RM.DL.

Books Groups
First Children’s
Dictionary
li g h
tho REVISED EDITION
Senior editor Marie Greenwood
Project editor Suneha Dutta
Editors Jolyon Goddard, Olivia Stanford
u se
Art editors Shipra Jain, Kartik Gera
Assistant editors Anwesha Dutta, Debangana Banerjee,
Sayantani Chakrabarti
Assistant art editors Jaileen Kaur, Seepiya Sahni
US editor Rebecca Warren
DTP designer Bimlesh Tiwary
Managing editors Laura Gilbert, Alka Thakur Hazarika
Managing art editors Diane Peyton Jones, Romi Chakraborty
CTS manager Balwant Singh
Senior producer, pre-production Nadine King
Producer Srijana Gurung
Publisher Sarah Larter
Publishing director Sophie Mitchell
Jacket editor Ishani Nandi
Jacket designer Dheeraj Arora
Art director Martin Wilson
Lexicographer and consultant Sheila Dignen

ORIGINAL EDITION
Lexicographer Sheila Dignen
Senior editor Elinor Greenwood
Senior art editor Janet Allis
Designers Mo Choy, Gill Shaw
Managing editors Mary Ling, Sue Leonard
Managing art editors Rachael Foster, Cathy Chesson
DTP designer Almudena Díaz
Picture research Sean Hunter
Production Jenny Jacoby

First American Edition, 2002

This edition published in the United States in 2016 by
DK Publishing, 345 Hudson Street, New York,
New York 10014

Copyright © 2002, 2016 Dorling Kindersley Limited

DK, a Penguin Random House Company LLC

13 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001-285397-Nov/2016

All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no
part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without
the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by
Dorling Kindersley Limited.

fresh car
A catalog record for this book is available
from the Library of Congress.
ISBN: 978-1-4654-5467-6

Printed and bound in China

A WORLD OF IDEAS:
SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW
www.dk.com
Introduction butter
f ly

First Children’s Dictionary is a stunning and

entertaining new word finder for young children.
An interactive dictionary Over 800 illustrations
First Children’s Dictionary provides a valuable The eye-catching color graphics and
and fascinating insight into the world of words. photographs bring the definitions to life.
The striking design and interactive features
stimulate children’s natural curiosity and More than just a dictionary
appetite for words. While First Children’s Dictionary acts as
a tool to look up spellings and meanings
Dictionary skills of words, there is more to it than that:
The clear design and layout help children ☛ Opposites—words with opposite meanings
to learn important dictionary skills. First that are formed by adding common prefixes, such
Children’s Dictionary helps to widen vocabulary as unhappy or dishonest, help children learn how
and improve spelling and grammar as well as to use these prefixes correctly.
develop children’s awareness of words. ☛ Spelling notes—warning notes are
included for words that sound the same
More than 4,000 entries but are spelled differently, e.g. pale/pail.
Each word is clearly defined with simple, ☛ Word collections—fun-filled
age-related vocabulary. The definitions are pages of words under one theme are
written in full sentences, making them easy valuable aids to creative writing.
to understand and help children learn how
to write correctly in sentences, using capital
letters and periods. Example sentences
illustrate use and meaning.
ss
ss

Contents hiss
Dinosaur 60 Shape up! 180
Alphabetical order 4 Entertainment 71 Space 195
All about words 6 Food 83 Sport 196
More words 8 Ghosts and fantasy 89 Time 216
Using the dictionary 10 Growth 94 Transportation 221
Horse 102 Weather 238
The dictionary 12-245 Insect 108
Night life 137 Spelling tips 246
Word collections At the park 145 Writing 248
Animal 17 To the rescue 168 Facts and figures 250
At the beach 27 Robots 171 Animal families 252
In the city 44 Map of the world 254
Costume 50 Acknowledgments 256
Alphabetical order

Alphabetical order
To look up a word, you need to find where it belongs
among all the other words in the English language.
This is why a dictionary arranges words in
alphabetical order.

Get in order!
Here is the alphabet in the correct
order. Remember this, and using
a dictionary will be easy!

Putting words in order

To put words into alphabetical order,
you compare their first letters, then their
second letters, then their third, and so on.
For example, look at this list of animals.
1 Ant A is before C
Animal mixer 2 Cat Ca is before Cr
See if you can arrange these 3 Crab Cra is before Cre
animals in alphabetical order. 4 Creature Cre is before Cro
Look at the box on the right to 5 Crocodile Cr is before Cu
help you. (Answers on page 256) 6 Cub

b sh
hamster ar
la

k
ck
bird

ant
cat
4
 Alphabetical order
It’s nonsense!
Make sense of nonsense by putting
the letters of these mixed-up words into Silly sentence
alphabetical order. Here’s a clue, they Sort this nonsense sentence
are all things you can eat! Follow by putting the words
this example. (Answers on page 256) into the correct
alphabetical order.
(Answer on page 256)
apple
pleap
1. rebry

An
his i
2. ratcor

ncredib
3. oguhnudt
4. sedrest

le astr
on
7. suitcib

aut jour ney began

5. coletacho
6. ritapoc

monkey
.

alf
c

e nguin
p

m o u se

RM.DL.Books Groups 5
All about words

All about words

To make a sentence we use different types
of words. Each word in a sentence has its
own name and its own job to do.

ks
soc
Nouns One or two?

k
soc
A noun is a word that names We use a singular noun
a thing, a person, or a place. if there is only one of
Cat, teacher, spoon, and city something. We use a
are all nouns. plural noun if there is Singular Plural
more than one. We sock socks
A common noun names things, usually add -s or -es to dog dogs
people, or places in general. Carrot, make plural nouns. For box boxes
bird, friend, and school are all nouns that end in -y, we princess princesses
common nouns. change the -y to -ies. baby babies
family families
A proper noun names one
particular person or place. Proper
nouns begin with a capital letter.
Tom, New York, and France are Curious plurals
all proper nouns. A few nouns stay the Some nouns change
same in the singular completely in the plural.
The days and months are also and the plural. For example:
proper nouns, so they begin with For example: One mouse; two mice
capital letters, for example Monday, One sheep; three sheep One man; three men
Tuesday, January, and February.

piglet
Adjectives This is.. Comparing things
An adjective is a word that . To compare people or things, some
is used to describe a noun. adjectives can change. For example,
Big, yellow, sticky, and tall becomes taller or the tallest.
dark are all adjectives.
Some adjectives
An adjective can come do not change. t a ll
before a noun. Look at Instead, we use
ha i r y
small

the big, yellow Sun. more and the

most before
Or it can come after the the adjective to
verb be. The Sun is big compare people This flower is
and yellow. pink or things. beautiful.
6
 All about words

Verbs
A verb is sometimes called an action word because
it is a word that describes what a person or thing is
doing. Sit, think, sleep, sing, and climb are all
verbs. A sentence must contain a verb to make sense.
“Be” is also a verb. The parts of “be” are: I am,
you are, he is, she is, we are, they are.
For example: I am very tall.
Now and then
The tense of a verb shows when something
happens. Notice how the verb changes
according to which tense it is in.

If an action happens now, the verb is in the present tense.

The boy kicks the ball.

If the action is happening now and continues to happen,

the verb is in the present progressive tense.
The boy is kicking the ball.

If the action happened in the past, the verb is in the

past tense.
The boy kicked the ball.

If the action will happen in the future, we can use will

or “be” going to.
ll.

The boy will kick the ball.

ba

The boy is going to kick the ball.

Th th
e

e bo s
y k i ck

talles Some tricky past tenses

the t We usually make a past tense
by adding -ed to the verb.
t a l l er We worked hard yesterday.
Some verbs have different past tenses.

Present Past
catch caught
do did
eat ate
This flower This flower is make made
is more the most see saw
beautiful. beautiful.
7
More words

More words
Here are some more Follow the adverbs...
Follow the arrows linking the verbs to the adverbs.
examples of types of
words and how they run loudly
are used in sentences.
throw merrily
Adverbs
An adverb is a word that gives
more information about a verb. snore far
She opened the present quickly.

A lot of adverbs end with the laugh quickly

letters -ly. Quickly, slowly, sadly,
and noisily are all adverbs.

Adverbs can also tell us when

something happens.
I always do my homework.
We’ll get home soon.

Prepositions ca
A preposition usually comes before a tu
nd
noun. It often shows where something
is. The cat is on a branch in the tree.
er t h e b a s k e t

Here are some common prepositions:

in
on c a t in t
he
into ba
above sk
below
cat betwe
et

under
between
through
near
beside
e

th
n

behind
ec
in front of hair le
gs
8
 More words

Pronouns
A pronoun is used instead of a noun.
The girl picked up the apple and she ate it.

She replaces the girl and it replaces the apple.

We often use pronouns so that we don’t
repeat the same word too many times.

Ch
ee
ta
hs
ar
e
bi
g
an
d
Conjunctions

the
Conjunctions are used to join together

y’re
different parts of a sentence. And, but,
or, and because are conjunctions.

f ast.
The teacher was angry because I was late.

have
ca n a n a le or an o
u pp ra
Yo

ng
e.

but he still went swimm

d, ing!
l
co
was
ter
The wa
Using the dictionary

Using the dictionary

Read the information on these pages to get the most
out of your dictionary. Most pages in the book look
like this double page from the letter R section (below).
Getting directions
When you travel somewhere, there are usually signs to help point you in
the right direction. It’s the same when you are looking up words in this
dictionary. Look at this double-page example.

Top left
This is the first A new letter Top right
headword on This big “R” shows that you This is the last
this page. are starting the section of headword on
words that all begin with “R”. this page.

rabbi rather

bow een the clou

rack raft rainbow ds. rash

raionw shines betw

NOUN racks NOUN rafts NOUN rainbows NOUN rashes
A rack is a special shelf for A raft is a small, flat boat that A rainbow is an arc If you have a rash, you have
putting things on. is made from logs, which are of colors that appears red, itchy spots on your skin.
b
tied together. in the sky when the ain
racket sun shines during rain. Ar ran raspberry
NOUN rackets rag ☛ See run. NOUN raspberries
1 A racket is a bat that you use NOUN rags raindrop A raspberry is a juicy, red fruit
to play tennis and badminton. A rag is a small, torn piece NOUN raindrops ranch that grows on a plant.
2 A racket is a very loud, of cloth. The children were A raindrop is one drop of rain. NOUN ranches
annoying noise. He was making dressed in rags. A ranch is a farm where cattle rat
a terrible racket with his drums. rain forest are kept. NOUN rats
rage NOUN rain forests A rat is an animal that looks like
radar NOUN A rain forest is a hot, wet jungle rang a big mouse. Rats have strong
NOUN Rage is very great anger. She that grows in tropical countries. ☛ See ring. front teeth, which they use to
ing ring

Radar is a way of finding slammed the door in a rage. gnaw food.

rin

out where a ship or plane raise range

rail rate
g ri n g r

is by using radio waves. VERB raises, raising, raised NOUN ranges

NOUN rails If you raise something, you lift A range of things is a lot of NOUN rates
radiator 1 A rail is a long metal or it up. He raised his hand to different things. There is a The rate at which something
radiators
gr

NOUN wooden bar. Hold onto the rail answer the question. range of activities for children happens is how quickly
A radiator is a heater attached as you climb. at the campsite. it happens.
raisin
ng
i

ring rin to a wall. 2 If you travel by rail, you travel

on a train. NOUN raisins rap rather
radio A raisin is a dried grape that NOUN ADVERB
rabbi NOUN radios railroad you can eat or use in cooking. Rap is a type of poetry with 1 Rather means quite. He
NOUN rabbis A radio is a machine that you NOUN railroads a strong rhythm, that you looked rather sad.
A rabbi is a Jewish religious use to listen to programs 1 A railroad line is the two  rake speak to music. 2 If you would rather have or
leader. that are broadcast. metal bars that trains NOUN rakes do something, you would prefer
travel along. A rake is a tool that you use rapid to have or do that thing.
rabbit raffle 2 If you travel on the railroad, in the garden to gather up ADJECTIVE I don’t want to go to the movies—
NOUN rabbits NOUN raffles you travel on a train. leaves into a pile or to Rapid means quick. We ate I would rather stay at home.
A rabbit is a small, furry animal. When there is a raffle, people smooth over soil. a rapid lunch before we left.
Rabbits live underground in buy tickets with numbers on, rain rapidly (ADVERB)
burrows and eat grass. and if their number is chosen, NOUN Ramadan If something happens rapidly,
picked
some raspber
ries
they win a prize. 1 Rain is water that falls from NOUN it happens quickly. The water We .
race the clouds in drops. Ramadan is a time each year was rising quite rapidly.
NOUN races VERB rains, raining, rained when Muslims do not eat
A race is a competition
Two f u r r y rab 2 When it rains, water falls from between the time the Sun comes rare
to see who can go the bit the clouds. up in the morning and the time ADJECTIVE rarer,
fastest. s t ☛ Be careful with spelling: it sets at night. rarest
rain We can’t play outside in If something is
wi

ramp
tch

the rain. rare, you do

ramps
thei

reign The king reigns over NOUN not see it

his kingdom. A ramp is a slope that you go very often.
r
noses.

rein You hold the reins when up or down. We drove up Wild tigers
you ride a horse. a ramp to the boat. are now rare.
162

Check your alphabet

The alphabet running down the edge of Picture it
each page helps you to sort words into There are pictures
alphabetical order. The highlighted letter illustrating some of
tells you which letter section you are in. the words.
10
 Using the dictionary

Looking at a word Headword

This dictionary tells you lots The big, bold word
of things about words and hear at the head of each
how to use them. VERB hears, hearing, heard entry is the word you
If you can hear a sound, you are looking up.
Part of speech notice it. Did you hear that bird?
This tells you whether ☛ Be careful with spelling: Example sentence
the headword is a noun, hear I can hear music. Example sentences use
verb, adjective, or here Come here! the headword as it might
adverb. (See pages 6-9) be used in everyday life.
held The headword is in
What does it mean? ☛ See hold. heavy black type.
The meaning of the word
is given for each entry. If happy Irregular forms
a word has more than one ADJECTIVE happier, happiest Some words do not
meaning or part of speech, it If you are happy, you feel follow the usual rules
is listed below the headword. pleased. for their past tense or
☛ Opposite: unhappy plural form. Follow the
Extra information hand symbol ☛ to take
Extra information is given you to the main entry
about spellings and opposites. for this word.

Word collections
Full-page and half-page word collections provide Sun At the beach
Su
nS n

extra vocabulary on a variety of subjects.

u

Let’s go down to the

nS

beach and have fun!

, surf
sail
bright y
ust
un u
le,
S add
mammal mask
, swim
,
g
p
, fish
y,
bu

breez
kite
sunny

boiling

mammal mango map march mark marsupial

r

fl y a

s
y,
nin

..
mammals mangoes maps marches, marching, marks an.
marsupials

kie
wind
NOUN NOUN NOUN VERB NOUN NOUN
c
g

A mammal is an animal that

has hair on its body and is
A mango is a large fruit with
golden-yellow flesh that grows in
A map is a drawing of a place.
Maps show where towns and
marched
When you march, you walk
1 A mark is a scratch or stain on
something. There were some dirty carries its Y
ou an animal that
A marsupial is
babies in a special

es
warm-blooded. Female hot countries. My dad makes cities, roads, rivers, and with quick, regular steps, like marks on his clothes. pouch. Kangaroos and koalas
ea c h b
mammals feed their young delicious mango smoothies. mountains are. a soldier. The band marched g b is the all
2 Your mark in a test are marsupials.
a gull
blu
bouncin

with milk. Cows, lions, whales, in time to the music. number you get that shows
manner marathon marvelouss e
bouncin

and people are all mammals. how well you have done.
NOUN manners NOUN marathons margarine ADJECTIVE
man 1 The manner in which you A marathon is a very long NOUN market each bal
l gb Something that is marvelous is
saili ety
saf
NOUN men do something is the way in running race. A marathon Margarine is a soft substance NOUN markets very good. This is a marvelous
A man is an adult male person. which you do it. My next-door is 26 miles 385 yards made from vegetable oils. You A market is a place with stalls new invention!
sea can be... calm, wavy sun hat
The mash n
ng

neighbor always greets me in (42.19 km) long. spread it on bread like butter. where you can buy things.
manage a friendly manner.
sunglasses
bo a t

manages, managing, marble margin marmalade c o o lmashes, h, stormy

, ro u gmashing,
Su

VERB 2 Your manners are the way VERB

managed you behave when you are with NOUN marbles NOUN margins NOUN marmalades mashed ra sol
1 The person who manages a other people. It’s bad manners 1 Marble is a hard stone that A margin is an empty space Marmalade is jam made from When you mash food, you crush
pa
store or business is in charge of to shout across the room. people sometimes use for building. with no writing at the side of fruit such as oranges and lemons. d it becomes soft and
s u r f b oitasor that

ves dinghy smooth. My brother’s favorite

it. She manages a store and has 2 Marbles are small, glass balls a piece of paper.
two assistants to help her. many that children play with. marrya food is mashed potatoes.
2 If you manage to do ADJECTIVE
ts of mu
lticolored m marine VERBw marries, marrying,
y b o a rd
s ea
mask
shorts

something, you do it even Many means a large

on lo ar ADJECTIVE married od i n gNOUN masks sa
though it is difficult. We number of people or Iw bl
es Marine animals live in the sea. When you marry someone, you
b

Youtheir husband or wife.

swimsuit

managed to swim across the bay. things. There were so . Marine life is life in the sea. become You wear a mask over your
marriedc(ADJECTIVE)
nd

manager (NOUN) many people at the We saw brightly colored fish and an face to hide it or protect it.
A manager is someone who is carnival that I couldn’t other amazing marine animals Someone who is married has My sister and I wore scary
castl
se

..
in charge of a store or business. find my sister. when we went snorkeling. a husband, or wife.
.s s plash! masks at Halloween.
e

nd

SH
! sa
ea

ins C R A
urc

Marine life rkel lock

h

, se
aweed, shells, s nb
s no

turtle ta
sea horse
su

Spectacular marine life

crab
rfis

clownfish
makes its home in the sea. spa
h

nc ket de
h
jel

on e p
ly i
fish
buc

grape coral mullet anem

sea
brain coral rab
it c
rm
angelfish he
lobster
r
be

cu m
cu
se a

11
abbreviation

absent access
ADJECTIVE VERB accesses, accessing,
If you are absent, you are accessed
not in the place you would When you access a program
normally be in. My sister was or document on a computer,
absent from school yesterday you open it and use it. Anyone
because she was ill. can access these files.

absolutely accident
ADVERB NOUN accidents

a pp e a p
Absolutely means the same 1 If there is an accident,
as completely. The water’s something bad happens
absolutely freezing! and someone is hurt.
ple

There was an accident

apple

absorb on the highway.

VERB absorbs, absorbing, 2 If something was an accident,
a ppl

absorbed it happened by chance and no

If something absorbs water, one did it deliberately. I didn’t
e

it soaks it up. The tissue mean to drop your phone—it was

l

e
p

a pp l a p paper quickly absorbed an accident.

e all the water. accidentally (ADVERB)
absorbent (ADJECTIVE) If you do something
If something is absorbent, accidentally, it is an
abbreviation it absorbs water easily. accident. I accidentally
NOUN abbreviations spilled my drink.
An abbreviation is a short abuse
way of writing a word. VERB abuses, abusing, accurate
For example, “TV” is an abused ADJECTIVE
abbreviation for “television.” To abuse someone means Something that is accurate
to hurt a person or treat is exactly right. Can you make
able a person very badly. an accurate copy of the picture
ADJECTIVE hanging on the wall?
If you are able to do accent ☛ Opposite: inaccurate
something, you can do it. NOUN accents accurately (ADVERB)
I am able to ice skate! Your accent is the way you If you do something
ability (NOUN) say words when you speak. accurately, you do it so
If you have the ability to People from different places that it is exactly right.
do something, you can do it. speak with different accents. Make sure you measure
Chameleons have the ability the line accurately.
to change color. accept
VERB accepts, accepting, accuse
abroad accepted VERB accuses, accusing,
ADVERB If you accept something, accused
If you go abroad, you you take it when someone If you accuse someone of doing
go to another country. offers it to you. She went up something, you say that the
We sometimes go abroad onto the stage to accept person did it. She accused
for our summer vacation. her prize. him of stealing her money.
12
 admire

ache action add

VERB aches, aching, ached NOUN actions VERB adds, adding,
If a part of your body aches, 1 An action is something added
it hurts. I was tired, and that you do. Do you know 1 If you add something,
my head ached. the actions to this song? you put it with other things.
2 An action film is one with I added some more water to
achieve a lot of exciting events. my drink.
VERB achieves, achieving, 2 When you add up numbers,
achieved active you count them together to
If you achieve something, ADJECTIVE find a total.
you manage to do it. I had If you are active, you are moving addition (NOUN)
finally achieved my dream around rather than sitting still. When you do addition, you
of singing on stage! add numbers together.
achievement (NOUN) activity
An achievement is NOUN activities address
something good that An activity is something that NOUN addresses
you achieve. Winning you can do for fun. There are 1 Your address is the number
the trophy was a great lots of after-school activities. of the house and the name of
achievement for our team. the street where you live.
2 Your email address is the set
acid of words that someone uses to
NOUN acids send emails to you.
An acid is a chemical. Lemon
and vinegar both contain acids. adjective
NOUN adjectives
acorn An adjective is a word such
NOUN acorns as “big” or “funny” that
An acorn is the seed of an describes what someone
t

oak tree. or something is like.

There are two adjectives
ba

acrobat in the sentence: He showed us

NOUN acrobats his new bike, which we all
An acrobat is a person who thought was amazing.
a c ro

performs difficult gymnastic

tricks on stage or in a circus. admire
VERB admires, admiring,
act admired
VERB acts, acting, 1 If you admire someone,
acted you like and respect the
1 The way that you act is person very much. Which
the way you behave. My friend actor famous sports stars do you
was acting very strangely. NOUN actors admire the most?
2 When you act, you pretend An actor is someone who acts 2 If you admire something,
to be a character in a play in plays, films, or television you enjoy looking at it.
or film. If you enjoy acting, programs. A woman who She stood back and admired
you might want to join a drama is an actor is sometimes her painting of the view from
group and act in a play. called an actress. her bedroom window.
13
admit

admit advertise af ford

VERB admits, admitting, VERB advertises, advertising, VERB affords, affording,
admitted advertised afforded
If you admit that you did To advertise something If you can afford something, you
something wrong, you tell the means to tell people about have enough money to buy it.
truth and say that you did it. it so they will want to buy it. I can’t afford that computer game.
He admitted that he had told a lie. A lot of companies advertise
things on TV. afraid
adopt ADJECTIVE
VERB adopts, adopting, advertisement If you are afraid, you are
adopted NOUN advertisements scared. I am afraid of spiders.
When people adopt a child, they An advertisement is a picture
take the child into their home or short film that shows you how af ternoon
and become his or her parents. good something is and tries to NOUN afternoons
persuade you to buy it. You can The afternoon is the time
adult shorten this word to ad. between midday and
NOUN adults the evening.
An adult is a grown-up. advice
NOUN again
advantage If you give someone advice, ADVERB
NOUN advantages you suggest to them what If you do something again,
If you have an advantage, they should do. you do it one more time.
you have something good
that will help you. Being tall advise age
gives you an advantage when VERB advises, advising, NOUN ages
you play basketball. advised Your age is how old you
☛ Opposite: disadvantage If you advise someone to are.Write your name and
do something, you tell them age on the list.
adventure that they should do it. I advise
NOUN adventures you to wear a cycle helmet when aggressive
An adventure is something you ride your bike. ADJECTIVE
new and exciting that you do. Someone who is aggressive
adventurous (ADJECTIVE) af fectionate often argues and fights. An
Someone who is adventurous ADJECTIVE animal that is aggressive is
enjoys doing new and If you are affectionate, you likely to attack another animal.
exciting things. show someone that you like
or love them. My cat is ago
adverb very affectionate. Ago means in the past. I started
NOUN adverbs school two years ago.
.
An adverb is a word such
the loop
s agree
as “quickly,” “slowly,” or
llow airplane loop
“cheerfully” that describes The ye VERB agrees, agreeing, agreed
how you do something. If you agree with someone,
Adverbs describe verbs. you think the same as they
There are two adverbs in the do. I agree with you that it’s
sentence: I opened the present a really good movie.
slowly, then smiled happily. ☛ Opposite: disagree
14
 alone

ahead alarm Allah

ADVERB NOUN alarms NOUN
Something that is ahead of An alarm is a loud noise that Allah is the Muslim name
you is in front of you. warns you of something. Quick! for God.
That’s the fire alarm. Let’s get out!
aid allergy
NOUN album NOUN allergies
Aid is food and clothes that are NOUN albums If you have an allergy to
given to people who need them. An album is a book that you something, it makes you ill.
Charities often send emergency aid put photos or stamps in so I’ve got a peanut allergy.
to people after a natural disaster. that you can look at them. allergic (ADJECTIVE)
If you are allergic to something,
aim alien you have an allergy to it.
VERB aims, aiming, aimed NOUN aliens My sister’s allergic to cats.
If you aim at something, you An alien is a creature from
point something at it and try another planet. alligator
to hit it. It’s best to aim at the NOUN alligators
center of the target. alike An alligator is a large reptile
ADVERB that lives in swamps and rivers.
air
alligator
Things that are alike are similar
NOUN or the same. The two brothers look
Air is the mixture of gases around very alike.
us that we breathe. Let’s open the
window to get some fresh air.

aircraft
NOUN
An aircraft is any vehicle that
can fly.

air force alive allow

NOUN ADJECTIVE VERB allows, allowing, allowed
The air force is the part of the People, animals, and plants If you allow someone to do
army that fights from the air. that are alive are living. something, you let them do it.
I wish my parents would allow
airplane alkali me to stay up later.
NOUN airplanes NOUN alkalis
An airplane is a vehicle that can An alkali is a chemical that almost
travel through the air and carry is the opposite of an acid. ADVERB
passengers or goods. Almost means nearly. The movie
This word is often shortened all is almost finished.
to plane. ADJECTIVE
1 All of something is every alone
airport part of it. I can’t believe he ADJECTIVE
NOUN airports ate all the cake! If you are alone, you are
An airport is a place where 2 All means everyone. Are you by yourself and no one is
people go to travel by plane. all ready to leave? with you.
15
aloud

aloud amazing anchor

ADVERB ADJECTIVE NOUN anchors
If you say something aloud, Something that is amazing An anchor is a large, heavy metal
you say it so that other is very good or very surprising. hook that digs into the seabed to
people can hear it. She’s an amazing dancer! stop a boat from drifting away.
amazed (ADJECTIVE)
alphabet If you are amazed, you are ancient
NOUN alphabets very surprised. I was amazed ADJECTIVE
The alphabet is all the letters when I saw all the presents! Something that is ancient
that are used in writing. is very old. We found some
alphabetical (ADJECTIVE) ambulance ancient coins in the ground.
The letters of the alphabet NOUN ambulances
are usually written in an order An ambulance is a vehicle for angel
called “alphabetical order.” taking sick or injured people NOUN angels
to the hospital. An angel is a messenger
already from a god.
ADVERB am
bu
lan
If you have already done

c e
something, you did it
earlier. I’ve already
finished my homework.

also
ADVERB
Also means as well. My dad
can play the piano and he can
also sing. amount angle
NOUN amounts NOUN angles
alter The amount of something An angle is a corner where
VERB alters, altering, altered is how much there is of it. two lines meet. A square has four
If you alter something, I’d never seen such a huge angles, and a triangle has three.
you change it. You can use amount of food before.
a computer program to alter angry
photographs. amphibian ADJECTIVE
NOUN amphibians If you are angry, you feel mad
altogether An amphibian is an animal that and upset about something. My
ADVERB can live in water and on land. mom was angry when I kicked
Altogether means including the ball through the window.
everyone or everything. amuse anger (NOUN)
The journey took five VERB amuses, amusing, Anger is the feeling of being angry.
days altogether. amused
If something amuses you, animal
always it makes you laugh. His jokes NOUN animals
ADVERB really amused us. An animal is any living thing
If you always do something, amusing (ADJECTIVE) that breathes and moves around.
you do it all the time or every Something that is amusing Insects, fish, birds, mammals, and
time. I always walk to school. makes you laugh. reptiles are all types of animal.
16
 Animal
Animals fall into these main groups.
budgerigar

kestrel bill
Birds
Birds have wings and feathers.

...
lorikeet f ly

sky
hen and chicks
Fe

he
at t
q qu hery to
friends take

tall
a ck
ua

penguin
ck!
!

HUGE
duck

Mammals stripy giraffe

Mammals feed their

furry, wild
young with milk. polar bear
cat
m zebra elephant
eow
!

dog

Amphibians and reptiles

.
Reptiles hide in the undergrowth..
Amphibians live on land and in water.
Reptiles have scaly skin and lay eggs. crocodile
sc a l y
A mphibian wa t er - l ov e rs
ribbit!
newt frog tortoise lizard snake

d spiders
Insects and arachnids an ar
antennae
Scorpions

Insects are small animals with six

e

butterfly
ara

legs. Arachnids have eight legs. sting

sp tty
chnids.

tiny, hurrying
be
aut
i f ul ladybug cardinal beetle
rhinoceros beetle ants scorpion

thin
Fish s fin

erou bright
Fish live underwater garfish
g
and breathe through gills. an shark
d

fla
t tropical fish

gill salmon ray goldfish

17
animated

animated annual antihistamine

ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE NOUN
An animated film is made An annual event happens An antihistamine is a
using drawings, models, or once a year. drug that is used to stop
pictures made on computers. an allergic reaction or to
another treat a cold.
ankle ADJECTIVE
NOUN ankles 1 Another means one more. antiseptic
Your ankle is the joint between Would you like another cookie? NOUN antiseptics
your leg and your foot. 2 Another means a different An antiseptic is a chemical
one. Have you got another pen? that kills germs.
anniversary This one doesn’t work.
NOUN anniversaries anxious
An anniversary is a date that you answer ADJECTIVE
remember because something VERB answers, answering, If you feel anxious, you
important happened then. answered feel worried or nervous.
If you answer, you say Most people feel anxious before
something when someone they go on stage.
has spoken to you. I asked how

announce
old he was, but he didn’t answer.

It’s time r. any

to announce the winne
ADJECTIVE
announce ant 1 Any means some. Have you
VERB announces, announcing, NOUN ants got any candy?
announced An ant is a type of small insect 2 Any means whichever one
If you announce something, that lives in very large groups. you want. You can choose
you say it aloud so that any toy in the store!
everyone can hear. antelope
announcement (NOUN) NOUN antelopes anybody
When you make An antelope is an animal like Anybody or anyone means
an announcement, you a large deer that lives on the any person at all. It’s a secret,
announce something. plains in Africa and Asia. so don’t tell anybody.

annoy antenna anything

VERB annoys, annoying, NOUN antennae Anything means a thing
annoyed An antenna on an insect or snail of any kind. There isn’t
If something annoys you, is one of the two long, thin parts anything to do!
it makes you feel angry. on its head that it uses for
Sometimes my little brother feeling and touching things. apart
really annoys me! ADVERB
annoying (ADJECTIVE) antibiotic If things are apart, they
Something that is annoying NOUN antibiotics are away from each other.
makes you feel angry. This An antibiotic is a medicine that I don’t like being apart from
game is really annoying! cures an infection. my family.
18
 aquarium

f ap e.
apartment pe o
appointment
y
NOUN apartments
s at NOUN appointments
An apartment is a home eei If you have an appointment
that is on one floor of a anz with someone, you have
large building.
p arranged to meet them

im
ch
at a certain time.
ape

A
NOUN apes appreciate
An ape is an animal like a VERB appreciates,
monkey that lives in forests appreciating, appreciated
in warm countries, and If you appreciate something,
feeds on insects and fruit. you are glad to have it and
feel grateful for it. Thank you.
apologize I really appreciate your help.

ap
VERB apologizes,

e
apologizing, apprentice
apologized appear NOUN apprentices
If you apologize, you VERB appears, appearing, An apprentice is someone
say that you are sorry. appeared who learns to do a job by
I apologized for being late. If something appears, you working with a person
apology (NOUN) can suddenly see it. The Sun who does that job.
An apology is something appeared from behind the clouds.
you say to show that you ☛ Opposite: disappear approach
are sorry. VERB approaches, approaching,
appearance approached
apostrophe NOUN When you approach a place,
NOUN apostrophes Your appearance is what you you come near to it. The train
An apostrophe is the mark (’) look like. You shouldn’t worry so slowed down as it approached
that you use in writing, for much about your appearance. the station.
example in the sentence:
That’s my sister’s coat. appetite approximately
NOUN appetites ADVERB
app Your appetite is the feeling you Approximately means more
NOUN apps have when you want to eat food. or less, but not exactly. There
An app is a small program or He has a huge appetite! are approximately 30 children
game that you can download in each class.
onto your phone, tablet, or applause
computer. App is short NOUN apricot
for application. Applause is clapping and NOUN apricots
cheering. The audience gave An apricot is a small, orange
appeal a round of applause when fruit with soft flesh.
NOUN appeals the play finished.
If there is an appeal, it is aquarium
often an emergency and apple NOUN aquariums
people ask for money, food, NOUN apples An aquarium is a glass
or other help. Please support An apple is a round fruit with tank that you keep
the earthquake appeal. a smooth skin and crisp flesh. fish in.
19
aquatic

aquatic armor arrest

ADJECTIVE NOUN VERB arrests, arresting, arrested
Aquatic animals or plants Armor is metal clothing that When the police arrest someone,
live in water. knights used to wear to protect they catch them and officially
themselves in battle. accuse them of a crime.
arch
NOUN arches arrive
An arch is a curved part of VERB arrives, arriving, arrived

or

Kni
a building or bridge that you When you arrive at a place,

gh
can sometimes walk under. you get there. We arrived

arm

ts w
The cathedral had a central arch. at the stadium just before
the start of the game.
w

ore s
architect
ro
arrow
ar

uits of sh
NOUN architects
An architect is a person NOUN arrows
who designs buildings. 1 An arrow is a pointed stick
that you shoot from a bow.

i
area

n
2 An arrow is a pointed shape

ing armor in battle.

