INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

NPTEL
NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSE

Mechanical Operations

Lecture-18
Particle dynamic-Examples

With
Dr. Shabina Khanam
Department of Chemical Engineering
India institute of technology, Roorkee

Welcome to the third lecture of week 4 which is on particle dynamics and here we will discuss
some of the work example on particle dynamics. So the topic of this lecture is particle dynamics,
examples.

Let us consider the first example on particle dynamics. It says a spherical particle of 50 μm size
with density 2600kg/m3 is falling in still water, what we have to compute is terminal settling
velocity of particle. So you see to solve this, to calculate terminal settling velocity we should
know what is the region in which particle is falling, whether it is laminar region or turbulent
region. So when you see the language of this question it will speak about the region on its own,
how?

Here you see the particle diameter is 50 μm, so that is very less. So when we consider very small
particle it is usually falling in laminar zone, if you remember the Stokes’ law application there
we have discussed the small fine particle and micro organism, all these will follow the Stokes’
law, it means they fall in laminar zone.

So as water is still and particle diameter is very small it will be considered in laminar region and
therefore Stokes’ law will be applicable. This is the expression of Stokes’ law, that
(𝜌𝑝 −𝜌𝑓 )
is 𝑔𝑑𝑝2 18𝜇
, this is the Stokes’ law and fluid which we have is the water, so for water density

wehave taken as 1000kg/m3 and viscosity we have taken as 1cP which is 10-3kg/m-s and the
parameters used for solid density is 2600 that is given in the problem and diameter is 50 μm
which is 50 x 10-6m. So all parameters are known to us so we can calculate the terminal settling
velocity directly by following the Stokes’ law. So considering these values Vt value we can
obtain which is having a value 0.00218 m/s, so if you see this problem how we can find the
region of flow. That is purely based on particle diameter and therefore we have used Stokes’ law
here.

(Refer Slide Time: 2:55)

(Refer Slide Time: 03:15)

In example two what happens, the particle of square shape having 2.3mm side and 1mm
thickness are falling in oil, we have to calculate the terminal settling velocity of particle, so here
you see the particle is not a spherical, non-spherical particle is considered over here and the
liquid is not water but it is oil.

So what is the purpose to take this example is when the particle is non uniform which, so when
particle is not non-uniform, non spherical how the terminal settling velocity will be commuted
and this can be applicable to the real situation also because in real situation most of the particles
are non-spherical. So this example will be helpful in that condition. And the given parameters are
density of the particle that is 3500kg/m3, density of oil 850kg/m3 and viscosity of oil is 0.013
kg/m-s. So let us start the solution of it.

Now as far as particle is concerned that is, it is having side of 2.3 so that is the square particle
2.31 side another side is also 2.3 however thickness of the particle is 1mm. So this particle
dynamics we have to calculate we have to find the terminal settling velocity of this particle, and
as far as solution is concerned to compute the settling velocity one should know the region where
particle is falling. If you remember the last example there we can aware about the region by
considering the particle size that was very small but here particle size is significant.

So how we can find the region in which particle is falling, until unless I will not aware about the
region in which particle is falling I cannot calculate, I cannot know the large number and
therefore I cannot calculate fD and further terminal settling velocity expression cannot be used.
So to know the region we should know the large number and for that we know that terminal
settling velocity so you see this is all trial and error based computation.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:54)

And to carry out this generalized expression of terminal settling velocity and fD we have consider
which is shown over here.

(Refer Slide Time: 06:02)

So what happens, this is the expression of Vt as a function of fD, now as particle is non spherical
that is square in shape so instead of dp we have consider dV that is the volume diameter of
particle which is defined as the sphere diameter, dV is basically the sphere diameter which is
having same volume as the particle so to calculate dV first of all we should know what is the
volume of particle.

So if you consider this particular particle which is the object of the present example, here we
have 2.3 and this side is also 2.3, so 2.3 x 2.3 x 1 would be the volume of particle which comes
out as 5.29mm3 or 5.29 x 10-9 m3. Once I am having the volume of particle I can calculate the
volumetric diameter and that would be equal to volume of particle into 6/ π and the complete
expression have the power 0.33. So solving this we can calculate dV as 0.002175m, so if you
remember the effect of shape particle shape on terminal settling velocity along with dP we also
know the sphericity of the particle so that we can use the given chart of fD and Reynolds number.

