Technical seminar Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of

the course of B.Tech From

DRONACHARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

KHENTAWAS(GURGAON)
AFFILIATED TO MAHARISHI DAYANAND
UNIVERSITY,ROHTAK
APPROVED BY A.I.C.T.E

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

PROF.(Dr.) H.S. DUA Bhuvesh
Taneja
(H.O.D ECE DEPTT) Ece-I(A)
Roll No.- 10160

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 CONTENTS

1.) GSM OVERVIEW

2.) GENERAL ARCHITECTURE OF GSM

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 GSM TECHNOLOGY
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication and
is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile
voice and data services...

GSM differs from first generation wireless systems in that it uses digital
technology and time division multiple access transmission methods. GSM is a
circuit-switched system that divides each 200 kHz channel into eight 25 kHz
time-slots. GSM operates on 4 different frequencies worldwide. However, only
two are which are used in India, which are GSM -900 AND GSM -1800.

GSM supports data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbit/s, allowing the transmission of
basic data services such as SMS (Short Message Service). Another major benefit is its
international roaming capability, allowing users to access the same services when
traveling abroad just as at home. This gives consumers seamless and same number
connectivity in more than 214 countries. GSM satellite roaming has also extended service
access to areas where terrestrial coverage is not available

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 GSM ARCHITECHTURE

 General Architecture of GSM Network

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and
interfaces are specified in previous fig. shows the layout of a generic GSM network.
With the MSC, BSS and MS we can make calls, receive calls, perform billing etc,
as any normal PSTN network would be able to do. The only problem for the MS is that
not all the calls made or received are from other MS’s. Therefore, it is also necessary to
connect the GSM network to the PSTN.

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 MS

OMC MS

HLR

Other
VLR
BSCs
TR
MS BS X
C C BT
AUC S
Other
BTSs

EIR
BSS

PSTN

 Mobile Station (MS)

o Mobile Equipment (ME)
o Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

 Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

o Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
o Base Station Controller (BSC)

 Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)

o Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
o Home Location Register (HLR)
o Visitor Location Register (VLR)
o Authentication Center (AUC)
o Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
o The Operations and Maintenance System (OMS)

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 Mobile Station(MS)
1. Mobile Equipment (ME):

2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM):

Thus the SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can have access to all
subscribed services irrespective of both the location of the terminal and the use of a
specific terminal. By inserting the SIM card into another GSM cellular phone, the user is
able to receive calls at that phone, make calls from that phone, or receive other
subscribed services. The SIM card may be protected against unauthorized use by a
password or personal identity number.

 The SIM contains several pieces of information:

a. International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
This number identifies the MS subscriber. It is only transmitted over
the air during initialization
b. Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

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 This number identifies the subscriber. It is periodically changed by
the system management to protect the subscriber from being
identified by someone attempting to monitor the radio interface
c. Location Area Identity (LAI)
Identifies the current location of the subscriber.
d. Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)
This is used to authenticate the SIM card.
e. .Mobile Station International Services Digital Network (MSISDN)
This is the telephone number of the mobile subscriber. It is comprised
of a country code, a network code and a subscriber number.
This can be summed-up with the basic GSM architectural equation, MS = ME + SIM.

 Base Station Subsystem

The Base Station Subsystem is responsible for managing the radio network and it is
controlled by a MSC.Typically one MSC contains several BSS .BSS, which provides
the radio interconnection from the MS to the land-based switching equipment. The
BSS communicates with the MS over the digital air interface and with the MSC via 2
Mbps links.
The BSS consists of three major hardware components.
• The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
• The Base Station Controller (BSC)
• The Transcoder (XCDR)

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF BASE STATION SYSTEM

• Base Transceiver System (BTS)

The most visible part of the GSM network, the BTS houses the transceivers
that communicate with the MS .the equipment is usually housed in an air conditioned
shelter on roof top of tall building. The operating voltage of the equipment is usually
-48V.In case of sectored cells, the BTS houses equipment for 3 cells where each sectored
cell over 120degree. The BTS corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in each
cell of the network. A BTS is usually placed in the center of a cell. Its transmitting power
defines the size of a cell. Each BTS has between 1 and 16 transceivers, depending on the
density of users in the cell. Each BTS serves a single cell. It also includes the following
functions:
o Provides radio access to mobile stations
o Supports transmission and reception for a single cell
o Acts as an entry point for the mobile station into the fixed network
o Manages issues related to the radio access leaving remainder of network to
handle call related issues

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 o Consists of one or more transceivers together with common control
functions
o Location dependent on factors relating to radio coverage
o Cell site selection critical in cellular network requiring careful
invesigation in radio propagation issue

