MATHEMATICS 9 QUARTER 1 Week 8

NAME: ____________________________________ GR & SEC: _____________________

Competency:
The learner graphs a quadratic function and determines its a) vertex, b) axis of symmetry, c) domain and
range, d) intercepts, and e) direction of the opening of the graph. (M9AL-lg-h-i-1); The learner analyzes
the effects of changing the values of a, h, and k in the equation y = a(x – h)2 +k. (M9AL-li-2)

Expectations:
In this module, we will be looking at graphs of quadratic functions. This is designed to help you
have a better picture of the graphs of quadratic functions and identify its special points/parts.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Sketch the graph of a quadratic function;
2. Find the vertex and determine if it is the minimum or the maximum point of the graph;
3. Identify the axis of symmetry and the intercepts of the quadratic functions; and
4. Give the domain and range of the quadratic function.
5. Identify the characteristics of the graph based from the values of a, h and k

Pre-test:
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter of your chosen answer before each
number.
1. What is the vertex of the graph f(x) = y = a(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + k?
a. (0, 0) c. (a, k)
b. (a, h) d. (h, k)
2. What is the axis of symmetry of the function y = 2𝑥2 – 5?
a. x = 0 c. x = 2
b. x = -2 d. x = -5
3. In the quadratic function f(x) = 2 ( 𝑥 − 2 )2, the graph is shifted 2 units
a. to the left c. upward
b. to the right d. downward
4. In the quadratic function f(x) = a𝑥2 + k if k > 0, then the graph is shifted
a. left side c. upward
b. right side d. downward
5. In the function y = (𝑥 − 4 ) – 2, what is the opening of the graph?
2

a. upward c. sideward
b. downward d. forward

Looking Back to your Lesson:

Recall that the solutions of a quadratic equation are found when the equation is equal to zero. This
is also the same as when 𝑦 = 0. Therefore, the solutions of a quadratic equation are also the x−intercepts of
that function, when graphed.

MATH 9 QUARTER 1 WEEK 8 1

 You also learned from the previous lesson that a quadratic function of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 can
−𝑏
be transformed into 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 – ℎ)2 + 𝑘 which is called the vertex form. The vertex is at (h, k) wherein ℎ =
2𝑎
4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
and 𝑘 = 4𝑎
.

Lesson 1: Graph of a Quadratic Function

The graph of a quadratic equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is a parabola. When
graphing, we want to include special points/lines in the graph. The vertex
is the minimum or the maximum point of the parabola. The x-intercepts
are the points where the parabola crosses the x-axis.

The y-intercept is the point where the parabola crosses the y-axis.
Lastly, the axis of symmetry is the vertical line that passes through the
vertex. If we fold the graph along the axis of symmetry, the two halves of
the parabola coincide.

If we want to graph a quadratic function, we first find the vertex. We can strategically use the vertex,
for the collection of the pair of “x”-coordinates which are required for the smooth graphing of the quadratic
function.

As it was discussed from the previous lesson, the vertex of a parabola is (h,k) where:

−𝒃 𝟒𝒂𝒄−𝒃𝟐
𝒉= and 𝒌=
𝟐𝒂 𝟒𝒂

Example 1. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥– 3 then determine the special points and parts.

Solution: Identify the values of a, b and c, so we have

a=1 b=2 c = -3

Solve for the vertex by substituting the values in the formula

−𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
ℎ= 2𝑎
𝑘= 4𝑎

−2 4(1)(−3)−(2)2
ℎ= 𝑘=
2(1) 4(1)

−2 −12−4
ℎ= 2
𝑘= 4

ℎ = −1 𝑘 = −4

Therefore, the vertex is (-1, -4).

We then construct a table of values for x and y by taking x-values at the right and at the left of the
vertex and solve for the corresponding y-values. Take note that all we need is to pick up the “x” coordinates
which are equidistant from the vertex.

-3 -2 -1 0 1

-4

Vertex

Solution:

when 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = (−3)2 + 2(−3)– 3 = 0

𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = (−2)2 + 2(−2)– 3 = −3

MATH 9 QUARTER 1 WEEK 8 2

 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0)2 + 2(0)– 3 = −3

𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = (1)2 + 2(1)– 3 = 0

The table below shows the values of x and the corresponding values of y. Plot the points in the Cartesian
Plane and connect them with a smooth curve.
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1
𝑦 0 -3 -4 -3 0

Figure 1

In Figure 1, the vertex lies at (-1, -4) and it is the minimum or the lowest point since the parabola opens
upward. The axis of symmetry is the line described by the equation 𝑥 = −1. The x- intercepts are the points lying at
(-3,0) and (1, 0) while the y-intercept is at (0, -3).

