Analytic Geometry: Dinah Fe T. Olitan Instructor I College of Engineering and Technology Civil Engineering Program
Analytic Geometry: Dinah Fe T. Olitan Instructor I College of Engineering and Technology Civil Engineering Program
Analytic Geometry: Dinah Fe T. Olitan Instructor I College of Engineering and Technology Civil Engineering Program
Module
Dinah Fe T. Olitan
Instructor I
2020
VISION
A provide of relevant and quality education to a
society where citizens are competent, skilled,
dignified and community- oriented.
MISSION
An academic institution providing technological,
professional, research and extension programs to
form principled men and women of competencies
and skills responsive to local and global
development needs.
QUALITY POLICY
Northwest Samar State University commits to
provide quality outcomes-based education,
research, extension and production through
continual improvement of all its programs, thereby
producing world class professionals.
CORE VALUES
Resilience. Integrity. Service. Excellence.
Module 4
Module Title: The Conic Sections
Module Description: This module covers the preliminary concepts of a particular type of
shape formed by the intersection of a plane and a right circular cone. Depending on the angle
between the plane and the cone, four different intersection shapes can be formed. The types
of conic sections are circles, ellipses, hyperbolas, and parabolas.
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Purpose of the Module:
This module let the students learn to calculate surface area and volume of many
objects that are composed of curves. In addition, conic sections are useful in artistic and
architectural pursuits.
Module Guide:
Each lesson in the module begins with a pre-test to test the awareness of the students
either of the lesson itself or of the previous lesson/s needed to understand the current lesson.
It is then followed by a discussion, a set of exercises wherein answers are provided in the
“Let’s Check” portion of the module and finally with a post-test.
Link to videos and/ or other reading materials are also given to reinforce the learnings
for each lesson presented.
Module Outcomes:
1. Set up equations given enough properties of lines.
2. Draw the graph of the given equation of the lines.
Module Requirements:
At the end of this module, the students will submit the following:
Learning Plan
Lesson No: 1
Let’s HitGeometry
B4: Analytic These:
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
▪ Define conic sections
▪ Describe various types of conic sections
Page 3 of 52
Let’s Get Started:
At a celebration of one of Shmoop's favorite subjects (let’s face it; they’re all our
favorite and we just like a celebration), one of our monkey interns got a hold of the cake
knife and went all ninja on the party hats, slicing them at various angles. Everyone was upset
until someone pointed out that the monkey had just formed four conic sections out of the
party hats. Party hats are shaped like cones, just like ice cream cones. Picture these whenever
we’re talking about conic sections. Why? Because we really like parties and ice cream. Also
because the conic sections are formed by drawing a line straight through some cones.
Let’s Read:
A circle is revealed if we slice straight across a cone. If the slice is taken parallel to
one of the sloping sides of the cone, then we get a parabola. We would remember this curve
from algebra, but we've blocked that out of our memory. It was a hard time for us. Any cut
made with an angle less than the parabola, but more than the circle, will produce an elongated
shape called an ellipse. Finally, some slices like the cone so much that they cut it twice,
resulting in a hyperbola. They look like two separate curves, but they belong to the same
shape. Everyone immediately recognized the brilliant improvement the monkey had made to
the party hats in making them represent one of the greatest geometric marvels in
mathematics, conic sections. We all agreed that was one smart monkey.
Learning Plan
Lesson No: 2
Page 4 of 52
A circle is the locus of a point which moves at a distance from a fixed point called its
center. The constant distance of any point from the center is called the radius. A circle is
the set of all points that are an equal distance (radius) from a given point (center). In other
words, every point on the circumference of a circle is equidistant from its center. The
radius of a circle is the distance from the center of a circle to any point on the
circumference. A diameter of a circle is any line passing through the center of the circle
which connects two points on the circle. The diameter is also the name given to the
maximum distance between two points on a circle.
Let’s Read:
Let P (x, y) be any point on the circle, C (h, k) the center and the radius (Figure 4.1).
By definition,
PC = r
This is the standard equation of a circle of radius r whose center is at C (h, k).
Figure 4.1
If the center is at the origin, then h = k = 0 and the equation of the circle becomes
x2 + y2 = r2(3)
General Equation
The general equation of second degree is of the form
This is the general equation of the circle for it can be shown that this equation can be
reduced to formula (2) by dividing through by A and then completing squares in x and y. If
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after completing squares in x and y, the right-hand member of the equation is zero, the locus
is a point; if negative, there is no locus.
D E F
x 2+ y 2+ x + y + =0
A A A
or
x 2+ y 2+ ⅆx+ ⅇy +f =0 (5)
Example 2.1 Reduce to standard form and draw the circle whose equation is
4 x2 + 4 y 2−20 x +4 y −55=0
Solution:
Divide through by 4.
55
x 2+ y 2−5 x+ y − =0
4
55
x 2+ y 2−5 x+ y =
4
5 2 1 2 9 2
( ) ( ) ()
x−
2
+ y− =
2 2
Ans .