NOUN areas that shows you which way to go.
An area is a piece of land or
ground. There’s a play area art
behind our school. NOUN
Art is drawing, painting,
argue and sculpture.
VERB argues, arguing, argued
When people argue, they article
talk or shout at each other in NOUN articles
an angry way because they 1 An article is an object. There
do not agree about something. are some interesting articles in
My two brothers are always the museum.
arguing! 2 An article is a piece of writing
argument (NOUN) army in a newspaper or magazine.
When people argue, you NOUN armies 3 The words “a,” “an,” and
can say that they are having An army is a large group “the” are articles.
an argument. of soldiers who fight on land.
artif icial
arithmetic arrange ADJECTIVE
NOUN VERB arranges, arranging, Something that is artificial is
Arithmetic is adding, arranged not real. Artificial flowers are
subtracting, multiplying, 1 If you arrange to do made of plastic, so you don’t
and dividing numbers. something, you plan to have to water them.
do it. I arranged to meet
arm my friend in the park. artist
NOUN arms 2 When you arrange things, NOUN artists
Your arm is the part of you put them neatly in a special An artist is someone who
your body between your order. We arranged the food on draws or paints pictures,
shoulder and your hand. the table so that it looked nice. or makes sculptures.
20
 attack

ashamed astronaut atmosphere

ADJECTIVE NOUN astronauts NOUN
If you feel ashamed, you feel An astronaut is a person who The atmosphere is the air
bad about something you have is trained to travel into space. around the Earth.
done. I was ashamed of myself
for telling a lie. astronomy atom
NOUN NOUN atoms
ask Astronomy is the scientific Atoms are the tiny parts
VERB asks, asking, asked study of stars and planets. that everything is made of.
1 If you ask a question, you astronomer (NOUN)
say it to someone because you An astronomer is someone attach
want to know the answer. “Are who studies astronomy. VERB attaches, attaching,
you OK?” the teacher asked me. attached
2 If you ask for something, asylum 1 When you attach something,
you say that you would like it. NOUN you fix it to something else.
He asked me for a pen. If someone asks for asylum, First, attach the string to
they ask to stay in a country your kite.
asleep so that they can escape from 2 When you attach a
ADJECTIVE danger in their own country. document to an email,
If you are asleep, you are resting you send it with the email.
and your eyes are closed. ate attachment (NOUN)
☛ See eat. An attachment is a document
assembly that you attach to an email.
NOUN assemblies athlete
An assembly is a meeting of NOUN athletes attack
all the teachers and children An athlete is a person VERB attacks, attacking,
in a school. who runs in races or takes attacked
part in sports competitions. To attack someone means
assistant athletics (NOUN) to hit them or try to hurt
NOUN assistants The competitions in which them in some way. We were
An assistant is someone who people run and jump are worried that wild animals
helps another person. called athletics. might attack us.

asthma atlas
NOUN NOUN atlases
Asthma is an illness that makes An atlas is a book
it difficult for you to breathe. of maps.
asthmatic (ADJECTIVE)
t
e

Someone who is asthmatic

suffers from asthma.
athl e Ready!
Get set!
astonished Go!
ADJECTIVE
If you are astonished,
you are very surprised.
I was astonished when they The athlete takes his marks for the race.
told me what had happened.
21
attempt

attempt aunt avalanche

VERB attempts, attempting, NOUN aunts NOUN avalanches
attempted Your aunt is the sister of one An avalanche is a large amount
If you attempt to do something, of your parents, or the wife or of snow, rocks, and ice that
you try to do it. partner of your uncle. You may suddenly slides down a mountain.
call your aunt aunty or auntie.
attention average
NOUN author ADJECTIVE
If you pay attention, you listen NOUN authors An average amount is normal
or watch carefully. An author is a person who and usual.
writes books, poems, or plays.
attitude avocado
NOUN attitudes autistic NOUN avocados
Your attitude toward ADJECTIVE An avocado is a pear-shaped
something is what you think Someone who is autistic has fruit that has a tough green
of it and how you behave. a condition that sometimes skin and smooth, creamy flesh.
He had a good attitude makes it difficult for them to
toward his work. communicate with other people. avoid
autism (NOUN) VERB avoids, avoiding, avoided
attract You can say that someone If you avoid something, you
VERB attracts, attracting, who is autistic has autism. keep away from it.
attracted
If something attracts an object, autograph awake
it makes it come nearer. NOUN autographs ADJECTIVE
A famous person’s autograph If you are awake, you are
attractive is their signature. Some people not asleep.
ADJECTIVE collect autographs as a hobby.
Someone who is attractive aware
looks nice or behaves in a automatic ADJECTIVE
kind, friendly way, so that ADJECTIVE If you are aware of something,
other people feel they want Something that is automatic you know about it.
to be with them. works by itself, without anyone ☛ Opposite: unaware
touching it or controlling it.
Ma
gne
awful
ts a autumn ADJECTIVE
t tr
act NOUN Something that is awful is
me Autumn is the time of the year very bad.
tal
pin before winter, when the weather
s .
starts to get colder and the awkward
leaves on some trees fall off. ADJECTIVE
If something is awkward,

audience attra it is slightly difficult to do.

NOUN audiences
The people who come to
watch a show or concert
ct ax
NOUN axes
An ax is a tool for
are called the audience. chopping wood.
22
 bake

backpack badminton
NOUN backpacks NOUN
A backpack is a bag that Badminton is a game in
you carry on your back. which you use a racket to hit
a shuttlecock over a high net.
backward
ADVERB bag
If you move backward, you NOUN bags
move in the direction that is A bag is a container that you
behind you. He fell backward can carry things in.

!
into the water.

G
baggy

BAN
bacteria ADJECTIVE
NOUN Baggy clothes fit loosely around
Bacteria are very small your body. These pants are
organisms that live inside you too big for me—they’re really
and all around you. Some baggy.
cause disease, while others
help your body.

bad ba d
ADJECTIVE
1 Something that
m a shuttlecock

is bad is nasty

int
and not very nice.
The weather was
baby really bad.

on
NOUN babies 2 Someone who
A baby is a very young child. is bad does things
that are wrong or
back against the law.
NOUN backs 3 Food that is bad is ab
1 Your back is the part of your rotten. Meat will go bad ad
m
body that is between your neck if you don’t keep it in in
to
and your bottom. the fridge. Baisakhi n
rac
2 The back part of something badly (ADVERB) NOUN ke
is the part opposite the front. If you do something badly, Baisakhi is a Sikh festival t
We sat at the back of the hall. you don’t do it very well. that takes place in April.
ADVERB Some of the children behaved
3 If you go back to a place, very badly. bake
you go there again. VERB bakes, baking, baked
button When you bake something, you
background NOUN badges cook it in an oven. Shall we bake
NOUN backgrounds A button is a small picture or a cake?
The background is the part sign that you pin onto your baker (NOUN)
of a picture that is behind the clothes. We all had to wear A baker is someone who bakes
main things or people. buttons with our names on. and sells bread and cakes.
23
balance

balance balloon bank

VERB balances, balancing, NOUN balloons NOUN banks
balanced A balloon is a bag of very thin 1 The bank of a river is the
1 When you balance, you keep rubber that you can fill with air ground along the edge of it.
your body steady and don’t fall or other gases. 2 A bank is a place where
over. Can you balance on one leg? people can put their money
NOUN ban to keep it safe. People can
2 If you have good balance, VERB bans, banning, banned also borrow money from
you can keep your body If people ban something, they a bank.
steady and not fall. say that you are not allowed to
do it. The teachers have banned bar
balcony soccer in the playground. NOUN bars
NOUN balconies 1 A bar is a long, narrow piece
A balcony is a small platform banana of metal. There were bars on all
outside an upstairs window of NOUN bananas the windows.
a building, where you can sit. A banana is a long, thin fruit 2 A large, usually rectangular
with a yellow skin that you piece of chocolate is called
bald peel off. a bar of chocolate. I ate half
ADJECTIVE a bar of chocolate on Saturday.
Someone who is bald has no hair. band 3 A bar is a place where people
NOUN bands can buy drinks.
ball 1 A band is a group of people
NOUN balls who play music together. barbecue
1 A ball is a round object 2 A band is a narrow strip or NOUN barbecues
that you use to play games circle of something. The team 1 A barbecue is a grill that you
and sports. captain usually wears a special use to cook food outside.
2 A ball is a big, grand party arm band. 2 A meal that you cook outside
where there is dancing. in this way is also called a
bandage barbecue. We’re having
ballet NOUN bandages a barbecue tonight.
NOUN A bandage is a strip of material
Ballet is a type of dancing in that you wrap around a wound bar chart
which you dance on the ends to keep it clean. NOUN bar charts
of your toes and move very A bar chart is a graph on
gracefully. bang which bars of different lengths

barb NOUN bangs

1 A bang is a sudden loud
show the different amounts
of things. The bar chart shows

ec noise. The firework went off the favorite colors chosen by the

ue with a loud bang.

VERB bangs, banging,
pupils in my class.

banged barcode
2 When something bangs, NOUN barcodes
it makes a loud noise. A barcode is a pattern of thick
3 When you bang on and thin lines that is printed on
something, you hit it things you buy in stores. The
hard. We banged on barcode contains information
the door. about the things.
 Bat Mitzvah

bare barrel sk et b a
ADJECTIVE NOUN barrels a

ll
b
1 If a part of your body is bare, A barrel is a large, cylindrical
it is not covered by clothes. container that people keep
2 If something is bare, it liquids or food in.
is empty. The room was
completely bare. base
☛ Be careful with spelling: NOUN bases
bare We walked on the beach The base of something is the
in bare feet. bottom part of it.

A ba
bear Are there bears in this forest?
baseball
bargain

sketb
NOUN
NOUN bargains In baseball, teams have to hit
A bargain is something that you a ball with a long, narrow bat

all player jumps t

buy for less money than it is and then run around four points
really worth. You can find lots of called bases to score runs.
bargains if you shop in the sales.
basic
barge ADJECTIVE
NOUN barges Basic things are simple and

o pu
1 A barge is a long boat easy to learn. My uncle taught
with a flat bottom that is used me some basic magic tricks.

t
on canals.

th
basket

e
VERB barges, barging, barged

ball in the basket

2 If you barge into someone, NOUN baskets
you bump into them roughly. A basket is a container that
you use for carrying things.
bark It is made of strips of cane
NOUN or straw.
1 Bark is the rough wood on bath
the outside of a tree trunk. basketball NOUN baths
.

VERB barks, barking, barked NOUN A bath is a large container that

2 When a dog barks, it makes In basketball, teams of players you sit in to wash your body.
a rough, loud noise. bounce a ball and throw it
to each other. They throw it bathroom
Bar Mitzvah through a high basket to score. NOUN bathrooms
NOUN Bar Mitzvahs A bathroom is a room in
A Bar Mitzvah is a celebration bat a house with a bath in it.
that takes place for a Jewish NOUN bats
boy on his 13th birthday. 1 A bat is a special stick that Bat Mitzvah
you use to hit a ball in sports. NOUN Bat Mitzvahs
barn 2 A bat is an animal that flies A Bat Mitzvah is the occasion
NOUN barns around at night and lives in of a Jewish girl reaching the age
A barn is a large building on caves and dark places. Bats of twelve. At my Bat Mitzvah,
a farm where animals are kept eat insects or fruit, and rest I gave a speech and then we had
or things are stored. hanging upside down. a big party outside.
25
battery

battery bean beautiful

NOUN batteries NOUN beans ADJECTIVE
A battery is a small, metal A bean is a seed or pod that Someone or something that
object that stores a small you can eat as a vegetable. is beautiful is lovely to look at
amount of electricity. You We had sausages and baked or hear. The garden was full of
put batteries into things like beans for lunch. beautiful flowers.
flashlights to make them work. ☛ Be careful with spelling: beautifully (ADVERB)
bean I love baked beans! If you do something beautifully,
battle been Where have you been? you do it in a lovely way.
NOUN battles
A battle is a fight between bear beaver
two armies that are at war. NOUN bears NOUN beavers
1 A bear is a large animal with A beaver is an animal with very
bay thick fur that lives in forests and strong teeth. Beavers cut down
NOUN bays mountain areas. Most bears eat trees with their teeth to build
A bay is a place on the coast meat, but some also eat honey, dams in rivers.
where the land curves inward. berries, and fruit.
VERB bears, bearing, bore, become
beach borne VERB becomes, becoming,
NOUN beaches 2 If something will bear your became, become
A beach is an area of sand weight, it will support it. To become something means
or pebbles next to water. 3 If you cannot bear something, to change into it. A tadpole
you hate it. I can’t bear this becomes a frog after four months.
bead program!
NOUN beads ☛ Be careful with spelling: bed
Beads are small pieces of wood bear Are there bears in this forest? NOUN beds
or glass that you thread on a bare We walked on the beach 1 A bed is a piece of furniture
string to make a necklace. in bare feet. that you sleep on.
Beautiful b 2 A flower or vegetable bed is
ea beard a piece of ground where you
ds acelet.
m ak e a br NOUN beards grow flowers or vegetables.

be A man’s beard is hair that grows

bedroom
a ds
on his face if he does not shave.
NOUN bedrooms
beast A bedroom is a room with
beak NOUN beasts a bed in it.
NOUN beaks A beast is a large, fierce animal.
A bird’s beak is its hard, bee
pointed mouth. beat NOUN bees
VERB beats, beating, beat, A bee is a flying insect that
beam beaten makes honey. Bees live together
NOUN beams 1 If you beat someone in a game, in large groups and feed on
1 A long, narrow ray of light is you win and they lose. My brother nectar from flowers.
called a beam of light. I could see always beats me at chess.
a beam of light from her flashlight. 2 If you beat something, you hit beef
2 A beam is a long, thick piece it many times. She beat the drum NOUN
of wood. in time to the music. Beef is the meat from a cow or bull.
26
 Sun At the beach
Su
un

Let’s go down to the

nS
S

beach and have fun!

l, su rf
sai
bright
t y
n

un u ,
S
im,
padd
le

gus
y, fish , sw
bu

e z
te,
sunny

i
re
boiling

k
b
rn

a
n . . . fl y

s
y,
i ng

k ie
Yo
u
c
wind

es
ea c h b a
gb ll
g
sea ull

blu
bouncin

bouncin

l gb
each bal
saili f et y
e sea can be... calm, wavy s a sun hat
n
ng

T h
sunglasses
bo a t

c o o l , ro u g h , s t o r m y
Su
ra sol
pa
s u r f b o a rd

aves
dinghy

w y b o a rd
s ea
shorts

od i ng sa
b

You
swimsuit

ca
nd

n
castl
se

...
s plash!
e

nd

s
! sa
CRASH
ea

e
urc

ins rkel lo ck
h

, se b
aweed, shells, s n
s no

ta
su

crab
rfis

spa
h

pinc ket de
h

buc
beehive

beehive believe bench

NOUN beehives VERB believes, believing, NOUN benches
A beehive is a house for bees believed A bench is a long, wooden seat.
where a beekeeper collects honey. If you believe something, you
think that it is true. Do you bend
beet believe his story? NOUN bends
NOUN beets belief (NOUN) 1 A bend in the road is a
A beet is a plant that grows A belief is something that you place where it goes around
in the garden with thick green believe. Different people have a corner.
leaves and a rounded red root. different beliefs. VERB bends, bending,
The root is eaten as a vegetable. bent
bell 2 If you bend something,
beetle NOUN bells you press it or curve it so that
NOUN beetles A bell is a piece of metal it is not straight.
A beetle is an insect with hard, that makes a ringing 3 If you bend over, you
shiny wing cases. sound when you hit it lean forward so that your
or shake it. head goes toward the ground.
beg Can you bend over and touch

l
VERB begs, begging, begged your toes?

e
1 When a dog begs, it sits up on bent (ADJECTIVE)
l
b
its back legs to ask for something. Something that is bent is not
2 If you beg for something, you straight. Keep your knees bent
ask for it very strongly. I begged when you land.
Dad to take me to the fair.
berry
begin berries
din !
NOUN
begins, beginning,
g
VERB A berry is a small, round, juicy
began, begun fruit with seeds inside. Some wild
When something begins, it
n g berries are poisonous.
!

starts. The story begins in

a castle.
d o best
beginning (NOUN) belong ADJECTIVE
The beginning of something is VERB belongs, belonging, The best person or thing is the
where it starts. The beginning belonged one that is better than all the
of the movie is a bit boring. If something belongs to you, it is others. This is the best cake I’ve
yours. That book belongs to me. ever tasted!
behave belongings (NOUN)
VERB behaves, behaving, Your belongings are the things bet
behaved that belong to you. Remember VERB bets, betting, bet
The way you behave is how you to take all your belongings 1 If you bet that something
speak and act in front of other home with you. is true, you believe that it is
people. All the children behaved true or will happen. I bet you
well today. belt she gets a perfect score on the test.
behavior (NOUN) NOUN belts 2 If you bet money, you risk
Your behavior is how you A belt is a narrow strip of it in a game. If you win, you
behave. The teacher was pleased leather or material that you win more money, but if you
with our behavior today. wear around your waist. lose, you lose your money.
28
 blame

li l
better bin
bins

b
ADJECTIVE NOUN
1 A person or thing that is A bin is a container where
better than others is quicker, you put things that you
smarter, or nicer. want to throw away.
2 If you are better, you are
well again. I feel better today. biodegradable , colorfu
ADJECTIVE
h ave big lb
beware n s ill
Things that are
ouca s.
VERB biodegradable rot away T
If you tell someone to beware, naturally when thrown away. bitter
you are telling them to be careful. ADJECTIVE
biography Something that is bitter tastes
Bible NOUN biographies sour and not sweet. Lemons taste
NOUN Bibles A biography is a book that tells very bitter.
The Bible is the holy book the story of someone’s life.
of the Christian religion. black
biology ADJECTIVE
bicycle NOUN Something that is black is the
NOUN bicycles Biology is the study of animals color of night.
A bicycle is a vehicle with and plants.
two wheels that you ride by blackbird
turning the pedals with your bird NOUN blackbirds
feet. You can shorten the NOUN birds A blackbird is a bird that lives
word bicycle to bike. A bird is an animal that has in gardens and fields. The male
wings and feathers on its body. has black feathers and a yellow
big beak, and the female has
ADJECTIVE bigger, biggest birthday brown feathers.
Something that is big is large. NOUN birthdays
Your birthday is the day you blackboard
bikini were born on, which you NOUN blackboards
NOUN bikinis celebrate each year. A blackboard is a dark board
A bikini is a swimsuit in that you write on with chalk.
two pieces that women and biscuit
girls wear. NOUN biscuits blade
A biscuit is a small, fluffy bread. NOUN blades
bill 1 The blade of a knife or
NOUN bills bit sword is the long, sharp part.
1 A bird’s bill is its beak. NOUN bits 2 One stem of grass is called
2 A bill is a piece of paper that A bit is a small piece of a blade of grass.
shows you how much you have something. Would you like
to pay for something. a bit of chocolate? blame
VERB blames, blaming, blamed
billion bite If you blame someone for
NOUN billions VERB bites, biting, bit, bitten something, you say that they did
A billion is a thousand million If you bite food, you cut it with it or it is their fault. She blamed
(1,000,000,000). your teeth. She bit into the cake. me for spilling the water.
29
blank

blank blink blond / blonde

ADJECTIVE VERB blinks, blinking, blinked ADJECTIVE
A blank piece of paper has When you blink, you shut your Someone who is blond has
nothing written on it. eyes and then open them quickly. light-colored hair. We use blond
for boys and men, and blonde
blanket blister for girls and women.
NOUN blankets NOUN blisters
A blanket is a thick, soft cover A blister is a sore lump that blood
that you put on a bed to keep forms on your skin when NOUN
you warm through the night. something has rubbed against Blood is the red liquid that
it. I had blisters on my feet after flows around inside your body.
blast the long walk.
NOUN blasts blossom
1 A blast is a powerful explosion. blizzard NOUN blossoms
VERB blasts, blasting, blasted NOUN blizzards The blossom is the flower
2 When a rocket blasts off, it A blizzard is a very heavy or flowers on a fruit tree that
leaves the ground and goes up snowstorm. appear on it before the fruit.
into the air.
blob blouse
bleed NOUN blobs NOUN blouses
VERB bleeds, bleeding, bled A blob is a small lump of A blouse is a shirt that a girl
When you bleed, blood something with no shape. or woman wears.
comes out of your body. Five, f
My finger’s bleeding!
o ur, th blow
ree,
two blows, blowing, blew,
,o ne.
VERB
blew .. b blown
Blew is the past tense of the las 1 When you blow, you push
to
verb blow. ff! air out of your mouth.
☛ Be careful with spelling: 2 When the wind blows, it moves.
blew I blew the candles out. 3 When something blows in the
blue I’ve got blue eyes. air, the air moves it around. It
was so windy my hat blew off!
blind
ADJECTIVE block blue
1 Someone who is blind NOUN blocks ADJECTIVE
cannot see. 1 A block of something Something that is blue is the
NOUN blinds is a solid piece of it. color of the sky on a sunny day.
2 A blind is a piece of material VERB blocks, blocking, blocked ☛ Be careful with spelling:
that you pull down to cover 2 If something is blocking a blue I’ve got blue eyes.
a window. road or path, it is in the way. blew I blew the candles out.
A fallen tree blocked the road.
blindfold Bluetooth
NOUN blindfolds blog NOUN
A blindfold is a piece of cloth NOUN blogs Bluetooth is a kind of technology
that you put over someone’s A blog is a website where that makes it possible to connect
eyes during a game, so that someone writes about their things like phones and computers
they cannot see. own life or ideas. without any wires.
30
 border

blunt body
ADJECTIVE NOUN bodies
Something that is blunt 1 Your body is all the physical

at
has a round end and is not parts that you are made of.
sharp. These scissors are no 2 A body is a dead person.

bo
good—they’re blunt!
boil
blurb VERB boils, boiling, boiled
NOUN blurbs When a liquid boils, it
A blurb is a short piece of becomes very hot and
writing that tells you what starts to bubble.
a book or movie is about.
bold
blurred ADJECTIVE bolder, boldest
ADJECTIVE 1 Someone who is bold is very book
If something is blurred, you brave. NOUN books
cannot see it clearly. 2 Bold writing is darker than 1 A book is a set of pages filled
normal. with words or pictures that are
blush boldly (ADVERB) joined together inside a cover.
VERB blushes, blushing, If you do something boldly, VERB books, booking, booked
blushed you do it in a bold way. 2 When you book something, you
When you blush, your face She walked boldly to arrange for it to be kept for you.
turns red because you are the front of the hall. You can book tickets online.
embarrassed or shy.
bolt boom
board NOUN bolts VERBbooms, booming,
NOUN boards 1 A bolt is a piece of metal that boomed
A board is a flat piece of wood you slide across to lock a door. If something booms, it makes
or a kind of very stiff paper. VERB bolts, bolting, bolted a deep, loud sound.
2 If you bolt a door, you
boast lock it with a bolt. boomerang
VERB boasts, boasting, NOUN boomerangs
boasted bomb A boomerang is a curved piece
If you boast, you tell people NOUN bombs of wood that comes back to you
about something in a proud and A bomb is a weapon that when you throw it through the air.
annoying way. My sister’s always explodes and damages buildings
boasting about how good she is and other things around it. boot
at dancing! NOUN boots
boastful (ADJECTIVE) bone A boot is a type of shoe that
Someone who is boastful boasts NOUN bones covers your foot and part of
a lot. Your bones are the hard, white your leg.
parts of your body that make
boat up your skeleton. border
NOUN boats NOUN borders
A boat is a vehicle that can bonfire The border between two
travel on water and carry NOUN bonfires countries is the line that divides
people or goods. A bonfire is a large, outdoor fire. them from each other.
31
bored

bored bottom bowling

ADJECTIVE NOUN bottoms NOUN
If you are bored, you feel tired 1 The bottom of something Bowling is a game in which you
and annoyed because you have is the lowest part of it. The roll a heavy ball at wooden pins,
nothing interesting to do. boat sank to the bottom of and try to knock them over.
boring (ADJECTIVE) the sea.
If something is boring, it is not 2 Your bottom is the part of
c e very high.
exciting or interesting. your body that you sit on.
un

bo
born bought

ball can
ce
VERB ☛ See buy.
When a person or animal is
born, they come into the world bounce

T h is
as a baby. bounces, bouncing,

n
VERB
bounced

bo u
borrow If something bounces, it
VERB borrows, borrowing, springs back when it hits
borrowed something. Something that box
If you borrow something, you is bouncy bounces easily. NOUN boxes
take it for a while and then give A box is a container.
it back. Please may I borrow bow
your pen? NOUN bows boy
1 When you tie a bow, you tie NOUN boys
boss a piece of string or ribbon so A boy is a child who will become
NOUN bosses that it has two loops and two a man when he grows up.
The boss is the person who is loose ends.
in charge of a job. 2 A bow is a curved piece of brace
flexible wood with a string called NOUN braces
both a bowstring attached to each A brace is a piece of wire that
ADJECTIVE end. The bow is used for you wear over your teeth to help
Both means not just one thing, shooting arrows. straighten them.
but two. Both teams played well.
bow bracelet
bother VERB bows, bowing, bowed NOUN bracelets
VERB bothers, bothering, When you bow, you bend A bracelet is a piece of jewelry
bothered forward from the waist as that you wear around your arm
1 If you do not bother to do a sign of respect. or wrist.
something, you do not do it
because it seems like too bowl bracket
much effort. NOUN bowls NOUN brackets
2 If something bothers you, 1 A bowl is a round, deep Brackets are supports fixed
it makes you feel worried. container that can be used to a wall.
for food.
bottle VERB bowls, bowling, brackish
NOUN bottles bowled ADJECTIVE
A bottle is a tall container 2 When you bowl in a game, Brackish water is water that
for liquids. you throw a ball. is slightly salty.
32
 bridge

Braille bread breeze

NOUN NOUN NOUN breezes
Braille is a kind of writing with Bread is a food that is made A breeze is a gentle wind.
raised dots instead of letters. from flour, yeast, and water
People who are blind read the and baked in an oven. bribe
dots by feeling them with their VERB bribes, bribing, bribed
fingertips. break To bribe someone means to offer
NOUN breaks them something so that they will
brain 1 A break is a short time when do what you want them to do.
NOUN brains you stop working and rest
Your brain is the part of your or relax. brick
body inside your head that VERB break, breaking, broke, NOUN bricks
controls how you think and move. broken Bricks are blocks of baked clay
brainy (ADJECTIVE) 2 If you break something, you that are used for building houses.
Someone who is brainy is smart. damage it so that it is in lots of
pieces or does not work any more. bride
brake ☛ Be careful with spelling: NOUN brides
NOUN brakes break Be careful you don’t break A bride is a woman on the day
1 The brake is the part on the window. she gets married.
a vehicle that slows it down brake We had to brake when we
and stops it. saw a dog in the road. bridegroom
VERB brakes, braking, braked NOUN bridegrooms
2 When you brake, you slow breakfast A bridegroom is a man on the
down and stop a vehicle by NOUN breakfasts day he gets married.
using the brakes. Breakfast is the meal that you
☛ Be careful with spelling: eat in the morning. bridesmaid
brake We had to brake when we NOUN bridesmaids
saw a dog in the road. breath A bridesmaid is a woman or a
break Be careful you don’t break NOUN breaths girl who helps a bride on her
the window. When you take a breath, you take wedding day.
air into your lungs through your
branch nose and mouth. I took a deep bridge
NOUN branches breath and dived into the water. NOUN bridges
The branches on a tree are the A bridge is a structure built over
parts that grow out of the trunk. breathe a river, road, or railroad line so
VERB breathes, breathing, that you can cross it easily.
brave breathed
braver, bravest When you breathe, you take air u ti ful plate?
ADJECTIVE
b ea
Someone who is brave does not into your lungs through your
m
y

show that they are afraid even nose or mouth, and then push k
ea
when they have to do dangerous it out again.
br
things. It was very brave of you
i d you
breed d
to go back to rescue the others. How
bravely (ADVERB) NOUN breeds
If you do something bravely, you A breed of an animal is one
do it in a brave way. The people particular kind. For example,
fought bravely to protect their town. a beagle is a breed of dog.
33
brief

brief bring bronze

ADJECTIVE VERB brings, bringing, NOUN
Something that is brief only brought Bronze is a shiny, brown-colored
lasts for a short time. If you bring something with you, metal.
you take it with you when you
bright go somewhere. Don’t forget to brooch
ADJECTIVE brighter, brightest bring your new computer game NOUN brooches
1 Something that is bright when you come to my house. A brooch is a piece of jewelry
shines strongly and gives that you pin onto your clothes.
off a lot of light. broad
2 A bright color is strong ADJECTIVE broader, broadest broom
and clear. She was wearing Something that is broad is very NOUN brooms
a bright blue scarf. wide. The river is too broad to A broom is a stiff brush with
3 Someone who is bright is swim across. a long handle that you use for
smart. sweeping. In stories, witches
brightly (ADVERB) broadband ride through the air on
If a light shines brightly, it is NOUN broomsticks.
bright. The Moon was shining Broadband is a way of passing
brightly. electronic signals backward and brother
forward to connect computers NOUN brothers
brilliant to the internet. Your brother is a boy who
ADJECTIVE has the same mother and
1 Something that is brilliant broadcast father as you do.
is very good. It’s a brilliant film! VERB broadcasts,
2 Someone who is brilliant is broadcasting, broadcast brought
very smart. To broadcast a program means ☛ See bring.
brilliantly (ADVERB) to show it on television
If you do something brilliantly, or send it out on the radio. brown
you do it very well. Everyone ADJECTIVE
played brilliantly, and we won broccoli Something that is brown
the game. NOUN is the color of mud.
Broccoli is a dark green
brim vegetable. brownie
NOUN brims NOUN brownies
1 The brim of a hat is the part broke A brownie is a small, sticky
that sticks out around the edge. ☛ See break. chocolate cake. My mum makes
2 The brim of a cup is the top ate the best brownies in the world!
edge of it. The cup was full to s decor the br
n i
the brim. bo browse
m
b

browses, browsing,
Ri

of

ADJECTIVE
browsed
h er h

1 When you browse in a store,

at.

you look around but do not

brim

buy anything.
2 When you browse on
a computer, you look for
information.
34
 bulldozer

bud built

bu
NOUN buds ☛ See build.
A bud is a new flower or leaf on

lb
a plant, before it has opened. bulb
NOUN bulbs
Buddhist 1 A bulb is the round glass part
NOUN Buddhists of an electric light.
A Buddhist is someone who 2 A bulb is the part of some
follows the teachings of the plants that grows underground.
m.
A

rig r
oo

Buddha and believes in personal You can plant bulbs in the soil to
b

h e
tb
ulb lights u p th spiritual development. produce new plants. We planted
some daffodil bulbs in the garden.
browser buffalo
NOUN browsers NOUN buffaloes bulge
A browser is a program that A buffalo is a member of the VERB bulges, bulging, bulged
allows you to use the internet cattle family. The buffalo has If something is bulging, it is so
on a computer or your phone. curved horns. full that it looks round and fat.
His bag was bulging with presents.
bruise bug
NOUN bruises NOUN bugs bull
A bruise is a dark, painful mark 1 A bug is an insect. NOUN bulls
that you get on your skin when 2 If there is a bug in a computer A bull is a male cow. A male
you hit or bump it. program, there is a problem and elephant or whale is also called
it does not work properly. a bull.
brush
NOUN brushes build bulk
1 A brush is a tool that has VERB builds, building, built NOUN
a handle and a back with stiff When you build something, 1 Something’s bulk is how
hairs set in it. You use a brush you make it by putting things big it is.
to clean things or for painting. together. These birds use leaves 2 The bulk of something is the
VERB brushes, brushing, and small twigs to build their nest. majority or larger part of it.
brushed
2 When you brush something, building bulldozer
you clean it using a brush. NOUN buildings NOUN bulldozers
Brush your teeth every day. A building is a structure such A bulldozer is a machine with a
as a house, factory, or school. large, metal blade at the front
bubble
bubbles
zer that moves earth and rocks.
A bu
o
NOUN
lldo
A bubble is a very light ball of z er c
l ear
air with a thin layer of liquid s la
d

nd
bull

around it. f or
bu
il
bucket
di
ng

NOUN buckets
.

