UNIT-1

IOT Evolution
• IOC ( Internet of Content)- WWW( Google, ……)
• IOS (Internet of Services)- E-Commerce (Flipkart, Amazon…….)
• IOP (Internet of People)- Social Media (Skype, Facebook,Youtube….)

• IOT(Internet of Things)-
➢ Network of physical objects.
➢ Embedded systems with Electronics , Software and Sensors.
➢ Enable objects to exchange data with manufacturer, operator, users and
other devices through network infrastructure.
Allow remote control.
➢
It in industry 4.0 in which use of cyber-physical system to monitor,
➢
analyze and automate business.

• IOE(Internet of Everything)- 37 billion new things can be connected large

distributed network by 2024.
• WOT(Web of Things)- Through the web, things can be controlled.
It increases interoperability of IOT platform.

• IQT(Intelligent Quotient of Things)- IOT + AI (making things smarter)

• So IOT is 7 C’s of cycle (Connect + Collect + Collate + Compute + Conserve +

Communicate + Consume)
 Constrained Devices

Features of constrained devices

– Low cost
– Low CPU
– Low memory
– Low data rate
– Low power (battery)
– Small size (less battery)
• Anything will able to communicate to the internet at Any time from Any place
to provide Any services by Any network to Anyone.

• This concept will create a new types of applications can involve such as smart
vehicle and the smart home, to provide many services such as notifications,
security, energy saving, automation, communication, computers and entertainment.
 Definition of IOT
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—devices, vehicles, buildings
and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity—that
enables these objects to collect and exchange data.

• THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT): The IoT is comprised of the three core components: A
collection of smart, connected products, product systems, and other Things connected through
an Internet-like communication infrastructure to a computing infrastructure that are creating
new forms of value. Data from the product condition, operation, and environment are delivered
in real-time enabling capabilities to control, service, and upgrade the product and system
performance.
What is a Sensor?
A Sensor is an input device which provides an output (signal) with respect to a specific
physical quantity (input).
sensors, are divided in to Active and Passive. Active Sensors are those which require
an external excitation signal or a power signal.

Passive Sensors, on the other hand, do not require any external power signal and
directly generates output response.
Temperature Sensor
One of the most common and most popular sensors is the Temperature Sensor. A
Temperature Sensor, as the name suggests, senses the temperature i.e., it measures
the changes in the temperature.
Temperature Sensors are used everywhere like computers, mobile phones,
automobiles, air conditioning systems, industries etc.

Proximity Sensors
A Proximity Sensor is a non-contact type sensor that detects the presence of an object.
Proximity Sensors can be implemented using different techniques like Optical (like
Infrared or Laser), Sound (Ultrasonic), Magnetic (Hall Effect), Capacitive, etc.
Some of the applications of Proximity Sensors are Mobile Phones, Cars (Parking
Sensors), industries (object alignment), Ground Proximity in Aircrafts, etc.

Infrared Sensor (IR Sensor)

IR Sensors or Infrared Sensor are light based sensor that are used in various
applications like Proximity and Object Detection. IR Sensors are used as proximity
sensors in almost all mobile phones.
Different applications where IR Sensor is implemented are Mobile Phones, Robots,
Industrial assembly, automobiles etc.
A small project, where IR Sensors are used to turn on street lights: STREET LIGHTS
USING IR SENSORS.
Ultrasonic Sensor
An Ultrasonic Sensor is a non-contact type device that can be used to measure distance as well
as velocity of an object. An Ultrasonic Sensor works based on the properties of the sound waves
with frequency greater than that of the human audible range.

Using the time of flight of the sound wave, an Ultrasonic Sensor can measure the distance of the
object (similar to SONAR). The Doppler Shift property of the sound wave is used to measure the
velocity of an object.

Smoke and Gas Sensors

One of the very useful sensors in safety related applications are Smoke and Gas Sensors. Almost
all offices and industries are equipped with several smoke detectors, which detect any smoke
(due to fire) and sound an alarm.

Gas Sensors are more common in laboratories, large scale kitchens and industries. They can
detect different gases like LPG, Propane, Butane, Methane (CH4), etc.

Alcohol Sensor
As the name suggests, an Alcohol Sensor detects alcohol. Usually, alcohol sensors are used in
breathalyzer devices, which determine whether a person is drunk or not. Law enforcement
personnel uses breathalyzers to catch drunk-and-drive culprits.
Humidity Sensor
If you see Weather Monitoring Systems, they often provide temperature as well as
humidity data. So, measuring humidity is an important task in many applications and
Humidity Sensors help us in achieving this.

Often all humidity sensors measure relative humidity (a ratio of water content in air to
maximum potential of air to hold water). Since relative humidity is dependent on
temperature of air, almost all Humidity Sensors can also measure Temperature.