5 1 9
The center is ate C( ,− ) and the radius r is (Figure 4.2)
2 2 2
B4: Analytic Geometry
Page 6 of 52
Figure 4.2
Example 2.2 Find the equation of a circle with center at (-4, 2) and tangent to the line
2x – y + 2 = 0
Solution:
Figure 4.3
The radius of the circle is equal to the distance of the center C (-4, 2) from the line
2x - y + 2 = 0 Applying formula (1), we obtain the radius
2 (−4 )−( 2 ) +2
r=
− √❑
B4: Analytic Geometry
The equation of the circle is
❑
( x + 4 )2 + ( y – 2 )2 = 8 √ ❑
( )
❑
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64
x2 + 8x + 16 + y2 – 4y + 4 =
5
Example 2.3 Find the equation of. a circle with the points (6.-1) and (-2, 3) as the ends
of a diameter.
Solution:
Figure 4.4
1
Applying formula x m= ( x 1 + x 2) , we obtain the coordinates of the center of the circle
2
to be
1
xc = 2 (6 – 2) = 2
1
yc = 2 (-1 + 3) = 1
Using the distance formula, we obtain the length of the radius CA.
Three Conditions Determine a Circle. From the preceding article, we found the general
equation of the circle to be x² + y² + dx + ey + f = 0 There are three essential constants in this
equation. To solve for d, e and f. we must have three linear equations in three unknowns. If
we substitute the coordinates of three points in formula (5), we would obtain three
equations in three unknowns. It follows that a circle is determined by three distinct points
not in a straight line. It can be shown that when the points are in a straight line the resulting
system of linear equations is not consistent.
Example 2.3 Find the equation of the circle passing through P₁ (-3, 6), P₂ (-5, 2) and
P3 (3, -6).
x2 + y2 – 4x – 2y – 45 = 0
√❑ = √❑
x +2 y =4 (1)
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously, we obtain x = 2 and y = 1. Thus the center of the
circle is at C (2, 1). Radius = CP1 = √ ❑ = 5 √ ❑
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The equation of the circle by formula (2) is
❑
(x – 2)2 + (y – 1)2 =( 5 √ ❑ )
x2 + y2 – 4x – 2y – 45 = 0 (Check)
Figure 4.5
Example 2.3 Find the equation of the circle tangent to 3x + 4y - 15 = 0 at P 1 (1, 3) and
passing through P₂ (6, 3) and P3 (0, 5).
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Figure 4.6
4x - 3y = 4(1) – 3 (3)
4x - 3y = - 5 (1)
The center of the circle will also lie on the locus of points equidistant from P 2
(6, 3) and P3 (0, 5). By formula (1),
√❑ = √❑
3 x− y=5 (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously, we obtain x = 4 and y=7. The
center of the circle is at C (4, 7). The radius is
CP2 = √ ❑ = 2 √ ❑
x2 + y2 – 8x – 14y + 45 = 0 Ans.
ExampleGeometry
B4: Analytic 2.4 Find the equation of the circle passing through (7, 5) and (3,7) and with center
on x - 3y + 3 = 0
Solution:
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Figure 4.7
The center of the circle will lie on the locus of points equidistant from A (7, 5) and B (3, 7).
√❑ = √❑
2x – y = 4
The point of intersection of this line with that of the given line
x – 3y + 3 = 0
is the center of the required circle. Solving the two equations simultaneously, we obtain the
center of the circle to be at C (3, 2).
The radius is CA = √ ❑ = 5
x2 + y2 – 6x –4y + 12 = 0 Ans.
Exercise 4.1
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1. Find the equation of the circle with center (-1, 7) and tangent to the line
3x – 4y + 6 = 0.
2. Find the equation of the circle with center at (-4, -5) and tangent to the line
2x + 7y – 10 = 0.
3. Find the equation of the circle through (-2,1), (4, -3) and (4, 7).
4. What is the equation of a circle passing through (6, 2) and tangent to the line x – 4y
– 15 = 0 at (3, -3)
5. Give the equation of a circle tangent to the line 3x + y -2 = 0 at (-1, 5) and with
radius equal to √ ❑.
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Lesson Title: The Parabola
Let’s Read:
Conic Sections. If a plane is made to cut a right circular cone, the section obtained is
called a conic section, or simply a conic.
The shape of the conic will depend on the position of the cutting plane. If the plane is
parallel to the base of the cone, we have a circle (Figure 4.8).
Figure 4.8
B4: AnalyticIfGeometry
the cutting plane is parallel to a plane tangent to the cone, (Figure 4.9), the section
is called a parabola.
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Figure 4.9
If the cutting plane is not parallel to a plane tangent to the cone, (Figure 4.10), the
section os called an ellipse.
Figure 4.10
A right circular cone is actually the surface generated by an oblique line, rotated
about a vertical axis at the point of intersection V (Figure 4.11). The surface has two nappes
or shapes joined at V. If the cutting plane intersects both nappes, the conic section is called
a hyperbola.
