Assignment-2

Q1. Explain the fundamental concepts of Artificial intelligence?

Describe the different application areas in which it is being
used. justify your answer by comparing it with conventional
computer system.

Ans:- There are 8 basic concepts and applications in the field of

Artificial Intelligence;

1. Machine learning (ML)- Machine learning enables

machines to “learn” a task from experience without
programming them specifically about that task. This
process starts with feeding them good quality data and
then training the machines by building various models
using different algorithms. The choice of algorithms
depends on the kind of task we are trying to
automate.However, generally Machine Learning
Algorithms are divided into 3 types i.e. supervised
learning, unsupervised learning and reinforcement
learning.

2. Deep Learning- Deep Learning is a subset of Machine

Learning. It enables processing of data and creating
predictions using neural networks. These neural networks
are connected in a web/like structure like the networks in
the human brain. This web-like structure of artificial
neural networks means that they are able to process data
in a non-linear approach, which is a significant advantage
over traditional algorithms. One example of a deep neural
1
 network is RankBrain which is one of the factors in the
Google Search Algorithm.

3. Reinforcement learning-Reinforcement learning is a part

of Artificial Intelligence in which the machine learns
something in a way that is similar to how humans learn.
As an example, assume that the machine is a student.
Here the hipothetical student learns from its own
mistakes over time through trial and error. This means
that the algorithm decides the next action by learning
behaviours that are based on its current state and that
will maximise the reward in the future. A famous example
of Reinforcement Learning is Google’s alpha Go computer
Programme that was able to beat the world champion in
the game of Go in 2017.

4. Robotics-Robotics is a field that deals with creating

humanoid machines that can behave like humans and
perform some actions like human beings. Now, robots can
act like humans in certain situations but can they think
like humans as well? This is where artificial intelligence
comes in! Al allows robots to act intelligently in certain
situations. These robots may be able to solve problems in
a limited sphere or even learn in controlled environments.
An example of this is Kismet, which is a social interaction
robot developed at MIT’s Artificial Intelligence Lab. It
recognizes the human body language and also our voice
and interacts with human accordingly.

5. Natural Language Processing (NLP)- humans can converse

with each other using speech but now machines can too!

2
 This is known as Natural Language Processing where
machines analyze and understand language and speech as
it is spoken (Now if you talk to a machine it may just talk
back!). There are many subparts of NLP that deal with
language such as speech recognition, natural language
generation, natural language translation, etc. NLP is
currently extremely popular for customer support
applications, particularly the chatbot. These chatbots use
ML and NLP to interact with the users in textual form and
solve their queries. So you get the human touch in your
customer support interactions without ever directly
interacting with a human. Some of the most popular
examples of NLP applications are Alexa from Amazon and
Siri from Apple.

6. Recommender Systems-When we use Netflix, we get a

recommendation of movies and series based on your past
choices or genres we like. This is done by Recommender
Systems that provide you some guidance on what to
choose next among the vast choices available online. A
Recommender System can be based on Content-based
Recommendation or even Collaborative Filtering.
Content-Based Recommendation is done by analyzing the
content of all the items. For example, you can be
recommended books you might like based on a
description of the item and your own basic profile. On the
other hand, Collaborative Filtering is done by analyzing
the past reading behavior of people similar to you and
then recommending books based on that.

7. Computer Vision-The internet is full of images! This is the

3
 selfie age, where taking an image and sharing it has never
been easier. In fact, millions of images are uploaded and
viewed every day on the internet. To make the best use of
this huge amount of images online, it’s important that
computers can see and understand images. And while
humans can do this easily without a thought, it’s not so
easy for computers! This is where Computer Vision comes
in. Computer Vision uses Artificial Intelligence to extract
information from images. This information can be object
detection in the image, identification of image content to
group various images together, etc. An application of
computer vision is navigation for autonomous vehicles by
analyzing images of surroundings such as AutoNav used in
the Spirit and Opportunity rovers which landed on Mars.