So to calculate sphericity first of all we will define it like surface area of a spherical particle
having same volume as the particle to surface area of particle, so surface of spherical particle, we
already know the volumetric diameter of particle so the surface area would πdV2 so π value is this
and diameter we have already calculated.
So surface area of spherical particle comes out as 1.486 x 10-5 m2. Further we have to calculate
surface area of square particle, so you see here how I can calculate surface area of this particle, if
you see this is one phase and similar phase present opposite to this and here we have this another
phase which is have total four phases of this size, so surface area of this phase we can calculate
as 2.3 x 2.3 x 2 because 2 phases are available of this size. Further 2.3 x 1 x 4 because four
phases are available of this size where the area is 2.3 x 1, so 2.3 x 2.3 x 2 + 2.3 x 1 x 4.

So total surface area of square particle is 1.978 x 10-5m2, therefore we can calculate sphericity as
surface area of spherical particle divided by surface area of square particles so it comes out as
0.75. Basically it is coming as 0.7513 and we have approximated it to 0.75, so now we know the
volumetric diameter of particle as well as the sphericity and this is the expression of terminal
settling velocity as a function of fD .
So further we have rearranged the expression and write the whole equation of fD as a function of
Vt, therefore to calculate the velocity we should calculate the Reynolds number and as the
standard graph available to us is drawn between fD as well as Reynolds number so we will find
the expression of fD as a function of Reynolds number not as a function of terminal settling
velocity. So here you see Reynolds number of particle is
𝑑𝑣 𝑉𝑡 𝜌𝑓
𝜇𝑓
, so here again we have calculated, we have considered dV that is volumetric dia insisted of
Re 𝜇𝑓
dP and from this expression we can write the expression of Vt like .
𝑑𝑣 𝜌𝑓

So this Vt expression we will put over here and final expression of fD we can get as a function of
A
Reynolds number and if you see the final expression we have fD equal to now what is A. A
Re2

is the constant where we have put all values which are constant like particle density, fluid
density, particle diameter, that is volumetric dia and fluid viscosity, all these are constant so we
have represented all these value as single parameter and that is A.

A
So 𝑓𝐷 = Re2 that is the expression we have got so considering value of known parameters that is

ρp ρf μf g and dv as 3500 kg/m3, 850 kg/m3, 0.013 kg/ms and 9.81m/s2 and 0.002175 m as
volumetric dia, so considering all these value we can calculate value of A which comes out as
1794.068.

(Refer Slide Time: 12: 00)

So this expression we have already known as far as its value is concerned so now we have
expression of fD as 1794.068/Re2. If we take the log of this expression that is natural log fD = ln
(1794.068 – 2ln (Re) number, so if you see here we have fD as well as Reynolds number based
on logarithmic form.

And for further calculation we have taken Reynolds number as 1. Because once I take the
Reynolds number as 1 this complete expression would be equal to 0 so when Reynolds number is
1 fD value is 1794.068 and when we take fD as 1 then this expression would be 0 Reynolds
number comes out as 42.356. So these values will be used to calculate the Reynolds number of
particle, so you see here we have the value of Reynolds number.

(Refer Slide Time: 13: 17)

And fD corresponding to Reynolds number 1 value fD is coming as 1794.068 and fD = 1 the

corresponding value of Reynolds number is 42.356, so using these values we will calculate the
Reynolds number. How we will calculate this, we have already computed what is the sphericity
of the particle and it is coming out as 0.75. Now if you see all these plots here we have this is
0.125 and the third plot is of 0.6 and 4th is 0.806 so between this we can have the value of 0.75.
Now to point out that value first of all we have to point out these points, for example correspond
to Reynolds number 1 the value of fD is coming as 1794 which is this point and correspond to fD
value 1 we have the Reynolds number 42.35, so joining this two point we can basically find the
governing equation governing line in which Reynolds number is falling and if you see between
0.6 and 0.8 sphericity we can have the value of a sphericity as 0.75 so if you see between value
0.6 and 0.8 of ψ we can have the value of ψ = 0.75, and whatever the plot of 0.75 cross this line
that we can consider as the point of consideration.