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Other exceptional types of conic sections called degenerate conics are the point-
ellipse, two coincident lines and two intersecting lines. These are obtained when the
cutting plane passes through the vertex V.
Definitions. We shall study the parabola, the ellipse and the hyperbola by analytical
methods. Analytically, a conic section is defined as the path of a point which moves so that
its distance from a fixed point called the focus is in a constant ratio to its distance from a
fixed line called the directrix. The constant ratio is called eccentricity.
In figure 4.12, let d be the directrix¸ F the focus, P a point on the conic and e the
eccentricity. From the definition of a conic,
Figure 4.12
FP
=e
SP
FP=e ∙ SP (6)
The line through F parallel to the directrix intersecting the curve at R1 and R2 is called
the latus-rectum. The line through F perpendicular to the directrix is called the axis of the
conic and the point where this line intersects the conic is called the vertex. Conic sections
are classified according to the value of e.
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The circle may therefore be considered as a special case of the ellipse.
The Parabola. The parabola is the conic section whose eccentricity is 1. In other
words, it is the locus of points which are equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed line.
We shall now derive the equation of the parabola. Let us denote the undirected
distance from the vertex to the focus by the letter p. p will always be considered as positive.
Consider the vertex of the parabola to be at the origin and the focus at (p, 0), (Figure 4.13).
Figure 4.13
The x-axis will be the axis of the parabola and the line x = - p will be the directrix.
Take a point P (X, Y) on the parabola. By definition,
FP = SP
√❑
y2 = 4px (7)
This is the standard equation of a parabola with vertex t the origin, axis on the x-axis, focus
at (p, 0), directrix at x = -p and opening to the right. When x = p in formula (7), y = 2p. The
length of the latus rectum is therefore equal to 4p.
If the curve (Figure 4.14) opens to the left, focus is at (-p, 0), directrix at x = p, vertex
at O and axis on the x-axis, the equation of the parabola is
In like manner, the parabola (Figure 4.15) whose vertex is at O, axis on the y-axis,
focus at (0, p), directrix y = -p and opening upward has the equation
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x 2=4 py (9)
The parabola (Figure 4.16), whose vertex is O, axis on the y-axis, focus at (0, -p),
directrix y = p and opening downward has the equation
x 2=−4 py (10)
Parabola with Vertex at (h, k). Take a parabola whose vertex is at (h, k), whose axis
is parallel to the x-axis and which is opening to the right (4.17). Let us insert new axes U and
W through the vertex as shown. By formula (6), the equation of the parabola with respect to
the u – w axes is
w 2=4 pu (1)
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x = u + h or u = x – h
y = w + k or w = y – k
This is the standard equation of a parabola whose axis is parallel to the x-axis, opening to
the right and whose vertex is at (h, k).
In like manner, the parabola (Figure 4.18) whose axis is parallel to the x-axis, opening
to the left and whose vertex is at (h, k) has the equation
Figure 4.18
The parabola (Figure 4.19) whose axis is parallel to the y-axis vertex at (h, k) and
opening upward has the equation
( x−h)2=4 p( y −k ) (13)
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Figure 4.19
The parabola (Figure 4.20) whose axis is parallel to the y-axis, vertex at (h, k) and
opening downward has the equation
( x−h)2=−4 p( y −k ) (14)
Figure 4.20
Formulas (7) to (14) are the eight standard equations of the parabola. It may be noted,
however, that when h and k are equal to zero in formula (11), the equation becomes
formula (7). In like manner, formulas (8) to (10) may also be obtained from formulas (12) to
(14). Strictly speaking therefore, there are only four standard equations of the parabola, i.e.,
formulas (11) to (14).
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Example 3.1 Locate the vertex, the focus and ends of the latus rectum and find the
equation
of the directrix, then draw the parabola whose equation is x2 = 16y.
Solution:
This parabola is of type (9). Its axis is the y-axis, vertex is at O and opens upward.
The focus is at F(0, 4), ends of latus rectum are at R1 (8, 4) and R2 (-8, 4) and the
equation of the directrix is y = -4.
Figure 4.21
Example 3.2 Locate the vertex, the focus and ends of the latus rectum, find the equation of
the directrix, then draw the parabola whose equation is (y – 2)2 = -8 (x – 1).
Solution:
The parabola is of type (32), Its vertex is at V(1, 2), opens to the left and its axis is
parallel to the x-axis. Plot the vertex, then draw the axis of the parabola through this point
parallel to the x-axis. With V(1, 2) as reference point, the coordinates of the focus and the
equation of the directrix are obtained.
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y-coordinate of R1 = 2 + 4 = 6. R1 (-1, 6)
y-coordinate of R2 = 2 – 4 = -2. R2 (1, 2)
Figure 4.22
Example 3.3 Find the equation and draw the general appearance of the parabola with
vertex
at (-1, 4) and y = 5 as directix.
