient period [3].
Numerous plant-derived therapeutic agents for the modern Plant Description
medicine have been provided by medicinal plants [4, 5]. Most of the
plants exhibit a variety of phytopharmaceuticals, which has Cassia occidentalis Linn, usually grows in the southern part of India
important applications in the fields of agriculture, human and which is known as Kasmard in Sanskrit, Kasondi in Hindi and Coffee
veterinary medicine. This plays a major role in developing novel Senna in English. The plant belongs to Caesalpiniaceae family. The
drugs for the treatment and prevention of diseases [6]. Therefore it common name is Ponnavarai in Tamil. The roots, leaves and seeds
is very important to have sufficient knowledge regarding herbs not are the parts of the plant used. It is an erect herb, commonly found
only because of their widespread uses, but also because they have by road sides, ditches and waste dumping sites. Cassia occidentalis
the potentials to cause toxic reactions or interact with other drugs has been widely used as traditional medicine. Entire parts of the
[7]. Although in traditional medicine Cassia species have been well plant have medicinal values [10].

Chemical Constituents possess wound healing properties. Other compounds reported in

literature include, 1,8-dihydroxyl-2-methyl anthraquinone, 1,4,5-
Phytochemical screening of the plant showed the presence of trihydroxy-3-methyl-7-methoxy anthraquinone, cassiaoccidentalin
carbohydrates, saponins, sterols, flavonoids, resins, alkaloids,
A, B and C, which are C-glycosides, achrosine, anthrones, apigenin,
terpenes, anthraquinones, glycoside and balsam. Presence of these
aurantiobtusin, campesterol, cassiollin, chryso-obtusin,
metabolites strongly concluded the great potential of the plant as a
source of phytomedicines. As the flavonoids and resins are present, chrysophanic acid, chrysarobin, chrysoeriol, essential oils,
it might be responsible for its anti-inflammatory properties. Chinese funiculosin, galactopyranosyl, helminthosporin, islandicin,
folkloric medicine contains flavonoids which has anti-inflammatory kaempferol, lignoceric acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, mannitol,
effect on both acute and chronic inflammation [11, 12]. Alkaloids are mannopyranosyl, matteucinol, obtusifolin, obtusin, oleic acid,
known for decreasing blood pressure, balancing the nervous system physcion, quercetin, rhamnosides, rhein, rubrofusarin, sitosterols,
in case of mental illness and antimalarial properties [13]. Tannins and xanthorin [14, 15].
help in wound healing and anti-parasitic. Presence of terpenes
suggests possessing anti-tumor and anti-viral properties. Pharmacognistic analysis of the plant showed 10% moisture thus less
sensitive for microbial attack and 7.4% total ash value indicates the
Eudesmane sesquiterpenes have been reported to contain low amount of inorganic substance. It contained 5.3% of acid insoluble
antibacterial properties. Saponins are believed to have antioxidant, ash value suggested that the soluble inorganic component is small. The
anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral properties. The alcohol and water extractive values were 7.7% and 15.1% respectively
anthraquinones, emodin and chrysophanone have been reported to showed that water is a better solvent of bulk extraction than alcohol.
 Vijayalakshmi et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 5, Issue 3, 29-33

A B

C D

F G

Fig. 1: Phytochemicals constituents present in Cassia occidentalis extract. (A) Anthraquinone (B) Emodin1,6,8-trihydroxy-3-
methylanthraquinone (C) Chrysophanol 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone (D) Aloe-emodin 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-
hydroxymethylanthraquinone (E) Rhein 1,8 Dihydroxy-3-carboxylic acid anthraquinone (F) Chrysophanic acid (G) Emodin

Pharmacological Activities epidermidis; aqueous extract was effective against P. vulgaris, K.

Antimicrobial activity pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa; benzene and petroleum ether
extracts was active against P. mirabilis and E. coli; chloroform extract
A study was carried on Cassia occidentalis antimicrobial properties was found to be very inactive against all tested strains. Another
[16]. Test was conducted with four different extracts such as study [17] reported maximum activity against Salmonella typhi and
methanol, aqueous, benzene, petroleum ether and chloroform minimum with Shigella spp. This study concluded that antibacterial
extract. Among which methanol extract showed positive against P. activity of Cassia occidentalis leaves of ethanol and water extract
aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, E. coli, S. aureus and S. were increase with higher concentration.

