Athletics Learning Guide
Athletics Learning Guide
Athletics Learning Guide
I. History of athletics
II. ATHLETICS CONTENT’S
Track events
Field events
Cross country
Road races
Marathon events
Officiating
Track judging
Field events
Organizing an athletics meet.
Venue selection
Security
Program
Medulation
Health
Diet
Athletics governing bodies
AK
IAAF
WADA
Entrepreneurship in Athletics
Basic athletics
Institutional athletics
National athletics
International athletics
2
ATHLETICS
Athletics is a very wide area .It requires adequate time to cover its contents. For purposes of
distance education, we shall concentrate on track and field events contents. The practical element
shall be covered practically when the practical sessions are monitored.
COURSE MATERIALS
In addition to this guide, you will receive athletics updated training manual. Make your
personal copy and use it adequately.
The athletics video shall be received by your class reps. Get your copy and watch it
following the following guidelines:
We also have the AK yearly book at the KTTTC library.
In this learning guide, research assignments are marked with a
TOPIC 1
TRACK EVENTS
These are events done on a lanes
An international stadium like maharani in Kenya has 8 running lanes and one steeple
chase track
In your school or colleges,you may mark any number of lanes
Marking shall be done using prescribed colors which colors are these? Research and
give feedback.
The width of the marking is also prescribed.
What is the width of the lane markings?
Track events done on lanes include:
o 100 meters race
o 200 meters race
o 110 meters hurdles
o 100 meters hurdles
o 200 meters flat
o 400 meters
o 4*100 meters relay
3
Among the track events, there are the staggered start races. These are races in which the
competitors do not start at the same point. They are:
o 200 meters
o 400 meters
o 4*100 meters relay
o 4*400 meters relay
The starting point for these races are called staggers, the purpose of the staggers is to
ensure that all athletes cover the same distance.
Relay races
In 4*100 meters:
In local competitions, manual stop watch timing may be used. In this case, position 1, 2
and 3 must be timed by minimum of 2 persons.
Which time shall be recorded incase two hand timers record different times for the position
1(one)?
Elongated
Medium start
Bunch start
In all these races, the athlete does not use a lane but a track
The starting point for each race is set such that the finishing point for all track races is the
same point as the sprint events.
In the steeple chase race a track is curved inwards at the water jump area for entry to the
hurdle.
HURDLE RACES
Chief starter
Assistant starter
Marks man
Competitors marshal
TRACK JUDGE
Assistant judge (judges)
Corner judges
Lap scorer
Clerk of the course
Time keeper
Recorder
OTHER OFFICIALS
7
Stewards
Fatigue team
TRACK JUDGING EQUIPMENT/FACILITIES
Gun
Blanks
Red flags
Yellow flags
White flag
Note books
Pen
Stop watch, camera
Electronic timer
Associate each of the above equipment/facility to the track officials who uses the
equipment/facility.
Both questions and answer can be found in the athletics hand book and training manual please
read. Refer to any athletics web.
1. Where would you locate each of the judges during a sprint and during a middle or long race?
2. Using the athletics track here in, sketch your own track, and locate each of the officials’ except
the table officials
NB: the two questions and their answers shall be illustrated practically.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Score sheet
Computer
Score table
Recorder
FACILITIES
Table’
Chair
Pens and notebook
Hurdling technique
Running and take off technique
Breathing and technique
Finishing technique
Race walking practical technique
TOPIC 2
9
FIELD EVENTS
There are three jumping events: long jump, tripple jump, high jump, and pole vault.
NB: In physics and bio-mechanics, pole vault is not regarded as a jump. For purposes of their
topic, we shall treat it as a jump
Javelined
Short put
Discus
Hammer
LONG JUMP
_______________________________
Islanding
Landing area _________Run way_______________________
Rules
o The best 8 or 10 depending on the rules of the competition are allowed additional
3 jumps at the final competition
o The winner is determined by the longest jump whether it occurred in the
qualifying competition or in the final competition
A fall is recorded as x while a successful jump, the distance is recorded
A competitor who makes 3 fails in an analyzing competition is not graded or
ranked.
If a tie occurs for position 1, the second best jump is considered to break the tie.
The competitors are ranked as position 1 in local competitions.you may consider the
3rd,4th or 5th jumps to break the tie
It is not a must for a competitor to take all the 3 or the 4 jumps
See the throwing and jumping card for recording the results of each attempt and tie break. Make
your copy; the cards are available at the P.E. office
TRIPPLE JUMP
_______________________________
Islanding
Landing area _________Run way_______________________
The take -off for triple jump for men is 11.25 meters from the landing area while for
women its 8 meters from the landing area. These distances can be varied depending of the
competitor and the level of the competition.