Solution:
Comparing the equation of the directrix with the ordinate of the vertex, it is
evident that the directrix is above the vertex, therefore, the parabola opens downward and
is of the type
( x−h)2=−4 p( y −k )
The distance p from the vertex to the directrix is equal to (5 – 4) or 1, the length 4p of
the latus rectum is 4 and h and k are -1 and 4 respectively.
( x−−1)2=−4( y−4 )
x2 + 2x + 4y – 15 = 0
Figure 4.23
Page 22 of 52
General Forms of the Parabola. Consider an equation of the second degree in which
2
the x and xy terms are missing. Such an equation would be of the form.
Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Divide through by C.
D E F
y2 + x+ y + =0
C C C
D E F
Let d = C , e = C and f = C
y2 + dx + ey + f = 0
Transpose the x and constant terms to the right, complete squares and simplify,
y 2 +ⅇy=−ⅆx−f
2 ⅇ2 ⅇ2
y +ⅇy + =−ⅆx−f +
4 4
ⅇ 2 ⅇ2
( 2
y +
2) [ ( )]
1
=−d x + f −
d 4
This equation is the form (11) or (12). We have therefore shown that
Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (15)
Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (16)
can be reduced to formula (13) or (14) and is therefore the general equation of a
parabola whose axis is parallel to the y-axis.
Example 3.3 Reduce 8 y 2 +64 x−32 y +63=0 to standard form, then draw the curve.
B4: Analytic Geometry
Solution:
Divide through by 8 and transpose the y and constant terms to the right.
Page 23 of 52
63
x 2+ 8 x=4 y −
8
Complete squares,
63
x 2+ 8 x+16=4 y− +16
8
65
( x +4 )2 =4 y +
8
65
( x +4 )2 =4 ( y + )
32
65
This is of type (33). The vertex is at (-4, ), axis parallel to the y-axis and
32
opening upward.
4p = 4 length of the latus rectum.
p = 1 distance from the vertex to the focus and from the vertex to
the directrix.
±2p = ±2 distance from the focus to the ends of the latus rectum.
−33
x-coordinate of R1 = -4 + 2 = -2. R1 (-2, )
32
−33
x-coordinate of R2 = -4 – 2 = -6. R2 (-6, )
32
−65 −97
Equation of directrix is y= or y=
32 32
Page 24 of 52
Figure 4.24
Example 3.3 Find the equation of a parabola with axis parallel to the y-axis and passing
3
through (-1, ), (1, 0) and (-3, -1).
2
Solution:
Page 25 of 52
Figure 4.25
Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
D E F
x 2+ x + y + =0
A A A
x2 + dx + ey + f = 0 (a)
Substituting the coordinates of the given points in (a), we obtain the following
equations:
-2d + 3e + 2f = -2 (1)
d + f = -1 (2)
-3d - e + f = -9 (3)
3
Solving the three equations simultaneously, we obtain d =
2
,
−5
f = and e = 2.
2
3 5
x 2+ x+2 y− =0
2 2
B4: Analytic Geometry
2 x2 +3 x +4 y−5=0 Ans.
Page 26 of 52
Alternate Solution: From the positions of the given points and with the condition that
the axis is parallel to the y-axis, the parabola has to be of type
( x−h)2=−4 p( y −k ) (14)
3
(−1−h)2=−4 p ( −k )
2
(−3−h)2=−4 p(−1−k )
1 −3 49
Solving these equations simultaneously, we obtain p =
2
, h=
4
and k =
32
,
which when substituted in (14) will give the equation the required parabola.
Let’s Do This:
Exercise 4.2
1. Find the equation of the parabola with vertex at (-3, 2) and focus at (0, 2).
2. Find the equation of a parabola through ( −154 ,2) and ( 0 ,−1 ) whose axis is parallel
to the x-axis and latus rectum equal to 4.
3. Find the equation of a parabola passing through (3, 1) whose vertex is at (6, 0) and
whose axis is parallel to the y-axis.
4. Find the equation of a parabola with axis parallel to the y-axis and passing through
1 −5 3 −9 −7 3
(2 2
, ,)( ,
2 4 ) (
and
2
,− .
2)
5. Find the equation of a parabola with vertex on the line y = 2x, axis parallel to the x-
3
( )
axis and passing through , 1 and (3, 4).
2
Learning Plan
B4: Analytic Geometry
Lesson No: 4
Page 27 of 52
Let’s Hit These:
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
▪ Find the equation of the ellipse with vertex at the origin.
▪ Graph the ellipse with vertex at the origin.
▪ Solve problems regarding ellipse, finding the vertices, eccentricity and length
of the latus rectum.
