Athletics Learning Guide

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ATHLETICS LEARNING GUIDE

Contents course outline.

I. History of athletics
II. ATHLETICS CONTENT’S
 Track events
 Field events
 Cross country
 Road races
 Marathon events
Officiating
 Track judging
 Field events
Organizing an athletics meet.
 Venue selection
 Security
 Program
 Medulation
 Health
 Diet
Athletics governing bodies
 AK
 IAAF
 WADA
Entrepreneurship in Athletics
 Basic athletics
 Institutional athletics
 National athletics
 International athletics
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ATHLETICS

Athletics is a very wide area .It requires adequate time to cover its contents. For purposes of
distance education, we shall concentrate on track and field events contents. The practical element
shall be covered practically when the practical sessions are monitored.

COURSE MATERIALS

 In addition to this guide, you will receive athletics updated training manual. Make your
personal copy and use it adequately.
 The athletics video shall be received by your class reps. Get your copy and watch it
following the following guidelines:
 We also have the AK yearly book at the KTTTC library.
 In this learning guide, research assignments are marked with a
TOPIC 1
TRACK EVENTS
 These are events done on a lanes
 An international stadium like maharani in Kenya has 8 running lanes and one steeple
chase track
 In your school or colleges,you may mark any number of lanes
 Marking shall be done using prescribed colors which colors are these? Research and
give feedback.
 The width of the marking is also prescribed.
What is the width of the lane markings?
 Track events done on lanes include:
o 100 meters race
o 200 meters race
o 110 meters hurdles
o 100 meters hurdles
o 200 meters flat
o 400 meters
o 4*100 meters relay
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o 4*400 meters relay


All these track events are called sprint races.

Indicate the gender for each of the 8 events above.

 Among the track events, there are the staggered start races. These are races in which the
competitors do not start at the same point. They are:
o 200 meters
o 400 meters
o 4*100 meters relay
o 4*400 meters relay

The starting point for these races are called staggers, the purpose of the staggers is to
ensure that all athletes cover the same distance.

Relay races

 They are the 4*400 meters relay.

In 4*100 meters:

 There are 4 athletes per team


 Each athlete runs for 100 meters and exchanges the baton to the next.
 A team must have 4 athletes below for the team is disqualified
 The baton must exchange inside the exchange box
 The exchange must be done inside the team lanes
 The baton must be exchanged
 The baton must be carried by hand
 If a team exchanges the baton outside the exchange box, or gets into the other teams lane
and interferes with the other team, the whole team is disqualified.
 The team must finish the race with a baton
 There are four exchange boxes spread after 100 meters apart
4*400 Meters relay
 Each team must have 4 athletes
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 The exchange box is 10 meters long


 The exchange box is located at the finishing point for all track events
 The starting athlete must use the lane and exchange the baton inside the lane and
exchange the baton inside the lane.
NB: For better explanation these points shall be demonstrated practically.
Other races of the 4 *100 meters apply to this event
Methods of baton exchange
 Visual
 Non visual
NB: to be demonstrated practically

Rules governing the start and finish of track event (sprints)

 A draw for lanes must be done


 The running number must meet the competition requirements. The running number is the
most important part of athlete attire.
 At the on your mark command, all athletes must have one knee on the ground
 At the set command, the athlete must be motionless
 Athlete leave the starting blocks at the sound of the gun(bundied)
 If an athlete leaves the block before the sound of the gun, it’s a false start. The athlete is
shown a yellow flag(warning) plus all other athletes(meaning all are warned)
 If another athlete commits a false start often the first false start the athlete is disqualified
and must leave the arena(whether he/she caused the first false or not)
 The winner of the race is determined by the athlete whose Torso touches the finishing
tape(line) first
The winner position:
1. Gold
2. Silver
3. Bronze
 Electronic training must be used in all international competitions together with photo
finish
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 In local competitions, manual stop watch timing may be used. In this case, position 1, 2
and 3 must be timed by minimum of 2 persons.

Which time shall be recorded incase two hand timers record different times for the position
1(one)?

Methods of starting sprints (practical)

 Elongated
 Medium start
 Bunch start

MIDDLE AND LONG DISTANCE RACES.

The races include:

 800 meters $race


 1500 meters race
 3000 meters steeplechase
 5000 meters race
 10,000 meters race
 10,000 meters race walking(not walking race)

In all these races, the athlete does not use a lane but a track

 The starting point for each race is set such that the finishing point for all track races is the
same point as the sprint events.
 In the steeple chase race a track is curved inwards at the water jump area for entry to the
hurdle.

The full track for all track events:


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What are the dimensions of?