A bucket is a container with a

handle that you use for carrying
water or soil.
35
bullet

bullet bunk beds business

NOUN bullets NOUN NOUN businesses
A bullet is a small piece of metal Bunk beds are two beds, one A business is an organization
that you fire out of a gun. above the other. that makes and sells things.

bully burglar busy

NOUN bullies NOUN burglars ADJECTIVE busier, busiest
1 A bully is a mean person who A burglar is a person who steals If you are busy, you are doing
hurts or frightens other people. things from people’s homes. lots of things.
VERB bullies, bullying, bullied busily (ADVERB)
2 If someone bullies you, they burn If you do something busily,
are mean to you or hurt you. VERB burns, burning, burned you do it in a busy way. He was
or burnt busily cleaning his football cleats.
bump 1 If you burn something, you
NOUN bumps damage it or destroy it using butcher
1 A bump on the road is a part fire. We burned all the old wood NOUN butchers
that sticks up. It was difficult to on a bonfire. A butcher is a person who cuts
ride my bike over the bumps. 2 If you burn yourself, you hurt up and sells meat.
2 A bump on your body is a a part of your body on a fire. You
sore part where you have hit it. may burn if you hurt your skin butter
VERB bumps, bumping, bumped by staying in the sun too long. NOUN
3 If you bump into something, Butter is a soft, yellow food that
you knock into it. Don’t run— burrow is made from milk. You can
you might bump into someone. NOUN burrows spread butter on bread.
A burrow is a hole under
bun the ground where a small buttercup
NOUN buns animal lives. NOUN buttercups
A bun is a bread roll that A buttercup is a small, yellow,
you eat a burger or hotdog in. burst wild flower.
VERB bursts, bursting, burst
bunch If something bursts, it splits butterfly
NOUN bunches open. My balloon has burst! NOUN butterflies
A bunch is a group of things A butterfly is an insect with
that are fastened together. bury large, colorful wings.
We bought a bunch of flowers VERB buries, burying, buried
for the teacher. If you bury something, you put button
it in the ground and cover it over. NOUN buttons
bundle Buttons are the small, round
NOUN bundles bus objects on your clothes that
A bundle is a group of things NOUN buses you fasten when you put your
that are loosely joined together. A bus is a vehicle that carries clothes on.
passengers on the road.
bungalow buy
NOUN bungalows bush VERB buys, buying, bought
A bungalow is a house that NOUN bushes When you buy something,
has no upstairs, but has all A bush is a large plant that you pay money for it and it
its rooms on one level. looks like a small tree. becomes yours.
36
 camera

cage calm
NOUN cages ADJECTIVE calmer, calmest
A cage is a small room or box 1 If something is calm, it is still
with bars, where you can keep and quiet. The sea was calm
an animal or bird. after the storm had passed.
2 If you feel calm, you feel
calculate peaceful and relaxed.
VERB calculates, calculating, calmly (ADVERB)
calculated If you do something calmly,

u
When you calculate the answer you do it in a quiet, relaxed
to a sum, you work it out. way. I calmly picked up my
calculation (NOUN) bag and walked out.
A calculation is an answer to a
camel

c
sum that you have worked out.

p
NOUN camels
calculator A camel is an animal with
NOUN calculators one or two humps on its back.
A calculator is a small electronic Camels live in hot deserts and
machine that you use for store fat in their humps to help
doing math. them go without water or food
for a long time.
calendar
NOUN calendars camera
A calendar is a chart that lists NOUN cameras
all the days, weeks, and months A camera is a machine
cabbage of the year. that you use for taking
NOUN cabbages photographs or for making
A cabbage is a vegetable with calf videos or movies. In the past,
large, green leaves. NOUN calves film was used to make the
A calf is a young cow or bull. pictures, now photographs
cabin A young elephant or whale is are usually taken with
NOUN cabins also called a calf. digital cameras.
1 A cabin is a small wooden hut.
2 A cabin is a room for call
passengers or crew on a plane VERB calls, calling, called
or ship. 1 If you call to someone, you
shout to them. We called A cow with her cal
f
cable for help.
NOUN cables 2 What you call
A cable is a bundle of wires that someone is the name
carry electrical power or signals. that you give them.
We call our dog Max.
cactus
NOUN cacti
3 If you call someone,
you phone them. calf
A cactus is a plant with a thick, I’ll call you later.
green stem and prickly spines. 4 If you call on
Cacti grow in hot, dry deserts. someone, you visit them.
37
camouflage

camouflage cancer capacity

NOUN NOUN cancers NOUN
Camouflage is when an Cancer is a serious disease that The capacity of a container
animal has a pattern or color can develop in your body. is the amount that it can hold.
on their body that helps them
look like the things around candle capital
them so that they are hard NOUN candles NOUN capitals
to see and can hide. A candle is a stick of wax The capital of a country is the
with a piece of string called city where it has its government
camp a wick running through offices. Paris is the capital of
VERBcamps, camping, the middle. You can burn France.
camped candles to give light.
When you camp, you sleep capital letter
in a tent outdoors. We went cannon NOUN capital letters
camping in the forest. NOUN cannons Capital letters are big letters
A cannon is a very large gun such as A, B, or C that you use
can that fires heavy metal balls. at the beginning of sentences
NOUN cans or at the beginning of names.
1 A can is a metal container canoe
for food or drink. NOUN canoes
VERB can, could A canoe is a light, narrow
2 If you can do something, boat that you move along
you are able to do it. using a paddle.

ap
canal cap
NOUN canals
A canal is a river made
NOUN caps
A cap is a hat with a stiff part captain
c
by people that boats can sticking out at the front, over NOUN captains
travel along. your eyes. 1 The captain of a ship or plane
is the person who is in charge
cancel capable of it.
VERB cancels, canceling, ADJECTIVE 2 The captain of a team is the
canceled If you are capable of doing leader of the team.
If you cancel an event, you something, you can
decide that it will not happen. do it. capture
The game was canceled VERB captures, capturing,
due to the bad weather. captured
To capture someone means
to catch them. A lion escaped
from the zoo, but it was soon

e
captured again.

la g car
u f cars
o
NOUN
A car is a vehicle with an

m engine that people can drive

and travel in.
ca
 case

caravan careless carton

NOUN caravans ADJECTIVE NOUN cartons
A caravan is a home on wheels If you are careless, you do A carton is a cardboard or
in which people live or use for not think about what you are plastic box that milk or drinks
vacations. doing and so you make a are sold in.
mistake or do something silly.
card It was very careless of you to cartoon
NOUN cards drop your phone in the bathtub. NOUN cartoons
1 A card is a piece of stiff paper 1 A cartoon is a film in which
with a picture or words on it. carnival the characters are drawn, rather
You send people cards for NOUN carnivals than being real people.
their birthday. A carnival is a special event 2 A cartoon is a funny drawing
2 Playing cards are pieces of with a street procession, music, in a newspaper, magazine,
stiff paper, often with pictures and dancing. or book.
on them, that you use for
playing games. carnivore carve
3 Card is stiff paper. Very strong NOUN carnivores VERB carves, carving, carved
card that is used to make boxes A carnivore is an animal When you carve something, you
is called cardboard. that eats meat. cut it into a shape. The statue is
carved out of stone.
cardigan carol
NOUN cardigans NOUN carols case
A cardigan is a knitted sweater A carol is a special song that NOUN cases
that fastens down the front. people sing at Christmas. A case is a container that you
keep or carry things in.
care carpenter

carrot
VERB cares, caring, cared NOUN carpenters
1 If you care about something, A carpenter is someone who
it is important to you. Most works with wood and makes
people care about how they look. things out of wood.
2 If you care for someone, you
look after them. I helped care carpet
for my sister when she was ill. NOUN carpets
NOUN A carpet is a soft
3 If you take care to do covering for a floor.
something well, you will not
make any mistakes. carrot
NOUN carrots
careful A carrot is a long,
ADJECTIVE thin, orange vegetable.
a b les.
t
ege
If you are careful, you do
something well. Be careful carry hyv
you don’t spill your drink. carries, carrying, n c
VERB
c ru
carefully (ADVERB) carried
ar e
If you do something carefully, When you carry something, t s
rro
Ca
you do it in a careful way. She you hold it and take it
picked up the small bird carefully. somewhere.
39
castle

castle cathedral CCTV

NOUN castles NOUN cathedrals NOUN
A castle is a large house with A cathedral is a very large church. CCTV is a system of cameras
high stone walls and strong that show things that are
defenses to protect it against cattle happening in public places.
attacking armies. NOUN CCTV is short for closed-
Cattle are cows and bulls. circuit television.
cat
NOUN cats caught CD
A cat is an animal with soft fur ☛ See catch. NOUN CDs
that people often keep as a pet. A CD is a small plastic disk
Animals such as lions and tigers cause on which music or computer
are large wild cats. NOUN causes information can be stored.
The cause of something is what CD is short for compact disk.
catalog makes it happen. What was the
NOUN catalogs cause of the fire? ceiling
A catalog is a book that has NOUN ceilings
information about all the things cautious The ceiling is the part of a room
you can buy from a place. ADJECTIVE that is above your head.
If you are cautious, you are
catch careful because you are afraid celebrate
VERB catches, catching, caught that there may be danger. VERB celebrates, celebrating,
1 If you catch something, you I was quite cautious the first celebrated
get hold of it while it is moving. time I went ice-skating, but When you celebrate, you do
Catch the ball! I soon got used to it. something enjoyable for a
2 To catch someone means cautiously (ADVERB) special reason. How are you going
to take them prisoner. The police If you do something cautiously, to celebrate your birthday?
have caught the two thieves. you do it in a cautious way. celebration (NOUN)
3 When you catch a bus, train, She cautiously opened the door. A celebration is an event where
or plane, you get on it. people celebrate something.
4 If you catch an illness, you cave There will be a big celebration
get it. I caught chickenpox NOUN caves if we win the Super Bowl.
from my brother. A cave is a hole underthe ground
or in the side of a mountain. celebrity
caterpillar g. NOUN celebrities
caterpillars
wi

NOUN A celebrity is a famous person.

at

A caterpillar is the young form of

ng

a butterfly or moth. Caterpillars cellar

alo

look like small, fat worms, and cellars

p

NOUN
ree

c
some are furry or hairy. rs A cellar is a room under a house.

at erpil lla
pi

c
er
cat
lar

The
 character

center certificate
NOUN centers NOUN certificates
1 The center of something is A certificate is an official piece
the middle part of it. There’s a of paper that shows that
volcano in the center of the island. something has happened.

a ir
ch
2 A center is a building where
particular events take place. chain
There’s a gym at the sports center. NOUN chains
A chain is a line of metal
centimeter loops that are joined together
NOUN centimeters and used like a rope. The anchor
We use centimeters to measure has a long chain.
how long something is. There
are 100 centimeters in a meter. chair
NOUN chairs
century A chair is a piece of furniture
NOUN centuries that you sit on.
A century is a period of change
100 years. chalk VERB changes, changing,
NOUN changed
cereal Chalk is a type of soft, white 1 If something changes, it
NOUN cereals rock. You can use pieces of becomes different. Tadpoles
1 Cereal crops are crops such chalk to write on a blackboard. change into frogs.
as wheat and oats that are 2 If you change your clothes,
grown on farms. challenge you put on different clothes.
2 A breakfast cereal is often NOUN challenges I changed into my pyjamas.
made from wheat or oats. A challenge is something NOUN
difficult that you try to do. 3 Change is money that you get
ceremony Getting to the top of the mountain back when you give too much to
NOUN ceremonies will be a real challenge. pay for something. I gave the man
A ceremony is a formal event to $5 and he gave me $1 in change.
mark a special occasion such as champion
a wedding. NOUN champions channel
A champion is someone who NOUN channels
certain has won a competition or 1 A channel is a long, narrow
ADJECTIVE shown that they are the stretch of water.
If you are certain about best at a sport. 2 A channel is a television or
something, you are sure about it. radio station.
Are you certain this is the right bus? chance
certainly (ADVERB) NOUN chances chapter
If something is certainly 1 If you have the chance to do NOUN chapters
true, you are sure it is true. something, it is possible for you A chapter is part of a book.
I certainly know how to to do it. I hope I get the chance
play this game! to go to Disneyland one day! character
2 If something happens by NOUN characters
chance, it just happens but it A character is a person in a
was not planned in advance. book or movie.
41
charge

charge cheat cheetah

VERB charges, charging, VERB cheats, cheating, NOUN cheetahs
charged cheated A cheetah is a spotted
1 When people charge an If you cheat, you do something animal that belongs to the
amount of money, they ask that is against the rules in a cat family. Cheetahs live
you to pay that amount. game because you want to win. in Africa and hunt other
They don’t charge very much animals. They are extremely
for ice creams. check fast runners.
2 When you charge a machine VERB checks, mal.
such as a phone, you put checking, checked f a s t e s t l a n d an i
he
electricity into it. If you check something, you is t
3 To charge at someone means look at it to make sure it is t ah
ee
to run at them to attack them. all right. Remember to ch
check your spelling. The
charity
NOUN charities cheek
A charity is an organization that NOUN cheeks
collects money to help people. Your cheeks are the sides of
your face. cheetah
chart chef
NOUN charts cheeky NOUN chefs
A chart is a map or diagram ADJECTIVE cheekier, cheekiest A chef is someone who cooks
that shows information. If you are cheeky, you speak food in a restaurant.
rudely to someone.
chase chemical
VERB chases, chasing, chased cheer NOUN chemicals
To chase someone means to run VERB cheers, cheering, cheered A chemical is a substance
after them. It was amazing to When people cheer, they shout that is made or used in a
watch a cheetah chasing a gazelle. to someone to encourage them science laboratory.
or show that they like them.
chat Everyone cheered when he chemist
VERB chats, chatting, chatted crossed the line and won the race. NOUN chemists
If you chat to someone, you talk A person who studies or
to them in a friendly way. cheerful researches chemicals.
ADJECTIVE
chatroom If you are cheerful, you cherry
NOUN chatrooms are happy. NOUN cherries
A chatroom is a website where cheerfully (ADVERB) A cherry is a sweet, red fruit
people can write messages to If you do something cheerfully, with a small pit in the middle.
each other. you do it in a cheerful way.
She was singing cheerfully chess
cheap as she walked along. NOUN
ADJECTIVE cheaper, Chess is a board game for two
cheapest cheese people that you play on a board
Something that is cheap NOUN cheeses with black and white squares.
does not cost much money. Cheese is a solid, salty food that The winner is the person who
This game is really cheap! is made from milk. traps the other player’s king.
42
 chorus

chest chimpanzee choice

NOUN chests NOUN chimpanzees NOUN choices
1 Your chest is the front of A chimpanzee is a kind of ape If there is a choice, there is
your body below your shoulders that lives in forests in central more than one thing that
and above your stomach. Africa. Chimpanzees eat fruit you can choose.
2 A chest is a wooden box. We and nuts, and sometimes
found a map in an old chest. small animals. choir
NOUN choirs
chew chin A choir is a group of people
VERB chews, chewing, NOUN chins who sing together.
chewed Your chin is the part at the
When you chew food, you bottom of your face. choke
move your teeth up and down VERB chokes, choking, choked
on it to break it up. The meat china If you choke, you cannot
was tough and difficult to chew. NOUN breathe because something is
China is a material made from stuck in your throat. Be careful
chicken porcelain that is used to make you don’t choke on that gum.
NOUN chickens serving dishes, plates, and cups.
A chicken is a bird that is kept choose
on farms for its eggs and meat. VERB chooses, choosing,
chose, chosen
chickenpox If you choose something, you
NOUN decide that it is the thing
Chickenpox is an illness that gives you want. I chose chocolate

ch
you itchy spots on your body. ice cream for dessert.

chief
chiefs o cola
chop
chops, chopping, chopped
te
NOUN VERB
A chief is a leader of a group If you chop something, you
of people. cut it with a knife or ax.
chip
child NOUN chips chore
NOUN children 1 Chips are long, thin pieces NOUN chores
A child is a boy or girl. of fried potato. A chore is a small, boring job
childhood (NOUN) 2 A computer chip is the part that you have to do at home.
Your childhood is the time when inside a computer that stores
you are a boy or girl. My dad information and makes the chorus
had a very happy childhood. computer work. NOUN choruses
childish (ADJECTIVE) 3 If there is a chip in something, A chorus is the part of a song
Someone who is childish a small piece has broken off it. that you repeat after each verse.
behaves like a young child.
chocolate
chimney
NOUN chimneys
NOUN chocolates
Chocolate is a sweet, brown c
A chimney is a pipe above
a fire. It takes smoke out
of a building.
food made from crushed and
roasted cocoa beans, milk,
and sugar.
op
43
 a nt In the city g,
fast

.
vib r

is . .
in
There is a lot to see and
noisy e

xcit
do in the city.
y l i f
Cit

,e
b uz d
lively ow
, cr
de
mark active t,
busy zin et S
ur
an
rush g
K
re sta
in gs
Y
cinema , n
S t i

high, tall, majestic

u
C family o
g

dynamic ice
R s
ts A off lding
n i rd
me bu o a

building
ap
art P bi
llb
multicultura E
l
ern
traffic lights

R
mod

p ar k S
greenery
!
hotel

EP

street food
BE

str
ee
tm
street v
endor
h on k
traf f ic us
ici
s, roars, jams an

sports stru
stadium
theater mmin
g
cyc st
road signs

vehicles
li

art gall
library ery pedestrian crossing

44
 climate

Christian city clean

NOUN Christians NOUN cities VERB cleans, cleaning, cleaned
A Christian is a person who A city is a very large town. 1 If you clean something, you
follows the teachings of Jesus remove dirt from it. Your shoes
Christ and believes that clap are dirty—you need to clean them.
Jesus is the son of God. VERB claps, clapping, ADJECTIVE cleaner, cleanest
clapped 2 Something that is clean has
Christmas When people clap, they hit no dirt on it.
NOUN their hands together to make
Christmas is the Christian a loud sound. It can show that clear
celebration of the birth of they like someone’s acting ADJECTIVE clearer, clearest
Jesus Christ. or singing. 1 Something that is clear is easy
to see through. The water was so
church class clear that I could see the fish.
NOUN churches NOUN classes 2 If something is clear, it is easy
A church is a building where A class is a group of people to see, hear, or understand. You
Christians go to pray. who learn something together. must all get on with your work now.
There are 32 people in my class. Is that clear?
cinema 3 If a place is clear, you can
NOUN cinemas classroom move through it easily. The road
A cinema is a building where NOUN classrooms is clear now.
people can go to watch films. A classroom is a room in VERB clears, clearing, cleared
which you have lessons. 4 If you clear something, you
circle remove everything from it. Will
NOUN circles clause you help me clear the table?
A circle is a shape that is flat NOUN clauses
and round. A clause is a group of words clever
that contains a verb and is ADJECTIVE cleverer, cleverest
circumference one part of a sentence. For Someone who is clever can learn
NOUN example, there are two clauses and understand things quickly.
The circumference of a circle in the sentence: We were happy
is the measurement around because we won the game. click
the edge of it. VERB clicks, clicking, clicked
claw When you click on something
circus NOUN claws on a computer, you choose it
NOUN circuses An animal’s claws are its long, by pressing the mouse once
A circus is a show with curved, pointed nails. or twice.
clowns, jugglers, acrobats,
and sometimes animals. It clay cliff
travels around the country NOUN NOUN cliffs
and is performed in a very Clay is a type of earth that A cliff is a high, steep side of
big tent. is used to make pots and a mountain.
bricks. It is made into the
citizen right shape by a potter when climate
NOUN citizens it is wet, then it is baked in a NOUN climates
A citizen is someone who lives hot oven called a kiln until The climate in a place is the type
in a country, city, or town. it is hard. of weather that it usually has.
45
climb

climb cloth clue

VERB climbs, climbing, climbed NOUN cloths NOUN clues
When you climb, you move 1 Cloth is material that is used A clue is a piece of information
upward, using your hands and to make clothes and other things. that helps to solve a mystery.
feet. He managed to climb over 2 A cloth is a piece of material
the wall. that you use for cleaning things. clumsy
ADJECTIVE clumsier, clumsiest
cling clothes If you are clumsy, you move in
VERB clings, clinging, clung NOUN a rough, careless way, so you
If you cling onto something, Clothes are the things that you are likely to knock things over
you hold onto it very tightly. wear on your body. or damage them.
We clung on tight as the roller
coaster set off. cloud clung
NOUN clouds ☛ See cling.
clip 1 A cloud is a mass of tiny drops
NOUN clips of water, or pieces of ice, floating coach
1 A clip is a fastener that you use high in the air. NOUN coaches
for holding something in place. 2 The cloud is a part of the 1 A coach is a bus that
2 A clip is a small part of a film. internet where you can store takes people on long journeys.
your documents and photographs. 2 A coach is a person who teaches
cloak cloudy (ADJECTIVE) people how to play a sport.
NOUN cloaks When it is cloudy, there are a lot
A cloak is a piece of outer of clouds in the sky. coal
clothing that you wrap NOUN
around you and fasten clown Coal is a hard, black rock that
around your neck. NOUN clowns is burned as a fuel. Coal is made
A clown performs in a circus. from fossilized plants that died
clock Clowns make people laugh. millions of years ago.
NOUN clocks
A clock is an instrument that e clock’s hands m coast
Th ov
shows the time. e NOUN coasts
in

The coast is the part of the

clockwise
ac

land where it meets the sea.

lockwise dir

ADVERB
If something moves clockwise, coat
it moves in a circle in the same NOUN coats
direction as the hands on a clock. 1 A coat is a piece of clothing
☛ Opposite: counterclockwise you wear over your other clothes
ect

on
i

➤ . to keep you warm when you

close are outside.
VERB closes, closing, closed club 2 An animal’s coat is its fur.
1 When you close something, NOUN clubs Polar bears have a very thick coat.
you shut it. A club is a group of people 3 A coat of paint on the wall
ADJECTIVE who meet because they are or doors is a layer of paint.
2 Something that is close to interested in the same thing. Sometimes, a few coats of
a place is near to it. My house We have a drama club at paint are needed to paint
is close to the river. our school. something well.
46
 comet

cobweb collage comb

NOUN cobwebs NOUN collages NOUN combs
A cobweb is a very fine, sticky A collage is a picture that you A comb is a piece of plastic or
net that is made by spiders to make by sticking pieces of paper metal with teeth, that you use
trap flies and other small insects. or cloth onto paper. to make your hair look neat.

cocoa collar combine

NOUN NOUN collars VERB combines, combining,
Cocoa is a brown powder 1 The collar of a shirt or combined
that is made from the seeds jacket is the part that goes When you combine things,
of the cacao tree and is used around your neck. you mix or join them together.
to make chocolate cakes and 2 A collar is a thin strip of combination (NOUN)
cookies, and hot chocolate. leather that you put around A combination is a set of
the neck of a dog or cat. things that have been mixed
code or joined together.
NOUN codes collect
1 A code is a set of signs, VERB collects, collecting, come
symbols, or letters for sending collected VERB comes, coming, come,
secret messages. 1 If you collect things, you get came
2 Code is the instructions for as many of them as you can 1 When you come to a place,
computer programs. and put them together. you arrive there. Hurry up!
VERB codes, coding, coded 2 If you collect something, The train is coming.
When you code, you write you go and fetch it. 2 If you ask someone to come
instructions for computer collection (NOUN) with you, you are asking them
programs. A collection is a group of to go with you to a place. Do
things you have collected you want to come to the game?
coffee together. The museum has
NOUN coffees got an amazing collection comedy
Coffee is a hot drink that you of fossils. NOUN comedies
make by adding hot water to A comedy is a film, play, or
powder made from roasted color television show that makes
coffee beans. NOUN colors you laugh.
Red, yellow, and blue are the comedian (NOUN)
coin names of some colors. A comedian is someone who
NOUN coins colorful (ADJECTIVE) says or does funny things.
A coin is a piece of money Something that is colorful
made of metal. is decorated with bright comet
colors. I like wearing NOUN comets
cold colorful clothes. A comet is a huge ball of dust,
NOUN colds ice, and gases that travels
1 A cold is an illness that makes column around the Sun and looks like
you sneeze and cough. I’ve had NOUN columns a bright star with a long tail
this horrible cold for five days now! 1 A column is a tall, round behind it.
come
ADJECTIVE colder, coldest
2 Something that is cold is not
post that supports a building.
2 A column is a list of words
t
warm or hot. It’s too cold to or numbers that are written
play outside. underneath each other.
comfortable

comfortable company complain

ADJECTIVE NOUN companies VERB complains, complaining,
Something that is comfortable is 1 A company is a group of complained
pleasant to sit in, lie on, or wear. people who work together to If you complain, you say
What a lovely comfortable bed! make or sell something. that you are not happy
☛ Opposite: uncomfortable My aunt works for a computer about something. Everyone
company. complained because the
comma 2 If you enjoy someone’s bus was late.
NOUN commas company, you enjoy being complaint (NOUN)
A comma is the punctuation with them. If you make a complaint, you
mark (,) that you use to complain about something.
divide different parts of the compare
same sentence. VERBcompares, comparing, complete
compared VERB completes,
command If you compare two things, completing, completed
VERBcommands, you look at them to see how 1 If you complete something,
commanding, commanded they are similar and how they you finish it.
1 If you command someone are different. ADJECTIVE
to do something, you tell comparison (NOUN) 2 Something that is complete
them to do it. “Stay away!” If you make a comparison is finished and contains all
he commanded. between two things, you the parts.
NOUN commands compare them.
2 A command is a
sentence in which you tell compass
someone to do something. NOUN compasses
1 A compass is an instrument
comment that shows the direction you are
NOUN comments facing. The magnetic needle on
A comment is something a compass always points north.
that you say about a person 2 A compass is a tool that you
or thing. use for drawing circles.

common compatible
ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE
If something is common, you 1 If people are compatible,
see it often. they get on well together.
2 If machines are compatible, Ha
communicate ve y w?
they can be used together. ou com sa
VERBcommunicates, p leted the jig
communicating, communicated competition
When people or animals NOUN competitions complicated
communicate, they talk to A competition is an event ADJECTIVE
each other to exchange ideas. where people race against Something that is complicated
Or, they give information to each other or play games has a lot of different parts
each other in another way, to see who is the best. Our and is very difficult to do or
such as by moving their team came second in the understand. The story in the
hands or writing. swimming competition. movie is very complicated.
48
 consonant

compose conduct connect

VERBcomposes, composing, VERB conducts, conducting, VERB connects, connecting,
composed conducted connected
If you compose music, you 1 When you conduct music or If you connect things, you join
write it. singing, you stand in front of them together.
composer (NOUN) musicians or singers and control
A composer is someone who the way that they play or sing. conscious
writes music. 2 If something conducts heat ADJECTIVE
or electricity, it allows heat or If you are conscious, you are
computer electricity to pass through it. awake and aware of what is
NOUN computers The metal copper conducts happening around you.
A computer is an electronic electricity well. Opposite: unconscious
machine that can receive and
store information. Computers confess consequence
can do calculations, and you VERB confesses, confessing, NOUN consequences
can also play games on them. confessed A consequence is something
If you confess, you admit that happens as a result of
concentrate that you have done something something else.
VERB concentrates, wrong.
concentrating, concentrated conservation
When you concentrate, you conf ident NOUN
think carefully about what ADJECTIVE Conservation is protecting
you are doing. If you are confident, you believe animals, plants, and the
concentration (NOUN) that you can do something well. environment.
Concentration is when you Be confident—I’m sure you
concentrate. You need a lot can win! consider
of concentration to do math. conf idence (NOUN) VERB considers, considering,
Confidence is the feeling you considered
concert have when you are confident. If you consider something,
NOUN concerts You need a lot of confidence you think about it carefully.
A concert is an event where to go up on stage and sing. I’m considering applying
people sing or play music for to be on a television show.
an audience to listen to. confused
ADJECTIVE considerate
concrete If you are confused, you ADJECTIVE
NOUN do not understand what is Someone who is considerate
Concrete is a mixture of going on. I was a bit confused thinks about other people and
cement, stones, and water. by the story in the movie. does not do things that will
It is hard like rock and used annoy or upset other people.
for building. conjunction ☛ Opposite: inconsiderate
NOUN conjunctions
condition A conjunction is a word that consonant
NOUN joins different parts of a sentence NOUN consonants
The condition that something together. Conjunctions are also A consonant is any letter of
is in is the state it is in. My called connectives. Examples the alphabet that is not a vowel.
bike is old, but it’s still of conjunctions are “and,” “but,” Examples of consonants are b,
in good condition. “so,” and “because.” f, m, s, and w.
49
constellation

constellation continent conversation

NOUN constellations NOUN continents NOUN conversations
A constellation is a group A continent is one of seven A conversation is a
of stars. very large areas of land that talk between two or
make up the world. Most more people.
construct continents include several
VERB constructs, different countries. Africa convince
constructing, constructed and Europe are continents. VERB convinces, convincing,
If you construct something, convinced
you build it. continue If you convince someone,
construction (NOUN) VERB continues, continuing, you persuade them to believe
A construction is something continued something. He convinced
that someone has built. If you continue to do me that it was real gold.
something, you keep on doing
consume it. We continued to play even cook
VERB consumes, consuming, when it started raining. VERB cooks, cooking, cooked
consumed 1 When you cook food, you
If you consume something, prepare it and heat it so that
you eat or drink it, or use it. you can eat it.
cooks
con
Big car engines consumes NOUN
a lot of fuel. 2 A cook is someone who

str
prepares and cooks food.
contain
VERB contains, containing,
contained uct cool
ADJECTIVE cooler, coolest
If a box or bag contains 1 Something that is cool
things, it has those things is slightly cold. Put the drinks
inside it. The box contained c k s to . in the fridge to keep them cool.
some amazing-looking candy. t s blo lding 2 Something that is cool is
i f i
a n e l a bu good or nice.
r t
container A c struc
NOUN containers con copper
A container is anything that NOUN
you can put or keep things in. Copper is a shiny reddish
control brown metal.
content VERB controls, controlling,
ADJECTIVE controlled copy
If you are content, you feel 1 When you control something, NOUN copies
happy and satisfied. You you make it go where you 1 A copy is something that has
can also say that you want it to go or do what been made to look exactly like
are contented. you want it to do. something else.
NOUN controls VERB copies, copying, copied
contents 2 Controls are the buttons 2 If you copy something, you
NOUN and knobs that make a make another one that is the
The contents of a box, bag, or machine work. Pass me the same. Can you copy this drawing?
other container are the things controls—it’s my turn to 3 If you copy someone, you
that are inside it. play the game! do the same as them.
50
 count

coral corridor cough

NOUN corals NOUN corridors VERB coughs, coughing,
Coral is a hard substance A corridor is a passage inside coughed
that is made of the skeletons a building that leads to When you cough, you push
of small sea animals. Coral is other rooms. air out of your lungs with
mainly found in warm seas. a sharp noise.
cost
core NOUN could
NOUN cores 1 The cost of something is the ☛ See can.
The core of something is the amount you have to pay for it.
middle part of it. VERB costs, costing, cost count
2 The amount that something VERB counts, counting,
cork costs is the amount that you counted
NOUN have to pay for it. This game 1 When you count, you say
A cork is a small object costs a lot of money. numbers in the right order.
that is used to fill the top Can you count to 100?
of a wine bottle. costume 2 When you count things,
NOUN costumes you say how many there are.
corn 1 A costume is a set of clothes I counted five horses in the field.
NOUN that you wear when you are
Corn is a general name for the dressing up in a play.

