P.P.10.

1 Node Analysis of Phasor Circuits

10 sin(2t ) 
→ 10∠0°, ω = 2
2H 
→ jωL = j4
1
0.2 F  → = - j2.5
jωC
Hence, the circuit in the frequency domain is as shown below.

V1 -j2.5 Ω V2 4Ω

+
+
10∠0° A 2Ω Vx j4 Ω −
3Vx
−

V1 V1 − V2
At node 1, 10 = +
2 - j2.5
100 = (5 + j4) V1 − j4V2 (1)

V2 V1 − V2 3Vx − V2
At node 2, = + where Vx = V1
j4 - j2.5 4
- j2.5V2 = j4 (V1 − V2 ) + 2.5 (3V1 − V2 )
0 = - (7.5 + j4) V1 + (2.5 + j1.5) V2 (2)

Put (1) and (2) in matrix form.

 5 + j4 - j4  V1  100 
 - (7.5 + j4) 2.5 + j1.5 V  =  0 
  2   
where ∆ = (5 + j4)(2.5 + j.15) − (-j4)(-(7.5 + j4)) = 22.5 − j12.5 = 25.74∠ - 29.05°

2.5 + j1.5 j4 
 
 V1   7.5 + j4 5 + j4 100
V  =  0 
 2 22.5 − j12.5  
2.5 + j1.5 2.915∠30.96°
V1 = (100) = (100) = 11.32∠60.01°
22.5 − j12.5 25.74∠ - 29.05°
7.5 + j4 8.5∠28.07°
V2 = (100) = (100) = 33.02 ∠57.12°
22.5 − j12.5 25.74∠ - 29.05°

In the time domain,

v1 ( t ) = 11.32 sin(2t + 60.01°) V
v 2 ( t ) = 33.02 sin(2t + 57.12°) V
P.P.10.3 Mesh Analysis of Phasor Circuits
Consider the circuit below.

2∠0° A

I3

-j2 Ω 6Ω

I1 I2 +
8Ω j4 Ω 10∠30° V
−

For mesh 1, (8 − j2 + j4) I 1 − j4 I 2 = 0

(8 + j2) I 1 = j4 I 2 (1)

For mesh 2, (6 + j4) I 2 − j4 I 1 − 6 I 3 + 10 ∠30° = 0

For mesh 3, I 3 = -2

Thus, the equation for mesh 2 becomes

(6 + j4) I 2 − j4 I 1 = -12 − 10 ∠30° (2)

8 + j2
From (1), I2 = I = (0.5 − j2) I 1 (3)
j4 1

Substituting (3) into (2),

(6 + j4) (0.5 − j2) I 1 − j4 I 1 = -12 − 10 ∠30°
(11 − j14) I 1 = -(20.66 + j5)
- (20.66 + j5)
I1 =
11 − j14

20.66 + j5 21.256∠13.6°
Hence, I o = - I1 = =
11 − j14 17.8∠ - 51.84°
I o = 1.194∠65.44° A
P.P.10.4 Mesh Analysis of Phasor Circuits Using Supermeshes
Meshes 2 and 3 form a supermesh as shown in the circuit below.

10 Ω

-j4 Ω j8 Ω

I2
+ I1
50∠0° V
−
I3
-j6 Ω
5Ω

For mesh 1, − 50 + (15 − j4) I 1 − (− j4) I 2 − 5 I 3 = 0

(15 − j4) I 1 + j4 I 2 − 5 I 3 = 50 (1)

For the supermesh, ( j8 − j4) I 2 + (5 − j6) I 3 − (5 − j4) I 1 = 0 (2)

Also, I3 = I2 + 2 (3)

Eliminating I 3 from (1) and (2)

(15 − j4) I 1 + (-5 + j4) I 2 = 60 (4)
(-5 + j4) I 1 + (5 − j2) I 2 = -10 + j12 (5)

From (4) and (5),

15 − j4 - 5 + j4 I 1   60 
 - 5 + j4 5 - j2  I  =  - 10 + j12 
  2   

15 − j4 - 5 + j4
∆= = 58 − j10 = 58.86∠ - 9.78°
- 5 + j4 5 - j2
60 - 5 + j4
∆1 = = 298 − j20 = 298.67 ∠ - 3.84°
- 10 + j12 5 - j2

∆1
Thus, I o = I1 = = 5.074∠5.94° A
∆
P.P.10.5 Using Superposition Technique Let I o = I 'o + I "o , where I 'o and I "o are due to
the voltage source and current source respectively. For I 'o consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j2 Ω 6Ω
Io'

I1 I2 +
8Ω j4 Ω 10∠30° V
−

(a)

For mesh 1, (8 + j2) I 1 − j4 I 2 = 0

I 2 = (0.5 − j2) I 1 (1)

For mesh 2, (6 + j4) I 2 − j4 I 1 − 10 ∠30° = 0 (2)

Substituting (1) into (2),

(6 + j4)(0.5 − j2) I 1 − j4 I 1 = 10 ∠30°
10∠30°
I 'o = I 1 = = 0.08 + j0.556
11 − j14

For I "o consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

2∠0° A

-j2 Ω 6Ω
"
Io

8Ω j4 Ω

(b)
j24
Let Z 1 = 8 − j2 Ω , Z 2 = 6 || j4 = = 1.846 + j2.77 Ω
6 + j4
Z2 (2)(1.846 + j2.77)
I "o = ( 2) = = 0.4162 + j0.53
Z1 + Z 2 9.846 + j0.77

Therefore, I o = I 'o + I "o = 0.4962 + j1.086 I o = 1.194∠65.44° A

P.P.10.6 Superposition Technique for sources having different Frequencies
Let v o = v 'o + v "o , where v 'o is due to the voltage source and v "o is due to the
current source. For v 'o , we remove the current source.