Example 2. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 then determine the special points and parts.

Solution: Identify the values of a, b and c, so we have

a = -1 b=2 c=3

Solve for the vertex by substituting the values in the formula.

−2 4(−1)(3)−(2)2
ℎ= 2(−1)
𝑘= 4(−1)

−2 −12−4
ℎ= −2
𝑘= −4

ℎ= 1 𝑘= 4
The vertex is at (1,4).

-1 0 1 2 3

Vertex

when 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −(−1)2 + 2(−1) + 3 = 0

𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −(0)2 + 2(0) + 3 = 3
𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −(2)2 + 2(2) + 3 = 3
𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −(3)2 + 2(3) + 3 = 0

MATH 9 QUARTER 1 WEEK 8 3

 Table below shows the values of 𝑥 and the
corresponding values of 𝑦.

𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
𝑥 -3 0 1 2 3
𝑦 0 3 4 3 0

Figure 2

In Figure 2, the vertex is at (1, 4) and it is the maximum or the highest point since the parabola
opens downward. The axis of symmetry is the line described by the equation 𝑥 = 1. The x-intercepts are
the points lying at (-1, 0) and (3, 0) while the y-intercept is at (0,3).

Axis of Symmetry

The axis of symmetry is a vertical line that passes through the vertex. It is defined by the equation
x = h.

Solving for the x-intercepts

Remember that the y-value of the x-intercepts is always 0. Thus, to determine the x-intercepts of a
quadratic function, we have to set 𝑦 = 0 then solve for x using any method in solving quadratic equations.
To illustrate this

Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥– 3

Solution Set 𝑦 = 0

0 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥– 3

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥– 3 = 0 (Transitive Property of Equality)

(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥– 1) = 0 (Factoring)

𝑥 + 3 = 0; 𝑥– 1 = 0 (Equating each factor to 0)

𝑥 = −3 ; 𝑥=1 (Addition Property of Equality)

Therefore, the x-intercepts are -3 and 1 which are points at (-3, 0) and (1, 0), respectively.

Solving for the y-intercept

The x-value in a y-intercept is always 0. Thus, to find the y-intercept of a quadratic function, we
have to set 𝑥 = 0. To illustrate this,

Given: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3

Solution Set 𝑥 = 0

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥– 3

𝑦 = (0)2 + 2(0)– 3 Substituting the value of x

𝑦 = 0 + 0– 3 Simplifying

𝑦 = −3

Therefore, the y-intercept is -3 which is at point (0, -3).

Notice also that the y-intercept of the quadratic function 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is equal to c.

MATH 9 QUARTER 1 WEEK 8 4

Domain and Range

Domain is the set of all real values of x that

will give real values for y. The range is the spread
of the possible y-values (the minimum y-value to
maximum y-value).

Activity 1: Find Me Out!

Given: 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖

1. Determine the value of h and k by writing the function in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 – ℎ)2 + 𝑘 or by applying
−𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
the formula ℎ = and 𝑘 = .
2𝑎 4𝑎
2. Complete the table of values below.
𝑥 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
𝑦
3. Plot the points in the Cartesian Plane and connect them with a smooth curve.
4. Give the following:
a. vertex: ___________________
b. x-intercepts: ___________________
c. y-intercept: ___________________
d. axis of symmetry: ___________________
e. opening of the graph: ___________________
f. domain: ___________________
g. range: ___________________

Lesson 2: Characteristics of the Graph of y = a(x ± h)2 ± k

A. Graphs of ax2

Considering the graph of y = x2 and y = -x2 whose coordinates

of vertex lie at point of origin (0,0). You may notice that the graph

of y = x2 opens upward while y = -x2 opens downward. Let’s formulate

the table of values.

y = x2

-2 -1 0 1 2

4 1 0 1 4

y = -x2

-2 -1 0 1 2 Since the value of a in y = x2 is positive it yields

with an opening of the graph upward while the
-4 -1 0 -1 -4
value of a in y = -x2 is negative it yields with an

MATH 9 QUARTER 1 WEEK 8 5

opening of the graph downward. Hence, the value of a will tell if the graph opens upward and downward

Now let us consider the graph of y = x2, y = ½ x2 and y = 2x2.