Touch Sensor
We do not give much importance to touch sensors but they became an integral part
of our life. all touch screen devices (Mobile Phones, Tablets, Laptops, etc.) have
touch sensors in them. Another common application of touch sensor is track pads in
our laptops.

Touch Sensors, as the name suggests, detect touch of a finger or a stylus.

https://studiousguy.com/examples-internet-of-things/
 THE FLAVOUR OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS
• The alarm rings. As you open your eyes blearily, you see that it’s five
minutes later than your usual wake-up time. The clock has checked the
train times online, and your train must be delayed, so it lets you sleep in a
little longer.

• In your kitchen, a blinking light reminds you it’s time to take your tablets. If
you forget, the medicine bottle cap goes online and emails your doctor to
let her know.

• On your way out of the house, you catch a glow in the corner of your eye.
Your umbrella handle is lit up, which means that it has checked the BBC
weather reports and predicts rain. You sigh and pick it up.

• On your lunch break, a pedometer in your training shoes and a heart

monitor in your wrist band help track your run around the block. The wrist
band’s large display also makes it easy to glance down and see how fast
you are running and how many calories you’ve burned. All the data is
automatically uploaded to your sports tracking site, which also integrates
with your online supermarket shopping account to make it easy to compare
with how many calories you’ve eaten.
 Physical Design of IoT
The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and can
perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.

• IoT devices can:

• Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or

indirectly)

• Collect data from other devices and process the data locally

• Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends for

processing the data

• Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure, based on
temporal and space constraints
An IoT device is made up of a Physical object (“thing”) + Controller (“brain”)
+ Sensors + Actuators + Networks (Internet).

An Actuator is a machine component or system that moves or controls the

mechanism or the system.

Sensors in the device sense the environment, then control signals are generated
for the actuators according to the actions needed to perform.
 Generic block diagram of an IoT Device
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for connections to other devices,
both wired and wireless.

• I/O interfaces for sensors

• Interfaces for Internet connectivity

• Memory and storage interfaces

• Audio/video interfaces.
 Functional Block of IOT

Device:

1. IoT i.e Internet of things, where things refer to the IoT devices which have
unique identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring
capabilities (ex: combination of sensors, actuators, Arduino, relay, non IoT
devices).

2. The IoT devices can share information with as well as collect information from
other connected devices and applications (directly and indirectly).

3. They can process the data locally or in the cloud to find greater insights and put
them into action based on temporal and space constraints (i.e space memory,
processing capabilities, communication latencies and speeds and deadlines).

4. IoT devices can be of varied types. For ex: wearable sensors, smart watches, LED
lights, automobiles and industrial machines.
Communications:
It refers to various communication protocols which allows different devices to
communicate with each other by sharing some information. It also allows
interoperability among different devices.

Services:
IoT system provides various services such as device monitoring, device control
services, data publishing services, device discovery services.

Management:
Various management functions to govern the IoT system.

Security:
It secures the IoT system by providing authentication, authorization, message and
content integrity and data security.

Application:
1. IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to control and monitor
various aspects of the IoT system.
2. It also allows viewing the system status and view or analysing the processed data.
HTTP works as a request-response protocol between a client and server. A web
browser may be the client, and an application on a computer that hosts a web
site may be the server.

Example: A client (browser) submits an HTTP request to the server; then the
server returns a response to the client. The response contains status
information about the request and may also contain the requested content.
 REST-BASED COMUNICATION API
A RESTful API is an architectural style for an application program interface
(API) that uses HTTP requests to access and use data.

Data can be used to GET, PUT, POST and DELETE data types, which refers to
the reading, updating, creating and deleting of operations concerning
resources.

A RESTful API uses commands to obtain resources. The state of a resource at any
given timestamp is called a resource representation

GET to retrieve a resource

PUT to change the state of or update a resource, which can be an object, file
or block

POST to create that resource

DELETE to remove it.

Socket includes IP address and Port number
websocket includes URL and Port number
 Introduction
IoT architecture elements vary based on applications of use. Based on this fact, various
levels are defined for IoT system. Let us understand these IoT levels with their
elements and examples of their usage. Let us take example of air conditioner whose
temperature has to be monitored to understand IoT levels.
IoT Level 1
• This level consists of air conditioner, temperature sensor, data collection and
analysis and control & monitoring app.

• The data sensed is stored locally.

• The data analysis is done locally.

• Monitoring & Control is done using Mobile app or web app.

• The data generated in this level application is not huge.

• All the control actions are performed through internet.

• Example: Room temperature is monitored using temperature sensor and data is

stored/analysed locally. Based on analysis made, control action is triggered using
IoT Level 2
• This level consists of air conditioner, temperature sensor, Big data (Bigger than
level -1, data analysis done here) , cloud and control & monitoring app.