The ellipse is a conic whose eccentricity is less than 1; that is, if P is any point on the
ellipse,
P F2
=ⅇ <1
P D1
Figure 4.26
The line segment V1V2 is called the major axis; V2V4 is called the minor axis. The
lengths of these axes are usually denoted by 2a and 2b respectively. Note that the major
axis of the ellipse contains the two foci, and is always greater than the minor axis. Among
B4: Analytic Geometry
the important properties of the ellipse which will be established later are the following:
1. The ellipse is a closed curve and is symmetrical with respect to both its axes.
Page 28 of 52
2. The sum of the focal distances of any point on the ellipse is constant and equal to
the length of the major axis: PF1 + PF2 = 2a.
3. As a corollary to the preceding property, we see that the distance from a focus to
a vertex at one end of the minor axis is equal to half the length of the major axis: F 2 V2 = a.
4. The distances from the center to a focus and to a directrix are respectively ae and
a
.
e
2b 2
5. The length of a latus rectum is .
a
Equation of the Ellipse with Its Axes Coinciding with the Coordinate Axes. Let the
center be at O and the major axis coincide with OX so that OV1 = a. Also let the distance
from O to F1 and D1 D1’ be respectively u = v. For any point P(x, y) of the ellipse, we have by
definition,
d1
=ⅇ or d 1=ⅇ d 2
d2
a
u=ae and v=
e
√❑
x 2 ( 1−ⅇ 2) + y 2 = a 2 ( 1−ⅇ2 )
Page 29 of 52
Figure 4.27
x2 y2
+ =1 (4)
a2 a2 ( 1−ⅇ 2 )
b 2 = a 2 ( 1−ⅇ2 ) (5)
x2 y 2
+ =1 (17)
a2 b 2
Since e < 1, b2 > 0 and b is real. In the next article, b is shown to be semi-minor axis;
that is, half the minor axis.
Eq. (17) is the standard form of the equation of the ellipse with major and minor
axes coinciding respectively with OX and OY (and of course, with center at O). By a similar
procedure which is left as an exercise for the student, one finds that the standard equation
of the ellipse with major and minor axes coinciding respectively with OY and OX is
x2 y 2
+ =1 (18)
b2 a 2
Hence, the major axis of an ellipse is always greater that its minor axis.
Page 30 of 52
x2 y 2
Tracing the Curve 2 + 2 =1 . Many properties of the ellipse are discovered in the
b a
process of tracing its equation.
Symmetry. If we replace y by -y, the equation does not change. The curve is
therefore symmetrical with respect to OX. Likewise, replacing x by -x does not change the
equation so that the curve is symmetrical about OY. Finally, simultaneous replacement of x
and y by -x and -y does not change the equation so that the curve is symmetrical with
respect to O. We conclude that the ellipse is symmetrical with respect to both its major and
minor axes and, of course, with respect to its center.
b
y=± √❑
a
when x < -a or x >a, y becomes imaginary. Hence, no part of the curve lies to the left of the
line x = -a, or to the right of the line x = a. Solving for x,
Figure 4.28
when y <Geometry
B4: Analytic -b or y > b, x becomes imaginary; no part of the curve lies below the line y = -b or
above the line y = b. We see that the curve lies entirely inside the rectangle formed by the
lines x = ± a and y = ± b.
Page 31 of 52
Ends of the latera recta. In addition to the four vertices, four more points may be
plotted to give a total of eight points through which to draw a smooth curve. It is best to
choose the ends of the latera recta for this purpose. The focus lies at a distance of aⅇ=√❑
from the center. An easy way to locate the two foci is to strike arcs, of radius a and center at
b2
V2, cutting the major axis at F1, and F₂. Whenx=√❑ y= ; hence, the coordinates of P₁ are
a
¿ P2, P3, and P4 may then be plotted by symmetry. Incidentally, we find that the length of the
2b 2
latus rectum is .
a
Finally, draw a smooth curve through these eight points to get a fairly accurate
picture of the ellipse.
Example 4.1 Reduce 20x2 + 9y2 - 45 = 0 to the standard form and compute the eccentricity,
the distances from the center to the foci and the directrices, and the length
of the latera recta. Afterwards, locate the vertices, the ends of the latera
recta, and trace the ellipse.
Solution:
20x2 + 9y2 = 45
2 2 x2 y 2
4x y + =1
Dividing by 45, + =1 or 9 5 .
9 5
4
2 2
x x
2
+
Finally, 3 ( √ ❑ )❑
()
2
3
The semi-major axis a = √ ❑ (approximately 2.24) and the semi minor axis b = ( = 1.5).
2
This is so because √ ❑.
The major axis coincides with OY (the two foci will lie on this axis) and the minor axis
B4: Analytic Geometry
coincides with OX. From b 2 = a 2 ( 1−ⅇ2 ) we get
aⅇ=√❑
Page 32 of 52
¿ √❑
Figure 4.29
ⅇ= √ ❑
❑
a √❑
= (approx.)
ⅇ ❑
2b 2
=
2 ( 49 ) (approx.)
a √❑
Page 33 of 52
Figure 4.29 shows this ellipse.