 The 110 and 100 meters hurdles lanes


 The 400 meter lanes
 The steeplechase pathway to water jump

HURDLE RACES

The hurdle races are:

 100 meters hurdle race


 110 meters “
 400 meter “
 3000 meters “
NB: refers to the training manual for hurdle specification table
OFFICIATING TRACK EVENTS

The following are the track officials

 Chief starter
 Assistant starter
 Marks man
 Competitors marshal
TRACK JUDGE
 Assistant judge (judges)
 Corner judges
 Lap scorer
 Clerk of the course
 Time keeper
 Recorder
OTHER OFFICIALS
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 Stewards
 Fatigue team
TRACK JUDGING EQUIPMENT/FACILITIES
 Gun
 Blanks
 Red flags
 Yellow flags
 White flag
 Note books
 Pen
 Stop watch, camera
 Electronic timer

Associate each of the above equipment/facility to the track officials who uses the
equipment/facility.

What are the duties of each of the officials?

Both questions and answer can be found in the athletics hand book and training manual please
read. Refer to any athletics web.

TRACK JUDGING RULES

 The judge’s decision is final


 Appeals against a judge’s decision should be channeled to the jury of peal for each
competition
 In local competitions, track judges pick finishing positions 1-8 for sprints.in international
competitions, all competitors are ranked up to the last finisher
 In race walking, the race judge notes the walking fault in the notebook and communicates
the same to the chief judge who disqualifies the athlete.

NB: To be done practically.

A (VIII) LOCATION OF JUDGES


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1. Where would you locate each of the judges during a sprint and during a middle or long race?

2. Using the athletics track here in, sketch your own track, and locate each of the officials’ except
the table officials

NB: the two questions and their answers shall be illustrated practically.

A (IX) RECORDING TRACK RESULTS

See a sample of school/college record for competitors at the PE office.

Any working hour

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

 Score sheet
 Computer
 Score table
 Recorder

FACILITIES

 Table’
 Chair
 Pens and notebook

Training Athletes For Track Events

 Hurdling technique
 Running and take off technique
 Breathing and technique
 Finishing technique
 Race walking practical technique

NB: All to be done practically.

TOPIC 2
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FIELD EVENTS

B (I) JUMPING EVENTS

 There are three jumping events: long jump, tripple jump, high jump, and pole vault.

NB: In physics and bio-mechanics, pole vault is not regarded as a jump. For purposes of their
topic, we shall treat it as a jump

Throwing events are:

 Javelined
 Short put
 Discus
 Hammer

B (2) OFFICIATING RULES FOR THE FIELD EVENTS

LONG JUMP

_______________________________

Islanding
Landing area _________Run way_______________________

Rules

 The competitor must run snide the run way


 The competitor must take off behind the takeoff board
 The competitor must take off with both feet
 The competitor must land inside the landing area
 The competitor must not walk back to the takeoff board after landing
 Measurement is done from the landing point nearest to the takeoff board
 The winner is determined by the longest jump
 In the international competitions-
o Each competitor is given 3 chances to attempt the jump at the qualifying
competition
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o The best 8 or 10 depending on the rules of the competition are allowed additional
3 jumps at the final competition
o The winner is determined by the longest jump whether it occurred in the
qualifying competition or in the final competition
 A fall is recorded as x while a successful jump, the distance is recorded
 A competitor who makes 3 fails in an analyzing competition is not graded or
ranked.
 If a tie occurs for position 1, the second best jump is considered to break the tie.
 The competitors are ranked as position 1 in local competitions.you may consider the
3rd,4th or 5th jumps to break the tie
 It is not a must for a competitor to take all the 3 or the 4 jumps

See the throwing and jumping card for recording the results of each attempt and tie break. Make
your copy; the cards are available at the P.E. office

TRIPPLE JUMP

_______________________________

Islanding
Landing area _________Run way_______________________

_take off board (hop board)

 The take -off for triple jump for men is 11.25 meters from the landing area while for
women its 8 meters from the landing area. These distances can be varied depending of the
competitor and the level of the competition.
 The hop(take off) is by one leg
 The competitor must hop step and jump. The hop and step must be done using one leg of
hop with right, step with left then jump.
 Make a copy of the scoring card.The card is available at the PE. Office.

HIGH JUMP AND POLE VAULT OFFICIATING RULES

 The starting height is determined before the starting of the competition


 A competitor who fails to clear the starting height is not ranked
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 Once the bar has been raised, it is not lowered (except in tie break where it may be raised
or lowered)
 At each height, a competitor is allowed to make a maximum of 3 attempts
 It’s not a must that the competitor takes the three attempts at one level; he may jump
once, fail, and wait for the bar to be raised at each level.
 A competitor who fails three attempts, at a certain level/height must leave the
competition
 A competitor fails of he takes-off with both feet
 A competitor fails if he lands behind the plane of the bar (goes under)
 A failure is marked as an X while a successful attempt is marked by a tick
(see the high jump and pole vault score cards)
 In pole vault, if the pole breaks during the attempt, the attempt is repeated
 A competitor fails if he dislodges the bar from the uprights
 In pole vault, if competitor rises with the pole and returns without making the attempt,
the attempt is recorded as a fail i.e. x

TIE BREAKING HIGH JUMP AND POLE VAULT.