p.
seeds of plants such as wheat, 2 The costume of a time in

e-u
oats, or corn. history is the type of clothes

ak
that people wore then.

dm
corner

an
corners cot
e
NOUN
m
u
A corner is a point where two NOUN cots ost
c
lines or edges meet, or the point A cot is a small bed that is sa
where two roads meet. usually collapsible. ar
we
wn

correct cottage
clo

corrects, correcting, cottages

A

VERB NOUN
corrected A cottage is a small
1 If you correct your work, you house, especially in
find the mistakes and put them the country.
right. I corrected all the spelling
mistakes in my homework. cotton
2 Something that is correct is
right and has no mistakes.
☛ Opposite: incorrect
NOUN
1 Cotton is a type of cloth
that is used for making
costume
correction (NOUN) clothes. My shirt is made
A correction is a change that of cotton.
you make to something so that 2 Cotton is thread that
it is correct. you use for sewing. My
correctly (ADVERB) grandmother needs more cotton
If you do something correctly, thread so she can finish making
you do it right, without mistakes. a quilt for me.
51
counter

counter court cowboy

NOUN counters NOUN courts NOUN cowboys
1 A store counter is the table 1 A court is a place where A cowboy is a man who looks
where you pay for things. judges and other people decide after cattle (cows and bulls) on
2 A counter is a small, round whether someone has done farms in the USA.
object that you move around something wrong, and how
on a board when you are they should be punished. crab
playing a game. 2 A court is a piece of ground NOUN crabs
with lines marked on it where A crab is a shellfish with a
country some games are played. We hard covering over its body.
NOUN countries play tennis on the tennis court. Crabs have ten legs, and the
1 A country is an area of land front pair of legs end in claws,
with its own borders, people, cousin which the crab uses to catch
and laws. NOUN cousins its prey. We saw a big crab in
2 The country is the land Your cousin is related to you the rockpool.
outside towns and cities. This is because their mother or father
also called the countryside. is the sister or brother of one crack
of your parents. NOUN cracks
couple 1 A crack is a line or split on
NOUN couples cover the surface of something where
1 A couple of things or people NOUN covers it has broken.
means two of them. I hope you 1 A cover is a piece of material 2 A crack is a sudden loud noise.
are better in a couple of days. that you put over something We heard a crack of thunder.
2 A couple is two people who to protect it. VERB cracks, cracking,
are married or going out with VERB covers, covering, cracked
each other. covered 3 If you crack something, you
2 When you cover something, break it so that the surface is
courage you put something over it. split but it does not fall to
NOUN I covered the cake with pieces. I dropped my glasses
Courage is being brave when a thick layer of icing. and cracked them.
you are in danger. You need a lot ☛ Opposite: uncover
of courage to stand up to bullies. cracker
courageous (ADJECTIVE) cow NOUN crackers
Someone who is courageous NOUN cows 1 A cracker is a thin, dry
is brave. A cow is a female animal bread that you eat with
that eats grass and is kept on a cheese.
course farm to produce milk and beef. 2 A cracker is a paper tube
NOUN courses A female elephant or whale is that contains a small present.
1 A course is a set of lessons. also called a cow. Two people pull the tube until
I did a drama course last summer. it comes apart, and one of
2 One course of a meal is one coward them wins the present.
part of it. We had chicken for NOUN cowards
the main course. A coward is a person who cradle
3 A course is an area on is scared easily. NOUN cradle
which some sports or games cowardly (ADJECTIVE) A cradle is a baby’s bed
are played. We played on the Someone who is cowardly that can swing from side
golf course. behaves like a coward. to side.
52
 crime

crawl create
ab VERB crawls, crawling, VERB creates, creating, created

cr
crawled When you create something
When you crawl, you move new, you design it and make
along on your hands and it. How do people create new
knees. I crawled under the computer games?
table to look for my pen.
creature
crayon NOUN creatures
NOUN crayons A creature is any animal,
A crayon is a colored pencil bird, fish, or insect.
Cr or stick of wax that you use
ab creep
s live for drawing.
by the seashore. VERB creeps, creeping, crept
crazy When you creep along, you
craft ADJECTIVE crazier, craziest walk very slowly and quietly.
NOUN crafts Someone who is crazy is very I crept downstairs while everyone
1 A craft is an activity in which silly or strange. He’s so crazy— was asleep.
you make something. They he’s the funniest person I know!
enjoyed seeing all the arts and creepy
crafts at the show. creak ADJECTIVE creepier, creepiest
2 A craft is a boat, airplane, VERB creaks, creaking, Something that is creepy is
or spaceship. creaked slightly frightening.
If something creaks, it makes
cramp a low, squeaking sound. crew
NOUN The barn door creaked as NOUN crews
When you get cramp, your I opened it. A crew is a team of people who
muscles hurt because you have
crayo work together.
done too much exercise.

crane
n cricket
NOUN crickets
NOUN cranes 1 A cricket is an insect with long
A crane is a large machine that legs that can jump high.
lifts heavy objects. 2 Cricket is a game in which
teams have to hit a ball with a
crash bat and then run between two
NOUN crashes cream sets of sticks called wickets to
1 A crash is an accident in NOUN score runs.
which cars or other vehicles 1 Cream is a thick, white liquid
bang into each other. that you often eat with sweet crime
2 A crash is a loud noise. foods. Cream is the part of milk NOUN crimes
VERB crashes, crashing, that contains a lot of fat and A crime in a bad act that is
crashed rises to the top of the milk. against the law. Stealing is
3 When cars crash, they bang 2 Cream is a substance a crime.
into each other. that you put on your skin. criminal (NOUN)
4 When a computer crashes, it It keeps your skin feeling soft A criminal is someone who has
stops working. and comfortable. broken the law.
53
crisp

crisp crossing crumb

NOUN crisps NOUN crossings NOUN crumbs
1 Something that is dry, hard, A crossing is a place where you A crumb is a very small piece
and easily broken. can cross the road safely. of bread, cake, or cookie.
ADJECTIVE crisper, crispest
2 Food that is crisp is firm. crossroads crunch
Bake the cookies until they are NOUN VERB crunches, crunching,
nice and crisp. A crossroads is a place where crunched
two roads cross each other. When you crunch food, you
criticize bite it or chew it noisily.
VERB criticizes, criticizing, crossword
criticized NOUN crosswords crush
If you criticize someone, you A crossword is a word puzzle VERB crushes, crushing,
tell them that they have done with clues. The words cross over crushed
something wrong. each other on a square grid. If you crush something, you
squeeze it very hard. Don’t walk
crocodile crowd on the flowers—you’ll crush them!
NOUN crocodiles NOUN crowds
A crocodile is a reptile that lives A crowd is a large number of crust
on land and in water. Crocodiles people all together in one place. NOUN crusts
are fierce and hunt at night for 1 The crust is the hard part
fish and small animals. crown on the outside of bread.
NOUN crowns 2 The Earth’s crust is its outer
crooked A crown is a circle of gold layer of hard rock.
ADJECTIVE or silver with jewels. Kings
Something that is crooked is and queens wear crowns cry
not straight. on their heads on special VERB cries, crying, cried
occasions. 1 If you are upset, you cry, and
cross tears come out of your eyes.
VERB crosses, crossing, cruel 2 When you cry, you shout
crossed ADJECTIVE loudly. “Help me!” he cried.
1 If you cross a road or river, Someone who is cruel is unkind
you go across to the other side. and often hurts other people or cub
2 If you cross your legs or animals. NOUN cubs
fingers, you put one over A cub is a young animal, such
the other. cruise as a fox, lion, or bear.
NOUN crosses NOUN cruises
3 A cross is a mark or an object A cruise is a vacation on a ship cube
like “+” or “x.” that sails to several places. NOUN cubes

crocodile
ADJECTIVE A cube is a solid shape with six
4 If you are cross, you are square sides.
angry.

A crocodile is a reptile.
cuddle
VERB cuddles, cuddling,
cuddled
When you cuddle someone,
you hold them in a loving way.
54
 cymbal

culture curly cut

NOUN cultures ADJECTIVE NOUN cuts
People’s culture is all their Curly hair is curved, not straight. 1 A cut is a wound on your body
traditions and customs. that was made by something
curry sharp.
cunning NOUN curries VERB cuts, cutting, cut
ADJECTIVE A curry is made from meat 2 When you cut something,
Someone who is cunning is or vegetables cooked in a hot, you divide it into pieces, using
clever at tricking people. spicy sauce. scissors or a knife. Shall I cut
a slice of cake for you?
cup cursor 3 When you cut something on
NOUN cups NOUN cursors the computer, you delete it.
A cup is a container with The cursor on a computer screen
a handle that you use for is the small mark that shows cute
drinking from. your position when you click ADJECTIVE cuter, cutest
with your mouse. Something that is cute is pretty
cupboard and nice. What a cute kitten!
NOUN cupboards curtain
A cupboard is a piece of furniture NOUN curtains cutlery
with a door at the front that you A curtain is one or two pieces NOUN
use for keeping things in. of cloth that you can pull across Cutlery is the knives, forks, and
a window to keep out the light spoons that you use for eating.
cure or to cut out drafts.
VERB cures, curing, cured cycle
1 If doctors cure someone, curve VERB cycles, cycling, cycled
they make them better again NOUN curves When you cycle, you ride
after they have been ill. A curve is a line that bends a bicycle.
NOUN cures smoothly around. cyclist (NOUN)
2 A cure is a medicine or curved (ADJECTIVE) A cyclist is someone who rides
treatment that makes someone Something that is curved is in a bicycle.
better after they have been ill. the shape of a curve.
cyclone
curious cushion NOUN cyclones
ADJECTIVE NOUN cushions A cyclone is a tropical storm
1 If you are curious, you want A cushion is a type of pillow that with very strong winds.
to find out about something. you put on a chair to lean against.
I was curious to see what was cylinder
behind the door. custom NOUN cylinders
2 Something that is curious NOUN customs A cylinder is a solid or hollow
is strange but interesting. A custom is something that object that looks like a tube, with
We saw some very curious people have done in the same circular ends and straight sides.
fish at the aquarium. way for a long time.
curiosity (NOUN) cymbal
Curiosity is the feeling that you customer NOUN cymbals
want to find out about something. NOUN customers Cymbals are round pieces of
My curiosity got the better of me, A customer is someone who metal that you bang together
and I looked inside the box. buys something from a store. as a musical instrument.
55
daffodil

daisy dare
NOUN daisies VERB dares, daring, dared
A daisy is a small white flower 1 If you dare someone to do
with a yellow center. something frightening, you tell
them that they should do it to
dam show they are not afraid. I dare
NOUN dams you to jump off that wall.
A dam is a wall that is built 2 If you dare to do something
across a river to hold it back. frightening, you are brave
enough to do it. I wouldn’t
damage dare to be rude to a teacher!
VERBdamages, damaging, daring (ADJECTIVE)
damaged Someone who is daring is brave
If you damage something, enough to do frightening or
TE

you harm it. Carry the painting dangerous things.

AMI

carefully so you don’t damage it.

dark
damp ADJECTIVE darker, darkest
DYN

ADJECTIVE damper, dampest 1 When it is dark, there is

Something that is damp is no light.
slightly wet. Don’t sit on the 2 A dark color has a lot of
grass—it’s damp. black in it. He was wearing
a dark blue sweater.
daffodil dance darkness (NOUN)
NOUN daffodils VERB dances, dancing, danced Darkness is when there is
A daffodil is a yellow, When you dance, you move no light. She looked out into
trumpet-shaped flower that around to music. the darkness outside.
you see in the spring.
dandelion dandelion
dagger NOUN dandelions
seeds
NOUN daggers A dandelion is a common,
A dagger is a short knife that yellow wild flower that produces
people use as a weapon. seeds in a fluffy ball.

daily
ADVERB dandelion
Something that happens daily flower dart
happens every day. NOUN darts
danger A dart is a small arrow that
dairy NOUN dangers you throw at a board in the
NOUN dairies If there is danger, there is game of darts.
A dairy is a place where something that might hurt
milk is stored and butter, you. Danger—deep water! dash
cheese, and yogurt are made. dangerous (ADJECTIVE) VERB dashes, dashing, dashed
Dairy products are foods If something is dangerous, it If you dash somewhere, you
containing milk, such as could hurt you. Rock climbing run there quickly. He dashed
butter and yogurt. is a dangerous sport. upstairs.
56
 deceive

data dazed dear

NOUN ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE dearer, dearest
Information and facts about If you are dazed, you feel 1 You write “Dear ...” at the
something are called data. shocked and you cannot beginning of a letter.
think clearly. 2 A dear person is someone you
database love very much. She has been a
NOUN databases dazzle very dear friend to me.
A database is a collection VERB dazzles, dazzling, 3 Something that is dear costs
of information that is stored dazzled a lot of money.
on a computer. If a bright light dazzles you, ☛ Be careful with spelling:
it shines into your eyes so dear Dear Grandma, I hope you
date that you cannot see. are well.
NOUN dates deer Lots of deer live in the forest.
1 The date is a particular day dead
of the year. The date today ADJECTIVE death
is May 3rd. Someone who is dead is no NOUN deaths
2 A date is a sweet, sticky fruit longer living. Death is when someone dies.
with a pit in the middle.
deadly debt
daughter ADJECTIVE NOUN debts
NOUN daughters Something that is deadly can A debt is an amount of money
Someone’s daughter is their kill you. that you owe to someone.
female child.
deaf decade
seeds
blowing
dandeli ADJECTIVE
Someone who is deaf cannot
NOUN decades
A decade is a period of ten years.
on

hear.
deceive
deal VERB deceives, deceiving,
VERB deals, dealing, dealt deceived
1 When you deal cards, you give If you deceive someone, you
some to each person in a game. make them believe something
2 When you deal with that is not true.
something, you do the things
that need to be done to sort it
dawn out. Who is going to deal with
NOUN all this mess?
Dawn is the early part of the

w n
day when it starts to become
light. We set off at dawn.

day
NOUN days
1 Day is the time when it
is light.
2 A day is a period of 24 hours.
d a ni
sthe start
of a new day.

aw
It’s my birthday in five days! D
57
decide

decide decrease definitely

VERB decides, deciding, VERB decreases, decreasing, ADVERB
decided decreased If something is definitely true,
If you decide to do something, When something decreases, it it is certain that it is true. I can
you make up your mind to do becomes less. The temperature definitely come to your party
it. We decided to go to the beach usually decreases at night. on Saturday.
for the day. ☛ Opposite: increase
definition
decimal deep NOUN definitions
NOUN decimals ADJECTIVE deeper, deepest A definition is a sentence
1 A decimal system is one that Something that is deep goes that explains what a word
counts in tens. down a long way. The river means.
2 A decimal is a number written is too deep to wade across.
with a dot, for example 1.5. How degree
can you write ½ as a decimal? deer NOUN degrees
NOUN We measure the temperature in
decision A deer is an animal with hooves degrees. We use the symbol º to
NOUN decisions that eats grass and leaves. A show degrees, for example 29º.
A decision is something that male deer is called a stag and
you decide to do. Have you has large, branching horns delay
made a decision yet? called antlers. A female deer VERB delays, delaying,
is called a doe. delayed
deck ☛ Be careful with spelling: If something is delayed, it
NOUN decks deer Lots of deer live in the happens or arrives later than
The deck on a ship is one forest. you expected. The bus was
of the floors. dear Dear Grandma, I hope delayed because of the snow.
you are well.
declare delete
VERB declares, declaring, defeat VERB deletes, deleting, deleted
declared VERB defeats, defeating, If you delete writing, you
If you declare something, you defeated remove it.
say it out loud for everyone to If you defeat someone, you
hear. I declare you are the winner! win a game or a battle deliberate
decorate dec against them. ADJECTIVE

decorates, decorating, ora If something is deliberate,

te
VERB someone does it on purpose.
decorated Pe deliberately (ADVERB)
If you decorate something, you opl . If you do something deliberately,
e like es
paint it or put things on it to
to d ous you do it on purpose. I didn’t
make it look nice. We decorated ecor e their h break the window deliberately—
at
the school hall for the party. it was an accident!
decoration (NOUN) defend
Decorations are VERB defends, defending, delicate
things you put defended ADJECTIVE
up in a place If you defend something, you If something is delicate, it
to make it protect it or guard it. They sent is not very strong and will
look nice. soldiers to defend the city. break easily.
58
 design

delicious dense describe

ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE VERB describes, describing,
Food that is delicious tastes very Something that is dense is described
nice. There were lots of delicious very thick and difficult to see When you describe something,
cakes to choose from. through. We couldn’t see because you say what it is like. Can you
of the dense fog. describe the man that you saw?
delighted description (NOUN)
ADJECTIVE density If you give a description of
If you are delighted, you are NOUN something, you describe it.
very pleased. We were delighted The density of an object is how
when we beat the other team and heavy it is in relation to its size. desert
won the trophy. NOUN deserts
dent A desert is a large area of dry,
deliver NOUN dents sandy, or stony land where there
VERB delivers, delivering, A dent is a hollow place in are very few plants.
delivered the surface of something after Be careful with spelling:
If you deliver something to someone has hit it or pressed it. desert Africa’s largest desert
someone, you take it to them. is the Sahara.
dentist dessert We had ice cream for
demand NOUN dentists dessert.
VERBdemands, demanding, A dentist is a person who
demanded examines and makes repairs deserve
If you demand something, to your teeth. VERB deserves, deserving,
you ask for it very firmly. deserved
He demanded his phone back. deny If you deserve something, it
VERB denies, denying, is fair that you should have it
democracy denied because of something that you
NOUN democracies If you deny something, you have done. I think you deserve
A democracy is a country in say that you did not do it. a prize for trying so hard.
which everyone votes to choose She denied breaking the window.
the government. design
democratic (ADJECTIVE) depend VERB designs, designing,
A democratic country is one VERB depends, depending, designed
in which everyone votes to depended When you design something,
choose the government. If you depend on someone, you you draw it and plan what it
need them to help you or look will be like. We’re trying to
den after you. design a new play area.
NOUN dens designer (NOUN)
1 A den is a secret place where depressed A designer is someone who
you can play or hide. ADJECTIVE designs things.
2 An animal’s den is its home. If you feel depressed, you
feel very unhappy.
denim
n

depth
s ig

de
NOUN
Denim is a type of strong NOUN
cloth that is used for making The depth of something
jeans and other clothes. is how deep it is.
desk

desk detest diamond

NOUN desks VERB detests, detesting, NOUN diamonds
A desk is a table that you detested A diamond is a jewel that looks
use for working on. If you detest something, you like shiny glass.
hate it.
dessert diary
NOUN desserts develop NOUN diaries
A dessert is a sweet dish VERB develops, developing, A diary is a book in which you
that you eat at the end developed write down the things that you
of a meal. When something develops, it do and how you feel each day.
☛ Be careful with spelling: grows and changes. Tadpoles A video diary is a film in which
dessert We had ice cream for gradually develop into frogs. you record your diary.
dessert.
desert Africa’s largest desert device
is the Sahara.

destroy
NOUN devices
A device is a small di
VERB destroys, destroying,
destroyed
machine or tool.

dew
ce
To destroy something NOUN
e ro

H
means to damage it so badly Dew is small drops of water l l e d the dice.
that it cannot be used again. that form on the ground
The fire completely destroyed at night. dice
the shed. NOUN
diagonal A dice is a small cube that has
detail ADJECTIVE a different number of spots on
NOUN details A diagonal line goes across each side. You roll a dice in some
A detail is one small part of something from one corner games to see how far forward
something. I can’t remember to the opposite corner. you should move.
all the details of the story
that I read last week. diagram dictionary
NOUN diagrams NOUN dictionaries
detective A diagram is a drawing that A dictionary is a book that
NOUN detectives shows what something looks explains what words mean
A detective is someone who like or how it works. and shows how they are spelled.
tries to find out who committed
a crime by looking at all dial die
the clues. NOUN dials VERB dies, dying, died
A dial is a circle with numbers When a living thing dies, it
determined around it. is no longer alive. The plant
ADJECTIVE died because we kept forgetting
If you are determined to diameter to water it.
do something, you feel very NOUN diameters
strongly that you want to do The diameter of a circle is diesel
it and nothing will stop you. a straight line connecting the NOUN
We’re determined to win center of a circle with two Diesel is a kind of fuel that is
this match! points on its perimeter. used in trucks and some cars.
60
 dinosaur

diet digest dim

NOUN diets VERB digests, digesting, ADJECTIVE dimmer, dimmest
1 Your diet is all the different digested A dim light is not very bright.
kinds of food that you eat. You When you digest food, your A single dim light bulb lit the room.
should try to eat a healthy diet. stomach breaks it down so
2 If you are on a diet, you eat that your body can use it dinghy
less food because you want to to give you energy. NOUN dinghies
lose weight. A dinghy is a small sailing boat.
digit
different NOUN digits dining room
ADJECTIVE A digit is a number from 0 to 9. NOUN dining rooms
Things that are different are Bigger numbers are made up A dining room is a room in
not the same. of more than one digit. For which you eat meals.
difference (NOUN) example, 275 is a three-digit
A difference between two things number. dinner
is a way in which they are NOUN dinners
different. What’s the difference digital Dinner is the main meal of
between an alligator and a crocodile? ADJECTIVE the day.
1 A digital device uses a special
difficult kind of technology to work. This dinosaur
ADJECTIVE is the latest kind of digital TV. NOUN dinosaurs
Something that is difficult is hard 2 A digital watch or clock shows Dinosaurs were reptiles that
to do. That test was really difficult! the time as numbers such as lived on Earth for more than
difficulty (NOUN) 8:30, rather than on a dial. 150 million years. The last
A difficulty is something that is dinosaurs died out 65 million
difficult. I had a few difficulties dilute years ago.
with my math homework. VERB dilutes, diluting,
diluted
dig If you dilute a liquid, you
VERB digs, digging, dug add water to make it weaker.
When you dig, you make a hole The orange juice was too strong,
in the ground. so she diluted it with water.

dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex

Say: tie-ran-oh-saw-rus reks

Triceratops
Say: try-ser-a-tops
Euoplocephalus Deinonychus Corythosaurus
Say: yoo-oh-plo-sef-al-us Say: die-no-nike-us Say: kor-ith-oh-saw-rus
dip

dip disagree disease

VERB dips, dipping, dipped VERB disagrees, disagreeing, NOUN diseases
If you dip something into a disagreed A disease is
disgui
liquid, you put it in and then If you disagree with someone, an illness. s e
take it out again. I dipped the you have different ideas to them
strawberry into the chocolate sauce and you think they are wrong.
and then ate it. ☛ Opposite: agree
disguise
direct disappear NOUN disguises
VERB directs, directing, directed VERB disappears, A disguise is a set of clothes or
1 If you direct someone to a disappearing, disappeared a mask that you wear to hide
place, you tell them how to If something disappears, it who you really are.
get there. Can you direct me goes out of sight. The Sun
to the sports center, please? disappeared behind a cloud. disgusting
2 The person who directs a film ☛ Opposite: appear ADJECTIVE
or play is in charge of it and tells Something that is disgusting is
other people what they should disappointed very unpleasant and makes you
do and how they should act. ADJECTIVE feel a bit sick. Yuck! This food is
ADJECTIVE If you are disappointed, you are disgusting!
3 A direct way to a place is sad or upset because something
short and quick. We got a direct did not happen the way you dish
flight to New York. wanted it to happen. We were NOUN dishes
director (NOUN) disappointed with the weather. 1 A dish is a plate or bowl that
A director is someone who you serve food in.
directs a film. disaster 2 A dish is a kind of food that
NOUN disasters has been cooked or prepared
direction A disaster is a terrible event in a particular way. My aunt
NOUN directions in which people are injured or cooked a delicious vegetarian dish.
The direction you are moving in is killed and things are damaged.
the way you are going or the place dishonest
you are traveling toward. We set discover ADJECTIVE
off in the direction of the beach. VERB discovers, discovering, Someone who is dishonest tells
discovered lies or steals things.
dirty If you discover something, ☛ Opposite: honest
ADJECTIVE dirtier, dirtiest you find it or learn about it. We
Something that is dirty is not discovered an old map in the attic. dishwasher
clean. Can you please take off NOUN dishwashers
your dirty football cleats? discuss A dishwasher is a machine
VERB discusses, discussing, that washes plates, cups,
disabled discussed and other things you use
ADJECTIVE If you discuss something, you for eating.
Someone who is disabled cannot talk about it with someone else.
use a part of their body very well We discussed what we should do disk (or disc)
because it is weak or injured. with the money we had found. NOUN disks (or discs)
disability (NOUN) discussion (NOUN) A disk is a flat, circular object
Someone who has a disability If you have a discussion, you that has computer information
is disabled. discuss something. on it.
62
 Diwali

dislike distract divide

VERB dislikes, disliking, VERB distracts, distracting, VERB divides, dividing, divided
disliked distracted 1 If you divide something, you
If you dislike something, you If you distract someone, you split it into parts so that you can
don’t like it. take their attention away from share it out. I divided the cake
☛ Opposite: like what they are doing. I was trying into ten pieces.
to watch a movie, but my little sister 2 When you divide numbers,
display was distracting me. you find out how many times
VERB displays, displaying, one number goes into another.
displayed distribute For example, ten divided by five
A display is an arrangement of VERB distributes, distributing, is two. You can write this sum as
things that you put somewhere distributed 10 ÷ 5 = 2.
for people to look at. There’s a If you distribute things, you division (NOUN)
display of all our art in the hall. give them out to a lot of people. When you do division, you
The teacher distributed the divide numbers.
disposable books around the class.
ADJECTIVE
If something is district
disposable, NOUN districts
you throw it A district is one area in a town,
away after city, or country.
you have
used it. disturb p oo l.
VERB disturbs, disturbing, ing
m
disposable disturbed

im
If you disturb someone,

sw
disqualify you interrupt them and

the
NOUN disqualifies, stop them from doing t
in
disqualifying, disqualified what they are trying to
ed o
If you are disqualified from a do. I’m going to sleep, so iv

ve
e d
competition, you are not allowed please don’t disturb me.
H
to continue in the competition
because you have broken ditch
the rules. NOUN ditches
di

A ditch is a long, thin

dissolve hole by the side of a
VERB dissolves, dissolving, road or field.
dissolved divorce
If something dissolves in water, dive VERB divorces, divorcing,
it mixes with the water so that VERB dives, diving, dived divorced
you can no longer see it. Salt When you dive, you jump When people get divorced,
and sugar will dissolve in water. headfirst into water. they end their marriage.
diver (NOUN)
distance A diver is someone who dives Diwali
NOUN distances into water, or someone who NOUN
The distance between two places swims under the water with Diwali is the Hindu festival
is how far apart they are. a tank of air on their back. of light.
63
dizzy

dog door
NOUN dogs NOUN doors
A dog is an animal that A door is a piece of wood or metal
people often keep as a pet. that you go through to get into a
You can train dogs to do room or car.
some kinds of work, such
as herding sheep. dot
NOUN dots
doll A dot is a very small, round spot.
NOUN dolls
A doll is a toy that looks like double
do

ll a baby or person. VERB doubles, doubling,

doubled
dizzy dollar If you double an amount, you
ADJECTIVE NOUN dollars make it twice as big.
When you feel dizzy, your head A dollar is a unit of money
spins and you feel as if you are that is used in the United doubt
going to fall over. States of America and some NOUN doubts
other countries. If you have doubts about
do something, you are not sure
VERB does, doing, did, done dolphin about it.
When you do something, you NOUN dolphins
carry it out and finish it. Have A dolphin is a large sea dough
you done your homework yet? animal. Dolphins swim to NOUN
the surface to breathe air, Dough is a mixture of flour
doctor and they are known for being and water that you use to
NOUN doctors friendly and intelligent. make bread.
A doctor is a person who
looks after people who are donate doughnut
sick or injured. VERB donates, donating, NOUN doughnuts
donated A doughnut is a small, round
document If you donate something, cake that is fried in oil and
NOUN documents you give it to another person covered in sugar.
1 A document is a piece of in order to help them. You
paper with important can donate your old toys dove
information on it. to charity. NOUN doves
2 A document is a piece of donation (NOUN) A dove is a pale-colored bird
writing that you store on A donation is an amount that looks like a pigeon. Doves
a computer. of money that you donate. are often used as a symbol
He kindly made a donation of peace.
documentary to our school fund.
NOUN documentaries download
A documentary is a film or donkey VERB downloads,
television program about NOUN donkeys downloading, downloaded
real people or the real world. A donkey is an animal like a When you download
We watched a documentary small horse. Donkeys have long information, you copy it from
about lions. ears and soft coats. the internet onto your computer.
64
 dried

downstairs drain dream

ADVERB NOUN drains VERB dreams, dreaming,
If you go downstairs, you go to 1 A drain is a pipe or ditch that dreamed or dreamt
a lower floor in a building. takes away waste water. 1 When you dream, you
VERB drains, draining, drained have thoughts and pictures
doze 2 If water drains away, it flows in your mind while you
VERB dozes, dozing, dozed away slowly. are asleep.
When you doze, you sleep lightly 2 If you dream of doing
for a short time. My grandad was drama something, you hope that
dozing in the chair. NOUN dramas you will be able to do it
A drama is a work performed on one day. She has always
draft stage, radio, TV, or film. Have dreamed of becoming
NOUN drafts you seen the latest TV drama? a famous singer.
A draft is a rough copy, or plan, NOUN dreams
of a drawing or piece of writing. drank 3 A dream is something
See drink. that you dream about.
drag
VERB drags, dragging, dragged draw dress
If you drag something along, VERB draws, drawing, drew, NOUN dresses
you pull it along the ground. drawn 1 A dress is a piece of clothing
We dragged the heavy box into 1 When you draw something, that has a top and a skirt
the kitchen. you make a picture of it with joined together.
a pencil, pen, or crayon. VERB dresses, dressing,
dragon 2 When you draw curtains, dressed
NOUN dragons you move them across 2 When you get dressed, you
A dragon is a fierce, imaginary a window. put on clothes.
animal in myths and fairy tales. NOUN draws ☛ Opposite: undress
Dragons can fly and usually 3 When a game ends in a draw,
breathe fire. both people or teams have the drew
dr dr A b
ag ea
same number of points.
drawing
See draw.

ag
on ut (NOUN)
f A drawing is a picture that dried
ifu flies
ly

someone has drawn. See dry.

l,

e am
b r n e ar
igh w

drawer
r
on

d
t

NOUN drawers
at
fly

A drawer is a part of a piece

ut eating doughnuts.
er.

of furniture that you can a bo

d
slide in and out and
Sh e dreame
keep things in.

dragonfly dreadful
NOUN dragonflies ADJECTIVE
A dragonfly is an insect Something that
with large, shimmering wings is dreadful is
that you often see flying very bad or
near water. unpleasant.
drift

drift drip drove

VERB drifts, drifting, drifted VERB drips, dripping, dripped See drive.
If something drifts along, water When water drips, it falls
or air carries it along slowly. The slowly, drop by drop. I was so drown
little boat drifted down the river. wet that water was dripping VERB drowns, drowning,
off my clothes. drowned
drill If someone drowns, they die
NOUN drills drive because they have gone under
A drill is a tool that makes holes VERB drives, driving, drove, water and have not been able
in wood or metal. driven to breathe.
When you drive a car or train,
drug
Water dr

you make it move along.

driver (NOUN) NOUN drugs
A driver is someone who drives 1 A drug is a medicine that
a car or train. doctors use to treat people who
are ill or in pain.
drone
ipp

2 A drug is an illegal substance

NOUN drones that some people take to make
ed

A drone is an aircraft that does them feel differently. Taking this

not have a pilot but is controlled kind of drug is dangerous.
from the tap.

d
by someone on the ground.
drum
droop NOUN drums

r
VERB droops, drooping, A drum is a musical
drooped instrument that you hit to
If something droops, it hangs make a banging sound.
i down in a weak or tired way.
The flowers were all drooping
p because they needed water.
drink

drop
UM
NOUN drops
1 A drop is a small amount
of liquid. We only had a few
DR

drops of water left.