The hop(take off) is by one leg
The competitor must hop step and jump. The hop and step must be done using one leg of
hop with right, step with left then jump.
Make a copy of the scoring card.The card is available at the PE. Office.
Once the bar has been raised, it is not lowered (except in tie break where it may be raised
or lowered)
At each height, a competitor is allowed to make a maximum of 3 attempts
It’s not a must that the competitor takes the three attempts at one level; he may jump
once, fail, and wait for the bar to be raised at each level.
A competitor who fails three attempts, at a certain level/height must leave the
competition
A competitor fails of he takes-off with both feet
A competitor fails if he lands behind the plane of the bar (goes under)
A failure is marked as an X while a successful attempt is marked by a tick
(see the high jump and pole vault score cards)
In pole vault, if the pole breaks during the attempt, the attempt is repeated
A competitor fails if he dislodges the bar from the uprights
In pole vault, if competitor rises with the pole and returns without making the attempt,
the attempt is recorded as a fail i.e. x
1. The competitor with the least total attempts, at the level in which the tie occurred is
declared the winner .if this does not break the tie,
2. The competitor with the least total number of attempts throughout the competition is
declared the winner. If this does not break the tie,
3. The competitor with the least number of attempts in whole competition whether
successful or unsuccessful is declared the winner.
4. If this does not break the tie, lower the bar by 1.15 centimetres.If this they all jump, raise
the bar till one of the competitors fails
5. In local competitions the same procedure should be followed.
METHODS OF CLEARING THE BAR IN HIGH JUMP
The flop(most successful)
12
protection cage
L LANDING AREA
Mid-point
DIAMETRIC
JAVELIN SECTOR
LANDNG AREA
SCRATCH LINE
OFFICIATING RULES
In all the throws, each participant is allowed 3 attempts at the qualifying competition and
a further 3 attempts at the final competition(see rhea long jump rules for herein for more
explanation)
It is not a must that the competitor takes all the attempts
The winner is determined by the longest throw
If a tie occurs for position 1,refer to the long jump rules for tie break
An attempt is recorded as X if it’s a failure while the distance is recorded when the
attempt is successful
In all the throws, the implement must land inside the marked sector
The competitor must not go behind the scratch line during the attempts
After the attempt, the competitor must not leave from the front of the sector but from the
rear
In short put, if the competitor jumps when releasing the implement, he must land before
the implement lands
Measurements are recorded in meters
NB: these weights can be varied depending on the wage of the participants and the level of
competition.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
It is important for the teacher to make these implements for use by young athletes. Schools spend
a lot of money in buying these implements. None of these implements cost less than 2000ksh
multiply by 10,000 public schools=2 million shillings for one item only.is this not employment?
this money goes to one shop in Nairobi, please think, and act.
PRACTICALS
THROWING METHODS
SHOT PUT
Rotational method
Obrian style-most successful
Standing(kienyeji/most unsuccessful
DISCUS
JAVELIN
15
Conventional
HAMMER
RECORDING THROWS
See the throwing and jumping for distance cards available from the PE department office.
The chief field judge must approve the results in each card and also sign
The signed cards are then presented to the recording table for tallying of records.
ATHLETICS EXAMINATION
Should you wish to do the course register, we must have a minimum of 20 trainees to mount
the course
Athletics is also refried to as sport science level 4 for level 4 sports and games
teachers/coaches
KTTC offers the course. The minimum number of trainees is 20.the course is offered as a
modular course and regular course
PE EXAMS
16
WADA
AK
IAAF
PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
When you report to college, you will go through practical sessions. You will then be
examined.
Practically in each of the track and field event the practical assessment is out of 100
Kenya was known as the home of clean athletics, we were respected by the world over
for our prowess in athletics specifically in 10,000 meters, 5000 meters, 3000 meters steeple
chase race, 1500 meter flat and some 800 meter race.
This image is slowly being eroded by the many Kenyan athletes who have been found to
have used performance enhancing drugs. To date over 12 professional athletes have been banned
Today when a Kenyan wins race you don’t know whether to cheer or to mourn. You do
not know whether it is a clean win. As teachers we have a duty to teach that clean hard work
pays. The health consequences are terrible when one uses these drugs. In some countries it is a
criminal offense punishable by imprisonment. Teach children and student to work for glory and