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Original Content:
he various levels of cache are accessed by the CPU when it requires new data or
instruc-
tions. Level 1 (L1) cache (which is the fastest type of cache but typically holds
less data
than other levels of cache) is checked first, followed by Level 2 (L2) cache,
followed by
Level 3 (L3) cache if it exists. If the data or instructions are not found in cache
memory,
the computer looks for them in RAM, which is slower than cache memory. If the data
or
instructions cannot be found in RAM, then they are retrieved from the hard drive—an
even
slower operation. Typically, more cache memory results in faster processing. Most
multi-
core CPUs today have some cache memory (such as an L1 and L2 cache) dedicated to
each core; they may also use a larger shared cache memory (such as L3 cache) that
can be
accessed by any core as needed.
Bus Width, Bus Speed, and Bandwidth
A bus is an electronic path over which data can travel. There are buses
inside the CPU, as well as on the motherboard. You can picture a bus
as a highway with several lanes; each wire in the bus acts as a sep-
arate lane, transmitting one bit at a time. The number of bits being
transmitted at one time is dependent on the bus width—the number of
wires in the bus over which data can travel. Just as a wider highway
allows more cars to travel at one time, a wider bus allows more data
to be transferred at one time (see Figure 2-11). The bus speed is also
a very important factor because the bus width and bus speed together
determine the bus’s bandwidth—that is, the amount of data that can be
transferred via the bus in a given time period. The amount of data actually
transferred under
real-life conditions is called throughput.
Memory
Memory refers to chip-based storage. When the term memory is used alone, it refers
to
locations, usually inside the system unit (typically random access memory or RAM,
dis-
cussed next) that a computer uses to store data on a temporary basis. In contrast,
the term
storage refers to the more permanent storage a computer uses—usually in the form of

the computer’s internal hard drive or removable storage media (such as DVDs and
flash
memory storage systems, which are discussed in the next chapter), but it can also
be in the
form of chip-based internal storage—especially in mobile devices.
In addition to RAM, computer users should be familiar with four other types of com-
puter memory. Two of these—cache memory and registers—are volatile like RAM, which
means that their content is erased when power to the memory ceases; the other two—
read-
only memory (ROM) and flash memory—are nonvolatile. Cache memory has already
been discussed; these other types of memory are explained next.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM (random access memory), also called main memory or system memory, is used to
store the essential parts of the operating system while the computer is running, as
well as
the programs and data that the computer is currently using. When someone uses the
term
memory in reference to computers, he or she is usually referring to RAM. Because
RAM
is volatile, its content is lost when the computer is shut off. Data in RAM is also
deleted

Rewritten Content:
he diverse ranges of cache are accessed by the CPU whilst it requires new facts or
instruc-
tions. stage 1 (L1) cache (which is the fastest type of cache but commonly holds
much less information
than other degrees of cache) is checked first, followed by degree 2 (L2) cache,
followed by using
level 3 (L3) cache if it exists. If the statistics or instructions aren't located
in cache memory,
the computer seems for them in RAM, that is slower than cache memory. If the
information or
commands cannot be observed in RAM, then they may be retrieved from the hard drive—
an excellent
slower operation. normally, extra cache reminiscence results in faster processing.
maximum multi-
center CPUs today have some cache memory (which include an L1 and L2 cache)
dedicated to
every middle; they may also use a bigger shared cache memory (which includes L3
cache) that can be
accessed by means of any middle as wished.
Bus Width, Bus velocity, and Bandwidth
A bus is an electronic path over which facts can travel. There are buses
inside the CPU, as well as at the motherboard. you can image a bus
as a highway with several lanes; every twine inside the bus acts as a sep-
arate lane, transmitting one bit at a time. The variety of bits being
transmitted at one time is dependent on the bus width—the number of
wires within the bus over which facts can journey. simply as a much broader dual
carriageway
permits extra cars to journey at one time, a much broader bus allows greater data
to be transferred at one time (see discern 2-11). The bus velocity is also
a very essential aspect due to the fact the bus width and bus velocity collectively

decide the bus’s bandwidth—that is, the amount of information that can be
transferred through the bus in a given term. the quantity of records simply
transferred below
real-life conditions is called throughput.
memory
reminiscence refers to chip-based totally storage. whilst the term reminiscence is
used by myself, it refers to
locations, generally in the system unit (usually random get right of entry to
memory or RAM, dis-
cussed subsequent) that a pc uses to keep facts on a temporary foundation. In
comparison, the time period
storage refers back to the greater permanent garage a pc uses—commonly in the shape
of
the computer’s internal hard power or detachable storage media (together with DVDs
and flash
memory garage systems, which might be discussed within the subsequent bankruptcy),
however it can additionally be within the
shape of chip-based totally inner garage—particularly in cellular devices.
similarly to RAM, laptop customers ought to be familiar with four different types
of com-
puter memory. two of these—cache reminiscence and registers—are unstable like RAM,
which
method that their content is erased while electricity to the reminiscence ceases;
the opposite —study-
best reminiscence (ROM) and flash memory—are nonvolatile. Cache reminiscence has
already
been mentioned; these other styles of reminiscence are defined subsequent.
Random access reminiscence (RAM)
RAM (random get admission to memory), additionally known as predominant
reminiscence or gadget memory, is used to
keep the crucial parts of the working system whilst the laptop is strolling, as
well as
the packages and data that the computer is presently using. whilst a person makes
use of the term
memory in reference to computers, he or she is normally referring to RAM. because
RAM
is unstable, its content material is misplaced whilst the computer is shut off.
facts in RAM is also deleted

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