8. Internet of Things-Artificial Intelligence deals with the

creation of systems that can learn to emulate human
tasks using their prior experience and without any manual
intervention. Internet of Things, on the other hand, is a
network of various devices that are connected over the
internet and they can collect and exchange data with each
other. Now, all these loT devices generate a lot of data
that needs to be collected and mined for actionable
results. This is where Artificial Intelligence comes into the
picture. Internet of Things is used to collect and handle
the huge amount of data that is required by the Artificial
Intelligence algorithms. In turn, these algorithms convert
the data into useful actionable results that can be
implemented by the loT devices.

4
There are many different application of Artificial intelligence

1. AI Application in E-Commerce-(Personalized Shopping)

Artificial Intelligence technology is used to create
recommendation engines through which you can engage better
with your customers. These recommendations are made in
accordance with their browsing history, preference, and
interests. It helps in improving your relationship with your c

2. AI Applications in Navigation- Based on research from MIT,

GPS technology can provide users with accurate, timely, and
detailed information to improve safety. The technology uses a
combination of Convolutional Neural Network and Graph
Neural Network, which makes lives easier for users by
automatically detecting the number of lanes and road types
behind obstructions on the roads. AI is heavily used by Uber
and many logistics companies to improve operational
efficiency, analyze road traffic, and optimize routes.

3. AI Applications in Robotics- Robotics is another field where

artificial intelligence applications are commonly used. Robots
powered by AI use real-time updates to sense obstacles in its
path and pre-plan its journey instantly. It can be used for -

⦁ Carrying goods in hospitals, factories, and warehouses

⦁ Cleaning offices and large equipment

⦁ Inventory management

5
4. AI Applications in Human Resource- Artificial Intelligence
helps with blind hiring. Using machine learning software, you
can examine applications based on specific parameters. AI drive
systems can scan job candidates' profiles, and resumes to
provide recruiters an understanding of the talent pool they
must choose from.

5. AI Applications in Healthcare- Artificial Intelligence finds

diverse applications in the healthcare sector. AI applications are
used in healthcare to build sophisticated machines that can
detect diseases and identify cancer cells. Artificial Intelligence
can help analyze chronic conditions with lab and other medical
data to ensure early diagnosis. AI uses the combination of
historical data and medical intelligence for the discovery of new
drugs.

6. AI Applications in Agriculture- Artificial Intelligence is used

to identify defects and nutrient deficiencies in the soil. This is
done using computer vision, robotics, and machine learning
applications, AI can analyze where weeds are growing. AI bots
can help to harvest crops at a higher volume and faster pace
than human laborers.

7. AI Applications in Gaming -Another sector where Artificial

Intelligence applications have found prominence is the gaming
sector. AI can be used to create smart, human-like NPCs to
interact with the players.It can also be used to predict human
behavior using which game design and testing can be improved.
The Alien Isolation games released in 2014 uses AI to stalk the
6
player throughout the game. The game uses two Artificial
Intelligence systems - ‘Director AI’ that frequently knows your
location and the ‘Alien AI,’ driven by sensors and behaviors that
continuously hunt the player.

8. AI Applications in Automobiles- Artificial Intelligence is used

to build self-driving vehicles. AI can be used along with the
vehicle’s camera, radar, cloud services, GPS, and control signals
to operate the vehicle. AI can improve the in-vehicle experience
and provide additional systems like emergency braking, blind-
spot monitoring, and driver-assist steering.

9. AI Applications in Social Media- For example, on Instagram,

AI considers your likes and the accounts you follow to
determine what posts you are shown on your explore tab.

10. AI Applications in Marketing- Artificial intelligence (AI)

applications are popular in the marketing domain as well. Using
AI, marketers can deliver highly targeted and personalized ads
with the help of behavioral analysis, pattern recognition, etc. It
also helps with retargeting audiences at the right time to
ensure better results and reduced feelings of distrust and
annoyance.

AI can help with content marketing in a way that matches the

brand's style and voice. It can be used to handle routine tasks
like performance, campaign reports, and much more.

Chatbots powered by AI, Natural Language Processing, Natural

Language Generation, and Natural Language Understanding can
analyze the user's language and respond in the ways humans
do.

7
AI can provide users with real-time personalizations based on
their behavior and can be used to edit and optimize marketing
campaigns to fit a local market's needs.