• This level-2 is complex compare to level-1. Moreover rate of sensing is faster

compare to level-1.

• This level has voluminous size of data. Hence cloud storage is used.

• Data analysis is carried out locally. Cloud is used for only storage purpose.

• Based on data analysis, control action is triggered using web app or mobile app.

• Examples: Agriculture applications, room freshening solutions based on odour

sensors etc.
IoT Level 3
• As shown in the figure, this level consists of air conditioner, temperature sensor, big
data collection (Bigger than level-1) , cloud (for data analysis) and control & monitoring
app.

• Data here is voluminous i.e. big data. Frequency of data sensing is fast and collected
sensed data is stored on cloud as it is big.

• Data analysis is done on the cloud side and based on analysis control action is
triggered using mobile app or web app.

• Examples: Agriculture applications, room freshening solutions based on odour

sensors etc.
IoT Level 4
• This level consists of multiple sensors, data collection and analysis and control &
monitoring app.

• At this level-4, multiple sensors are used which are independent of the others.

• The data collected using these sensors are uploaded to the cloud separately.
The cloud storage is used in this level due to requirement of huge data storage.

• The data analysis is performed on the cloud and based on which control action is
triggered either using web app or mobile app.

Level-4 contains local and cloud- based observer nodes which can subscribe to and
receive information collected in the cloud from IoT devices.
 IoT Level 5
• This level consists of multiple sensors, coordinator node, data collection and
analysis and control & monitoring app.

• This level is similar to level-4 which also has huge data and hence they are sensed
using multiple sensors at much faster rate and simultaneously.

• The data collection and data analysis is performed at the cloud level.
• Based on analysis,control action is performed using mobile app or web app.

A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node. Coordinator
node collects data from the end nodes and sends to the cloud.
IoT Enabling Technologies
Pros and cons of IoT
Some of the advantages of IoT include the following:

➢ability to access information from anywhere at any time on any device;

➢improved communication between connected electronic devices;

➢transferring data packets over a connected network saving time and money;

➢automating tasks helping to improve the quality of a business's services and reducing the
need for human intervention.

Some disadvantages of IoT include the following:

➢As the number of connected devices increases and more information is shared between
devices, the potential that a hacker could steal confidential information also increases.

➢Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers -- maybe even millions -- of
IoT devices, and collecting and managing the data from all those devices will be challenging

➢If there's a bug in the system, it's likely that every connected device will become corrupted.

➢Since there's no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it's difficult for devices from
different manufacturers to communicate with each other.
IoT Application Areas
 Domain Specific IoT
• The IoT application covers “smart” environments/spaces in domains such
as: Transportation, Building, City, Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory,
Supply chain, Emergency, Healthcare, User interaction, Culture and
tourism, Environment and Energy.

• A. IOsL (Internet of smart living):

• Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely appliances
to avoid accidents and save energy

• Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity,

temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain levels with ability to transmit
data over long distances

• Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling what’s

inside, food that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to buy and with all
the information available on a Smartphone app. Washing machines
allowing you to monitor the laundry remotely, and. Kitchen ranges with
interface to a Smartphone app allowing remotely adjustable temperature
control and monitoring the oven’s self-cleaning feature
•
• Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making people feel safe in
their daily life at home, Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door
openings and violations to prevent intruders

• Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain
advice on how to save cost and resources, & many more
• B. IOsC ( Internet of smart cities):
• Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in
buildings, bridges and historical monuments

• Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights

• Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management, public

announcement systems

• Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with warning

messages and diversions according to climate conditions and unexpected
events like accidents or traffic jams

• Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces availability in the

city making residents able to identify and reserve the closest available
spaces

• Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize

the trash collection routes. Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags
allow the sanitation staff to see when garbage has been put out.
• C. IOsE (Internet of smart environment):
•
• Air Pollution monitoring: Control of CO2 emissions of factories, pollution
emitted by cars and toxic gases generated in farms
•
• Forest Fire Detection: Monitoring of combustion gases and preemptive
fire conditions to define alert zones
•
• Weather monitoring: weather conditions monitoring such as humidity,
temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain, Earthquake Early Detection
•
• Water Quality: Study of water suitability in rivers and the sea for eligibility
in drinkable use

• River Floods: Monitoring of water level variations in rivers, dams and

reservoirs during rainy days

• Protecting wildlife: Tracking collars utilizing GPS/GSM modules to locate

and track wild animals and communicate their coordinates via SMS.
• D. IOsI (Internet of smart industry):