So here you see this point we have considered as 0.75 because if we have the plot of 0.75
sphericity it will fall then, it will intersect the red line at this point only so considering this point
we can have this drag coefficient as well as the value of Reynolds number, so following this
point we can have Reynolds number as 11 which we can see from this graph very easily so once
I know the Reynolds number value we can calculate the value of terminal settling velocity which
comes out as 0.077m/s.

So once I do not know the region where particle is falling and when it is of non spherical shape
by following this method we can calculate the velocity of particle, so that is example two.

Now we are considering example 3, in this example we have to calculate terminal settling
velocity of a steel ball having 3mm diameter and density 7870kg/m 3 which is falling in oil of
density 850kg/m3 and viscosity 0.04kg/m-s, now its solution we will start.

If you see this particle we are considering as steel ball so that can be considered as spherical
particle, in this problem also region in which particle is falling is not known however as particle
is spherical in shape we can use direct method using Galileo number instead of using trial and
error method which we have used in example 2. So in this problem we have to calculate another
settling velocity so as far as solution is concerned first of all we have to find the region in which
particle is falling and if you read the problem region is not defined over here.

And we also did not know the x what expression we have to use, and to know the expression first
of all we should know the region and to know the region we should know the Reynolds number
for that we need the terminal settling velocity so that is trial and error method, but in this
particular problem we are considering steel ball and this steel ball is, we can consider, we can
assume as spherical in nature so instead of using trial and error method we can use direct method
using Galileo number. Now as far as this approach is concerned here we have the expression
R′o 2
ψu2o
Re′2
o which is equal to Ga, and as far as Galileo number expression is concerned it is like
3

d3 (ρs −ρ)ρg
this so that is the Galileo number expression in which all parameters are known to
μ2

us. So first of all we will calculate the Galileo number.

(Refer Slide Time: 18:37)

For this example, so considering value of diameter as 0.003 density of particle 7870 and that is
of all 850 and considering viscosity of fluid 0.04 we can calculate Galileo number which comes
out as 987.9, so once I have the Galileo number I can find the value of this particular expression
that is equal to 2/3 into Galileo number, so 2/3 x 987.8 it gives the value 658.53. So this
expression value we already know so how we will compute the terminal settling velocity. First of
all we will use the graph for computation purpose, this is the expression which has value 658.53.
And this is the graph, if you see this y axis is basically this particular parameter and x axis has
the Reynolds number value. So you see here 658.53 we have to draw and this will fall
somewhere here and when it cut this curve and corresponding value of Reynolds number we can
trace from the x axis. So when we do this Reynolds number that is Re’ comes as 25. Now for this
Reynolds number we can calculate terminal settling velocity of particle which is coming as 0.39
m/s.

So this is one way for computing the terminal settling velocity of particle, here we have used the
graph. Further the same computation we can done using the table and if you remember the table
has the value in terms of log. So first of all we will calculate log of this value which is basically
log of 658.53 and it is coming out as 2.8186, and the data is available in this table if you see this
R′
here we have the data of log ρuo2 Re′2
o and here also we have the data in decimal form and all
o

these data which are shown in this table are basically the log of Reynolds number values. So here
we have to find the value of Reynolds number corresponding to 2.8186.

(Refer Slide Time: 21:23)

So if you see here we have the value of 2 and 0.8 will lie over here so we will use this parameter.
Further it is 2.8186 so again we have to find the value corresponds to 2.9, so 2 is here and 9 is
here so value is 1.419. So value of Reynolds number corresponding to 2.8186 will lie between
1.346 and 1.419 and how we can find this value, by interpolation so when we do the
interpolation then log Re’ we can find as 1.36 and corresponding Reynolds number value is
coming as 22.9 and therefore we can calculate velocity as 0.359.

So in this way we can calculate the velocity once, I do not know the region we can follow this
direct method but it specifically used for spherical particle. If we have to calculate the settling
velocity of non spherical particle without knowing the region we can follow example 2.