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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 5, Issue 3, 29-33

A report [18] with Cassia occidentalis flower extract showed Larvicidal Activity
maximum inhibition against Klebsiella pneumonia and no activity
against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and The larvicidal and pupicidal potential of Cassia Occidentalis was
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thus the flower extract of Cassia analyzed in a study [29] against the larvae of Anopheles Stephensi.
occidentalis can be used to treat Klebsiella associated ailment such as The ethanol extract of Cassia Occidentalis were found to be more
pneumonia, bronchitis and other diseases known to cause by K. effective against larva and pupa respectively. The smoke toxicity
pneumonia. A report [19] states that the E. coli was sensitive to study was also conducted and identified that it was more effective
methanol, hexane, chloroform and aqueous extract of leaves of C. against the Anopheles stephensi. Smoke exposed gravid females
occidentalis. Similarly, Jain and his coworkers [20] observed that the oviposited fewer eggs when compared to those that were not
metabolite rich fraction of (anthraquinones) leaves, pods, flowers exposed. Yet another study [30] reveal that seed oil creates increase
and callus were effective against E. coli. Yet other study showed that in mortality of C. maculatus eggs. Based on numerous trials with
the petroleum ether and ethanolic extract of leaves of C. occidentalis pure compounds suggested that fatty acids (linoleic, oleic and
was active against E. coli. With Chloroform and aqueous extract the stearic) are responsible for C. occidentalis toxicity. The oviposition
inhibition was not observed against E. coli. Based on these of C. maculatus was not reduced by C. occidentalis seed oil at 10
experiments we can clearly say that changes in the activities of plant ml/kg seed.
extracts might be due to spatial and temporal variations. Immunosuppression
P.aeruginosa showing multidrug resistance is highly challenging to
treat by conventional antibiotics. A study [21] tested the efficiency of To determine the Immunosuppression [31], cyclophosphamide (CP)
leaf extract of C. occidentalis against the growth of P.aeruginosa and was administered intraperitoneally in a single dose of 50 mg/kg b.w.
found that the microbial growth was highly inhibited. And the crude Body weight, relative organ weight, lymphoid organ cellularity,
extracts was effective on some microbes such as Staphylococcus hemagglutination titer (HT); plaque forming cell (PFC) assay and
aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans which quantitative hemolysis of SRBC (QHS) were analyzed in animals. It
was a common causative agent of urinary tract infection and has suppressive effects on lymphoid organ weight and cellularity
diarrhea diseases [22]. As this plant has potential antimicrobial and other parameters of humoral immunity. The CP-exposed
activity but invivo studies with the extract should be carried out to animals were administered with plant extract and showed better
confirm that the zone of inhibition is not only by the sensitivity of humoral responses. The plaque forming cells were found to be more
the microbes also the concentration is highly essential when using in CP-treated animals after C. occidentalis administration. In QHS
for treatment. assay, also C. occidentalis showed protection in CP-treated animals.
They also found out that the bone marrow cell counts were much
Antioxidant activity/hepatoprotective activity higher in plant extract treated animal which were reduced in CP-
The aqueous–ethanolic extract of leaves of C. occidentalis was tested treated animals. They suggest that modulating the hepatic drug
for hepatoprotective activity on liver damage in rat which was metabolizing enzymes might be the mechanism for hematotoxic and
induced by paracetamol and ethyl alcohol by monitoring serum immunotoxic responses of cyclophosphamide.
transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, serum cholesterol, serum total Anti-inflammatory activity
lipids and histopathological alterations. They found that the leaf
extract had shown significant hepatoprotective activity [23]. Some Cassia occidentalis leaf powder was tested for anti-inflammatory
other observations had found that the seed extracts of C. occidentalis activity and Cardiospermum halicacabum aerial parts with ethanol
limits the DNA degradation caused by iron (II)-driven Fenton extract was assayed in male albino rats using carrageenan-induced