Example 4.2 An ellipse with major and minor axes coinciding with OX and OY respectively
has an eccentricity of 1/3. If the distance between the foci is 4, find the
equation of the ellipse.
Solution:
Figure 4.30
2
Here, e = 1/3 and 2ae = 4. Hence = 6. a2 = 36
e
b2 = a2 (1 – e2)
−1
= 36 (1 ) = 32
9
x2 y2
= =1
36 32
B4: Analytic Geometry
Example 4.3 An ellipse with major and minor axes coinciding with OY and OX respectively
passes through (-3, 2), and its latus rectum is three times the distance from
center to focus. Find its equation.
Page 34 of 52
Solution:
The coordinates of the given point must satisfy the equation of the curve so that
(−3 )2 22 9 4
+ =1
+ 2 =1 or (1)
b 2
a b2 a 2
2b 2
Also, =3 √❑ or 4 b4 =9 a 2 ( a 2−b2 ) (2)
a
Figure 4.31
x 2 y2
+ =1 or
12 16
4 x2 +3 y 2=48
Example 4.4 Prove that the sum of the focal distances of any point is constant and equal to
the major axis.
Page 35 of 52
Figure 4.32
The distance from the center to each focus is aⅇ=√❑. For any point P(x₁, y₁),
x2 y 2
+ =1 or
a2 b 2
2 2
2b2 2 2 a ( 1−ⅇ ) (
y = 2 ( a −x 1 ) =
1 2
= 1−ⅇ 2 ) ( a 2−x12)
a a
d 21=( x ,−aⅇ )2 + y 21
2
¿ a2 −2 aⅇ x1 + e2 x21 ¿ ( a−ⅇ x 1 )
∴ d 1=a−ⅇ x 1
2 2 2 2
Similarly, d 2=( x1 +aⅇ ) + y 1=( a+ⅇ x 1 ) and
d 2=a+ⅇ x 1 so that
Page 36 of 52
Translation of Axes. It is often advantageous to refer the equation of a curve to a set
of axes parallel to the original set. Let OX and OY be the original set of axes referred to
which a point P of a given curve has the coordinates (x, y). Let O'X' and O'Y' be the new set
of parallel axes whose origin O' is at (h, k) with respect to the old set. Referred to the new
set of axes, the coordinates of P will be (x', y'), where x = x' + h and y = y' + k.
x2 - xy + y2 - 11x + 10y + 37 = 0
when referred to a parallel set of the axes whose origin O' is at (4, -3). Here, h = 4 and k = - 3
and (x' + 4)² - (x' + 4) (y' - 3) + (y' - 3)² - 11(x' + 4) + 10(y' - 3) + 37 = 0 which reduces to (x')² -
x'y' + (y')² = 0. Afterwards, since there will be no further need of the old axes (and the old
equation), we can drop the primes, which merely served to distinguish temporarily the new
coordinates from the old, and obtain x2 - xy + y2 = 0.
Figure 4.33
Ellipse With Center at (h, k). Referred to a set of axes coinciding with its own major
and minor axes, the equation of the ellipse is
2 2 2 2
( x') ( y') ( x') ( y')
+ =1 or + =1
B4: Analytic Geometry a2 b2 b2 a2
Page 37 of 52
Figure 4.34
Figure 4.35
B4: Analytic
ReferredGeometry
to the axes shown Figure 4.34 or Figure 4.35
x = x – h and y = y – k so that
Page 38 of 52
( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
+ =1 (19)
a2 b2
(Major axis parallel to OX)
( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
or + =1 (20)
b2 a2
(Major axis parallel to OY)
A More General Form: By expansion, clearing fractions, and collecting like terms,
each of the preceding standard forms can be brought to the form
Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Conversely, given the latter equation, one can reduce it to the standard form by transposing
the constant term and completing the squares as in the following:
Solution:
9
100 ( x2 + 3x + ) + 64 ( y2 - 4y +4 ) = -81 +225 + 256
4
3
100 ( x + )2 + 64 ( y – 2)2 = 400
2
3 2
25 ( x + ) + 16 ( y – 2)2 = 100
2
Page 39 of 52
Figure 4.36
2
3
( ) + ( y−2) =1
x+
2 2
2 2
2
( 52 )
−3
Here, h = , k = 2,
2
2b 2 16
aⅇ=√❑ , = .
a 5
The vertices and the ends of the latera recta may now be plotted and a smooth curve
drawn through these points.