VERB drops, dropping,
drink dropped
NOUN drinks 2 If you drop something, you
1 A drink is a liquid that you let it fall out of your hands.
take into your mouth and Catch the ball—don’t drop it!
swallow. I’m really thirsty—
I need a drink! drought
VERB drinks, drinking, drank, NOUN droughts
drunk A drought is a long period of
2 When you drink, you take time when there is not enough
liquid into your mouth and rain. A lot of crops died during
swallow it. the drought.
66
 dyslexic

dry dug duty

ADJECTIVE drier, driest See dig. NOUN duties
Something that is dry is not If something is your duty, it is
wet. We came in from the rain dull your job and you must do it. It
and changed into dry clothes. ADJECTIVE duller, dullest is the guard’s duty to make sure
1 Something that is dull is the doors are locked.
CK
UA ! not bright or shiny. It was
Q a dull, gray day. duvet
K
ck

2 Something that is NOUN duvets

C
UA

dull is boring. A duvet is a warm cover for a

du

bed that is filled with feathers

oQ

or other light material.

sg

uc
k dump
VERB dumps, dumping, DVD
D

dumped NOUN DVDs

If you dump something, you A DVD is a disk with music,
put it down or throw it away pictures, or a movie stored on it.
carelessly. They dumped the
shopping bags on the floor.

DV Ds
dune
NOUN dunes
Dunes are hills of sand near the
sea or in a desert.

drake dungeon dye

NOUN dungeons VERB dyes, dyeing, dyed
duck A dungeon is an underground If you dye something, you
NOUN ducks prison in a castle. change its color by soaking
A duck is a waterbird that has it in a colored liquid.
oily, waterproof feathers and during
webbed feet for swimming. PREPOSITION dynamite
A male duck is called a drake, During means while something NOUN
and baby ducks are called is happening. I fell asleep during Dynamite is a substance that
ducklings. the movie. explodes when it touches fire.

due dusk dynasty

ADJECTIVE NOUN NOUN
If something is due at a Dusk is the time of evening A dynasty is a group that is in
particular time, it should arrive when it starts to get dark. control for a long period of time.
or happen at that time. The bus The park closes at dusk.
is due at 10:30. dyslexic
dust ADJECTIVE
duet NOUN Someone who is dyslexic finds it
NOUN duets Dust is made of tiny pieces of difficult to learn reading, writing,
A duet is a piece of music that is dirt that float in the air and and spelling because their brain
played or sung by two people. settle on surfaces. mixes up letters and words.
67
each

early east
ADVERB earlier, earliest NOUN
1 If you are early, you East is one of the four main
arrive before the time compass directions. The Sun
you are expected. rises in the east in the morning.
2 Early means near the
beginning of the day. Easter
I hate getting up early! NOUN
Easter is the festival when
earn

c
Christians celebrate Jesus
VERB earns, earning, earned Christ rising from the dead.
When you earn money,
you get it by working for it. easy
I sometimes earn some pocket ADJECTIVE easier, easiest
money by cleaning my mom’s car. Something that is easy is
simple and not difficult to
earring do. These sums are easy!
NOUN earrings easily (ADVERB)

e lipse Earrings are pieces of jewelry

that you wear on your ears.
If you do something easily, it
is simple and not difficult for
you. We managed to find our
Earth / earth way home easily.
NOUN
each 1 Earth is the planet that we eat
ADJECTIVE live on. VERB eats, eating, ate, eaten
Each means every single 2 Soil is also known as earth. When you eat, you take food
one. Each player needs into your mouth and swallow it.
their own controller. w e live on is ca
et lle
n d echo
eager
la

echoes
Ea
ep

NOUN
Th

An echo is a sound that

rth

ADJECTIVE
If you are eager to do you hear when you speak
.

something, you want to do it in a cave or an empty room,

very much. Both teams were and your voice bounces
eager to start the game. back off the walls.

eagle eclipse
NOUN eagles NOUN eclipses
An eagle is a large bird of An eclipse of the Sun happens
prey. Eagles have very good earthquake when the Moon comes between
eyesight for spotting prey NOUN earthquakes the Earth and the Sun, so the
a long way off. An earthquake is a violent Sun is hidden for a short time.
shaking of the ground, caused An eclipse of the Moon happens
ear by movement deep inside the when the Earth comes between
NOUN ears Earth’s crust. Earthquakes the Sun and the Moon,
Your ears are the parts of your often cause damage so the Moon is hidden
body that you hear with. to buildings. for a short time.
68
 elephant

eczema egg electricity

NOUN NOUN eggs NOUN
Eczema is a dry, itchy skin Some animals such as birds, Electricity is a form of energy
condition. fish, and reptiles lay eggs as that we use for cooking and
a way of having babies. The lighting, and to make machines
edge babies grow inside the egg and work. Electricity is produced
NOUN edges then hatch out when they are at a power station and
The edge of something is the ready to be born. We often carried to people’s homes
part that is not in the middle. cook and eat hen’s eggs. along cables and wires.
There were trees around the electric (ADJECTIVE)
edge of the lake. Eid-ul-Fitr Something that is electric
NOUN uses electricity to work.
edit Eid-ul-Fitr is the Muslim
VERB edits, editing, edited festival to celebrate the electronic
When you edit something you end of Ramadan. ADJECTIVE
have written, you read it and An electronic machine has
change some parts of it to either special small parts inside
make it better. ADJECTIVE it that control how it works
Either means one or the other. using electrical energy.
educate I’ve got two pens.You can borrow Computers and televisions
VERB educates, educating, either one. are electronic machines.
educated
To educate someone means elastic elephant
to teach them important things NOUN NOUN elephants
such as reading and writing. Elastic is a stretchy material. An elephant is a very large
education (NOUN) animal that lives in Asia and
Education is the teaching elbow Africa. Elephants have long
that you get when you NOUN elbows trunks, which they use to pick
are at school. Your elbow is the part ks. up their food. Many
in the middle of your g trun elephants have long,
eel arm, where you lon white tusks made
ve

NOUN eels can bend of ivory.

Elephants ha

An eel is a long, thin fish your arm.

that looks like a snake and
lives in rivers and the sea. elect
VERB elects,
effect electing, elected
NOUN effects When people elect
An effect is a change that someone, they choose
something causes. Too much them by voting for them.
sun can have a harmful effect election (NOUN)
on your skin. An election is a time
when people vote to choose
effort someone for public office,
NOUN such as when a country
If you make an effort, you votes to choose or change
try hard. a government.
email

email encourage energy

NOUN emails VERB encourages, NOUN
1 An email is a message that encouraging, encouraged 1 If you have a lot of energy,
you send to someone from your If you encourage someone, you you feel strong and lively.
computer to their computer. tell them that they are doing 2 Energy is power that we
VERB emails, emailing, well and make them feel that use to make machines work.
emailed they want to continue trying. Electricity is a form of energy.
2 When you email someone, We cheered to encourage our team.
you send them a message engine
from your computer to encyclopedia NOUN engines
their computer. NOUN encyclopedias An engine is a machine that uses
An encyclopedia is a book fuel to make something move.
embarrass with information about a lot
VERB embarrasses, of different things. An online enjoy
embarrassing, embarrassed encyclopedia is an encyclopedia VERB enjoys, enjoying, enjoyed
If something embarrasses you, that you can use on the internet. If you enjoy something, you
it makes you feel shy or slightly like doing it.
ashamed. My dad is always end
embarrassing me! NOUN ends enormous
1 The end of something is the ADJECTIVE
emergency place where it stops or finishes. Something that is enormous
NOUN emergencies VERB ends, ending, ended is very large.
An emergency is an 2 When something ends, it
unexpected situation. If there stops or finishes. I thought enough
is an emergency, something that lesson would never end! ADJECTIVE
bad suddenly happens, and Enough means as much as you
people are in danger. They endangered need. There’s enough for everyone.
will need help immediately. ADJECTIVE
You can call 911 if there’s an An endangered animal or plant enter
emergency. is one that is very rare and VERB enters, entering, entered
might soon become extinct. When you enter a place you
empty go into it. No one must enter
ADJECTIVE enemy this room!
1 Something that is empty NOUN enemies
has nothing inside it. An enemy is someone who hates entertain
VERB empties, you and fights against you. VERB entertains, entertaining,
emptying, emptied
end entertained
2 If you empty
an If you entertain people, you
something, you
take everything
Tigers
are
e nd
g amuse them by doing things
that they can watch. Some
out of it. jugglers entertained the crowd.
ere ered i

a
enchanted entertainment
ng

d n t he

ADJECTIVE NOUN
In stories, if something Entertainment is things people
is enchanted, someone enjoy watching or listening to,
wi
has put a spell on it. ld. such as films or shows.
70
 fascinating,

e a utiful, sp
am
az
i
Entertainment or
ful
dazz
,
ling,
b ect Here are some words about ol
magical
sting,
ng
ac
e

c
u r
lar entertainment—from fireworks to films! in
te

pop!
z-o-o

ba
g!

n
explode!
blast, flash, sparkle
-m.
..
...
stle!
wh i
e works...
boom! ir
sf
eme par ing whoos amusem lling
thri

th k
ca

cit
h! en
ry

ex
n ride am ma
fu scre

tp
ark
ch
ine

e fiction t
thea er do c
umentary
c
ien antasy
acto
cinema drama r
sc

anima
f

com tio ture

film
edy,
mus
ical screen , ad
ven
vie
n

show ion
act o
m

gadgets steerin
g
computer gaming
si
mu
lator
rac

ng co
g a me n t ro l l e r
puzzle game matching game
i
enthusiastic

enthusiastic Equator estimate

ADJECTIVE NOUN VERB estimates, estimating,
If you are enthusiastic about The Equator is an imaginary estimated
something, you like it a lot line around the middle of the If you estimate an amount, you
and are very interested in it. Earth that divides the northern guess how much it is. I estimate
☛ Opposite: unenthusiastic half of the world from the that we have five minutes before the
southern half. The Equator is bus leaves.
entrance drawn onto maps and globes.
NOUN entrances even
The entrance is the way into equipment ADJECTIVE
a place. There was a secret NOUN 1 An even surface is flat and level.
entrance to the castle. Equipment is a group term for ☛ Opposite: uneven
the things that you need for a 2 An even number can be
entry job or a sport. divided by two.
NOUN
If you are allowed entry to a error evening
place, you can go in. The sign NOUN errors NOUN evenings
said, “No entry!” An error is a mistake. The evening is the time of day
when the Sun goes down and
envelope erupt it grows dark.
NOUN envelopes VERB erupts, erupting,
An envelope is a paper container erupted event
that you put a letter or card in If a volcano erupts, it NOUN events
when you send it to someone. explodes suddenly and ash An event is something interesting
and hot, liquid rock come or exciting that happens. The
environment out of it. fireworks display is a big event
NOUN each year.
The environment is the escalator
land, water, and air around NOUN escalators eventually
us. Recycling is good for An escalator is a moving ADVERB
the environment. staircase that carries people If you do something eventually,
between different floors in you do it finally, after a long time.
episode a building.
NOUN episodes ever
An episode is one program escape ADVERB
in a TV or radio series. VERB escapes, escaping, Ever means at any time. Have
escaped you ever been on TV?
equal If you escape, you get
ADJECTIVE away from a person or place. evergreen
Things that are equal are They escaped from the castle ADJECTIVE
the same size, number, or at night. An evergreen tree has green
amount. Choose two pieces of leaves year-round.
string that are equal in length. especially
equally (ADVERB) ADVERB every
If you divide something Especially means more than ADJECTIVE
equally, you give each anything else. I love animals, Every means each one. I play
person the same amount. especially cats. soccer every Saturday.
72
 exhausted

everybody exam excited

Everybody or everyone means NOUN exams ADJECTIVE
all people. Everybody in my An exam is an important test If you are excited, you feel
class likes chocolate. to find out how much you know happy because something
about something. Exam is short good is happening or is going
everything for examination. to happen soon. I’m really
Everything means all things. excited about going on vacation.
He ate everything on his plate. examine exciting (ADJECTIVE)
VERB examines, examining, If something is exciting,
everywhere examined you enjoy it and feel happy.
Everywhere means in all If you examine something, you Going to the fair is exciting.
places. I’ve looked everywhere look at it very carefully. She picked
for my phone, but I can’t find it! up the necklace and examined it. exclamation
NOUN exclamations
evidence example An exclamation is something that
NOUN NOUN examples you shout because you are very
Evidence is proof that If you give an example, you happy, angry, or surprised. In
something has happened. talk about one thing that is writing, you use an exclamation
typical and shows what all the mark (!) after an exclamation.
evil others are like. A chimpanzee
ADJECTIVE is an example of an ape. excuse
Someone who is evil is NOUN excuses
very wicked. excellent An excuse is a reason you
ADJECTIVE give for not doing something.
evolution Something that is excellent He had a good excuse for not
NOUN is extremely good. This is doing his homework.
Evolution is the way in which an excellent piece of work.
animals and plants change exercise
gradually over a very long time. except NOUN exercises
PREPOSITION 1 Exercise is running or
ewe Except means not including playing sports that you do to
NOUN ewes one person or thing. I like all make you fit. Tennis is good
A ewe is a female sheep. vegetables except cabbage. exercise.
rns. 2 An exercise is a set of
exact ho questions that you answer
es don’t usually hav
Ew
e

ADJECTIVE to practice something.

Something that is exact is
completely right or accurate.
Do you know the exact number
of people in your school? w e
e

exaggerate exhausted
VERB exaggerates, ADJECTIVE
exaggerating, exaggerated If you are exhausted, you
If you exaggerate, you say are extremely tired. After
that something is bigger running a marathon, he was
or better than it really is. totally exhausted.
73
exhibition

exhibition experiment
NOUN exhibitions NOUN experiments
An exhibition is a collection If you do an experiment, you do
of things that are put on show something to see what happens.
in a public place, so that people
can come and see them. expert
NOUN experts
exist An expert is someone who
exists, existing, existed

ex pe
VERB knows a lot about a subject.
Something that exists lives or
can be seen in the real world. explain
Do you think that aliens exist? VERB explains, explaining,
me

ri
nt
explained
exit If you explain something,
NOUN exits you give more information extra
An exit is a way out of a building. about it so that people can ADJECTIVE
understand. Can you explain Extra means more than is usual.
expand how a rainbow forms?
VERB expands, expanding, explanation (NOUN) extraordinary
expanded If you give an explanation ADJECTIVE
When something expands, it of something, you explain it. Something that is extraordinary
gets bigger. is very unusual and surprising.
explode I had never seen such an
expect VERB explodes, exploding, extraordinary creature before.
VERB expects, expecting, exploded
expected If something explodes, it extreme
If you expect something to blows up or bursts apart ADJECTIVE
happen, you think that it will suddenly and makes a 1 Extreme means very great. 
happen. We didn’t expect to loud noise. We realized that we were in
win the competition. explosion (NOUN) extreme danger.
An explosion is a loud noise 2 An extreme sport is a sport
expensive that happens when a bomb such as mountain biking
ADJECTIVE or something else explodes. that is very dangerous.
Something that is expensive extremely (ADVERB)
costs a lot of money. explore Extremely means very. That
VERB explores, exploring, movie was extremely boring!
experience explored
NOUN experiences If you explore a place, you  eye
1 An experience is an important look around it for the first time. NOUN eyes
event that you remember for a Let’s go and explore the garden. Your eyes are the parts of
long time. Going on safari to your body that you see with.
Africa was a fantastic experience. extinct
2 If you have experience of ADJECTIVE eyesight
doing something, you have done If a type of animal is extinct, NOUN
it before and so know about it. there are no more of that Your eyesight is how well
My sister has a lot of experience type of animal in the world. you can see. Owls have
performing in shows. The dodo is an extinct bird. very good eyesight.
74
 fake

factory fairy
NOUN factories NOUN fairies
A factory is a building A fairy is a small, imaginary
where people make things creature from stories. Fairies
using machines. often have magical powers.
Af
air
fade

y wave s
VERB fades, fading, faded
If something fades, it becomes
weaker or less bright. The color er

h
wan
d.
on my jeans has faded.

fail
VERB fails, failing, failed
If you fail, you do not manage
to do something successfully

fl wers or well. I hope I don’t fail the

spelling test.
failure (NOUN)
If something is a failure, it fairy tale
does not work well or does NOUN fairy tales
fable not go as planned. A fairy tale is a story for
NOUN fables young children in which
A fable is a story, often with faint magical things happen.
animal characters, that tries VERB faints, fainting, fainted
to teach us something in an 1 When you faint, you become faith
amusing way. unconscious for a short time. NOUN
He fainted in the heat. If you have faith in someone,
face ADJECTIVE fainter, faintest you trust them. I have faith
NOUN faces 2 If you feel faint, you feel dizzy. in my doctor.
Your face is the front of your 3 A faint sound, smell, or taste is
head, where your eyes, nose, not very strong. She heard a faint faithful
and mouth are. noise coming from the cupboard. ADJECTIVE
If someone is faithful to you,
fact fair they keep helping you and
NOUN facts NOUN fairs supporting you, and you
A fact is a piece of information 1 A fair is a place with rides, can trust them.
that people know is true. We stalls, competitions, and games.
learned some interesting facts ADJECTIVE fairer, fairest fake
about the rain forest. 2 If something is fair, everyone is ADJECTIVE
treated in the same way. She’s got 1 Something that is fake is not
factor more candy than me—it’s not fair! real. Her coat was made of fake fur.
NOUN factors ☛ Opposite: unfair VERB fakes, faking, faked
In math, a factor is a number 3 Fair weather is dry and sunny. 2 If you fake something such as a
that will divide exactly into ☛ Be careful with spelling: feeling or an illness, you are only
another number. For example, fair We went on rides at the fair. pretending and do not really
5 is a factor of 10. fare How much is the bus fare? have that feeling or illness.
75
falcon

falcon famine fantasy

NOUN falcons NOUN famines NOUN fantasies
A falcon is a bird with a sharp If there is a famine, there is A fantasy is a story about
beak and claws. Falcons are not enough food for people magical things that are not
good hunters and can fly for a long period of time. real and not possible. Do you
very fast. The falcon flew like playing fantasy games on
over the fields. famous the computer?
ADJECTIVE
fall If someone is famous, a lot of far
VERB falls, falling, fell, people know them and recognize ADVERB farther, farthest
fallen them. One day I’m going to or further, furthest
1 To fall means to drop to become a famous movie star! 1 If you go far, you go a
the ground. I fell over while long way.
I was playing football. 2 If something is far away, it
falls ith a fan. is a long way away. They live
ol w
NOUN
2 If you have a fall, you c o in a place far away from the city.
ep
lose your balance and Ke
drop to the ground. fare
3 Fall is another NOUN fares
name for autumn. The fare is the amount of
money you pay to travel
false on a bus, train, or plane.
ADJECTIVE ☛ Be careful with spelling:
1 Something that fare How much is the
is false is not true. He gave bus fare?
the police false information. fair We went on lots of
2 Something that is false is rides at the fair.
not real. He was wearing a fan
false beard. NOUN fans farm
1 A fan is a person who likes NOUN farms
familiar and supports a person, a band, A farm is a place where people
ADJECTIVE or a sports team. grow crops or keep animals for
If something is familiar to 2 A fan is something that meat or milk.
you, you know it well. I saw moves air around to make
a familiar face in the crowd. you feel cooler. farmer
☛ Opposite: unfamiliar NOUN farmers
fang A farmer is someone who
family NOUN fangs lives and works on a farm.
NOUN families Fangs are the long, sharp, The farmer gets up very
1 Your family is all the people pointed teeth that some early to milk his cows.
who are related to you. I come animals have.
from a large family. fascinate
2 A family of animals or plants fantastic VERB fascinates, fascinating,
is a group of them that are ADJECTIVE fascinated
similar to each other and are Something that is fantastic is If something fascinates you, you
related to each other. Tigers very good indeed. We had a find it very interesting. Dinosaurs
belong to the cat family. fantastic vacation. fascinate me.
76
 feed

fashion fat fear

NOUN fashions NOUN fats NOUN fears
Fashion is the type of clothes 1 Fat is a substance that is 1 Fear is the feeling of
that people like to wear at a stored under your skin. being afraid.
particular time. Bright colors 2 Fat is an oily substance that VERB fears, fearing, feared
are in fashion at the moment. people use in cooking. You 2 If you fear something, you
fashionable (ADJECTIVE) shouldn’t eat too much fat. are afraid of it.
Clothes that are fashionable ADJECTIVE fatter, fattest fearless (ADJECTIVE)
are in fashion now. 3 Someone who is fat has Someone who is fearless is
a lot of fat on their body. not at all afraid.
fast
VERB fasts, fasting, fasted father feast
1 When you fast, you do not NOUN fathers NOUN feasts
eat food for a time, sometimes Your father is your A feast is a large meal that
because of your religion. male parent. you have to celebrate something.
Muslims fast during the
month of Ramadan. fault feather
ADJECTIVE faster, fastest NOUN faults NOUN feathers
2 Something that is fast can 1 If there is A bird’s feathers are the
move very quickly. Are you a a fault in a soft, light things that
fast runner? machine, there cover its body.
3 If a clock is fast, it shows a is something
later time than the real time. wrong with it and it
That clock is fast—it says 8:15, does not work properly.
but it’s only eight o’clock. 2 If something is your
As light as
4 Fast food is food such as fault, you made it happen,
burgers that can be prepared even though you probably
a feather...
and served quickly. didn’t want it to happen.
ADVERB It was my fault we were late.
5 If you run fast, you run 3 A fault is a large split in the
quickly. We ran fast to catch Earth’s surface.
the bus. fed
6 If something is stuck fast, favor ☛ See feed.
it is stuck firmly. I can’t open NOUN favors
the window because it’s stuck fast. If you do someone a favor, fed up
you do something kind that ADJECTIVE
fasten will help them. If you feel fed up, you
VERB fastens, fastening, feel sad and bored.
fastened favorite
1 If you fasten things together, ADJECTIVE feed
you tie or join them together. Your favorite thing or person VERB feeds, feeding, fed
She fastened the buttons on is the one you like the best. 1 If you feed a person
her coat. What’s your favorite color? or an animal, you give
2 If someone fastens their gaze them food.
on another person, they look fawn 2 When animals feed,
very hard at them. She fastened NOUN fawns they eat food. Caterpillars
her gaze on the clown. A fawn is a young deer. feed on leaves.
77
feel

feel fence f iction

VERB feels, feeling, felt NOUN fences NOUN
1 The way you feel is the mood A fence is a barrier that Stories that have been made
you are in or the emotions that separates one piece of land up and are not true are called
you have. I feel happy today. from another. fiction. Do you enjoy reading
2 If you feel something, you fiction or non-fiction?
touch it with your hands or your ferocious ☛ Opposite: non-fiction
body so that you know what it is ADJECTIVE
like. Feel the cat’s lovely, soft fur. A ferocious animal is fierce f iddle
f er and dangerous. VERB fiddles, fiddling,
fiddled
ferry If you fiddle with something,
oc
NOUN ferries you touch it or move it.
A ferry is a boat that carries You mustn’t fiddle with
iou s

people and cars across a small the controls.

stretch of water.
f idget
festival VERB fidgets, fidgeting,
NOUN festivals fidgeted
A festival is a celebration or If you fidget, you keep moving
special event, often with music around in an annoying way.
and dancing.
f ield
fetch NOUN fields
VERB fetches, fetching, fetched A field is an area of land where
If you fetch something, you go grass grows, crops are grown,
and get it and bring it back. or animals graze.
The dog fetched the stick.
f ierce
fête ADJECTIVE fiercer, fiercest
NOUN fêtes A fierce person or animal
feeling A fête is an outdoor event where is violent and dangerous.
NOUN feelings there are games, and stalls My dog looks fierce, but
A feeling is an emotion, selling different things. he’s really very friendly.
such as happiness, sadness, fiercely (ADVERB)
or anger. fever If you say or do something
NOUN fevers fiercely, you do it in a fierce
fell If you have a fever, your body way. “Go away!” he shouted
☛ See fall. is very hot because you are ill. fiercely.
I couldn’t go to school because I
felt had a fever. f ight
☛ See feel. VERB fights, fighting, fought
few 1 When people fight, they hit
female ADJECTIVE fewer, fewest each other or use weapons
ADJECTIVE A few means a small number to try to hurt each other.
Female animals produce eggs of people or things. There are 2 When people fight, they
or give birth to babies. a few jelly beans left in the bag. argue with each other.
78
 fire-fighter

f igure f inal f ingernail

NOUN figures NOUN finals NOUN fingernails
s
ir nt
1 A figure is a single number 1 A final is the last game in Your fingernails are the
such as 1, 2, or 3. a competition, which decides nails on your fingers.
2 Your figure is the shape of who the winner is.
f ingerprint
p

r
your body. ADJECTIVE

finge
2 The final thing is the last one. NOUN fingerprints
f ile This is the final week of school. A fingerprint is a
NOUN files finally (ADVERB) mark that your
1 A file is a folder that you keep If something happens finally, it finger leaves when it touches
important pieces of paper in. happens in the end, after a long something. The police found the
2 A file on a computer is a time. We pushed and pushed, and thief’s fingerprints on the table.
place where you keep the door finally opened.
information. f inish
3 If you walk in single file, f ind VERB finishes, finishing,
you walk with one person VERB finds, finding, found finished
behind the other. When you find something that 1 When something finishes,
you are looking for, you see it. it ends.
f ill 2 When you finish something,
VERB fills, filling, filled f ine you have done all of it. I’ve now
When you fill a container, NOUN fines finished reading the book.
you put as much into it as 1 A fine is an amount of
it can hold. money you have to pay f ir
as a punishment for doing NOUN firs
f ilm something wrong. A fir is a tall, evergreen tree that
NOUN films ADJECTIVE finer, finest has thin leaves like needles.
1 A film is a moving picture that 2 Something that is fine is all
tells a story and is shown on a right. That jacket looks fine. f ire
screen. We went to see a film at 3 Something that is fine is thin NOUN fires
the cinema. and light. My hair is very fine. 1 A fire is a mass of heat, light,
VERB films, filming, filmed 4 Fine weather is dry and sunny. and flames when something
2 When you film something, is burning.
you take moving pictures f inger VERB fires, firing, fired
of it. NOUN fingers 2 If someone fires a gun, they
Your fingers are the long, thin shoot with it.
f ilthy
A shark’s fin b parts at the ends of
ADJECTIVE re a ks your hands. f ire engine
Something that is the NOUN fire engines
filthy is very dirty. s u A fire engine is a large vehicle
that fire-fighters travel in to
f in
rfa

fin
get to a fire.
ce

NOUN fins
of

The fins on a fish are f ire-fighter

the

the parts that stick NOUN fire-fighters

out from the sides A fire-fighter is someone whose
w at

of its body and job is to put out fires and

er.

help it to swim. rescue people in danger.

79
firework

flag The f lags have been

f irework f ist put up for
NOUN fireworks NOUN fists the festival.
Fireworks are things that burn or A fist is a shape that you
explode in an attractive, colorful make with your hand when f lame
way when you light them. you curl up your fingers and NOUN flames
thumb tightly. Flames are the bright points
f irm of burning gas that you see
ADJECTIVE firmer, firmest f it in a fire.
1 Something that is firm is hard VERB fits, fitting, fitted
and solid. My bed is very firm. 1 If something fits, it is the right f lap
2 If something is firm, it is size for you to wear. That dress VERB flaps, flapping, flapped
fixed in place and you cannot fits you well. 1 If something flaps around,
move it. 2 If something fits into a place, it moves about in the wind.
3 If someone is firm, they it is the right size for the place. 2 When birds flap their wings,
are strict and will not change My clothes wouldn’t all fit into they move them up and down.
their mind. the bag.
ADJECTIVE fitter, fittest f lash
f irst 3 If you are fit, you are well and NOUN flashes
ADJECTIVE healthy. My dad goes running 1 A flash is a sudden,
The first person or thing is twice a week to keep fit. bright light.
the one before all the others. ☛ Opposite: unfit 2 If something happens in
a flash, it happens very fast.
f irst aid f ix VERB flashes, flashing, flashed
NOUN VERB fixes, fixing, fixed 3 If something flashes, it shines
First aid is help that you give 1 When you fix something, brightly for a short time.
to someone who is hurt or you mend it. A person came
becomes ill suddenly. to fix the television. f lat
2 If you fix something in ADJECTIVE flatter, flattest
f irst person place, you attach it there 1 Something that is flat is level
NOUN firmly. I fixed the wheels and even. You need a flat surface
If you write a story in the first onto the model. for painting.
person, you write it using words 2 If a ball or tire is flat, it has
like “I” and “me,” rather than f izzy no air inside it.
words like “he” or “she.” ADJECTIVE fizzier, fizziest 3 A flat battery has no power
A fizzy drink has a lot of left in it.
f ish bubbles in it. NOUN flats
NOUN fish or fishes 4 A flat is a home that is on
1 A fish is an animal that lives f lag one floor of a larger building.
under water and breathes NOUN flags
through gills. A flag is a piece of cloth that f lavor
VERB fishes, fishing, fished is used as colorful decoration NOUN flavors
2 When you fish, you use a net or has a design that represents The flavor of food or drink
or rod to try to catch fish. a country. is what it tastes like.
80
 flower

f leece f lipper f lop

NOUN fleeces NOUN flippers VERB flops, flopping, flopped
A fleece is a jacket or top made 1 Flippers are the flat limbs that If you flop down, you sit down
of a warm, thick material. sea creatures, such as dolphins suddenly because you are tired.
and seals, use for swimming. He came in and flopped down
f lew 2 Divers wear flippers on their on the sofa.
Flew is the past tense of the feet to help them move through
verb fly. the water. f lour
☛ Be careful with spelling: NOUN
flew The bird flew away. Flour is a powder that is made
flu I feel ill—I think I’ve by crushing wheat. You use flour
got the flu. to make bread and cakes.

flipp
☛ Be careful with spelling:
f lick flour You use flour to make cakes.
VERB flicks, flower Look at those beautiful
er
flicking, flicked flowers!
If you flick something, you
tap it quickly with your finger f loat f low
so that it flies through the air. VERB floats, VERB flows, flowing, flowed
She flicked the piece of paper floating, floated 1 Something that flows moves
into the trash can. If something floats, it stays on along steadily. The river flows
the surface of water and does by our house.
f light not sink. 2 A continuous stream of
NOUN flights people. The crowd kept flowing
1 Flight is when something f lock along the road.
flies. Some superheroes have NOUN flocks
the power of flight. A flock of birds or animals f low chart
2 A flight is a journey on an is a large group of them. NOUN flow charts
airplane. A flow chart is a diagram
3 A flight of stairs is a set f lood that shows how one stage
of stairs. NOUN floods of something follows on
1 A flood happens when a large from another.
f ling amount of water covers the land.
VERB flings, flinging, flung VERB floods, flooding, flooded f lower
If you fling something, you throw 2 When a river floods, it spills out NOUN flowers
it suddenly and roughly. She and covers the land around it. A flower is a colorful part
flung her bag down on the bed. of a plant from which seeds
f loor grow.
f lip NOUN floors ☛ Be careful with spelling:
VERB flips, flipping, flipped 1 The floor is the surface that flower Look at those beautiful
When you flip something, you you walk on inside a building. flowers!
turn it over quickly. Let’s flip 2 A floor of a building is one level flour You use flour to make
a coin to see who goes first. inside it. I live on the sixth floor. cakes.
81
flu

f lu f ly follow
NOUN NOUN flies VERB follows, following,
Flu is an illness caused by a 1 A fly is a very common insect followed
virus that makes you feel very that you often see in houses in 1 If you follow someone, you
ill and gives you a sore throat, the summer. go along behind them.
a cough, and a runny nose. VERB flies, flying, flew, flown 2 When you follow orders,
Flu is short for influenza. 2 If something flies, it moves you do as you are asked. He
☛ Be careful with spelling: through the air. followed the teacher’s instructions.
flu I feel ill—I think I’ve got the flu.
flew The bird flew away. foal fond
NOUN foals ADJECTIVE
f luffy A foal is a baby horse. If you are fond of someone, you
ADJECTIVE like them a lot.
Something that is fluffy is very foam
soft and light. NOUN food
Foam is a mass of small bubbles. NOUN
f luid 1 Food is what you eat to help
NOUN fluids focus you live and grow.
A fluid is a liquid. VERB focuses, focusing, focused 2 Something to think about is
When you focus a camera or food for thought.
f lung a telescope, you change the
☛ See fling. controls slightly so that you food chain
can see through it more clearly. NOUN food chains
f lush A food chain is a group of plants
VERB flushes, flushing, flushed fog and animals that are connected
1 If you flush, your face goes NOUN because each one feeds on the
red, usually because you feel Fog is a thick cloud that hangs next one in the chain.
embarrassed. in the air making it hard to see.
2 When you flush a toilet, you foggy (ADJECTIVE) fool
clean it by making water move When it is foggy, there is fog in NOUN fools
through it quickly. the air. A fool is a very silly or stupid
person.

flute
f lute foolish (ADJECTIVE)
NOUN flutes Someone who is foolish is silly
A flute is a musical instrument fold and not sensible.
made of wood or metal. You VERB folds, folding, folded
hold it sideways in front of When you fold something, you foot
your mouth and play it by bend one part of it neatly over NOUN feet
covering holes with your another. He folded the card in half. Your feet are the parts of your
fingers and blowing across body that you stand on.
a hole at one end. folder
NOUN folders football
f lutter 1 A folder is a thin cardboard NOUN
VERB flutters, fluttering, case to keep papers in. Football is a game in which teams
fluttered 2 A folder is a place on a of players try to move a ball
When something flutters, it flies computer where you can keep across a goal line to score. The
gently. A butterfly fluttered by. several files or documents. ball used is called a football.
82
 Food
Eating a daily mixture of these foods
will help your body to be healthy.