• Base Station Controller (BSC)

The BSC is the central network element of the BSS and it controls the radio
network. The group of BTS are connected to a particular BSC which manages radio
resources for them .The primary function of BSC is a call maintenance .The mobile
stations normally send a report of their received signal strength to the BSC every
480ms .With this information the BSC decides to initiate the handovers to the other cell,
change the BTS transmitter power etc. . The BSC may control single or multiple BTS’s.
Several BTS’S are connected to one BSC.
 Acts as contact point for Subscribers, over the radio interface
 BTS consists of Radio Interface & signal processing devices along with
antenna
 Each BTS channel is usually shared by 8 users in TDMA mode
Each BSC controls a group of BTS, the BSC contains in database of all he
frequencies allocations, channel configuration, neighbor relations and configuration
parameters of all the BTS it controls changes to any of these parameters is done from the

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BSC, the BSC commands the BTS to allocate channels and take decisions and take
decisions regarding handover based on the measurement reports received from the MS
and the BTS. It is a switching device that handles the radio resources.
BSC contains the entire database for cell parameters of these BTS’S.
BSC manages channel allocation handovers and channel release.
BSC communicates with MSC on ABIS interface.

• Transcoder (XCDR)

The Transcoder is required to convert speech or data output from the MSC into
the from specified by GSM specification for transmission over the air interface,
this is b/w the BSS and MS.

The Transcoder is used to compact the signals from the MS so that they are more
efficiently sent over the terrestrial interfaces. Although the Transcoder is
considered to be a part of the BSS, it is very often located closer to the MSC.

 Features of GSM

Cellular telephone systems provide the MS subscriber and network provider with many
advantages over a standard telephone network, but there are still many drawbacks.

 Flexibility and Increased Capacity

 Use of Standardized Open Interfaces

 Improved Security and Confidentiality

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 Flexible Handover Processes

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 Enhanced range of services provided by GSM

GSM has the potential to offer a greatly enhanced range of services compared to existing
Analogue cellular systems. As well as a full range of data transmission options and fax,
there will be a wide range of supplementary services.

The basic call services which are already provided within analogue systems such as Call
Forwarding, Voice Message Services etc, are already available in some operational
systems. Whether these services and others are provided as part of the basic service or at
additional cost to the subscriber will depend on the network provider.

When services were specified on GSM, the current land PSTN and ISDN system had to
be taken into consideration; after all it is these systems we are most likely to be
communicating with.

The services available to a subscriber will be determined by three factors:

 The level of service provided by the network provider.

 The level of service purchased by the subscriber.
 The capabilities of the subscriber’s mobile equipment.

 Services provided by GSM:

Teleservices
• A telecoms service which is completely defined - including the terminal
equipment functions
• Three types in GSM:
 Telephony Services
 Short Message Services
 Fax Services

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 B
GSM
network

Tele
T
Bearer
B

Supplementary
Call forwarding

 Telephony Services

Regular telephony, emergency calls, and voice messaging are within TS.
Telephony, the old bidirectional speech calls, is certainly the most popular of all services
Two basic types:
• Speech Telephony
The basic service used whenever you make or receive a speech call
• Emergency calls
A special service for making emergency calls

 Short Message Services

SMS is a bidirectional service for sending short alphanumeric (up to 160 bytes)
messages in a store and forward fashion. For point to point SMS, a message can be sent
to another subscriber to the service, and an acknowledgement of receipt is provided to the
sender. SMS can also be used in a cell broadcast mode, for sending messages such as
traffic updates or news updates. Messages can be stored in the SIM card for later
retrieval.
In this case, a message center is necessary. The broadcast mode (to all
subscribers) in a given geographic area may also be used for short messages of up to 93
alphanumeric characters. Some local features of the mobile terminal may be used. These
may include, for example, abbreviated dialing, edition of short messages, repetition of
failed calls, and others.

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  Fax Services

GSM provides two types of FAX teleservice:

– Speech and FAX:
This service permits the user to switch between speech and FAX services during a
call
– Automatic FAX:
Supports a Group3 FAX

i
Secretary Service Call
Joh
n!

We got SMS-
a
big
Service
Company order! Center

ss ss
PC
B B
S S
Call C C
John!

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Supplementary Services
The supplementary services basically consist of call forwarding and call
barring.

– Call Forwarding:
– Call Barring:

GSM devised some flexible services that enable the subscriber to conditionally
bar calls.

– Calling Line ID :

Calling Line ID must be supported by the GSM network and the telephone
.The GSM telephone displays the originating telephone number of incoming call .This
features require the caller‘s network to deliver the calling ID (telephone no.) to the GSM
network.

– Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on the handset

– Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another call
– Multi Party

This service is similar to a conference type service, in that several calls may
be connected with all parties talking to each other. However, there are enough
differences, caused by its application in the mobile environment, for it to be known
by a different name.

– Number Identification :

 Receiving party requests calling number to be display.

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 Frequency Range

GSM 900

 Receive (uplink) 890-915 MHz


 Transmit (Downlink) 935-960 MHz

 124 Absolute Radio Frequency Channels (ARFCN)

EGSM 900
 Receive (Uplink) 880-915 MHz

 Transmit (Downlink) 925-960 MHz

 174 Absolute Radio Frequency Channels (ARFCN)

GSM 1800 (DCS 1800)

 Receive (Uplink) 1710-1785 MHz

 Transmit (Downlink) 1805-1880 MHz

 374 Absolute Radio Frequency Channels (ARFCN)

PCS 1900

 Receive (Uplink) 1850-1910 MHz

 Transmit (Downlink) 1930-1990 MHz

 299 Absolute Radio Frequency Channels (ARFCN)

ARFCN

 Bandwidth = 200 kHz

 8 TDMA Slots

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 Channel Configuration in GSM

There are two types of channels in the air interface:

 Physical channels
 Logical channels.

The physical channel is all the time slots (TS) of the BTS. There are again two types in
this:
 Half-rate (HR)
 Full-rate (FR).

The FR channel is a 13 kbps coded speech or data channel with a raw data rate of 9.6, 4.8
or 2.6 kbps, while the HR supports 7, 4.8 or 2.4 kbps.

‘Logical channel’ refers to the specific type of information that is carried by the physical
channel.
Logical channels can also be divided into two types:

 Traffic channels (TCH)

 Control channels (CCH).

Traffic channels are used to carry user data (speech/data) while the control
Channels carry the signaling and control information.

The logical control channels are of two types:

 Common Channels
 Dedicated Channels.

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Table 2.1 summarizes the control channel types:

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  Antenna

 General
An antenna acts as the interface between the feeder and the air. A signal from the feeder
will be radiated in a direction defined by the antenna. The antenna will at the same time
receive all radio signals from the same direction and feed them through the feeder
towards the BTS.

The increasing number of sites within a mobile network is forcing the number of
antennas per cell down to a minimum.

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  Antenna types
– omni-directional antennas
– sector antennas
– panel antennas

Omni Antenna
95mm X 205mm

Omni Directional antennas are used for point to multipoint configurations .The main
drawback of this antenna is that its energy is greatly diffused in broadcasting 360 degrees
.Omni directional antennas are good for situations where there are a lot of subscribers
located very close to the base station.

A sector antenna, by focusing the beam in amore focused area, offers greater range and
throughput with less energy .Many operator will use this type of antenna to cover the 360
degree area rather than use an omni directional antenna due to the superior performance
of the sector antenna over the omni directional antenna.

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 Sector antenna

A panel antenna basically consists of a metal patch suspended over a ground plane. The
assembly is usually contained in a plastic which protects the structure from damage (as
well as concealing its essential simplicity). Patch antennas are simple to fabricate and
easy to modify and customize. They are closely related to micro strip antennas, which are
just patch antennas constructed on a dielectric substrate, usually employing the same sort
of lithographic patterning used to fabricate printed circuit boards

P a n e l A n te n n a
100m m X 180m m

Panel Antenna

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 PLANNING TOOLS & TECHNIQUES

MapInfo Map
MapInfo Map turns your applications such as word processors and spreadsheets into
“mini–MapInfo” programs where you can create, display and edit a map for presentation,
reporting or publishing. through a process called Object Linking and Embedding (OLE),
whereby a server application (such as MapInfo) provides information that is stored in a
client application that can accept OLE information (such as a word processor). MapInfo
Map allows you to embed a Map window in any application that accepts OLE objects and
to use some of MapInfo’s features to create, display and edit the map directly.

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 Use MapInfo Map
MapInfo Map provides a variety of map display, viewing and editing
capabilities, including;

o Opening multiple tables at once

o controlling individual layer properties like display and labeling

o creating and modifying thematic maps

o manipulating the Map window view

o finding information associated with a map layer

o controlling map projection and units

Because MapInfo Map provides a subset of MapInfo features, using them in MapInfo
Map is the same as using them in MapInfo. So, Layer Control and Thematic Mapping
work the same whether you are creating a map in MapInfo or in your word processor.
With the click of a button or by choosing a menu command, you have MapInfo
functionality in your application where you need it.

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