Total Work along an inclined surface

Given is an object with mass (m) dragged across a ramp that is inclined at
an angle θ with respect to the horizontal surface. The applied force (F)
makes an angle β with respect also with the horizontal. The incline has a
coefficient of friction (µ) and the object has travelled a distance (d) along
this surface. Derive the equation for the net work.

F
β
F
µ β

d
θ
Total Work along an inclined surface
FY

FX

N
mg

FY
N N FY
f (β+θ) f (β+θ)

FX FX

d
mg θ mg d
 Total Work along an inclined surface
FY = F sin (β+θ)

N
f (β+θ) FX = F cos (β+θ)
NSLM @ y-axis ↑+
(mg) sin(θ)
ΣFy = 0
(mg) cos(θ)
– (mg) cos(θ) + F sin(β+θ) + N = 0

d
θ
N = (mg) cos(θ) – F sin(β+θ)
NSLM @ x-axis →+
ΣFx = maX
Fnet = ma and s = d
– f + (mg) sin(θ) + F cos(β+θ) = ma
– µN + (mg) sin(θ) + F cos(β+θ) = Fnet
Wnet = mas = Fnet(d)
Fnet = F cos (β+θ) – µN + (mg) sin(θ)
ENERGY
Two kinds Mechanical Energy
1. Kinetic Energy – energy found in moving objects

V
K = ½ mv2
m

2. Potential Energy – stored energy in an object

2.1. Gravitational Potential - P.E. due to vertical displacement.

h
Ug = mgh
m

g = 9.8 m/s2 = 980 cm/s2 = 32 ft/s2

ENERGY
2. 2. Elastic Potential - Stored energy due to a restoring force of an
elastic object ( like a spring).

Ue = ½ kx2
X

Compressed Stretched

X – compressed (or stretched) distance

k – force constant of spring (N/m)
ENERGY
1. What is the kinetic energy of a 2800 N car moving at 65 km/hr?

Given : weight of car = 2800 N , v = 65 km/hr

Req’d : K

Solution : K = ½ mv2

w = mg , m = w/g = 2800N / 9.8 m/s2

m = 285.7 kg

v = 65 km/hr (convert this into m/s)

v = 65 km/hr x ( 1000 m/1km) x ( 1 hr / 3600 s )
v = 18.06 m/s
K = ½ (285.7 kg)(18.06m/s)2

K = 46,592.4 J
ENERGY
2. A bowling ball of 4 kg is lifted 20 m above the ground. What is the
(gravitational) potential energy stored in the ball?
Given : m = 4 kg , h = 20 m Req’d : PE
g

Solution : Ug = mgh

Ug = (4kg)(9.8 m/s2)(20 m)

Ug = 784 J
ENERGY
3. A 2 kg mass compress a spring with a force constant of 5,000 N/m. How
much distance did the spring got compressed, if the stored elastic potential
energy was 30 J?

Given : m = 2 kg , k = 5,000 N/m, PEe = 30 J

Req’d : x

Solution : Ue = ½ kx2

x = 2(Ue) / k

x = 2(30J) / (5,000N/m)

x = 0.11 m = 11 cm
 POWER (P)
– the rate of work per unit time (t).

P=W/t Average Power

W is in Joules , t is in seconds
P = W / t = (Fs cosθ)/ t , s/t =average velocity (v)

P = (F cosθ) v Average Power

F is in Newtons , v here is the average velocity and in m/s
Units : MKS – Watts (W) , 1 W = 1 J/s
English- Horsepower -(Hp)
1 Hp = 550 ft-lb/sec = 746 W
POWER
P(t) = dW / dt
Instantaneous Power
P(t) = (F cosθ) v(t)

Units : MKS – Watts (W) , 1 W = 1 J/s

English- Horsepower -(Hp)

1 Hp = 550 ft-lb/sec = 746 W
POWER
1. How much power is consumed by a car motor, if the average net force of
100 N makes the car of 300 kg, travel 3 km in 5 minutes?
(a) In Watts (b) In Hp

Given : m = 300 kg , s = 3 km, t = 5 mins, Fnet = 100 N , θ = 0°

Req’d : P P = (100N cos 0°) (10 m/s)