30 sin(5t ) 
→ 30 ∠0°, ω = 5
1 1
0.2 F  → = = -j
jωC j (5)(0.2)
1H 
→ jωL = j (5)(1) = j5

The circuit in the frequency domain is shown in Fig. (a).

8Ω

+
+
30∠0° V Vo' -j Ω j5 Ω
−
−

(a)

Note that - j || j5 = -j1.25

By voltage division,
- j1.25
Vo' = (30) = 4.631∠ - 81.12°
8 − j1.25
Thus, v 'o = 4.631sin(5t − 81.12°)

For v "o , we remove the voltage source.

2 cos(10t ) 
→ 2∠0°, ω = 10
1 1
0.2 F  → = = - j0.5
jωC j (10)(0.2)
1H 
→ jωL = j (10)(1) = j10

The corresponding circuit in the frequency domain is shown in Fig (b).

+ I

8Ω j10 Ω Vo" -j0.5 Ω 2∠0°

−

(b)
 j80
Let Z 1 = - j0.5 , Z 2 = 8 || j10 = = 4.878 + j3.9
8 + j10

By current division,
Z2
I= ( 2)
Z1 + Z 2
Z2 - j (4.877 + j3.9)
Vo" = I (-j0.5) = (2)(-j0.5) =
Z1 + Z 2 4.878 + j3.4
6.245∠ - 51.36°
Vo" = = 1.051∠ - 86.24°
5.94 ∠34.88°
Thus, v "o = 1.051 cos(10t − 86.24°)

Therefore, v o = v 'o + v "o

v o = 4.631 sin(5t – 81.12°) + 1.051 cos(10t – 86.24°) V
P.P.10.8 Thevenin and Norton Equivalents

When the voltage source is set equal to zero,

Z th = 10 + (- j4) || (6 + j2)
(-j4)(6 + j2)
Z th = 10 +
6 - j2
Z th = 10 + 2.4 − j3.2
Z th = 12.4 – j3.2 Ω

By voltage division,
- j4 (- j4)(30 ∠20°)
Vth = (30 ∠20°) =
6 + j2 − j4 6 − j2
(4∠ - 90°)(30∠20°)
Vth =
6.324∠ - 18.43°
Vth = 18.97∠-51.57° V
P.P.10.9 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent for Circuits with Dependent Sources

To find Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

8 + j4 8 + j4

+ Vo − + Vo −

5∠0°
V2 Is
VS a
V1 a

+
4 – j2 0.2Vo 4 – j2 0.2Vo 1∠0°
−

b
(a) (b) b

0 − V1 V − V2
At node 1, = 5+ 1
4 − j2 8 + j4
- (2 + j)V1 = 50 + (1 − j0.5)(V1 − V2 )
50 = (1 − j0.5)V2 − (3 + j0.5)V1 (1)

V1 − V2
At node 2, 5 + 0.2Vo + = 0, where Vo = V1 − V2 .
8 + j4

Hence, the equation for node 2 becomes

V − V2
5 + 0.2 (V1 − V2 ) + 1 =0
8 + j4
50
V1 = V2 − (2)
3 + j0.5

Substituting (2) into (1),

3 + j0.5
50 = (1 − j0.5)V2 − (3 + j0.5)V2 + (50)
3 − j0.5
50
0 = -50 − (2 + j)V2 + (35 + j12)
37
- 2.702 + j16.22
V2 = = 7.35∠72.9°
2+ j
Vth = V2 = 7.35∠72.9° V
To find Z th , we remove the independent source and insert a 1-V voltage source between
terminals a-b, as shown in Fig. (b).

Vs
At node a, I s = -0.2Vo +
8 + j4 + 4 − j2

8 + j4
But, Vs = 1 and – Vo = V
8 + j4 + 4 − j2 s
8 + j4 1 2.6 + j0.8
So, I s = (0.2) + =
12 + j2 12 + j2 12 + j2
V 1 12 + j2 12.166∠9.46°
and Z th = s = = =
I s I s 2.6 + j0.8 2.72∠17.10°
Z th = 4.473∠–7.64° Ω
P.P.10.11 OP Amp Application
1 1
10 nF 
→ = = -j20 kΩ
jωC1 j (5 × 10 )(10 × 10 -9 )
3

1 1
20 nF  → = = -j10 kΩ
jωC 2 j (5 × 10 )(20 × 10 -9 )
3

Consider the circuit in the frequency domain as shown below.

-j20 kΩ

10 kΩ 20 kΩ V2 Io
+
V1 Vo
−
+
2∠0° V -j10 kΩ
−

As a voltage follower, V2 = Vo

2 − V1 V1 − Vo V1 − Vo
At node 1, = +
10 - j20 20
4 = (3 + j)V1 − (1 + j)Vo (1)

V1 − Vo Vo − 0
At node 2, =
20 - j10
V1 = (1 + j2)Vo (2)

Substituting (2) into (1) gives

2
4 = j6Vo or Vo = ∠ - 90°
3

Hence, v o ( t ) = 0.667 cos(5000t − 90°) V

v o ( t ) = 0.667 sin(5000t) V

Vo − V1
Now, Io =
- j20k
-4
But from (2) Vo − V1 = - j2Vo =
3
-4 3
Io = = - j66.66 µA
- j20k

Hence, i o ( t ) = 66.67 cos(5000t − 90°) µA i o ( t ) = 66.67 sin(5000t) µA