If a tie occurs for position 1 in international competitions, the following procedure is


chronologically followed to break a tie

1. The competitor with the least total attempts, at the level in which the tie occurred is
declared the winner .if this does not break the tie,
2. The competitor with the least total number of attempts throughout the competition is
declared the winner. If this does not break the tie,
3. The competitor with the least number of attempts in whole competition whether
successful or unsuccessful is declared the winner.
4. If this does not break the tie, lower the bar by 1.15 centimetres.If this they all jump, raise
the bar till one of the competitors fails
5. In local competitions the same procedure should be followed.
METHODS OF CLEARING THE BAR IN HIGH JUMP
 The flop(most successful)
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 The western roll/straddle


 The scissor kick(kienyeji, uneconomical and leads to poor result)

NB: To be taught practically

DISCUSS SHOT PUT, JAVELIN AND HAMMER

COMMON OFFICIAL RULES

HAMMER $ DISCUS THROWING SECTOR,

Mid-point Landing area

protection cage

SHOT PUT THROWING SECTOR

L LANDING AREA

Mid-point

DIAMETRIC

JAVELIN SECTOR

LANDNG AREA

Running way mid-point


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SCRATCH LINE

1. What is the angle of the sector marked?


2. How long is the runway in javelin sector
3. Separate the hammer and discuss sectors. Draw each separately and indicate the sector
markings and scratch lines

OFFICIATING RULES

 In all the throws, each participant is allowed 3 attempts at the qualifying competition and
a further 3 attempts at the final competition(see rhea long jump rules for herein for more
explanation)
 It is not a must that the competitor takes all the attempts
 The winner is determined by the longest throw
 If a tie occurs for position 1,refer to the long jump rules for tie break
 An attempt is recorded as X if it’s a failure while the distance is recorded when the
attempt is successful
 In all the throws, the implement must land inside the marked sector
 The competitor must not go behind the scratch line during the attempts
 After the attempt, the competitor must not leave from the front of the sector but from the
rear
 In short put, if the competitor jumps when releasing the implement, he must land before
the implement lands
 Measurements are recorded in meters

in javelin, the following additional rules:

 If the javelin breaks while in the air the attempt is repeated


 The javelin must land head fist
(it is immaterial whether it makes a mark or not)
 The javelin should not land with the tail
 The javelin must be held at the neck during the throw
WEIGHTS OF IMPLEMENTS
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 Shot put men 8kg


 Shot put women 4kg
 Javelin men 800 grams
 Javelin women 600 grams
 Hammer men 8kg
 Hammer women 4kg
 Discus men 2kg
 Discus women 1kg

NB: these weights can be varied depending on the wage of the participants and the level of
competition.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

It is important for the teacher to make these implements for use by young athletes. Schools spend
a lot of money in buying these implements. None of these implements cost less than 2000ksh
multiply by 10,000 public schools=2 million shillings for one item only.is this not employment?
this money goes to one shop in Nairobi, please think, and act.

PRACTICALS

THROWING METHODS

SHOT PUT

 Rotational method
 Obrian style-most successful
 Standing(kienyeji/most unsuccessful

DISCUS

 Rotational method-most successful


 Standing(kienyeji method-most unsuccessful

JAVELIN
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 Conventional

HAMMER

 Rotational –most successful


 Standing-most unsuccessful

RECORDING THROWS

See the throwing and jumping for distance cards available from the PE department office.

Make your copy

Carry the copy to your schools also

The field judge must sign the card

The chief field judge must approve the results in each card and also sign

The signed cards are then presented to the recording table for tallying of records.

ATHLETICS EXAMINATION

Athletics Kenya conducts track and field events certification courses

KTTC offers the course in conjunction with athletics Kenya

Should you wish to do the course register, we must have a minimum of 20 trainees to mount
the course

Athletics is also refried to as sport science level 4 for level 4 sports and games
teachers/coaches

KTTC offers the course. The minimum number of trainees is 20.the course is offered as a
modular course and regular course

PE EXAMS
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For athletics and module 4, written exams

The following points of emphasis should guide for revision.

 Athletics track markings and measurements


 Track events
 Officiating
 Field events sectors and officiating
 Marshaling, marksman and other official functions
 Colors and their use in athletics

RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT (For your revision and reading only)

What are the functions of?

 WADA
 AK
 IAAF

PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

When you report to college, you will go through practical sessions. You will then be

examined.

Practically in each of the track and field event the practical assessment is out of 100

marks. Practice athletics before you report to college.

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUG AND ATHELETICS


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Kenya was known as the home of clean athletics, we were respected by the world over

for our prowess in athletics specifically in 10,000 meters, 5000 meters, 3000 meters steeple

chase race, 1500 meter flat and some 800 meter race.

This image is slowly being eroded by the many Kenyan athletes who have been found to

have used performance enhancing drugs. To date over 12 professional athletes have been banned

from international sports due to abuse of performance enhancing drugs.

Today when a Kenyan wins race you don’t know whether to cheer or to mourn. You do

not know whether it is a clean win. As teachers we have a duty to teach that clean hard work

pays. The health consequences are terrible when one uses these drugs. In some countries it is a

criminal offense punishable by imprisonment. Teach children and student to work for glory and

not to buy glory.

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