Carbohydrates boil, m light, soft brown

Carbohydrates are foods that form e,

bak

as
the main part of your diet.

h,
cereal

roa
st
pasta potatoes rice bread

Fruit banana

i ous juicy
A fruit is the part of a plant that
l ic
contains the seeds. s o ft de
strawberries

ty
fresh grapes melon frui orange

Vegetables
healt sw
A vegetable is a plant, or the hy ee
part of a plant, that we t
eat for food.
chy
crun
carrots corn on the cob
beans cabbage

Meat chicken

Meat is the part of an animal that

t ast y aw
ste a k
ci y,
r

we can eat.
ty
sal
shellfish
sp

fish sausages meat

milk
Dairy butte cheese

Dairy food is food that is

ry,

yogurt
produced in a dairy. egg
cold
cream

fatty
ic k

mi h
y,

butter
lky t h,t 83
, smoo
footprint

footprint forget fortnight

NOUN footprints VERB forgets, forgetting, NOUN fortnights
A footprint is a mark that your forgot, forgotten A fortnight is two weeks.
foot leaves on the ground. If you forget something, you do
not remember it. Don’t forget to fortunate
forbid bring your uniform tomorrow! ADJECTIVE
VERB forbids, forbidding, If you are fortunate, you
forbade, forbidden forgive are lucky.
If you forbid someone to do VERB forgives, forgiving, ☛ Opposite: unfortunate
something, you tell them they forgave, forgiven fortunately (ADVERB)
must not do it. The teachers If you forgive someone, you stop Fortunately means luckily.
have forbidden us to play being angry with them about Fortunately, the weather
football on wet grass. something bad that they did. was warm and sunny.

force fork fortune

NOUN forces NOUN forks NOUN
1 In science, a force is a power 1 A fork is a tool with sharp 1 If you have good fortune,
that pushes or pulls something. spikes. You use a fork to eat you are lucky.
2 A force is a group of people your food, and you use a big ☛ Opposite: misfortune
who fight or do a job together. fork to dig in the garden. 2 A fortune is a lot of money.
The police force makes sure the 2 A fork in a road is a place He won a fortune in the lottery.
streets are safe. where it divides into two roads
VERB forces, forcing, forced going in different directions. forward
3 If you force someone to do

s i l ADVERB

s
something, you make them If you move forward, you
do it. move in the direction that
fo

is in front of you. He ran

forecast forward to meet us.
forecasts
An an

NOUN
A weather forecast tells you what fossil
fossils
.
cie

the weather is going to be like.

si l

NOUN
an
n

os
t

im f A fossil is the remains of a

a ea
forehead form l she
ll has becom plant or animal that died
NOUN foreheads NOUN forms many years ago and has
Your forehead is the part of 1 A form is a piece of paper turned to stone.
your face above your eyes. on which you have to answer
questions and give information. fought
foreign I filled in a form to join the library. ☛ See fight.
ADJECTIVE 2 One form of something is
Something that is foreign comes one type of it. Trains are a found
from another country. Can you form of transportation. ☛ See find.
speak any foreign languages?
fort fountain
forest NOUN forts NOUN fountains
NOUN forests A fort is a building like a castle A fountain is water that
A forest is a large area where a that has high walls to protect it sprays up into the air,
lot of trees grow close together. from attack. often through a statue.
84
 front

fox freeze friend

NOUN foxes VERB freezes, freezing, froze, NOUN friends
A fox is an animal with reddish- frozen 1 A friend is someone that
brown fur and a bushy tail. Foxes 1 If something freezes, it you like and who likes you.
belong to the dog family and live becomes solid because it is 2 A friend is someone who
in the country and in towns. so cold. Water freezes and supports something. He was
becomes ice. a friend of the opera.
fraction 2 If you are freezing, you
NOUN fractions are very cold. friendly
A fraction is a part of a whole ADJECTIVE friendlier, friendliest
number. One-third is a fraction. freezer Someone who is friendly is kind
NOUN freezers and helpful and shows that they
fracture A freezer is a machine that like you.
NOUN fractures freezes food so that you can ☛ Opposite: unfriendly
A fracture is a crack or break store it and keep it fresh for
in a bone. a long time. frighten
VERB frightens, frightening,
fragile frequent frightened
ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE If something frightens you,
Something that is fragile is Something that is frequent it makes you feel scared.
delicate and will break easily. happens often. There will be frightened (ADJECTIVE)
frequent showers in the afternoon. If you feel frightened, you
frame frequently (ADVERB) feel scared.
NOUN frames If something happens frequently, frightening (ADJECTIVE)
The frame on something is the it happens often. Something that is frightening
part that goes around the edge makes you feel scared.
and holds it in place. She put the fresh
photo in a frame and hung it up. ADJECTIVE fresher, freshest frog
1 Something that is fresh is new. NOUN frogs
freckle Start each story on a fresh page. A frog is a small animal that
NOUN freckles 2 Fresh food is not old or rotten, can swim and jump. Frogs are
Freckles are small, light brown and is not frozen or canned. Would amphibians and live near water.
spots on some people’s skin. you like a lovely, fresh strawberry?
3 Fresh water is not salty. front
free NOUN fronts
ADJECTIVE fridge 1 The front of something is the
1 If something is free, you do NOUN fridges part that faces forward.
not have to pay for it. With this A fridge or refrigerator is 2 The promenade at the seaside
magazine, you get a free game. a machine like a large, cold is called a front. They walked
2 If you are free, you are not cupboard, that keeps food along the front and looked at
locked up. The prisoners were cool and fresh. the boats.
finally free.
Fre
fresh

3 If you are free, you can do

sh strawberri

whatever you want.

freedom (NOUN)
If you have freedom, you are
free to do what you want.
85
es
frost

frost full fur

NOUN frosts ADJECTIVE fuller, fullest NOUN
Frost is ice that forms on If something is full, it has a Fur is the soft hair on an
the ground outside in very lot of things inside and no animal’s body.
cold weather. room for any more. I can’t furry (ADJECTIVE)
frosty (ADJECTIVE) eat anymore—I’m full! A furry animal has thick fur.
If the weather is frosty, there
is frost on the ground. full stop furious
NOUN full stops ADJECTIVE
frown A full stop is a dot that If you are furious, you are
VERB frowns, frowning, you put at the end of a very angry.
frowned sentence, also called a period. furiously (ADVERB)
When you frown, you move your After a full stop, you must use If you say something furiously,
eyebrows together and wrinkle a capital letter to begin the you say it in a way that shows
your forehead to show that you next sentence. you are very angry. “It’s all your
are angry or puzzled. fault!” she shouted furiously.
fun
froze NOUN furniture
☛ See freeze. If you have fun, you enjoy NOUN
yourself. The treasure hunt Things such as chairs,
frozen was great fun. beds, and tables are
ADJECTIVE called furniture.
1 Something that is frozen is funeral
solid because it is very cold. NOUN funerals
2 If you are frozen, you are A funeral is a ceremony
very cold. that happens when someone
has died.
fruit fur
NOUN fruits funnel ni
A fruit is the part of a plant NOUN funnels fuss ture
that contains the seeds. A lot 1 A funnel is a tube that NOUN
of fruits taste sweet, and we is wide at one end and If you make a fuss about
can eat them. Apples, pears, narrow at the other. You something, you get angry
bananas, and oranges are use a funnel for pouring or upset about it when it
all fruits. liquid through a small isn’t necessary.
opening.
fry 2 The funnel on a ship is fussy
VERB fries, frying, fried a chimney. ADJECTIVE
When you fry food, you cook Someone who is fussy only likes
it in hot fat. We fried some funny certain things. My little sister is
eggs for breakfast. ADJECTIVE funnier, very fussy about food.
funniest
fuel 1 Something that is funny future
NOUN fuels makes you laugh or smile. NOUN
A fuel is something that you 2 Something that is funny The future is the time that is to
burn to give heat or power. is strange or odd. What’s come. In the future people might
Coal and oil are types of fuel. that funny noise? travel to Mars.
86
 gas

gallery garage
NOUN galleries NOUN garages
A gallery is a large room where 1 A garage is a place where you
you can look at pictures on keep a car.
the walls. 2 A garage is a place where cars
are repaired.
gallop
VERB gallops, galloping, garbage
galloped NOUN
When a horse gallops, it runs Garbage is trash that you no
very fast. longer want or need.

game garden
NOUN games NOUN gardens
1 A game is something that A garden is a piece of ground
you play for fun. where you grow flowers,
2 A game is a sports match in vegetables, and fruit.
which you try to score points
and beat other players. garlic
NOUN
gaming Garlic is a plant that is added
NOUN to cooking to give a strong
Gaming is playing computer flavor to food.
games.
gas
Go! gang
NOUN gangs
NOUN gases
A gas is a substance like air that
A gang is a group of people is not a liquid or a solid.
gadget who do things together.
NOUN gadgets
d en
ar s grow in the garden.
A gadget is a small, useful tool. gap
gain
gains, gaining, gained
NOUN gaps
A gap is a hole or
space between two
g f lowe
r
VERB
s
If you gain something, you get things. There was a lou
it. I gained an extra point for narrow gap between bu
Fa

getting all the answers right. the two buildings.

galaxy
NOUN galaxies
A galaxy is a large group
of stars. The Milky Way is
a galaxy.

gale
NOUN gales
A gale is a strong wind.
gasp

gasp generous get

VERB gasps, gasping, gasped ADJECTIVE VERB gets, getting, got
If you are gasping, you are Someone who is generous is kind 1 When you get something,
breathing quickly because you and shares things with other you fetch it or someone gives
are out of breath. He rose to the people or gives people things. it to you. I got a new skateboard
surface of the water, gasping for my birthday.
for air. genius 2 Get means to become.
NOUN geniuses I could see that my dad was
gate A genius is someone who is getting annoyed.
NOUN gates very intelligent.
A gate is a door in a fence ghost
that you can open and shut. gentle NOUN ghosts
ADJECTIVE gentler, gentlest A ghost is the spirit of a dead
gather If you are gentle, you are kind person. Some people believe
VERB gathers, gathering, and careful not to hurt or they can see ghosts.
gathered damage things.
1 If you gather things, you gently (ADVERB) giant
collect them together. If you do something gently, NOUN giants
2 When people gather together, you do it in a kind, gentle A giant is a huge person in
they come together in a crowd. way. I stroked the kitten’s fur fairy tales or stories.
Everyone gathered around to very gently.
watch the magic tricks. gif t
gentleman NOUN gifts
gave NOUN gentlemen A gift is a
☛ See give. Gentleman is a polite word present. I wrote
for a man. to my aunt to
gaze thank her for
VERB gazes, gazing, gazed genuine her kind gift.
If you gaze at something,
you stare at it for a long time.
ADJECTIVE
Something that is genuine is gigabyte gift
She was gazing up at the stars. real, and not false. The glittering NOUN gigabytes
diamond ring is not a fake—it’s A gigabyte is a unit that is
gear genuine. used to measure the size of
NOUN gears a computer’s memory.
The gears on a bike or in a geography
car are the parts that control NOUN gigantic
how fast it goes or whether it Geography is the subject in ADJECTIVE
goes forward or backward. which you study the Earth Something that is gigantic
and the ways people live is very big. The dragon had
general in the world. gigantic teeth.
ADJECTIVE
Something that is general germ giggle
includes most people or things. NOUN germs VERB giggles, giggling,
generally (ADVERB) A germ is a tiny living thing giggled
If something is generally true, or particle that lives in the When you giggle, you laugh
it is usually true. The bus is air or on things around us. It a lot in a nervous or silly way.
generally on time. can infect us and make us ill. He couldn’t stop giggling.
88
 bs
Ghosts scary

h
and fantasy ba
scree c
cobwe
ts

ie
mb ,
All sorts of mysterious things un
haunt this page of spooky words.

zo

d ea
creepy

d, living dea
good, wan
, d, spell
l

terrifying
evi
magical,
rattling ch

Gh

d
o

mysterious cat
s

wizard, powerful,
ts

ain
.

rs
..

s
ive
appear,

sh
es,

y
disappe

s h ak

o k
ar
o

, f lo , frig h
s,
sp

at
A
c rumbles, creak

escape
ten

... dark, t
ligh
howl
, g lide

n
u fl y
gloomy, lonely,

s
terrifying, castle, twilig
ht,
chilling...
haunted . .
.
house Skelet o n
RY
S CA
lood,
gs,b
fan

snak sque
e
re ,
ak
in g
ng

ra
ts
m pi
eri

sli
th

va
giraffe

giraffe gladiator glide

NOUN giraffes NOUN gladiators VERB glides, gliding, glided
A giraffe is a very tall animal A gladiator was a man who If something glides along,
with a long neck. Giraffes live was trained to fight to entertain it moves along smoothly.
in Africa. people in ancient Rome. A swan glided across the lake.

glamorous glitter
ADJECTIVE verb glitters, glittering,
Someone who is glamorous glittered
is beautiful or handsome, If something glitters, it shines
and rich. brightly. The gold coins glittered
in the sunlight.
glance
glances, glancing, globe
ks.

VERB
glanced globes
n ec

NOUN
fe

If you glance at something, you 1 The globe is the world.

ng

look at it quickly. I glanced up 2 A globe is a model of

e lo

at the clock on the wall. the world.

af
v
ha

global (ADJECTIVE)
glare
fes

Something that is global

af

VERB glares, glaring, happens all over the world.

ir
ir

g
glared The Olympic Games is a global
G

If you glare at someone, sports competition.

China.
you look at them in an angry f ind
way. The man glared at t o
girl

e
me angrily.

the glob
NOUN girls
A girl is a young female person. glass
It was an all-girl pop group. NOUN glasses
1 Glass is a substance that you u rn
give can see through. Windows and
T
VERB gives, giving, gave, many bottles are made of glass. gloomy
given 2 A glass is a cup made of glass ADJECTIVE
If you give something to that you drink out of. Would you A gloomy place is dark.
someone, you hand it to them like a glass of water? We walked on through the
and let them have it. Please 3 People wear glasses over their gloomy forest.
will you give me some of eyes to help them to see better.
your chocolate? Glasses are pieces of special glorious
glass or plastic that make things ADJECTIVE
glad look bigger, smaller, or clearer. Something that is glorious is
ADJECTIVE lovely or wonderful.
If you feel glad, you feel happy. gleam
I was glad to be back home. VERB gleams, gleaming, glossary
gladly (ADVERB) gleamed NOUN glossaries
If you do something gladly, If something gleams, it shines. A glossary is a list of words and
you are happy to do it. I will The stars gleamed in the their meanings, often at the back
gladly share my lunch with you. darkness. of a book.
90
 goodbye

goldf ish

swim around
Shining goldfish a glass tank.
glove goal
NOUN gloves NOUN goals
You wear gloves on your hands 1 The goal is the net, posts,
to keep them warm when the or hoop that you aim the ball goldf ish
weather is cold. at to score points in a game. NOUN
The goalkeeper guarded the goal. A goldfish is a type of orange
glow 2 A goal is something that you fish that some people keep as
VERB glows, glowing, glowed want to do. My goal in life is to a pet.
When something glows, it gives become a doctor.
off a steady light. The candle golf
glowed in the darkness. goat NOUN
NOUN goats Golf is a game that you play
glue A goat is a farm animal. Goats by hitting a small ball with a
NOUN glues are kept for their milk. A baby special stick called a golf club.
Glue is a sticky substance goat is called a kid. The aim is to hit the ball into
that you use for sticking things a series of holes in the ground.
together. god
NOUN gods gone
glum 1 God is the name of the being ☛ See go.
ADJECTIVE that some people, such as
If you feel glum, you feel sad. Christians, Jews, and Muslims, good
worship and believe made ADJECTIVE better, best
gnarled the world. 1 Something that is good is
ADJECTIVE 2 A god is a being that people pleasant and enjoyable. Did
Something that is gnarled is old, worship. you have a good vacation?
bent, and twisted. 2 Something that is good is
goggles well made or well done.
gnaw NOUN That’s a good painting.
VERB gnaws, gnawing, gnawed Goggles are special glasses that 3 If you are good at something,
When an animal gnaws on you wear to protect your eyes. you can do it well. She’s good
something, it chews it. We gave at math.
the dog a bone to gnaw on. gold
NOUN goodbye
go Gold is a shiny, yellow metal You say goodbye to someone
VERB goes, going, went, gone that is very valuable. when you are going your
If you go somewhere, you move golden (ADJECTIVE) separate ways, or sometimes
so that you are there. My sister's Something that is golden is at the end of a telephone
not here—she’s gone to her friend’s. made of gold or looks like gold. conversation.
91
goods

goods got graf f iti

NOUN ☛ See get. NOUN
Goods are things that people Graffiti is writing and pictures
buy and sell. government that are scribbled on the walls
NOUN governments of buildings.
goose The government is the
NOUN geese group of people who run grain
A goose is a large bird that a country. NOUN grains
lives near water. Farmers 1 Grain is the seeds of a cereal
sometimes keep geese for their GPS crop such as wheat or barley.
eggs and meat. A male goose NOUN 2 A grain of sand is one small
is called a gander. GPS is a system for finding piece of it.
your way to a place on an
gorgeous electronic device such as gram
ADJECTIVE a phone. GPS stands for NOUN grams
1 Something that is gorgeous global positioning system. You measure how much
is very nice to look at or taste. something weighs by saying
What a gorgeous cake! grab how many grams it weighs.
2 Someone who is gorgeous VERB grabs, grabbing,
is very good-looking. grabbed grammar
If you grab something, you NOUN
gorilla take it or pick it up quickly The rules that we use when
NOUN gorillas and roughly. He grabbed his we are writing or speaking
A gorilla is a large animal coat and ran out of the room. a language are called
with dark fur that lives in rain grammar.
forests in Africa. Gorillas graceful
are the largest and strongest ADJECTIVE grand
apes in the world. Someone who is graceful ADJECTIVE grander, grandest

go
moves in a smooth, beautiful Something that is grand is big
way. Ballet dancers are and impressive.
very graceful.
gracefully (ADVERB) grandchild
ril

If you move gracefully, you NOUN grandchildren

move in a graceful way. Someone’s grandchild is the
la

child of their son or daughter.

grade
NOUN grades grandparent
A grade is a mark that you get NOUN grandparents
for a piece of work. My grades Your grandfather, grandad,
have been much better this term. or grandpa is the father of
your mother or father. Your
gradually grandmother, grandma,
ADVERB or granny is the mother of
If something happens your mother or father.
gradually, it happens slowly, Your grandparents are the
little by little. The water parents of your mother
gradually ran out. and father.
92
 grill

grape grave great

NOUN grapes NOUN graves ADJECTIVE greater, greatest
A grape is a small, round fruit A grave is a place where a dead 1 Great means very big. We
with green or black skin and person is buried. climbed on board the great ship.
soft, juicy flesh. Grapes can 2 A great person is important
be used to make wine. gravity and powerful.
NOUN 3 Something that is great is very
grapefruit Gravity is the natural force good. That’s a great idea!
NOUN grapefruit or that pulls things down toward
grapefruits the Earth. greedy
A grapefruit is a large, round, ADJECTIVE greedier, greediest
yellow fruit with a thick skin gravy Someone who is greedy eats
and a sour taste. NOUN or wants more of something
Gravy is a hot sauce that you than they really need. The
graph eat with meat. greedy boy ate twice as much
NOUN graphs as anyone else.
A graph is a diagram that gray
shows information about ADJECTIVE green
something. Something that is gray ADJECTIVE
is the color of clouds on Something that is green is the
graphics a rainy day. color of grass.
NOUN
The graphics in the computer graze greenhouse
game are the pictures. The VERB grazes, grazing, grazed NOUN greenhouses
graphics are amazing in 1 When animals graze, they eat A greenhouse is a building made
this game! grass and plants. of glass in which you grow plants.
2 If you graze your skin, you
grass scrape it and make it bleed. greet
NOUN grasses VERB greets, greeting,
Grass is a plant with thin, green greeted
leaves that grows on the ground When you greet someone,
in yards, parks, and fields. you say hello to them.

grasshopper . grew
h igh
NOUN grasshoppers nd ☛ See grow.
a ra
A grasshopper is an insect
sf
with long legs that can mp grid
p per ju grids
jump very
A gra ss ho NOUN
high. A grid is a pattern of straight
lines that cross each other to
grease form squares.
grateful NOUN
ADJECTIVE Grease is a thick, oily grill
If you are grateful, you are substance. Frying chicken in NOUN grills
glad that you have something a pan on the stove left a thick 1 When you grill food, you
or glad that someone has done layer of grease on the cook it on a barbecue grill
something for you. countertop. over open flames.
93
grin

grin group grumble

VERB grins, grinning, grinned NOUN groups VERB grumbles, grumbling,
When you grin, you give a A group is a number of people grumbled
big smile. who are doing something If you grumble, you complain
together. about something. Everyone was
grind grumbling that the water in the
VERB grinds, grinding, ground grow pool was too cold.
When you grind something, VERB grows, growing, grew,
you crush it into a powder. grown grunt
1 When something grows, it VERB grunts, grunting,
grip gets bigger. grunted
VERB grips, gripping, gripped 2 Grow means to become. She When a pig grunts, it makes
If you grip something, you was beginning to grow sleepy. a short, rough sound.
hold on to it firmly.
growl guarantee
groan VERB growls, growling, NOUN guarantees
VERB groans, groaning, growled A guarantee is a written promise
groaned When an animal growls, it that if something you have
If you groan, you make a loud, makes a low, angry sound in bought goes wrong, it will
deep sound because you are its throat. The dog growled be fixed for you for free.
unhappy or in pain. every time I came near.
guard
ground grown-up NOUN guards
NOUN VERB grown-ups 1 A guard is someone who
1 The ground is the surface of A grown-up is an adult. watches and looks after a
the Earth. The apple fell to the person or protects a place.
ground. growth VERB guards, guarding,
2 A sports ground is a place NOUN guarded
where a sport is played. Growth is the way in which 2 If you guard something,
3 Ground is the past tense plants and animals change as you keep it safe. Our dog is
of grind. they become bigger and older. guarding the house.

Growth Two days old

The duckling
heads for the
All animals grow and One hour old water. She’s
change as they get older. The duckling has big enough
just hatched. for her first
Hatching The duck
egg cracks. swim.

94
 gymnastics

guess guilty gun

VERB guesses, guessing, ADJECTIVE NOUN guns
guessed Someone who is guilty has done A gun is a weapon that fires
When you guess the answer to something wrong. metal bullets.
something, you say what you
think it might be, although you guitar gurdwara
do not know for sure. We had NOUN guitars NOUN gurdwaras
to guess what she was holding. A guitar is a musical instrument A gurdwara is a temple where
with strings. You pluck the Sikhs go to pray.
guest strings with your fingers to
NOUN guests make different sounds. gym
A guest is someone who stays NOUN gyms
at a house or a hotel. gulp A gym is a large room where
VERB gulps, gulping, people can play sports or
guide gulped do exercise using special
NOUN guides If you gulp down a equipment.
1 A guide is someone whose drink, you drink it quickly.

guitar
job is to show people around He gulped down a big gymnast
places. The guide took us glass of water. NOUN gymnasts
around the museum. A gymnast is a person who
2 A guide to a place is a book gum does gymnastics.
with maps and information NOUN gums
about the place. 1 Your gums are gymnastics
VERB guides, guiding, guided the parts inside NOUN
3 If you guide someone to a your mouth around Gymnastics is a sport in
place, you show them the way your teeth. which people do movements
there. I guided the tourists to 2 Gum is a candy and jumps to show how
the main square in the town. that you chew for strong and agile they
a long time and are. My friend is great
do not swallow. at gymnastics.

Three weeks old Fully grown

The duckling has The duck is now a
grown into a young fully grown adult,
duck. She still ready to lay eggs
stays close to and have ducklings
her mother. of her own.

The yellow feathers

are falling out and
white feathers are
beginning to grow.
habit

hair Ha
NOUN

llo
Hair grows on
your head and

w een
body, and on the
skin of other
mammals.
hairy (ADJECTIVE)
Someone who is
hairy has a lot of hair

n.
on their body.

Pu
h le

ee
☛ Be careful with pk

m
in

w
o
spelling: s sc
are a H all
hair She’s got long, dark way spooks at
hair.
hare A hare looks like a big Halloween
rabbit. NOUN
Halloween is a festival on
habit hairdresser October 31st, when some people
NOUN habits NOUN hairdressers dress up in costumes.
A habit is something that you A hairdresser is someone whose
do a lot without thinking. Biting job is to cut people’s hair. ham
your nails is a bad habit. NOUN
Haj j Ham is meat from a pig that
habitat NOUN has been salted or smoked to
NOUN habitats The Hajj is a journey to the city keep it fresh.
A habitat is the natural place of Mecca that all Muslims try to
where an animal or plant lives make at least once. hamburger
and grows. NOUN hamburgers
half A hamburger is a flat, round piece
hack NOUN halves of ground beef that you usually
VERB hacks, hacking, hacked 1 If you divide something into eat in a bread bun. A hamburger
1 If you hack something to two halves, you divide it into two is also called a burger.

r
pieces you roughly cut it up. equal parts. Each part is called
2 If someone hacks into a one half.
hamburge

computer, they get into it 2 Your half-brother or half-sister

and use it illegally. is a boy or girl who shares one
hacker (NOUN) parent with you.
A hacker is someone who
hacks into a computer. hall
NOUN halls
had 1 A hall is a corridor or small
☛ See have. room just inside the front door hammer
of a house. NOUN hammers
hail 2 A hall is a large room that A hammer is a tool with a heavy
NOUN people use for meetings and piece of metal on one end that
Hail is drops of frozen rain. other events. you use to hit nails into wood.
96
 hardly

hamster handwriting harbor

NOUN hamsters NOUN NOUN harbors
A hamster is a small animal Handwriting is writing that you A harbor is a sheltered place on
that looks like a mouse with do by hand, using a pen or pencil. the coast that is protected from
no tail. Some people keep rough water and stormy
hamsters as pets. hang weather. Ships can safely come
VERB hangs, hanging, hung to a harbor to anchor before
hand If you hang something up, unloading their goods.
NOUN hands you fix it by the top so that the
1 Your hands are the parts of bottom part falls loosely down. hard
your body at the ends of your We hung our coats on the pegs. ADJECTIVE harder, hardest
arms that you use for gripping 1 Something that is hard is solid
and holding things. and firm to touch. The ground
VERB hands, was dry and hard.
handing, handed 2 Something that is hard

tick)
2 If you hand is difficult to do. These
Ha n

nu candles
something to sums are hard.

ah
someone, you
uk rah kk
ADVERB

kah
(
give it to them. o 3 If you work hard, you
A me n a
H work with a lot of effort.
at
handbag used
NOUN handbags hard disk
A handbag is a small bag in NOUN hard disks
which a person carries money The hard disk is fixed in a
and other things. Hanukkah computer. It is the part where
NOUN lots of information is stored.
handle Hanukkah is the Jewish festival
NOUN handles of lights held in winter. hardly
1 A handle is the part of ADVERB
something that you hold in happen If you can hardly do something,
your hand. VERB happens, happening, you can only just do it. The
VERB handles, handling, happened writing was so small that I could
handled If something happens, it takes hardly read it.
2 If you handle something, you
touch it or hold it in your hand.
place. Are you OK? What
happened?
h
ap
I wouldn’t like to handle a snake!
happy
handsome
py

ADJECTIVE happier, happiest

ADJECTIVE If you are happy, you feel pleased.
A handsome man or boy is ☛ Opposite: unhappy
happily (ADVERB)
.

attractive and pleasant to look at.

baby

If you do something happily,

handstand you do it in a happy way.
py

NOUN handstands We played happily together.

ap

If you do a handstand, you put happiness (NOUN)

I’m a h

your hands on the ground and Happiness is the feeling you

kick your legs up into the air. have when you are happy.
97
hare

hare hat head

NOUN hares NOUN hats NOUN heads
A hare is an animal that looks A hat is something that you 1 Your head is the part of your
like a big rabbit. Hares can run wear on your head. body that contains your brain.
fast and can hear very well with 2 The head of a group of people
their long ears. hatch is the leader. Who is the head
☛ Be careful with spelling: VERB hatches, hatching, of your school?
hare A hare is like a big rabbit. hatched
hair She’s got long, dark hair. When an animal or bird hatches, headache
Ah it comes out of an egg and is NOUN headaches
aw
k hunts othe born. The chicks hatched today. If you have a headache, you
r bir ds
in have a pain in your head.
t hate
heading
he

VERB hates, hating, hated

sky.