You may observe that the graph of y = 2x2 is narrower compare

to the graphs of the other functions, while the graph of y = ½ x 2

is the widest opening among the three graphs. Again, the value

of a will indicate if the opening of the graph is narrower or wider.

As you notice the larger the /a/, the opening of the graph becomes

narrower whereas the smaller the /a/, the opening of the graph becomes wider.

B. Graphs of y =𝒂x2 ± k

In the previous lessons, we learned how to graph quadratic functions using their properties.
Another method involves starting with the basic graph of y = x 2 and ‘moving’ it according to the
information given in the quadratic function. In this lesson, we will see what effect on the graph of the
function y=ax2 when we add a constant k.

Let us graph y = x2, y = x2 + 3 and y = x2 – 2 in the same Coordinate Plane by using table of
values. Plotting points will help us see the effect of the constant k on the y=x 2 graph.
y= x2 + 3 3 units y = x2 – 3 3 units
y = x2 y = x2 + 3 y = x2 - 3
x y x y x y
-2 4 -2 7 -2 1
-1 1 -1 4 -1 -2
0 0 0 3 0 -3
1 1 1 4 1 -2
2 4 2 7 2 1

Notice that the three graphs have the same shape and the same axis of symmetry which is the
y-axis. The graph of y = x2 + 3 is the same as the graph of y = x2 but shifted up 3 units. The graph of
y = x2 - 3 is the same as the graph of y = x2 but shifted down 3 units.

From the above example, we can observe the following characteristics:

1. The three functions have the same axis of symmetry.

2. They have the same shape.
3. The graph of the function y = ax2 + k is shifted k units from the graph of y = ax 2. If k is
positive, the graph is shifted k units above the graph of y=ax2. If k is negative, the graph is
shifted k units below the graph of y = ax2.
4. The vertex of the graph of y=ax2 + k is (0, k).

C. Graphs of y =𝒂(x ± h)2

We will now explore the effect of the graph of y =𝒂(x ± h)2. Let us look at the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥2, 𝑦 = (𝑥 −
2)2 and 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2. Using the table of values and plotting the points in the same Cartesian Plane, we
have:

MATH 9 QUARTER 1 WEEK 8 6

 𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2
x y x y x y
-2 4 0 4 -4 4
-1 1 1 1 -3 1
0 0 2 0 -2 0
1 1 3 1 -1 1
2 4 4 4 0 4

𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 2 units 𝑦 = (𝑥 - 2)2 2 units

The graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 is the same as the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥2 but it is shifted 2 units to the right.
The graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 is the same as the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥2 but it is shifted 2 units to the left. From

the above example, we can observe the following characteristics:

1. The three functions have the same shape.

2. The vertex of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 is (h,0).
3. The axis of symmetry is x=h.
4. The graph of the function y = 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 is shifted h units from the graph
of y = ax2. If h is positive, the graph is shifted h units to the right of the
graph of y=ax2. If h is negative, the graph is shifted h units to the left of the
graph of y = ax2.

D. Graphs of y =𝒂(x ± h)2 ± k

What if we are asked to graph a quadratic function of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘? Let us explore
how to graph this type of function and discover its characteristics.

Consider the effects of h and k in the graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2. Using the table of values:

y = x2 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2
x y x y
-2 4 -1 6
-1 1 0 3
0 0 1 2
1 1 2 3
2 4 3 6

Since the values of h and k in the function 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2 are 1 and 2, respectively then each point in
y = x2 is shifted 1 unit up and 2 units to the right.
From the graph, we can draw the following characteristics of 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘.

1. The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 is congruent to the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 but it is shifted h units

MATH 9 QUARTER 1 WEEK 8 7

 to the right or to the left and shifted k units up or down from the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2.
2. The vertex of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 is (h, k).
3. The axis of symmetry is x = h

Activity 2.1: Sketch Me!

Draw the following quadratic functions on the same Cartesian Plane. Analyze the graphs.

1 1
1. y = x2 4. y = x2
3 2

1
2. y = 3x2 5. y = x2
4

3. y = 2x2

Activity 2.2: Describe Me!

Complete the table below.

Quadratic Transformation Vertex/axis of Graph
Function symmetry

y = -2x2 + 1 The parabola is Vertex :

translated
Axis of Symmetry :
unit
the
graph of y = -2x2.
Since a is
,
then the parabola
opens
.