• Explosive and Hazardous Gases: Detection of gas levels and leakages in

industrial environments, surroundings of chemical factories and inside mines,
Monitoring of toxic gas and oxygen levels inside chemical plants to ensure
workers and goods safety, Monitoring of water, oil and gas levels in storage tanks
and Cisterns

• Maintenance and repair: Early predictions on equipment malfunctions and

service maintenance can be automatically scheduled ahead of an actual part failure
by installing sensors inside equipment to monitor and send reports.
• E. IOsH (Internet of smart health):

• Patients Surveillance: Monitoring of conditions of patients inside hospitals

and in old people’s
home

• Medical Fridges: Control of conditions inside freezers storing vaccines,

medicines and organic elements,

• Fall Detection: Assistance for elderly or disabled people living

independent,

• Dental: Bluetooth connected toothbrush with Smartphone app analyzes the

brushing uses and gives information on the brushing habits on the
Smartphone for private information or for showing statistics to the dentist

• Physical Activity Monitoring: Wireless sensors placed across the mattress

sensing small motions, like breathing and heart rate and large motions
caused by tossing and turning during sleep, providing data available
through an app on the Smartphone.
• F. IOsE (internet of smart energy):

• Smart Grid: Energy consumption monitoring and management,

• Wind Turbines/ Power house: Monitoring and analyzing the flow of energy
from wind turbines & power house, and two-way communication with
consumers’ smart meters to analyze consumption patterns

• Power Supply Controllers: Controller for AC-DC power supplies that

determines required energy, and improve energy efficiency with less energy
waste for power supplies related to computers, telecommunications, and
consumer electronics applications, Photovoltaic Installations: Monitoring and
optimization of performance in solar energy plants.
• G. IOsA (internet of smart agriculture):

• Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of

fruits and vegetables and its quality

• Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw, etc.
to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants

• Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals grazing in

open pastures or location in big stables, Study of ventilation and air quality in
farms and detection of harmful gases from excrements

• Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal farms

to ensure its survival and health, field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop
waste with better monitoring, accurate ongoing data obtaining, and management
of the agriculture fields, including better control of fertilizing, electricity and
watering
➢The main difference between them is: Arduino is microcontroller board, while
Raspberry Pi is a microprocessor based mini computer (SBC).

➢The Microcontroller on the Arduino board contains the CPU, RAM and ROM. All the
additional hardware on Arduino Board is for power supply, programming and IO
Connectivity. Raspberry Pi SBC has all features of a computer with a processor,
memory, storage, graphics driver, connectors on the board.

➢Raspberry Pi needs an Operating System to run. Arduino doesn’t need any operating
system. All you need is a binary of the compiled source code.

➢Raspberry Pi comes with a fully functional operating system called Raspberry Pi OS

(previously known as Raspbian OS).

➢Pi can use different operating systems, Linux is preferred by Raspberry Pi

Foundation.

➢You can install Android, if you want. Arduino does not have any operating system.
You just need a firmware instructing the Microcontroller what task to do.
 Arduino
Arduino is an open source programmable circuit board that can be
integrated into a wide variety of maker space projects both simple and
complex.

This board contains a microcontroller which is able to be programmed to

sense and control objects in the physical world.
PINOUT DIAGRAM
FEATURES OF ARDUINO
 What is Raspberry Pi?

•Raspberry Pi is a credit card sized bargain micro Linux machine.

•The goal behind creating Raspberry Pi was to create a low cost device
that would improve programming skills and hardware understanding for
students.

•The latest model of Raspberry Pi comes sporting 1 GB of RAM, 1200

MHz quad – core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, and basic levels of
functionality that enables hobbyists, computer enthusiasts, and
students to use this device for DIY projects.

•Raspberry Pi is open hardware with the exception of its primary chip,

the Broadcomm SoC which runs the main components of the board –
CPU, graphics, memory, USB controller etc.
How to decide between Raspberry Pi and Arduino?

So, to decide between the two, first you should know what you want to do in your
project.

From above discussion, we can understand that Arduino is good for repetitive tasks
such as opening the garage door, switching the lights on and off, reading from
temperature sensors, control a motor as the user wants, etc.

While Pi is good for performing multiple tasks, driving complicated robots, playing
videos, connect to internet, interface cameras, etc.
For example, if you want to develop an application where you want to monitor
Humidity and Temperature from DHT11 Sensor and display the results on an LCD,
then Arduino can be used to implement this.

But if you want to monitor the Humidity and Temperature from DHT11 Sensor, send an
e-mail with the results, check / compare the reading with a weather report from online
and also display the results on an LCD, then Raspberry Pi is the right choice.

In simple, Arduino is used for beginners projects and quick electronics prototyping
while Raspberry Pi is used for and some complicated projects can be easily handled by
pi.
• IoTApplications
The application of IoT
Smart Dustbin
END