Exceptional cases may occur. For instance, after the left member has been reduced
to the sum of two squares the right member might be zero, in which case, the locus is the
single point (h, k) or the point-ellipse. Or the right member might be negative, in which case,
there is no locus. We can conclude that, subject to these exceptions, the equation
Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Page 40 of 52
Summary: An equation of the second degree in which the xy-term is missing and coefficients
of and y' have the same sign represents an ellipse with axes parallel to the coordinate axes
Let’s Do This:
Exercise 4.3
3
1. Eccentricity , distance between directrices 10.
5
2. Distance between directrices 27; between foci 3.
3. Focus at ( −√ ❑ ), vertex (0, 2).
Page 41 of 52
Learning Plan
Lesson No: 5
The hyperbola is a conic whose eccentricity is greater than 1; that is, for any point P
on the hyperbola,
P F1
=ⅇ >1
P D1
Figure 4.37
Page 42 of 52
In Figure 4.37, C is the center, V₁ and V2, the vertices, F₁ and F₂ the foci, R1L₁ and R₂L2,
the latera recta, D1D1' and D₂D2' the directrices and A1A1', and A₂ A2' are the asymptotes. The
line segment V₁V2, is the transverse axis, whose length is usually denoted by 2a. The line
segment MN or the perpendicular bisector of V₁V2, of length 2b, is the conjugate axis. The
length of the transverse axis of a hyperbola may be greater than, equal to, or less than that
of its conjugate axis. Some properties to be established later are:
1. The hyperbola consists of two open branches, and is symmetrical with respect to both its
axes.
2. The difference between the focal distances of any point on the hyperbola is constant and
is equal to the length of the transverse axis:
PF2 – PF1 = 2a
a
3. The distances from the center to a focus and to a directrix are respectively ac and .
e
2b 2
4. The length of a latus rectum is .
a
5. The diagonals (prolonged) of the rectangle (B1B₂B2'B1') of sides 2a and 2b and parallel to
the transverse and conjugate axes respectively are asymptotes of the hyperbola.
Equation of the Hyperbola Referred to Its Axes. By a proce dure similar to the case
of the ellipse in Section 47, we obtain, for the hyperbola shown in Figure 4.38,
x2 x2
+ =1
a2 a2 ( 1−ⅇ 2 )
or since e > 1,
x2 x2
+ =1
a2 a2 ( ⅇ2−1 )
Page 43 of 52
Figure 4.38
x2 y 2
− =1 (21)
a2 b2
This is the equation of a hyperbola with center at O and transverse axis on the x-axis.
Similarly, for the hyperbola shown in Figure 4.39,
y2 x2
− =1 (22)
a2 b 2
From b2 = a2 (e2 – 1), we obtain the distance from the center to a focus, aⅇ=√❑, and
a a2 b
from the center to a directrix, = . Also from a= , we see that a b, depending on
ⅇ √❑ √❑
the value of e.
Page 44 of 52
Figure 4.39
x2 y 2 b
Solving 2 − 2 = 1 for y, we get y = ± √❑. On comparing this with the equations of
a b a
b
the lines y = ± x , we find that, as x increases, the ordinates of the hyperbola approach in
a
value those of the lines. The numerical values of the ordinates of the hyperbola always
remain less than the corresponding ordinates of the two lines; however, they become more
and more nearly equal as x becomes larger and larger. These two lines are the asymptotes
b
of the hyperbola; and since they pass through the origin and their slopes are ± , we see at
a
once that they are the diagonals of the rectangle of sides 2a and 2b, parallel to the axes, and
with center at the origin.
To trace a hyperbola, it is usually sufficient to locate the center, the vertices, the foci,
and ends of the latera recta; and to draw the asymptotes. The curve may then be sketched
x2 y 2
fairly and accurately. Note that, by substituting ae = √ ❑ for x in 2 − 2 = 1, we obtain y =
a b
2
b
± , so that the length of the latus rectum is 2b .
a a
Solution:
Page 45 of 52
y2 x2
− 1
Rearranging, 1 2 1 2 = 1 so that a =
() ()
4 2
4
1
and b = . The transverse axis coincides with OY.
2
√❑
CF = ae = √ ❑ = √ ❑ = √ ❑ = ❑ .
1
The latus rectum is
2b 2
=
2()4
=2
a 1
4
From these values, the vertices, foci, ends of the latera recta, and the asymptotes may be
located as shown in Fig. 4.40. A smooth curve may then be drawn through the vertices and
the ends of the latera recta, and closer and closer to the asymptotes as the curve recedes in
both directions.
Figure 4.40
Hyperbolas and ellipses are also called central conics because they possess centers
while parabolas do not.
Hyperbola With Center at (h, k). By a translation of axes, the standard equation of a
hyperbola with center at (h, k) is readily obtained. If the transverse axis is parallel to OX,
( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
− = 1 (23)
B4: Analytic Geometry a2 b2
Page 46 of 52
( y−k )2 ( x−h )2
− = 1 (24)
a2 b2
Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
can readily be reduced to one of the other of these two standard forms
Solution:
Transpose the constant term and completing squares,
16 (x – 8x + 16) – 9(y2 + 10y + 25) = 113 + 256 – 225
2
Figure 4.41
The center is at (4, -5); the transverse axis is parallel to OX; a = 3 and b = 4. The foci
2b 2
are at √ ❑= 5 to the right and to the left of the center. The latus rectum is of length =
a
32
2(16) Geometry
B4: Analytic
=
3 3
Figure 4.41 shows the required curve.