If you hate something, you have NOUN headings

a strong feeling that you do A heading is a title of a piece
not like it. I never drink coffee of writing.
because I hate it!
wk

hatred (NOUN) headmaster

ha
Hatred is the feeling that you NOUN
harm hate something or someone. The headmaster is a man
NOUN who is in charge of a private
1 If you do harm to something, haunted school. A woman who does
you damage it or hurt it. ADJECTIVE this job is called the
VERB harms, harming, harmed A place that is haunted has headmistress.
2 If you harm someone, you ghosts or spirits in it.
hurt them. headphones
harmful (ADJECTIVE) have NOUN
Something that is harmful VERB has, having, had Headphones are small speakers
can harm you. Cars give off If you have something, it is that you wear over or in your
harmful chemicals. yours or you own it. ears to listen to music.
harmless (ADJECTIVE)
Something that is harmless hawk heal
will not harm you. Most kinds NOUN hawks VERB heals, healing,
of insects are harmless, but A hawk is a bird of prey. It healed
some can cause diseases. hunts other creatures for food. When a cut heals, it gets better.

harvest hay healthy

NOUN harvests NOUN ADJECTIVE healthier,
The harvest is the time when Hay is dried grass that is fed healthiest
crops are cut and fruit and to animals. 1 If you are healthy, you are
vegetables are picked. well and not ill.
hay fever 2 Things that are healthy are
hashtag NOUN good for you. A healthy
NOUN hashtags If you get hay fever, you sneeze diet includes lots of fruit
A hashtag is the symbol (#) a lot when there is pollen, and vegetables.
that you use in tweets. sometimes from grass, in the air. ☛ Opposite: unhealthy
98
 hen

heap
NOUN heaps
A heap is a pile of things
el

h
icopter
lying on top of each
other. She left her clothes
in a heap on the floor.

hear
VERB hears, hearing,
heard
elicopter ho
If you can hear a sound, you
Ah vers
notice it. Did you hear that bird? hig
☛ Be careful with spelling:
h in the sky.
hear I can hear music.
here Come here! hedge helicopter
NOUN hedges NOUN helicopters
heart A hedge is a line of bushes A helicopter is a type of
NOUN hearts between two fields or yards. aircraft with large blades
1 Your heart is the organ in your that spin around on top of it.
chest that pumps blood around heel
your body. NOUN heels hello
2 A heart is a shape. People 1 Your heel is the back part of You say hello to someone
often draw hearts to show that your foot. when you meet them.
they love someone. 2 The heel on a shoe is the high
part at the back. helmet
heat NOUN helmets
NOUN height A helmet is a strong hat
1 When there is heat, something NOUN heights that you wear to protect
feels hot. 1 The height of something is your head.
VERB heats, heating, heated how high it is.
2 When you heat something, 2 Your height is how tall you are. help
you make it warmer. We VERB helps, helping,
heated some water. held helped
☛ See hold. If you help someone, you
heaven
hea
vy
do something for them.
NOUN helpful (ADJECTIVE)
Heaven is the Someone who is helpful
happy place helps you.
where some people helpless (ADJECTIVE)
believe you go to Someone who is helpless
when you die. cannot look after themselves.
The tiny kittens were completely
Th

heavy helpless.
e
tr u

ADJECTIVE heavier,
ck

heaviest he hen
is

Something that is av NOUN hens

ie r than the cat.
heavy weighs a lot. A hen is a female chicken.
99
herb

herb high
NOUN herbs ADJECTIVE higher, highest
An herb is a plant that 1 Something that is high in the
people use to give air is a long way away from
flavor to food or the ground.
to make medicines. 2 Something high is very tall. We
had to climb over a high wall.
herbivore
NOUN herbivores highlight
A herbivore is an VERB highlights, highlighting,
highlighted
hibe
animal that eats
plants. When you highlight words, you
draw over them using a colored
herd at
rn

pen or change their color on a

NOUN herds
A herd of animals is e computer screen, so that you can
see them more easily.
a large group of them.
hijab
here hibernate NOUN hijabs
ADVERB VERB hibernates, hibernating, A hijab is a covering that some
Here means in this place. Do hibernated Muslim women wear over their
you live here? When an animal hibernates, head, to cover their hair.
☛ Be careful with spelling: it goes to sleep for the winter.
here Come here! hill
hear I can hear music. hiccup NOUN hills
NOUN hiccups A hill is an area of high ground.
hero If you have hiccups, you
NOUN heroes make sudden sounds in your Hindu
1 A hero is a very brave man or throat by breathing in quickly. NOUN Hindus
boy. You rescued my cat—you’re You’ll get hiccups if you drink A Hindu is a person who follows
my hero! too quickly. Hinduism, an Indian religion.
2 The hero in a story is Hindus worship many gods,
the man or boy that the hide and believe that when people
story is about. VERB hides, hiding, hid, die, they are born again.
hidden
heroine If you hide something, you hip
NOUN heroines put it in a place where people NOUN hips
1 A heroine is a very brave cannot see it. I hid the map Your hips are the joints where
woman or girl. under my pillow. your legs join onto your body.
2 The heroine in a story is
the woman or girl that the hieroglyphics hippopotamus
story is about. NOUN NOUN hippopotamuses or
Hieroglyphics is a type of hippopotami
hexagon writing in which you use A hippopotamus, or hippo, is a
NOUN hexagons pictures instead of words. very large animal that lives in
A hexagon is a shape with six The ancient Egyptians used Africa. They live in lakes or
straight sides. hieroglyphics. rivers, and eat water plants.
100
 homograph

hire holly
VERB hires, hiring, hired NOUN
If you hire something, you pay to Holly is an evergreen plant with

ho
use it for a short time. We hired shiny evergreen leaves that are
bikes and rode around the lake. prickly and have bright red

ck
berries.
history

ey
NOUN holy
History is a subject in which you ADJECTIVE
study events in the past. Something that is holy is
thought to be special because
hit it is connected with religion.
NOUN hits
1 If something is a hit, people hold home
like it and it is successful. The VERB holds, holding, held NOUN homes
song was a big hit. 1 When you hold something, Your home is the place where
VERB hits, hitting, hit you keep it in your hands. Would you live.
2 If you hit someone, you bang you like to hold our new puppy?
them with your hand. That boy 2 If something holds an amount, home page
hit me! it can have that amount inside NOUN home pages
3 If you hit something, you knock it. This bottle will hold a quart A home page is the main page
it or bump into it. In tennis, you of water. on a website.
have to hit the ball over the net.
hole homework
hi-tech NOUN holes NOUN
ADJECTIVE A hole is a gap or opening in Homework is schoolwork that
Something that is hi-tech is very something. you do at home.
modern and uses computer ☛ Be careful with spelling:
technology. Hi-tech stands hole There’s a hole in my shoe. homograph
for high technology. whole He ate a whole box NOUN homographs
of chocolates! Homographs are words that are
hive spelled the same way but are not
NOUN hives Holi said in the same way and have
A hive is a box that bees live in. NOUN different meanings. For example,
Holi is a Hindu festival of colors there are two homographs in the
hobby that takes place in spring. sentence: Put down your bow
NOUN hobbies and arrow before you bow
A hobby is something that holiday to the king.
you do for enjoyment in your NOUN holidays
spare time. A holiday is a time when you do
not have to go to school or work.
hockey It’s often a time when you go away.
ly

NOUN
hollow
hol

Hockey is a game in which

teams of players hit a ball ADJECTIVE
with a curved stick and try Something that is hollow has an
to score goals. empty space inside.
homophone

Horse pony riding hat

Here are some words forelock
A pony is a
about horses and mane
small horse. reins
saddle
horse equipment.
withers
tail
muzzle
bridle

bit
hock stirrup
knee girth

fetlock
The equipment a horse wears
hoof for riding is called “tack.”

homophone hook horn

NOUN homophones NOUN hooks NOUN horns
Homophones are words that A hook is a curved piece of 1 An animal’s horns are the
sound the same but have metal. I hung it on the coat hook. tough, pointed spikes on its head.
different spellings and meanings. A rhinoceros has one horn.
For example, there are two hoot 2 A horn is a musical instrument
homophones in the sentence: VERB hoots, hooting, hooted made of brass.
I can’t hear you over here. 1 When an owl hoots, it makes 3 A horn is something that can
a loud sound. make a loud warning noise.
honest 2 When a car hoots, its horn
ADJECTIVE makes a loud sound. horrible
Someone who is honest tells the ADJECTIVE
truth and does not steal things. hop Something that is horrible
☛ Opposite: dishonest VERB hops, hopping, hopped is very unpleasant or
When you hop, you jump on frightening.
honey one leg.
NOUN horror
Honey is a sweet, sticky food hope NOUN
that bees make. VERB hopes, hoping, hoped If something fills you with
If you hope that something will horror, it makes you feel
hood happen, you want it to happen. shocked and frightened. They
NOUN hoods hopeful (ADJECTIVE) watched in horror as the house
A hood is a part of a jacket or If you are hopeful, you hope burned down.
top that covers your head. something will happen. I am
hopeful that I will win. horse
hoof hopefully (ADVERB) NOUN horses
NOUN hoofs or hooves You use this word when you A horse is a large animal
The hooves of animals such as are hopeful that something that people use for riding
horses are their hard feet. will happen. and pulling carts.
102
 huge

mare long ears Donkeys and zebras

are members of the
An adult female horse. horse family.
The mother is also
spiky mane
called the “dam.”

stallion
An adult
stripy coat
male horse.
The father is
also called zebra
the “sire.”

foal donkey

hose hour huddle

NOUN hoses NOUN hours VERB huddles, huddling,
A hose is a long flexible tube An hour is 60 minutes. There are huddled
that water can go through. A 24 hours in a day. If people huddle together,
hose is useful for watering flowers they stay close to each other
or for putting out fires. house because they are either cold
NOUN houses or frightened.
hospital A house is a building that
NOUN hospitals people live in.
A hospital is a place where
people go when they are sick how
or injured and need medical ADVERB
treatment by a doctor. You can use
“how” to ask
hot questions or in
ADJECTIVE hotter, hottest sentences that explain
1 Something that is hot has a something. How did Ba
by
very high temperature. The bars he do that magic trick? ra bbits huddle together for war mth.
of the heater are very hot.
2 Hot food is very spicy. howl
3 Something that is hot is the VERB howls, howling, howled hug
latest craze. He learned the 1 If a wolf or dog howls, it VERB hugs, hugging, hugged
hottest dance moves. makes a loud, high-pitched If you hug someone, you hold
wailing sound. them in a loving way.
hotel 2 If someone howls, they cry
NOUN hotels loudly, because of fear, anger huge
A hotel is where people or pain. ADJECTIVE
pay to eat a meal and stay 3 When a strong wind is blowing Something that is huge is very
the night. we can say that it is howling. big. That cake is huge!
103
hum

hum hungry hurry

VERBhums, humming, ADJECTIVE VERB hurries, hurrying,
hummed If you are hungry, you want hurried
When you hum, you sing with to eat something. When you hurry, you do things
your lips closed. hunger (NOUN) quickly. He had to hurry to
Hunger is the feeling you have deliver the package on time.
human when you are hungry. I was
NOUN humans weak with hunger. hurt
A human is a person: man, hungrily (ADVERB) VERB hurts, hurting, hurt
woman, or child. A human is If you eat hungrily, you eat 1 If you hurt a part of your
also called a human being. quickly because you are body, you injure it. I hurt
very hungry. my leg when I fell.
humid 2 If somewhere hurts, you feel
ADJECTIVE hunt pain. My broken arm hurts.
If the weather is humid, it is VERB hunts, hunting, hunted
warm and damp. 1 When animals or people hunt, husband
they follow other animals to try NOUN husbands
humor and kill them for food. Lions A person’s husband is the
NOUN hunt in packs. man they are married to.
If you have a sense of 2 If you hunt for something,
humor, you can tell when you look everywhere because hush
things are funny. you are trying to find it. NOUN
The police are hunting for When there is hush, there is
hump the criminal. no noise where there was noise
NOUN humps before. There was a hush as the
A hump is a large, round hurl teacher came into the room.
lump. Camels have humps VERB hurls, hurling, hurled
on their backs. If you hurl something, you hut
throw it as hard as you can. NOUN huts
hundred She hurled the cushion across A hut is a small, wooden house.
NOUN hundreds the room.
A hundred is the number 100. hutch
hurricane NOUN hutches
hung NOUN hurricanes A hutch is a small cage that you
☛ See hang. A hurricane is a violent storm can keep a rabbit in.
with strong winds. Hurricanes
can do a lot of damage hygiene

h p
u m to buildings. NOUN
Hygiene is keeping things clean.
Good hygiene is very important.

hyphen
NOUN hyphens
A hyphen is a mark (-) that
you use to join parts of words
together. The word hi-tech
has a hyphen.
 identical

ice hockey
kate
ice s
NOUN ice hockey
Ice hockey is a
game in which
teams skate on
.
ice and score
r ice
goals by using ve

o
a stick to hit a

ve
flat disk called

mo
a puck into a net.

to
p you
ice rink

d e
NOUN ice rinks

Ice skates hel

An ice rink is a large area of
ice that people can skate on.
a
i

ice skate
NOUN ice skates
1 Ice skates are special boots
with metal blades on the
bottom that you wear when
you are skating on ice.
VERB ice skates, ice skating,
ice skated
ice 2 When you ice-skate, you
NOUN move over ice with ice skates
Ice is frozen water. on your feet. idea
icy (ADJECTIVE) NOUN ideas
Something that is icy is icicle An idea is a thought that
very cold or covered in ice. NOUN icicles you have in your head.
I slipped on the icy path. An icicle is a long, thin piece
of ice that is hanging down ideal
iceberg
c ream from a surface. ADJECTIVE
NOUN icebergs
An iceberg is e icing
Something that is ideal is
perfect in every way.
ic

a huge piece NOUN

of ice floating Icing is a sweet substance idealize
in the sea. that you put on the VERB idealizes, idealized,
top of cakes, cookies, idealizing
ice cream or desserts. If you idealize something, you
NOUN ice creams think that it is perfect and there
Ice cream is a icon is nothing bad about it.
sweet, frozen food NOUN icons
that is made from An icon is a small picture on identical
cream or milk and a computer or phone that you ADJECTIVE
flavored with fruit, touch or click on if you want If things are identical, they
nuts, or chocolate. to use a program. are exactly the same.
105
identify

identify ill imitate

VERB identifies, identifying, ADJECTIVE VERB imitates, imitating,
identified If you feel ill, you do not feel well. imitated
If you identify something, you illness (NOUN) If you imitate someone, you
can say exactly what it is. If If you get an illness, you copy them.
you identify someone, you become ill.
can say who they are. immediately
illegal ADVERB
idiot ADJECTIVE If you do something
NOUN idiots If something is illegal, you are immediately, you do it very
An idiot is someone who is not allowed to do it because it quickly, without waiting.
very silly or stupid. is against the law. We need to leave immediately.

illu ☛ Opposite: legal

immigrate
s t ra t e illustrate
VERB illustrates, illustrating,
VERB immigrates, immigrating,
immigrated
illustrated When people immigrate,
If you illustrate a story, you they come into a country
draw pictures to go with it. in order to live there.
illustration (NOUN) immigrant (NOUN)
An illustration is a picture An immigrant is
r st or y
te d he in a book. someone who has come
a
s tr can. into a country in order
u tou image to live there.
wi ill

images
a

NOUN
he

S impatient
th

An image is a picture of
something or someone. ADJECTIVE
idle Someone who is impatient
ADJECTIVE imaginary quickly gets angry, especially
Someone who is idle is lazy. ADJECTIVE if they have to wait. The bus
Something that is imaginary was late, and I was starting to
igloo is not real and only exists get impatient.
NOUN igloos in stories. The unicorn is ☛ Opposite: patient
An igloo is a round building an imaginary animal. impatiently (ADVERB)
made of snow and ice. If you say or do something
imagination impatiently, you do it in an
ignorant NOUN impatient way. “Hurry up!”
ADJECTIVE If you use your imagination, you she shouted impatiently.
Someone who is ignorant does think of new ideas. You need a
not know very much. good imagination to write stories. important
ADJECTIVE
ignore imagine 1 If something is important,
VERB ignores, ignoring, ignored VERB imagines, imagining, it means a lot to you.
If you ignore someone, you imagined Winning this competition
take no notice of them. I asked When you imagine something, is very important to me.
him where he was going, but he you picture it in your mind. 2 An important person has
ignored me. I imagined a warm, sunny beach. a lot of power.
106
 influence

impossible incredible industry

ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE NOUN industries
If something is impossible, you If something is incredible, it An industry is a business that
cannot do it. It is impossible is so strange that you find makes things or sells things.
for people to fly like birds. it difficult to believe. A lot of people work in the
☛ Opposite: possible food industry.
independent
improve ADJECTIVE infant
VERB improves, improving, Someone who is independent NOUN infants
improved can do things for themselves An infant is a very young child.
If something improves, it gets and decide things for themselves.
better. My spelling is improving. infection
improvement (NOUN) index NOUN infections
An improvement is a change NOUN indexes If you get an infection, a germ
that makes something better. An index is a list of all the things gets into your body and makes
that are included in a book, with you ill.
include numbers for the pages where
VERB includes, including, you can find each thing. inf inity
included NOUN
If you include something, individual Infinity is a time, number,
you have it or put it with other NOUN individuals or place that never ends.
things. I’m going to include 1 An individual is a person. Looking at the night sky is
some pictures with my story. ADJECTIVE like looking into infinity.
2 Something that is individual
inconvenient is for just one person. There inf late
ADJECTIVE will be individual prizes and VERB inflates, inflating,
If something is inconvenient, you team prizes. inflated
find it difficult or annoying. It’s When you inflate something,
inconvenient having the sports indoors you blow or pump air into
field so far away from the school. ADVERB it to make it bigger.
☛ Opposite: convenient Indoors means inside a building. ☛ Opposite: deflate
Let’s go indoors now.
incorrect ☛ Opposite: outdoors inf luence
ADJECTIVE VERB influences, influencing,

f la
Something that is incorrect influenced

n
is wrong. I’m sorry, you If you influence someone,

i
are incorrect! you change the way they
☛ Opposite: correct think or behave.

increase

te
VERB increases, increasing,
increased
He

When a number or an
amount increases, it gets
inf

bigger. My allowance
la

ed
t

increases every year. the

☛ Opposite: decrease ballo
on with air.
information

Insect

beetle
moth
wasp

ladybugs

cockroach

ant butterfly

information initial ink

NOUN NOUN initials NOUN inks
Information is facts about Your initials are the first letters Ink is a black or colored
something. We had to find some of your names. liquid that you use for
information about Africa. writing or drawing. It is
injection also used in printers to
ingredient NOUN injections print the words and pictures
NOUN ingredients If you have an injection, from a computer on a piece
Ingredients are things that you a doctor puts some medicine, of paper.
mix together to make something. or a vaccination, into your
body using a needle. innocent
inhabitant ADJECTIVE
NOUN inhabitants injure Someone who is innocent has
The inhabitants of a place VERB injures, injuring, not done anything wrong.
are the people who live there. injured
If you injure a part of your insect
inhaler body, you hurt it. NOUN insects
NOUN inhalers injured (ADJECTIVE) An insect is a small animal
An inhaler is a container with If you are injured, you have with six legs. Insects usually
medicine in it. You breathe hurt a part of your body. have wings and do not
the medicine into your lungs. injury (NOUN) have a backbone. Flies,
A lot of people who have If you have an injury, you have bees, beetles, and butterflies
asthma use inhalers. hurt a part of your body. are all insects.
108
 internet

inside instruction interactive

NOUN insides NOUN instructions ADJECTIVE
The inside of something is the If someone gives you an Something that is interactive
part within it. The inside of instruction, they tell you is a thing in which you can
the building is really beautiful. what you should do. Read control the way in which
the instructions before you things happen. I like
insist use the machine. playing interactive
VERB insists, insisting, insisted computer games.
If you insist on doing something, instrument
you do it even though other NOUN instruments interest
people tell you not to. He 1 An instrument is something VERB interests, interesting,
insisted on inviting all his that you use for making interested
friends to the party. music. He plays two If something interests you,
musical instruments. you like it and want to
inspect 2 An instrument is learn more about it.
VERB inspects, inspecting, a tool. interested (ADJECTIVE)
inspected If you are interested
If you inspect something, you in something, you want
check it carefully. He inspected to learn more about it.
the apple and then took a bite. I’m interested in fossils.
inspector (NOUN) interesting (ADJECTIVE)
An inspector is someone whose If something is interesting,
job is to check things. it holds your attention and
is not boring. We watched
nt
install an interesting documentary
installs, installing, about whales.
me

VERB
installed
When you install something,
t r u interjection
you put it in a place so it is
ready to use. You can install in s NOUN interjections
An interjection is a word such
this app on your phone or computer. as “Hello” or “Goodbye” that
you say on its own, not in a
instant insult full sentence.
ADJECTIVE VERB insults, insulting,
Something that is instant insulted international
happens straight away. The If you insult someone, you ADJECTIVE
show was an instant success. call them names or say Something that is international
instantly (ADVERB) horrible things to them. involves two or more different
If something happens instantly, countries.
it happens immediately. I knew intelligent
instantly that he was lying. ADJECTIVE internet
An intelligent person is NOUN
instead smart and learns things The internet is a system
ADVERB quickly. for linking computers
Instead means in the place of intelligence (NOUN) from all over the world
another person or thing. I chose Intelligence is the ability to so information can
the red pen instead of the blue one. learn things quickly. be shared.
109
interrupt

interrupt invade involve

VERB interrupts, interrupting, VERB invades, invading, invaded VERB involves, involving,
interrupted When people invade a country, involved
If you interrupt someone, they enter it and attack it. If you are involved in something,
you stop them from talking you take part in it. She loved
or working. Please don’t invent being involved the school play.
interrupt while I’m speaking! VERB invents, inventing,
interruption (NOUN) invented iron
An interruption is something If you invent something, NOUN
that interrupts you while you you think of it and design it. 1 Iron is a strong, heavy metal
are talking or working. Who invented the telephone? found in rocks. People use iron
invention (NOUN) to make things such as tools
interval An invention is something and gates.
NOUN intervals that you invent. 2 You use a hot iron to make
1 An interval is a short clothes smooth after they
break during a play or show. inverted commas have been washed.
2 An interval is the time NOUN
between two things happening. Inverted commas, also called Islam
quotation marks, are the marks NOUN
interview (‘ ’) or (“ ”) used in writing to Islam is the Muslim religion.
NOUN interviews show what someone has said. Muslims believe there is
An interview is a meeting one God, Allah, and that
where someone has to investigate Muhammad is His prophet.
answer questions. VERB investigates,
investigating, investigated island
introduce If you investigate something, NOUN islands
VERB introduces, introducing, you try to find out about it. An island is a piece of land
introduced The police are investigating that is completely surrounded
When you introduce someone, yesterday’s robbery. by water.
you say their name and
explain who they are. invisible italics
introduction (NOUN) ADJECTIVE NOUN
The introduction is the If something is invisible, you Italics are letters that are
part of a book or story cannot see it. sloping like this.
that explains who the ☛ Opposite: visible
characters are or what itch
the book will be about. invite VERB itches, itching, itched
VERB invites, inviting, invited If your skin itches, it feels
If you invite someone to go with uncomfortable and you
you somewhere, you ask them. want to rub or scratch it.
invitation (NOUN)
Iv

co If you give someone an invitation, ivy

y

v er
ed the old brick w you invite them to an event. NOUN ivies
all Ivy is a woody evergreen plant
.
that climbs up walls and trees
or creeps along the ground.
 Jew

jail jealous
NOUN jails ADJECTIVE
A jail is a place where people If you are jealous of someone,
are kept locked up. you feel angry because they
have something that you
jam would like. He was jealous
NOUN jams of his friend’s new phone.
1 Jam is a sweet food made with jealousy (NOUN)
fruit and sugar. You spread jam Jealousy is the feeling you have
on bread. when you are jealous.
jea
2 If there is a jam, a lot of ns

J
people or cars are stuck and jeans
cannot move. NOUN
Jeans are
jar pants
NOUN jars made
A jar is a glass container that of a thick
you keep food in. cotton.

jaw jelly
NOUN jaws NOUN
Your jaw is the bone in your Jelly is a soft,
chin that supports your mouth sweet food made
and allows it to open and close. from fruit juice
and sugar.
jab jazz
VERB jabs, jabbing, jabbed NOUN jelly f ish
If you jab someone, you poke Jazz is a type of popular music NOUN jellyfish or
him or her with your finger. with strong rhythms. jellyfishes
My friend jabbed me in the A jellyf ish is a sea animal
ribs to get my attention.

jacket
r that has a soft body and
long, stinging tentacles.
ja

NOUN jackets jet

A jacket is a short coat. NOUN jets
1 A jet of water is a stream
jackpot of water moving quickly
NOUN jackpots through the air.
A jackpot is a very large amount 2 A jet is a fast aircraft.
of money that you can win. The
family won the lottery jackpot. Jew
NOUN Jews
jagged A Jew is someone whose
ADJECTIVE religion is Judaism.
Something that is jagged he Jewish (ADJECTIVE)
T

gla bri
m

has a lot of sharp points Someone who is Jewish follows

ss jar
or rough edges. is full to the the religion of Judaism.
111
jewel

jewel jog Judaism

NOUN jewels VERB jogs, jogging, jogged NOUN
A jewel is a precious stone When you jog, you run slowly Judaism is the religion of Jewish
that has been cut and polished. and steadily. people. Jews believe in one God
Diamonds, rubies, and emeralds and in the teachings of the Old
are all jewels. join Testament and the Talmud, the
VERB joins, joining, joined Jewish holy books.
jewelry 1 When you join things, you
NOUN fix them together. judge
Jewelry is an object like a 2 When you join a club, you NOUN judges
necklace, bracelet, or ring, become a member of it. 1 A judge is the person
that people wear on their in charge of a court, who
bodies for decoration. joint decides how people should
NOUN joints be punished when they have
he A joint is a place in your done something wrong.
S

w or ewelry—j
e simple j us body where two bones meet. 2 The judge in a competition
t
Your knees and your elbows is the person who decides
a
gol

are joints. who the winner is.

d

judges, judging,
heart.

VERB
joke judged
NOUN jokes 3 When you judge something,
1 A joke is something that you decide how good or bad
you say or do to make it is. Who is going to judge
people laugh. the dog competition?
jigsaw puzzle VERB jokes, joking, joked
NOUN jigsaw puzzles 2 If you are joking, you are judo
A jigsaw puzzle is a game not being serious but are NOUN
with a lot of different pieces saying or doing something Judo is a sport in which
that you have to fit together just to make people laugh. two people fight using special
to make a picture. We finished movements to try and throw
the big jigsaw puzzle on the journalist the other player to the ground.
rainy afternoon. NOUN journalists
A journalist is someone who jug
job gathers news and writes about NOUN jugs
NOUN jobs it in a newspaper or magazine, A jug is a container with
1 A job is something that you or talks about it on television. a handle and a spout that
have to do. Your job is to collect you use for pouring liquids
up all the pencils. journey out of.
2 Your job is the work that you NOUN journeys
do to make money. What job If you go on a journey, you
do you want to do when you travel somewhere.
grow up?
joy ful
jockey ADJECTIVE
NOUN jockeys If you are joyful,
A jockey is a person who rides you are very
a horse in races. happy.
112
 just

juggle junk
VERB juggles, juggling, NOUN
juggled 1 You can describe things
When you juggle, you keep that are broken or of no use
several objects in the air at as junk. Our garage is full
the same time by throwing of my dad’s junk.
and catching them. 2 Junk food is food that
is not good for you because
juice it contains a lot of fat

juice
NOUN juices or sugar.
Juice is the liquid that you
can squeeze out of fruit jury
or vegetables. NOUN juries
juicy (ADJECTIVE) A jury is a group of people
Food that is juicy has a lot who sit in a court and decide
of juice in it. We had some whether the person on trial is
lovely juicy strawberries. guilty or not guilty.

jump just
VERB jumps, jumping, jumped jungle ADVERB
When you jump, you throw NOUN jungles 1 Just means exactly. These
yourself into the air. Can you A jungle is a thick forest in shoes are just perfect for me!
jump over that fence? a tropical part of the world. 2 If something has just
happened, it happened a
jumper junior short time ago. My friends
NOUN jumpers ADJECTIVE have just gone home.
A jumper is a sleeveless dress Junior means for children. 3 Just means only. I just need
that is usually worn with a We are going to have a junior to brush my teeth, and then
blouse underneath it. football tournament. I’ll be ready to leave.

jum
p

jump a long way to escape enemies.

s can
Frog
kangaroo

kennel kidnap
NOUN kennels VERB kidnaps, kidnapping,
A kennel is a small hut for kidnapped
a dog to sleep in. To kidnap someone means
to take them away and keep
kept them prisoner.
☛ See keep.
kill
ketchup VERB kills, killing, killed
NOUN If you kill something, you make
Ketchup is a thick sauce, it die. She killed the wasp with
usually made with tomatoes. a rolled-up newspaper.
I like ketchup on my fries.
kilo

king
kettle NOUN kilos
NOUN kettles When you weigh something in
A kettle is a special container the metric system, you say how
that you boil water in. many kilos it weighs.
A kilo is also called a kilogram.
kangaroo key One kilo is 1,000 grams. The
NOUN kangaroos NOUN keys bag of sugar weighs one kilo.
A kangaroo is a large Australian 1 A key is a piece of metal that
animal that hops on its strong has been cut into a special shape kilometer
back legs. Female kangaroos so that it will fit into a lock and NOUN kilometers
carry their young in a pouch. open it. When you say how far away
2 The keys on a computer are a place is, you say how many
karate the buttons that you press to kilometers away it is if you are
NOUN work it. using the metric system. One
Karate is a sport in which kilometer is 1,000 meters.
people fight using their hands keyboard
and feet to kick and chop. NOUN keyboards kind
1 The keyboard on a computer NOUN kinds
keen has keys that you press to 1 A kind of thing is a type or
ADJECTIVE work it. a sort of that thing. There are
If you are keen on something, 2 A keyboard is a musical lots of different kinds of bird.
you like it a lot. I’m a keen instrument like a piano that ADJECTIVE kinder, kindest
swimmer and I love the water. works with electricity. 2 Someone who is kind helps
others. It was kind of you to
keep kick help me with my homework.
VERB keeps, keeping, kept VERB kicks, kicking, kicked ☛ Opposite: unkind
1 If you keep something, you When you kick something, kindly (ADVERB)
have it and do not give it away. you hit it with your foot. If you do or say something
I keep my old bike in the shed. kindly, you do it in a kind way.
2 Keep means to remain. kid kindness (NOUN)
Please keep still! NOUN kids Kindness is behavior that
3 If you keep doing something, 1 A kid is a child. is kind. You should treat all
you do not stop. 2 A kid is a baby goat. animals with kindness.
114
 Koran

king kneel knot

NOUN kings VERB kneels, kneeling, NOUN knots
A king is a man who rules kneeled or knelt A knot is a piece of string or rope
a country. When you kneel, you sit on that is twisted. You can also tie a
kingdom (NOUN) your knees. knot to connect string or rope.
A kingdom is a land that is ☛ Be careful with spelling:
ruled by a king or queen. knew knot I’ve got to untie this knot.
☛ See know. not She’s not here. She’s away.
kiss
VERB kisses, kissing, kissed knife know
1 When you kiss someone, you NOUN knives VERB knows, knowing,
touch them with your lips to You use a knife for cutting knew, known
show that you like them or things. It has a sharp blade 1 If you know something,
love them. and a handle that you hold. you have it in your mind and
NOUN kisses understand it. Do you know
2 A kiss is what you give knight what the capital of France is?
someone when you kiss them. NOUN knights 2 If you know someone, you
Granny gave him a kiss on the A knight is a soldier from have met them before.
cheek. medieval times who rode ☛ Be careful with spelling:
a horse and wore armor. know Do you know my name?
kit ☛ Be careful with spelling: no There’s no food left.
NOUN kits knight A knight wears armor.
A kit is a set of parts that you night It’s dark at night. knuckle
put together to make something. NOUN knuckles
She has a kit to make a model knit Your knuckles are the joints
airplane. VERB knits, knitting, knitted in your fingers where the
When you knit, you make bones connect.
kitchen clothes and blankets from
NOUN kitchens wool, using large needles. koala
A kitchen is a room where NOUN koalas
people cook food. knob A koala is a furry Australian
NOUN knobs animal that lives in eucalyptus
kite 1 A knob is a round handle on trees. Koalas eat leaves and
NOUN kites a piece of furniture. tree bark and sleep a lot.
A kite is a very light toy that 2 A knob is a button that you
you fly in the air on the end turn to make something work. Koran
of a long string. NOUN
knock The Koran
kitten VERB knocks, knocking, is the holy
NOUN kittens knocked book of the
A kitten is a young cat. 1 When you knock on a door, religion of
you rap on it with your hand. Islam.
knee He knocked on the door until
koala

NOUN knees someone opened it to let him in.