The parabola is Vertex :

translated
Axis of Symmetry :
units
y = (x - 5)2 the
graph of y = x2.
Since a is
,
then the parabola
opens
.

MATH 9 QUARTER 1 WEEK 8 8

 Remember
:
In general, the vertex of the parabola defined by 𝑦 = 𝒂𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is the minimum point when
the parabola opens upward and this happens when a is positive. The vertex is the maximum or
highest point when the parabola opens downward and this happens when a is negative. The axis of
symmetry is also defined by 𝒙 = 𝒉. The domain of a quadratic function is the set of real numbers
(𝒙 ∈ 𝑹 ) while the range is greater than or equal to 𝒌 (𝒚 ≥ 𝒌) when a is positive, and the range is less
than or equal to 𝒌 (𝒚 ≤ 𝒌) when a is negative.

The y-intercept of the function 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is c.

The graph of a quadratic function can have no x-intercepts, one x-intercept and two x-
intercepts as illustrated below.

➢ In the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 , the larger /a/ the narrower the graph.

➢ The graph of the function y = ax2 + k is shifted k units from the
graph of y = ax2. If k is positive, the graph is shifted k units above
the graph of y=ax2. If k is negative, the graph is shifted k units
below the graph of y = ax2. Its vertex is (0, k) and axis of symmetry
is x=0.
➢ The graph of the function y = 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 is shifted h units from the graph of y = ax2. If
h is positive, the graph is shifted h units to the right of the graph of y=ax2. If h is negative,
the graph is shifted h units to the left of the graph of y = ax2. Its vertex is (h, 0) and axis
of symmetry is x = h.
➢ The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 is the same as the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 but it is shifted h units
to the right or to the left and shifted k units up or down from the graph of y = ax2

Check your Understanding

A. Graph the following quadratic functions and determine the vertex, axis of symmetry, opening
of the graph, x-intercepts, y-intercept, domain, and range.

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 – 8𝑥 + 12

Vertex: _____________
Equation of the axis of symmetry: ________
Opening of the graph:_____________
X-intercepts:_____________
Y-intercept:_____________
Domain:_____________
Range:_____________

2. 𝑦 = −2(𝑥 – 2)2 + 2

Vertex: _____________
Equation of the axis of symmetry: ________
Opening of the graph: _____________
X-intercepts: _____________
Y-intercept: _____________
Domain: _____________
Range: _____________

MATH 9 QUARTER 1 WEEK 7 P a g e 9 | 11

 C. Describe the shifting of the graph of the following quadratic functions based from the graph
of y = -2x2, then identify the coordinates of the vertex and axis of symmetry.

1. y = -2x2 + 5 4. y = -2x2 - 7
Shifting:_________________________ Shifting:_________________________
Coordinates of vertex:____________________ Coordinates of vertex:________________
Axis of Symmetry: ______________________ Axis of Symmetry: ____________________

2. y = -2(x – 4)2 5. y = -2(x + 1)2 - 6

Shifting:_________________________ Shifting:_________________________
Coordinates of vertex:____________________ Coordinates of vertex:________________
Axis of Symmetry: ______________________ Axis of Symmetry: ____________________

3. y = -2(x – 3)2 + 2
Shifting:_________________________
Coordinates of vertex:____________________
Axis of Symmetry: ______________________

Post-test:

1. What is the vertex of the graph f(x) = y = a(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + k?

a. (0, 0) c. (a, k)
b. (a, h) d. (h, k)
2. What is the axis of symmetry of the function y = 2𝑥2 – 5?
a. x = 0 c. x = 2
b. x = -2 d. x = -5
3. In the quadratic function f(x) = 2 ( 𝑥 − 2 )2, the graph is shifted 2 units
a. to the left c. upward
b. to the right d. downward
4. In the quadratic function f(x) = a𝑥2 + k if k > 0, then the graph is shifted
a. left side c. upward
b. right side d. downward
5. In the function y = (𝑥 − 4 ) – 2, what is the opening of the graph?
2

a. upward c. sideward
b. downward d. forward

MATH 9 QUARTER 1 WEEK 7 P a g e 10 | 11

 MATHEMATICS 9
Quarter 1 Week 7
ANSWER SHEET
Name: Math Teacher:
Section: Score:

MATH 9 QUARTER 1 WEEK 7 P a g e 11 | 11