Page 47 of 52
It may happen that, after completing the squares, the right member becomes zero:
( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
− = 0
a2 b2
This is factorable:
( x−h
a
+
y−k
b ) ( x−h y−k
a
−
b )
= 0
Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Summary: An equation of the second degree in which the xy-term is missing and the
coefficients, of x2 and y2 have unlike signs represents a hyperbola with axes parallel to the
coordinate axes.
Let’s Do This:
Exercise 4.4
Problems 1 to 3, find the equation of the hyperbola having center at the origin.
1. Transverse axis on the x-axis, a = 4, latus rectum 32.
32
2. Transverse axis on the x-axis, distance between foci 2 √ ❑ , latus rectum
9
.
3. Conjugate axis on the x-axis, one focus at (0, √ ❑), equation of one directrix
9 √❑
y=
❑
Problems 4 and 5, find the equation of the hyperbola.
4. Center at (1, -1), transverse axis parallel to the x-axis, latus rectum 9, distance
8
between directrices √ ❑.
13
1
5. Center at (-7, -2), transverse axis parallel to the x-axis, eccentricity √❑,
3
4
latus rectum .
B4: Analytic Geometry 3
Let’s Check:
Page 48 of 52
Exercise 4.2
6. x2 + y2 + 2x – 14y + 25 = 0
7. x2 + y2 + 8x – 10y – 12 = 0
8. C (3, 2)
x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y – 13 = 0
9. C (2, 1)
x2 + y2 – 4x – 2y – 12 = 0
10. x2 + y2 + 8x – 8y + 22 = 0
x2 + y2 – 4x – 12y + 30 = 0
Exercise 4.2
1. (y – 2)2 = 12 (x + 3)
1
2. (y – 3)2 = 4 (x + 4) and (y + 2)2 = -4 ( x - 4 )
3. (x – 6)2 = 9y
4. 4x2 – 4x – 16y – 39 = 0
5. y2 – 2x – 4y + 6 = 0
Exercise 4.3
x2 25 y 2
1. + =1
9 144
4 x2 y2
2. + =1
81 18
3. 3x2 + 16y2 = 48
4. (x + 3)2 + 4(y – 1)2
( x−2 )2 ( y +6 )2 5 ( x−2 )2 ( y+ 6 )2
5. + =1 and + =1
9 4 36 4
Exercise 4.4
1. 4x2 – y2 = 64
2. 16x2 – 81y2 = 1,296
3. 4y2 – 9x2 = 36
( x−1 )2 ( y +1 )2
4. − = 1
4 9
( x+7 )2 ( y +2 )2
5. − = 1
36 4
Let’s Remember:
Page 49 of 52
A circle is the locus of a point which moves at a distance from a fixed point called its
center. The constant distance of any point from the center is called the radius. A circle is
the set of all points that are an equal distance (radius) from a given point (center).
The line through F parallel to the directrix intersecting the curve at R1 and R2 is called the
latus-rectum. The line through F perpendicular to the directrix is called the axis of the
conic and the point where this line intersects the conic is called the vertex. Conic sections
are classified according to the value of e.
Among the important properties of the ellipse which will be established later are the
following:
1. The ellipse is a closed curve and is symmetrical with respect to both its axes.
2. The sum of the focal distances of any point on the ellipse is constant and equal to
the length of the major axis: PF1 + PF2 = 2a.
3. As a corollary to the preceding property, we see that the distance from a focus to
a vertex at one end of the minor axis is equal to half the length of the major axis: F 2 V2 = a.
4. The distances from the center to a focus and to a directrix are respectively ae and
a
.
e
2b 2
5. The length of a latus rectum is .
a
The length of the transverse axis of a hyperbola may be greater than, equal to, or less than
that of its conjugate axis. Some properties to be established later are:
1. The hyperbola consists of two open branches, and is symmetrical with respect to both its
axes.
2. The difference between the focal distances of any point on the hyperbola is constant and
is equal to the length of the transverse axis:
B4: Analytic Geometry PF2 – PF1 = 2a
a
3. The distances from the center to a focus and to a directrix are respectively ac and .
e
Page 50 of 52
2b 2
4. The length of a latus rectum is .
a
5. The diagonals (prolonged) of the rectangle (B1B₂B2'B1') of sides 2a and 2b and parallel to
the transverse and conjugate axes respectively are asymptotes of the hyperbola.
The Circle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fzaof9cX-PM
The Parabola
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYgmOTLbuqE
The Ellipse
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mw3MeDLL8d4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPSCKXXvWiM
The Hyperbola
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iu-4-fizlD4
References/Sources:
Quirino D.D.A & Mijares J.M. (1993). Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry. Quezon City:
Royal Publishing House, Inc.
Dela Cruz, P.S., Maderal, L.D. & Valdez, T.C.C. (2013). Analytic Geometry Revised Edition.
Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
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B4: Analytic Geometry
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