reaction. It is notable that inhibition of DNA damage may be due to rat paw edema. At 2000 mg/kg dose the C. occidentalis was found to be
their capability of strong ferrous ion chelation. Further, they active at maximum level and 500 mg/kg was found to be the minimal
proposed that the scavenging activity towards free radicals might be active dose for C. halicacabum. The efficiency was tested in cotton
the reason. C. occidentalis is an ingredient in Himoliv, a polyherbal pellet granuloma assay and observed that the transudative,
ayurvedic formulation. It is also proved that it prevents the carbon exudative and proliferative components of chronic inflammation
tetra chloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats [24]. Based on the were suppressed by these drugs. Lipid peroxide content and γ-
observation they suggested that Himoliv increases the protective glutamyl transpeptidase and phospholipase A 2activity in the exudate
enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in liver of cotton pellet granuloma was lowered with the usage of these
homogenate of rats [25]. It is also present in other polyherbal drugs. In normalized cotton pellet granulomatous rats, increased
formulation Liv.52 tablet and syrup extensively used for Hepatitis A alkaline phosphatase activity with decreased A/G ratio of plasma
(HA). For the preparation of this syrup, other plants included were found after the treatment. C. occidentalis powder and C.
Capparis spinosa, Cichorium intybus, Solanum nigrum, Terminalia halicacabum extract were able to stabilize the human erythrocyte
arjuna, Achillea millefolium and Tamarix gallica etc along with C. membrane against hypotonicity-induced lysis. It is likely that these
occidentalis are present. A study with 50 clinical samples over 30 drugs may exert their anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of
years with 4490 patients was performed to identify the efficacy with phospholipase A2, resulting in the reduced availability of arachidonic
short and long term safety of Liv.52 in Hepatitis A [26]. This study acid, a precursor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, and/or by
concluded that Liv.52 tablets and syrups are potential and safer for stabilization of the lysosomal membrane system [32].
hepatitis A.
Toxicity Studies
Antimalarial activity
Acute toxicity test was conducted in a report with Cassia occidentalis
C. occidentalis plant extract was proved to have effective and found that this plant did not show any hazardous symptoms or
antimalarial activity[26,27,28]. A study with ethanolic, death [33]. With the sub acute treatment, the Cassia occidentalis
dichloromethane and lyophilized aqueous extracts of C. occidentalis doesn’t change body weight gain, consumption of food and water
root bark was tested for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium and the profiles of hematological and biochemical. Also, no changes
berghei ANKA. They tested its toxicity by treating the orally and were seen in macroscopical and microscopical aspect of organs in
found that there was no toxic effect or mortality in mice with a single the animals. Thus they conclude that acute or sub acute
dose, of 500 mg/kg of body weight, or same dose given twice weekly administration of Cassia occidentalis is not toxic. Histopathological
for 4 weeks. The extracts produced significant chemo suppressions analysis showed no cell death, necrosis or inflammation of the liver
of parasitemia with 200 mg/kg dose when administered orally. C. and kidney. The leaves of this plant are thus found to be safe with no
occidentalis was found to be potential with 60% chemo suppression. adverse effect on the liver and kidney functions at the doses
They also found that the ethanolic extract is more active than the administered. Another study had investigated the effects of Cassia
lyophilized aqueous extract. C. occidentalis leaf extract with ethanol occidentalis oral administration during pregnancy in female Wistar
and chloroform was found to possess better antimalarial activity. rats. They found that there was no statistically significant changes
When tested with 6 μg/ml concentration more than 60% inhibition between control and test groups with respect to fetuses, placentae
was observed against the parasite. and ovaries weights; number of implantation and resorption sites;

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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 5, Issue 3, 29-33

number of corpora lutea in the ovaries and pre- and post- 5. Oladunmoye MK, Adetuyi FC, Akinyosoye FA. Effect of Cassia
implantation loss rates [34]. hirsuta (L) extract on DNA profile of some microorganisms. Afr
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