Solution : P = (F cos θ) v P = 1,000 Watts
v = s/ t
s = 3 km X ( 1,000 m / 1 km) = 3,000 m P = 1,000 W x ( 1 Hp / 746 W)
t = 5 min X ( 60 sec / 1 min) = 300 s
P = 1.34 Hp
v = 3,000 m / 300 s = 10 m/s
F = Fnet = 100 N
3.
3. The
The ski
ski slopes
slopes at
at aa mountain
mountain make
make use use of
of aa ski-lift
ski-lift to
to transport
transport snowboarders
snowboarders and
and skiers
skiers to
to the
the
summit
summit of of the
the hill.
hill. One
One of
of the
the ski-lift
ski-lift is
is powered
powered by by aa 25kW
25kW motor
motor which
which pulls
pulls the
the skier
skier along
along an
an icy
icy
incline of 20° at a constant speed. Suppose that 8 skiers with an average mass of
incline of 20° at a constant speed. Suppose that 8 skiers with an average mass of 50 kg were 50 kg were
transported
transported at at one
one time
time and
and the
the motor
motor operates
operates atat full
full power
power ::
3. The ski slopes at a mountain make use of a ski-lift to transport snowboarders and skiers to the
summit of the hill. One of the ski-lift is powered by a 25kW motor which pulls the skier along an icy
incline of 20° at a constant speed. Suppose that 8 skiers with an average mass of 50 kg were
transported at one time and the motor operates at full power :
3. The ski slopes at a mountain make use of a ski-lift to transport snowboarders and skiers to the
summit of the hill. One of the ski-lift is powered by a 25kW motor which pulls the skier along an icy
incline of 20° at a constant speed. Suppose that 8 skiers with an average mass of 50 kg were
transported at one time and the motor operates at full power :
LAW of CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
“When no other force is acting on an object except its weight (i.e. Object is
airborne or at freefall) . Then Total Mechanical Energy (TME) is constant or
conserve”.
“Energy is not lost but is transformed”

m
TME = K + U

TME1 = TME2 = TME3

2 Vf
K1 + U1 = K2 + U2 = K3 + U3
m

3
LAW of CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
“When no other force is acting on an object except its weight (i.e.
Object is airborne or at freefall) . Then Total Mechanical Energy (TME)
is constant or conserve”.
“Energy is not lost but is transformed”

m
TME = K + U

1
Consider only 2 points
TME1 = TME2 2 Vf
K1 + U1 = K2 + U2
m
0 = (K2 – K1)+ (U2 – U1)
3
0 = ∆K + ∆U
 LAW of CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
1. A ball is dropped 10 m above the ground. The ball has a mass of 2 kg.
Using conservation of energy, how fast will it hit the ground? (Note :
Neglect air resistance)

Given : Req’d : v = ?
v1 = 0 K1 = ½ mv12 = ½ (2 kg)(0)2 = 0 J
m = 2kg U1 = mgh1 = (2kg)(9.8m/s2)(10m) = 196 J
h1 = 10 m K2 = ½ mv22 = ½ (2kg) v22 = (1kg) v22
v=? U2 = mgh2 = (2kg)(9.8m/s2)(0) = 0 J

1 2

0 = (K2 – K1)+ (U2 – U1)

0 = [ (1kg) v22 – 0 ] + ( 0 – 196 J)
v22 = 196 J / 1 kg
v22= 196 m2/s2 v2 = 14 m/s
LAW of CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
2. A toy gun that shoots rubber balls of 0.2 kg mass is loaded by inserting a
ball inside the barrel of the gun. The spring inside the gun has a spring
constant of k= 100 N/m. When the gun is loaded, the spring is compressed
by an amount x = 0.05 m. The gun is pointed straight up. How far up will the
rubber ball go?
K1 = ½ mv12 = ½ (0.02 kg)(0)2 = 0 J
U1 = ½ kx2 = ½ (100 N/m)(0.05m)2
h=?
U1 = 0.125 J
K2 = ½ mv22 = ½ (0.02 kg)(0)2 = 0 J
x =0.05 m U2 = mgh = (0.2kg)(9.8m/s2)h
U2 = (1.96N) h
k =100 N/m
1 2 0 = (K2 – K1)+ (U2 – U1)
0 = (0 – 0) + [(1.96 N)h – 0.125J]
h = 0.125 J / 1.96 N
h = 0.064 m = 6.4 cm
WORK - ENERGY (THEOREM) RELATION

K1 + U1 + WO = K2 + U2
V1
m
WO = (K2 – K1)+ (U2 – U1)
1
WO = ∆K + ∆U
V2

WO = work due to external forces like friction

and/or an applied force
 WORK - ENERGY (THEOREM) RELATION
1. A child of 30 kg slides down a slide 2.5 m high and has a speed of 2.25 m/s at
the bottom. How much energy was lost due to friction?

m = 30 kg K1 = ½ mv12 = ½ (30 kg)(0)2 = 0 J

U1 = mgh = (30 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(2.5m) = 735 J
h=
2.5 m Wother forces = Wf

K2 = ½ mv22 = ½ (30 kg)(2.25 m/s)2 = 75.94 J

U2 = mgh = (30 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(0) = 0 J
v2 = 2.25 m/s
m = 30 kg
Wf = (735J) - (75.94 J)
Wf = 659.06 J