(Refer Slide Time: 22:48)

Now we have example 4, where spherical particle of silica of 0.1mm diameter falls in water
filled in the glass cylinder of 40mm internal diameter. Estimate the settling velocity of single
particle of silica and here mass ratio of water to silica is given as 5. These are the parameters for
solution, first of all we will estimate the terminal settling velocity of single particle which is
considering in part1. For example, if I am considering laminar region where particle is falling so
Reynolds number should be less than equal to 0.1.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:46)

And this is the expression Reynolds number which must be less than 0.1, so in this case Stokes’
law will be applicable so putting the values in this expression we can calculate terminal settling
velocity which is coming out as 0.8993m/s.

Now once I have this value further we will calculate the Reynolds number for verification and if
we calculate Reynolds number it is coming out as 0.89925 which is greater than 0.1 so Stokes’
law is not applicable here. Let us consider second region, where fD is defined as
24
+ 0.44 and this is the generalized expression for fD so putting fD over here we can have the
𝑅𝑒

expression in terms of Reynolds number. This is the final expression and when we solve it
Reynolds number is coming out as 0.88489 which is falling between 0.2 and 500.

So this region is correct and consequently we can calculate value of velocity that is 0.11 m/s. In
this case as the particle is falling in a container of 40mm diameter we can have the wall effect
also, now wall effect if you remember the expression of Cf it is defined for turbulent as well as
laminar region, but here it is falling in transition region so we will calculate Cf using both
expression and this value we are getting for laminar flow and this is for turbulent flow, among
this we will select the larger value which is 0.9963.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:32)

Considering this factor Cf in terminal settling velocity which we have found in last slide we can
calculate final terminal settling velocity which is coming out as 0.1096 m/s, so that is the part
one of this.

Now part two is, here we have to consider the mass ratio of water to silica, it means here we have
amount of silica available in water and it means that there are number silica particles and
therefore we will follow the hinder settling velocity expression here. So first of all we have to
5
𝜌𝑓
calculate volume fraction that is 5 1 because five fraction of water and one fraction of silica,
+
𝜌𝑓 𝜌𝑠

considering this we can calculate epsilon has 0.9298, once I have epsilon we can calculate Fs that
is settling factor by this expression which in coming out as 0.6443 and after computation of F s
we can calculate hinder settling velocity which is the terminal settling velocity x FS:, so finally
hinder settling velocity is coming as 0.0706m/s.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:41)

Now here we have 5th example in which bacteria of 5 μm is moving in water in 10 mm/s
velocity so what is the drag coefficient on the bacteria that we have to calculate. Now to
calculate drag coefficient Reynolds number should be computed to know the region of flow. So
Reynolds number we can calculate because we know the velocity so it can be directly calculated
which is coming out as 0.05 so it is less than 0.1 so Stokes’ law will be Applicable over here
24
where fD is 𝑅𝑒
so fD we can calculate which is coming at 480 so that is the drag coefficient value

on the particle.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:50)

So that is the drag coefficient on the bacteria and here we have another simple example, so in
this example we have to calculate settling velocity of glass sphere having density 2467kg/m3and
diameter 1.5mm and this is falling in water, so slurry contains 65 % by weight of solid and we
have to use the Newton’s law, so region is already given to us that it is falling in turbulent region
and we have to use the Newton’s law as 65% weight is available obviously we will calculate the
hinder settling instead of terminal settling.

(Refer Slide Time: 27:35)

So first of all we should know epsilon value that is if 65% solid is available; so 35% water will
35
𝜌𝑓
be there so 35 65 so epsilon value is coming as 0.5705, considering this we can calculate the Fs
+
𝜌𝑓 𝜌𝑠

value which is coming at 0.0538, once I know this I can calculate the hinder settling velocity but
for that we should know the terminal settling velocity. As Newton’s law we can apply which has
this expression by putting all values in this we can have terminal settling velocity as 0.2558 and
when we multiply this with the Fs value the hinder settling velocity or final velocity of the
particle is coming as 0.0138m/s, so here we have the summary of this lecture, in this lecture
different work examples.

(Refer Slide Time: 29:16)

Are considered to illustrate the computation of terminal settling velocity of particle, spherical as
well as non-spherical particles are considered in work examples, direct as well as trial and error
method are used to compute settling velocity of particle.
And these are the references that is all for this, thank you.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:35)
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Director, IIT Roorkee

Subject Expert & Script

Dr. Shabina Khanam

Dept. of Chemical Engineering

IIT Roorkee

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