Your knee is the part in the 2 If you knock something,
middle of your leg where you bump it by accident.
you can bend it. She knocked over the jug.
label

ladder lane
NOUN ladders NOUN lanes
A ladder is a tall frame with A lane is a narrow road.
rungs or steps, which you use
for climbing up or down. language
NOUN languages
lady A language is all the words that
NOUN ladies people use to speak or write to
A lady is a polite term for each other.
a woman.

ug
ladybug
Ha

ladyb
ladybugs
Ha Ha
NOUN
A ladybug is a small, red

La gh
beetle with black spots.

laid
☛ See lay.
lantern
lake NOUN lanterns
lakes
ee
NOUN A lantern is a candle with a
A lake is a large area of water see-through case around it.
H Hee surrounded by land.
lap
Hee lamb NOUN laps
NOUN lambs 1 Your lap is the top part
label 1 A lamb is a young sheep. of your legs when you are
NOUN labels 2 Lamb is the meat from a sitting down. The kitten curled
A label is a small piece of young sheep. up on my lap.
paper or cloth that is fixed 2 One lap of a race track is one
to something and gives you lamp time around it. The runners were
information about it. NOUN lamps on the last lap of the race.
A lamp is a small light that VERB laps, lapping,
laboratory works by using electricity, lapped
NOUN laboratories oil, or gas. 3 When water laps against
A laboratory is a place something, it splashes gently
where scientists work and land against it. The waves lapped
do experiments. NOUN lands against the beach.
1 The land is the part of the 4 When an animal laps
lace world that is not covered by sea. up a drink, it drinks using
NOUN laces 2 A land is a country. He was its tongue.
1 Lace is thin material with the best dancer in the land.
small holes. It often decorates VERB lands, landing, landed laptop
the edges of clothes. 3 When something lands, it NOUN laptops
2 The laces on your shoes are comes back to the ground after A laptop is a small computer
the pieces of string that you it has been in the air. The plane that you can carry around
tie to fasten them. landed in a field. and use on your lap.
116
 lean

large launch lead

ADJECTIVE larger, largest VERB launches, launching, NOUN leads
Something that is large is big. launched 1 If you are in the lead, you
To launch a boat means to move are in first place in a race or
larva it into the water. competition. She was in the
NOUN larvae lead all the way around
A larva is a young form of an lava the racetrack.
insect, before it becomes the NOUN VERB leads, leading, led
adult form. A caterpillar is the Lava is hot, liquid rock that comes 2 If you lead people to a place,
larva of a butterfly. out of a volcano when it erupts. you take them there. He said that
he would lead us to the treasure.
laser law 3 If you lead a group of people,
NOUN lasers NOUN you are in charge of them.
A laser is a machine that The law is the set of rules leader (NOUN)
produces a very thin beam of that all the people who live in The leader of a group of people
strong light. Doctors use lasers to a country must obey. The law is is the person in charge.
perform some medical operations. usually made by the government
of a country. People who break the leaf
last law can be sent to prison. NOUN leaves
VERB lasts, lasting, lasted The leaves on a plant are the
1 How long something lasts lawn thin, flat, green parts that grow
is how long it takes before NOUN lawns on the stem or branches.
it is finished. My riding lesson A lawn is an area of grass in
lasts an hour. a yard or park. leaf let
ADJECTIVE NOUN leaflets
2 The last one is the only one lay A leaflet is a piece of
left. Do you want the last cookie? VERB lays, laying, laid paper with
3 Last night or last week means 1 If you lay something information
the one that has just finished. somewhere, you put it there on it.
We went to the movies last night. carefully. We laid all our
paintings out on the table. leak
late 2 When a bird lays an egg, NOUN leaks
ADJECTIVE later, latest it produces it from its body. A leak is a small
If you are late, you do something 3 Lay is the past tense of hole or crack in
after the time when you should the verb lie. something that lets
a f
do it. They were late for dinner.
layer
liquid come out.
le
lately NOUN layers lean
ADVERB A layer is an amount of VERB leans,
Lately means recently. I’ve been something that covers a surface. leaning, leaned
getting good grades at school lately. There was a thick layer of or leant
chocolate on top of the cake. 1 If you lean
laugh on something,
VERB laughs, laughing, laughed lazy you rest against it.
When you laugh, you make a ADJECTIVE lazier, laziest 2 If something is leaning
loud noise because you think Someone who is lazy does not to one side, it bends to
that something is funny. want to work hard. one side.
117
leap

leap leave
VERB leaps, leaping, leaped VERB leaves, leaving,
or leapt left
When you leap, you jump high 1 When you leave a place,
into the air. The deer leaps over you go away from it. I leave
the fence and runs away. home at eight o’clock to come
to school.
leap year
lem
2 If you leave something, you
NOUN leap years do not take it with you. I left

on
A leap year is a year that my swimsuit at school today.
has 366 days instead of 365. 3 If you leave something
There is a leap year every alone, you do not touch it.
four years, and the extra
day is February 29th. led legal

H
leap ☛ See lead. ADJECTIVE
If something is legal, you are
allowed to do it because it is
el .
ea p
t over the hurdle
within the law.
☛ Opposite: illegal

legend
NOUN legends
A legend is a very old story.

learn lemon
VERB learns, learning, NOUN lemons
learned A lemon is a yellow fruit
When you learn about with a sour taste.
something, you find
out about it and lemonade
understand it. left NOUN
We learned how ADJECTIVE Lemonade is a sweet, fizzy drink
to make a cake 1 Your left side is the side traditionally made from lemons.
at school today. that is opposite your right side.
She writes with her left hand. lend
least VERB VERB lends, lending, lent
ADJECTIVE 2 Left is the past tense of the If you lend something to
The least amount is the smallest verb leave. someone, you let them have
amount. Let’s see who can make it or use it for a short time.
the least mess. leg
NOUN legs length
leather 1 Your legs are the long parts of NOUN lengths
NOUN your body between your hips 1 The length of something
Leather is a material made and your feet. is how long it is. We measured
from the skin of an animal. 2 The legs on a piece of the length of the football field.
Shoes and bags are often furniture are the parts that it 2 A length of something is a
made of leather. stands on. A chair has four legs. long piece of it.
118
 lift

letter lid
NOUN letters NOUN lids
1 A letter is one of the A lid is a cover on a jar
symbols that we use to write or box.
words. There are 26 letters

.
lie

it
in the English alphabet.

fru
2 A letter is a message that VERB lies, lying, lied
ow
ell you write on paper and send 1 When you lie, you say
y to someone. something that you know
i c y, is untrue. My brother lied
ju lettuce
sa
when he said that I broke
n i NOUN lettuces the window.
o
A le m
A lettuce is a vegetable with VERB lies, lying, lay, lain
large green leaves that people 2 When you lie down, you
eat in salads. rest with all your body flat
lent on a bed or on the ground.
☛ See lend. level I lay down on my bed and
NOUN levels fell asleep.
leopard 1 A level is a position on a
NOUN leopards scale. I really want to get to the life
A leopard is a large animal next level in this game. NOUN lives
that lives in Africa and Asia ADJECTIVE 1 If there is life in a place,
and belongs to the cat family. 2 Something that is level is there are living things there.
flat. Is there life on Mars?
leotard 3 Things that are level are the 2 Your life is the time that you
NOUN leotards same height. are alive. I’ll remember this
A leotard is a tight, stretchy 4 If people are level in a moment all my life!
outfit that you wear to do game, they have the same
dancing or gymnastics. number of points. lifeboat
NOUN lifeboats
less liar A lifeboat is a boat that goes
ADJECTIVE NOUN liars out to rescue people at sea.
If you have less of something, A liar is someone who
you do not have as much. I’ve tells lies and does not tell life cycle
got less chocolate than you! the truth. NOUN life cycles
The life cycle of an animal is
lesson library the way in which it is born,
NOUN lessons NOUN libraries lives, has babies, and dies.
A lesson is a time when someone A library is a place where you
teaches you something. I have a can go to borrow books and lif t
piano lesson today. other things. NOUN lifts
1 A lift is a ride in someone
let lick else’s car. You should never
VERB lets, letting, let VERB licks, licking, licked accept lifts from strangers.
If you let someone do something, When you lick something, VERB lifts, lifting, lifted
you allow them to do it. My dad you touch it with your 2 When you lift something
let me use his computer. tongue. up, you pick it up.
119
light

light limit lip

NOUN lights NOUN limits NOUN lips
1 A light is something that A limit is a level or an amount Your lips are the soft edges
shines to help you see in the that people should not go past. around your mouth.
dark. I had to turn on the light There is a limit of two bags
so I could see. per person. liquid
VERB lights, lighting, lit NOUN liquids
2 When you light something, limp A liquid is a substance, such
you make it catch fire. We lit VERB limps, limping, limped as water, that you can pour.
a candle so that we could see. When you limp, you walk in an
ADJECTIVE lighter, lightest uneven way because you have list
3 Something that is light does hurt one of your legs. NOUN lists
not weigh much. Your bag is When you make a list, you write
very light. line down the names of people or
4 A light color is not very NOUN lines things one after the other. We
dark. Her dress was light blue. 1 A line is a long, thin mark. need to make a list of everyone
Draw a line with your pencil. in the team.
lighthouse 2 A line of things is a
NOUN lighthouses straight row of listen
A lighthouse is a tall tower them. There was VERB listens, listening, listened
with a bright, flashing light. The a long line of When you listen, you pay
light warns ships that there are people waiting attention and hear something.
dangerous rocks near the coast. to get into
the museum. lit
lightning ☛ See light.
NOUN link
Lightning is a flash of light in NOUN links liter
the sky during a thunderstorm. 1 A link is NOUN liters
something that You measure how much liquid
like joins or connects you have by saying how many
VERB likes, liking, liked things. liters you have when using the
1 If you like someone, you 2 A link on the metric system.
lighthouse

get along well with them. internet is an

I like our new teacher. address that you litter
2 If you like something, you can click on to NOUN
enjoy it or think it is nice. take you to a page 1 Litter is trash that people have
Do you like orange juice? on a website. left lying around.
ADJECTIVE 2 A litter is a number of baby
3 If one thing is like another, lion animals, such as kittens or
it is similar to it. He looks NOUN lions piglets, born at the same time.
like his brother. A lion is a large,
fierce animal little
likely that belongs to ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVE the cat family. 1 Something that is little is small.
If something is likely, it will A female lion 2 If you only have a little of
probably happen. is called a something, you do not have
☛ Opposite: unlikely lioness. much. I only have a little water left.
120
 look

live loaf lollipop

VERB lives, living, lived NOUN loaves NOUN lollipops
1 When you live, you are alive. A loaf of bread is a large A lollipop is candy on a stick
My grandfather lived to an old age. chunk of bread that you that you lick.
2 The place where you live is the can cut into slices.
place that is your home. lonely
local ADJECTIVE lonelier, loneliest
live ADJECTIVE If you feel lonely, you feel sad
ADJECTIVE Something that is local is close because you are alone.
1 Something that is live is living. to the place where you live.
I’ve never seen a live scorpion. Why don’t you join your local gym? long
2 A live television show is not ADJECTIVE longer, longest
recorded but is shown while it lock 1 Something that is long
is actually taking place. NOUN locks measures a lot in length.
1 A lock keeps a door or box shut. 2 Something that is long goes
lively You need a key to open a lock. on for a large amount of time.
ADJECTIVE VERB locks, locking, locked
Someone who is lively is active 2 When you lock something,
rds sunbathin
and has a lot of energy. you shut it by turning a key
Two liza g
in a lock.
living room
NOUN living rooms
A living room
is a room in
which you sit and chat
or watch television. lizard look
VERB looks, looking, looked
lizard 1 When you look at something,
NOUN lizards lof t you use your eyes to see it.
A lizard is a reptile, usually with NOUN lofts Look at the stars!
four legs and a long tail. Many A loft is a small room at the 2 The way something looks is
lizards live in warm countries top of a house, where you the way it appears. The water
and eat insects. can store things. looked cold.

load log icious lollipops ely to li

NOUN loads NOUN logs Del are lov ck
.
1 A load is an amount of A log is a thick piece of a
something that you carry.
2 If you have loads of things,
tree’s trunk or branch. Let’s
put another log on the fire.
lollipop
you have a lot of them.
VERB loads, loading, loaded logo
3 When you load things into a NOUN logos
vehicle, you put them in so that A logo is a small picture
you can take them somewhere. or sign that a company
4 When you load a computer uses on its products. The
program, you put it onto company’s logo is a panda
a computer. riding a bicycle.
121
loose

loose love luggage

ADJECTIVE looser, loosest VERB loves, loving, loved NOUN
1 If something is loose, it 1 If you love someone, you Your luggage is the cases and
is not held firmly in place. like them a lot. bags that you take with you
2 Loose clothes are baggy. 2 If you love something, you when you travel.
loosen (VERB) like it or enjoy it a lot. I love
If you loosen something, strawberry ice cream!
you make it less tight.
lovely
lose ADJECTIVE lovelier, loveliest
VERB loses, losing, lost Something that is lovely is
1 When you lose something, you very nice.
cannot find it. I’ve lost my shoe.
2 If you lose a game or battle, low
you are defeated. ADJECTIVE lower, lowest

luggage
Something that is low is
lost near the ground.
ADJECTIVE lower (VERB)
If something is lost, you cannot When you lower something,
find it and don’t know where it is. you move it nearer to the lump
ground. The crane lowered NOUN lumps
lot the roof into position. A lump of something is a piece
NOUN lots of it. He molded the lump of
If you have a lot of things, lower case clay into a teapot.
you have a large number or ADJECTIVE
a large amount. Lower case letters are small lunar
letters, not capital letters. ADJECTIVE
lottery Lunar means to do with the
NOUN lotteries loyal moon. You can see some lunar
A lottery is a game in which ADJECTIVE rocks in the museum.
people win a prize if they choose If you are loyal to someone,
the right numbers. What would you keep supporting them. lunch
you do if you won the lottery? NOUN lunches
luck Lunch is a meal that you eat
loud NOUN in the middle of the day.
ADJECTIVE louder, loudest Luck is something that
Something that is loud makes happens by chance. It was lung
a lot of noise. bad luck that it started to rain. NOUN lungs
loudly (ADVERB) luckily (ADVERB) Your lungs are the organs
If you speak loudly, you speak If something happens luckily, inside your body that you
in a loud voice. something good happens by use for breathing.
chance. I lost my phone, but
lounge luckily I found it again. luxury
VERB lounged, lounging lucky (ADJECTIVE) NOUN luxuries
To relax or be lazy. She lounged If you are lucky, something good A luxury is something
on the sofa after playing soccer happens to you by chance. I think expensive that you do
all afternoon. we were lucky to win that game! not really need.
122
 male

magic
NOUN
When someone does magic,

ic
they do clever things that seem

ag
to be impossible.

magician
NOUN magicians
m
A magician is someone who
has magical powers or does
clever magic tricks.

Midday magnet
NOUN magnets majority
A magnet is a piece of iron NOUN majorities
that attracts metals with A majority is most people. The
iron or steel in them. majority of us voted to have
magnetic (ADJECTIVE) longer playtimes.
Something that is magnetic
is a magnet. make
VERB makes, making, made
machine magnificent 1 When you make something,
NOUN machines ADJECTIVE you build it or create it. Let’s
A machine has moving parts Something that is magnificent make a snowman!
and uses power to make things is wonderful. The castle is a 2 If you make someone do
or do a job. magnificent old building. something, you force them to do
it. Our teacher made us clean up.
mad mail 3 If you make up a story or
ADJECTIVE madder, maddest NOUN name, you invent it.
1 If you are mad, you are Mail is letters and parcels that
very angry. are delivered to people’s homes makeup
2 Someone who is mad is crazy and offices. NOUN
or very silly. You’re mad to ☛ Be careful with spelling: When you wear makeup, you
swim in the sea in the winter! mail A postman delivers the mail. wear colors on your face to
3 If you are mad about male Is your guinea pig male make yourself look nice or
something, you like it a lot. or female? to make yourself look different.
My sister’s mad about animals.
main male
made ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE
☛ See make. The main thing is the most Most male animals cannot
important one. produce eggs or give birth to
magazine babies.
NOUN magazines major ☛ Be careful with spelling:
A magazine is a thin book with ADJECTIVE male Is your guinea pig male or
pictures and stories. Magazines A major thing is big and female?
are often produced once a week important. Scientists have made mail A postman delivers the
or once a month. a major discovery. mail.
123
mammal

mammal mango map

NOUN mammals NOUN mangoes NOUN maps
A mammal is an animal that A mango is a large fruit with A map is a drawing of a place.
has hair on its body and is golden-yellow flesh that grows in Maps show where towns and
warm-blooded. Female hot countries. My dad makes cities, roads, rivers, and
mammals feed their young delicious mango smoothies. mountains are.
with milk. Cows, lions, whales,
and people are all mammals. manner marathon
NOUN manners NOUN marathons
man 1 The manner in which you A marathon is a very long
NOUN men do something is the way in running race. A marathon
A man is an adult male person. which you do it. My next-door is 26 miles 385 yards
neighbor always greets me in (42.19 km) long.
manage a friendly manner.
VERBmanages, managing, 2 Your manners are the way marble
managed you behave when you are with NOUN marbles
1 The person who manages a other people. It’s bad manners 1 Marble is a hard stone that
store or business is in charge of to shout across the room. people sometimes use for building.
it. She manages a store and has 2 Marbles are small, glass balls
two assistants to help her. many that children play with.
2 If you manage to do ADJECTIVE
ts of multicolored m
something, you do it even Many means a large
on lo ar
though it is difficult. We number of people or Iw bl
es
managed to swim across the bay. things. There were so .
manager (NOUN) many people at the
A manager is someone who is carnival that I couldn’t
in charge of a store or business. find my sister.

Marine life
clownfish Spectacular marine life
makes its home in the sea.
jel

ly
fish
grape coral
ab
brain coral it cr
r m
angelfish he
 mask

march mark marsupial

VERB marches, marching, NOUN marks NOUN marsupials
marched 1 A mark is a scratch or stain on A marsupial is an animal that
When you march, you walk something. There were some dirty carries its babies in a special
with quick, regular steps, like marks on his clothes. pouch. Kangaroos and koalas
a soldier. The band marched 2 Your mark in a test is the are marsupials.
in time to the music. number you get that shows
how well you have done. marvelous
margarine ADJECTIVE
NOUN market Something that is marvelous is
Margarine is a soft substance NOUN markets very good. This is a marvelous
made from vegetable oils. You A market is a place with stalls new invention!
spread it on bread like butter. where you can buy things.
mash
margin marmalade VERB mashes, mashing,
NOUN margins NOUN marmalades mashed
A margin is an empty space Marmalade is jam made from When you mash food, you crush
with no writing at the side of fruit such as oranges and lemons. it so that it becomes soft and
a piece of paper. smooth. My brother’s favorite
marry food is mashed potatoes.
marine VERB marries, marrying,
ADJECTIVE married mask
Marine animals live in the sea. When you marry someone, you NOUN masks
Marine life is life in the sea. become their husband or wife. You wear a mask over your
We saw brightly colored fish and married (ADJECTIVE) face to hide it or protect it.
other amazing marine animals Someone who is married has My sister and I wore scary
when we went snorkeling. a husband, or wife. masks at Halloween.

turtle sea horse

mullet an emone
sea

lobster
r
be

cu m
cu
se a
massive

massive matter meal

ADJECTIVE VERB matters, mattered NOUN meals
Something that is massive If something matters, it is When you have a meal, you
is very big. They used a important. If it does not eat food. What time do you
massive crane to lift the matter, it is not important. have your evening meal?
ship out of the water. Don’t worry, it doesn’t matter
if you lose the game. mean
mat VERB means, meaning, meant
NOUN mats mattress 1 If you ask what something
1 A mat is a small carpet. NOUN mattresses means, you want someone
2 A table mat is a small piece The mattress on a bed is the to explain it to you.
of material or wood that soft, thick part that you lie on. 2 If you mean what you are
you put under a hot plate saying, you are not joking.
on a table. maximum ADJECTIVE meaner, meanest
NOUN 3 If someone is mean, they
match The maximum number or do something unkind or
NOUN matches amount is the biggest possible. unpleasant. That was a
1 A match is a game between This box holds a maximum mean trick!
two teams of people. I’m of 12 pencils. 4 Someone who is mean
playing in a tennis match does not like to spend money
on Saturday. may or give things to people. He
2 A match is a small stick that VERB was too mean to buy us an
you strike against a rough 1 You ask if you may do ice cream.
surface to make a flame. something when you are asking
VERB matches, matching, permission to do it. Please meaning
matched may we go outside to play? NOUN meanings
3 If things match, they look 2 If something may happen, The meaning of something
the same or go well together. it is possible that it will is what it is about or what it
This jacket matches my happen. It may rain later. means. She didn’t understand
pants. the meaning of the joke.
mayor
material NOUN mayors meanwhile
NOUN materials A mayor is a person who ADVERB
1 Material is cloth. My costume has been chosen to be in Meanwhile means while
was made of a shiny material. charge of a town or city. something else is happening.
2 A material is something
that you use to make or maze measure
build things. Wood is a NOUN mazes VERB measures, measuring,
good material to use to A maze is a system of measured
build a tree house. paths in which it is When you measure something,
difficult to find your you find out how big it is.
mathematics
e maze.

way around. Can you help me measure

NOUN my height?
Mathematics is the subject measurement (NOUN)
I got lost in t h
in which you study numbers A measurement is a number

126
and shapes. Mathematics
is often called math. maze or result that you get when
you measure something.
 men

melt
VERB melts, melting,
melted
When something melts, it

m e da l turns from a solid into a

liquid because it has become
hot. Chocolate will melt if
you leave it in sunlight.

g brave.
War m
member
meat NOUN members

bein
NOUN eda A member of a club is a person
Meat is the part of an who belongs to it. You can
f

or
are
ls
animal that we can eat. given to people only use the tennis courts if you
☛ Be careful with spelling: are a member of the tennis club.
meat Some people don’t eat meat. meet
meet Let’s meet in the park. VERB meets, meeting, met memory
When you meet someone, NOUN memories
medal you see them and talk to 1 If you have a good
NOUN medals them. I’ll meet you at the memory, you can remember
A medal is a round piece cinema at six o’clock. things easily. If you do not
of metal on a ribbon that is have a good memory, you
given to you when you win a megabyte forget things.
competition or when you have NOUN megabytes 2 Your memories are things
done something very brave. You say how big a computer’s that you remember from
memory is by saying how the past. The photos brought
media many megabytes it has. back happy memories of
NOUN our vacation.
The media is television, melon
radio, and newspapers. NOUN melons men
A melon is a large, round fruit ☛ See man.
medical with a tough skin and soft,
ADJECTIVE sweet flesh.
Medical problems or treatments
me
lo
are to do with people’s health.

medicine
NOUN medicines
n

Medicine is a special liquid

or pill that you take to make
you better when you are ill.
Mel

medium
on

ADJECTIVE
sh

Something that is medium ve

a

is not very big and not very swe

e t, juicy fles
small. It is in the middle. h.
127
mend

mend merry meter

VERBmends, mending, ADJECTIVE merrier, merriest NOUN meters
mended If you are merry, you are When you say how long
If you mend something that happy and cheerful. The room something is using the metric
is broken, you fix it. was filled with merry laughter. system, you say how many
meters it is. A kilometer
mental mess is the same as 1,000 meters.
ADJECTIVE NOUN messes
When you do mental arithmetic, If a place is in a mess, it is dirty method
you do sums in your head, or untidy. There was a lot of mess NOUN methods
without writing them down. after they had finished cooking. The method you use to
messy (ADJECTIVE) do something is the way
mention If a place is messy, it is dirty in which you do it.
VERB mentions, mentioning, or untidy. Your bedroom is
mentioned always messy! mice
If you mention something, See mouse.
you talk about it a little bit message
but not very much. NOUN messages microchip
If you leave a message for NOUN microchips
menu someone, you leave some A microchip is a small piece
NOUN menus written or recorded words for of equipment that carries
1 The menu in a restaurant them to tell them something. information a computer can read.
is the list of things you can
buy to eat there. met microphone
2 A menu on a computer See meet. NOUN microphones
is a list of things you can You speak or sing into a
choose from. metal microphone to make your
NOUN metals voice sound louder.
mercy A metal is a hard substance
NOUN that is found in rocks. Iron, microscope
If you show mercy to gold, and copper are all metals. NOUN microscopes
someone, you do not hurt A microscope is a piece of
or punish them. meteorite equipment that you can look
NOUN meteorites through to make very small
mermaid A meteorite is a piece of rock things look bigger.
NOUN mermaids that falls to Earth from space
In stories, a mermaid is a without burning up. A piece of
sea creature that has the rock that burns up as it enters
body of a woman and the Earth’s atmosphere is
the tail of a fish. called a meteor.

ice Three little

mi
ce
m

scam
pering along

128
 mine

microwave mile millimeter

NOUN NOUN miles NOUN millimeters
A microwave is an oven that When you say how far You can measure how long
cooks food quickly by passing away a place is, you say something is by saying how
electrical waves through it. how many miles away it is. many millimeters it is. You
use millimeters for measuring
midday milk short lengths.
NOUN NOUN
Midday is 12 o’clock in the Milk is the white liquid that million
middle of the day. mammals produce to feed NOUN millions
their babies. You can use A million is a thousand
middle cow’s milk to make butter, thousands (1,000,000).
NOUN middles cream, yogurt, and cheese.
The middle of something is the millionaire
part near the center. His house is milkshake NOUN millionaires
in the middle of a forest. NOUN milkshakes A millionaire is a very rich
A milkshake is a sweet drink person who has money and
midnight that is made with milk. property worth more than
NOUN a million pounds or dollars.
Midnight is 12 o’clock at night. millennium
NOUN millennia or mime
might millenniums VERB mimes, miming, mimed
VERB A millennium is one When you mime, you pretend
If something might happen, thousand years. to do an action without
it is possible that it will happen. speaking.
It might snow later.
mind
migrate
VERB migrates, migrating,
milkshak NOUN minds
1 Your mind is the way that you
migrated
e

think and remember things.

When people or animals 2 If you change your mind,
A delicious strawber

migrate, they move from you change something that

one place to another, over you had already decided. I’ve
long distances. The whales changed my mind—I don’t want
migrated thousands of to go shopping now.
miles to find food. VERB minds, minding, minded
migrant (NOUN) 3 If you mind about something,
A migrant is someone who it annoys you or upsets you. If
ry

has moved to live in a different you do not mind, it does not

milk

country. bother you. I don’t mind if

you borrow my phone.
mild
sh

milder, mildest mine

ak

ADJECTIVE
mines
e

1 A mild soap or shampoo NOUN

is not very strong and A mine is a deep hole in the
will not hurt your skin. ground where coal or metals
2 Mild weather is warm. are dug out of rock.
129
minor

minor mischief mistake

ADJECTIVE NOUN NOUN mistakes
A minor thing is not very If you get into mischief, you If you make a mistake, you
important. do silly things or play tricks do something wrong.
on people for fun.
mint mischievous (ADJECTIVE) mix
NOUN mints Someone who is mischievous VERB mixes, mixing, mixed
A mint is a type of candy. likes to have fun by playing If you mix things together, you
tricks on people. The boy had put them together.
minus a mischievous look in his eye.
Minus is a word you use mixture
when you are taking one miserable NOUN mixtures
number away from another ADJECTIVE A mixture is a number of different
number. The symbol for If you are miserable, you things that you have put or
minus is “–”. Eight minus are very sad. mixed together.
five equals three.
moan
A fi

minute VERB moans,

sh

NOUN minutes moaning,

m

A minute is 60 seconds. There moaned

ob

are 60 minutes in an hour. If you moan

ile

miss about something, you

ha

minute
ng

VERB misses, complain about it.

sf

missing, missed
ro

ADJECTIVE
mobile
m

Something that is 1 If you miss

a

mobiles
ho

minute is very small. something, you do NOUN

ok

not hit it when you 1 A mobile is a toy for a baby.

.

miracle are trying to. He threw You put it high up, and small
NOUN miracles the ball at the target, things hang down from it and
If something that but he missed it. move around in the air.
happens is a miracle, 2 If you miss ADJECTIVE
it is wonderful because someone, you are 2 If something is mobile, you
you did not think that sad because they can move it around.
it was possible. are not there.
3 If you miss school, you mobile phone
mirror do not go to school. I NOUN mobile phones
NOUN mirrors missed a lot of school A mobile phone is a phone that
A mirror is a shiny piece of days when I was ill. you can carry around with you.
glass. When you look into a
mirror, you see yourself. mist model
NOUN mists NOUN models
misbehave Mist is a cloud that hangs in 1 A model is a small copy of
VERB misbehaves, the air close to the ground and something. He likes model
misbehaving, misbehaved makes it difficult to see things. airplanes.
If someone misbehaves, misty (ADJECTIVE) 2 A model is someone who
they behave in a bad When it is misty, there is mist wears clothes to show people
or naughty way. in the air. what they will look like.
130
 more

modern monster Moon / moon

ADJECTIVE NOUN monsters NOUN moons
Something that is modern is In stories, a monster is a very You can see the Moon
new and uses the latest ideas. big, fierce creature. shining in the sky at
night. The Moon moves
modest month around the Earth once
ADJECTIVE NOUN months every 28 days. Some
Someone who is modest does not A month is a period of other planets in our
like boasting about good things time between 28 and 31 days. Solar System also
that they have done. There are 12 months in a year. have moons.
December is my favorite month of
mole the year.
NOUN moles
mood

n?
1 A mole is a small, furry animal D
oy oo
that lives in underground tunnels. NOUN moods M
Moles eat worms and insects and If you are in a good mood,
ou
thin n t he
k there’s a man i
they are almost blind. you are happy. If you are
2 A mole is a small, dark patch in a bad mood, you are angry. mop
on your skin. moody (ADJECTIVE) NOUN mops
Someone who is moody is often You use a mop for cleaning
moment angry and upset. floors. A mop has a long handle
NOUN moments and bits of soft material on the
A moment is a short time. end, which you rub over the floor.
I’ll be back in a moment.

nkey more
money
NOUN o ADJECTIVE
If you have more of something,
m

Money is the coins and you have a greater

bills that you use to amount. She’s
buy things. got more cake
than me!
monitor
NOUN monitors
A monitor is a computer
screen.

monkey
NOUN monkeys
A monkey is a small
animal that is found in
s
many countries. Most ievou
sch
m

mi
monkeys live in trees
on

A
key

and eat fruit, although

some eat insects and
liv

other small animals.

es

n
th
i

We saw three kinds of et

ree
monkey at the zoo. .
131
morning

morning motif mouth

NOUN mornings NOUN NOUN mouths
The morning is the early part A motif is a pattern or design 1 Your mouth is the opening
of the day, ending at midday. that is used in art. in your face that you use for
eating and talking.
mosque motor 2 The mouth of a river is the
NOUN mosques NOUN motors place where it meets the sea.
A mosque is a building where A motor is a machine that
I love riding
Muslims go to pray. gives power to something my
so that it can move or work. speedy otorbike.
m
mosquito
NOUN mosquitoes or motorbike
mosquitos NOUN motorbikes
A mosquito is a small insect A motorbike is a bike
like a fly. Mosquitoes can bite with a motor, or
you, and some mosquitoes an engine.

moto
carry serious diseases.
mountain
most NOUN mountains
ADJECTIVE A mountain is a rbike move
The most is the greatest very high hill. VERB moves, moving, moved
amount. The player with the 1 When something moves, it goes
most points is the winner. mouse from one place to another.
NOUN mice 2 When you move something,
moth 1 A mouse is a you take it from one place
NOUN moths small, furry animal to another.
A moth is an with a long tail. Mice have
insect that large front teeth, which they movie
looks like a use to gnaw food. NOUN movies
butterfly and 2 The mouse on a computer A movie is a film that you watch.
flies around is the part that you move
at night. around with your hand to mow
move things on the screen. VERB mows, mowing, mowed
mother When you mow grass, you cut it.
NOUN mothers moustache
Your mother is NOUN moustaches much
your female A man’s moustache is hair ADJECTIVE
parent. that grows on his top lip Much means a lot. We don’t have
if he does not shave. much money left.

Moth he lamp. mud

s f lutter around t NOUN
Mud is soil that has become
wet and sticky.
muddy (ADJECTIVE)
Something that is muddy is
covered with mud.
 myth

muddle museum must

NOUN muddles NOUN museums VERB
If things are in a muddle, they A museum is a place where you If you must do something,
are untidy or not well organized. can go to see interesting things you have to do it. You
from the past. must pay before you go
muffin into the game.
NOUN muffins mushroom
A muffin is a small cake. NOUN mushrooms mustard
A mushroom is like a plant with NOUN
mug no leaves that grows in the wild. Mustard is a spicy sauce
NOUN mugs You can eat some types of that you eat with meat.
A mug is a large cup. mushroom, but other types
are poisonous. mutter
multiply mushroom VERB mutters, muttering,
VERB multiplies, multiplying, muttered
multiplied If you mutter, you talk in
When you multiply a number, a low voice. I can’t hear
you add it to itself several when you mutter.
times. The symbol for multiply
is “x.” Nine multiplied by mystery
five equals 45. NOUN mysteries
If something is a mystery,
murder music people cannot understand
VERB murders, murdering, NOUN or explain it. His disappearance
murdered You make music by singing is still a mystery.
To murder someone means or playing instruments. mysterious (ADJECTIVE)
to kill them deliberately. musical (ADJECTIVE) If something is mysterious,
A musical instrument is an people cannot understand
murmur instrument you use to play it or explain it.
VERBmurmurs, murmuring, music.
murmured musician (NOUN) myth
If you murmur, you speak in A musician is someone who sings NOUN myths
a low, quiet voice. or plays a musical instrument. A myth is a very old
story, often involving
muscle Muslim gods and magic.
NOUN muscles NOUN Muslims
Your muscles are the strong A Muslim is someone whose
parts that cover your bones and religion is Islam.
help you to move and lift things.

p et.
some beautiful music on her tr u m
yed
pla
he

u sic
S

m 133
nail

nap naughty
NOUN naps ADJECTIVE naughtier,
If you have a nap, you have naughtiest
a short sleep. Someone who is naughty
behaves badly.
narrator
NOUN narrators navy
A narrator is a person who NOUN
tells a story. 1 The navy is the part of the
military that fights at sea.
narrow 2 Navy blue is a very dark
ADJECTIVE narrower, blue color.

need e
narrowest
Something that is narrow is near
not very wide. We climbed up PREPOSITION
the narrow mountain path. If you are near a place, you
are close to it. They live near
nasty the airport.
ADJECTIVE nastier,
nastiest nearly
Someone who is nasty is ADVERB
unkind to others. Don’t be Nearly means almost.
nasty to your sister! It’s nearly bedtime.

nation neat
NOUN nations ADJECTIVE neater, neatest
A nation is a country. If something is neat, it is
national (ADJECTIVE) tidy and not messy.
nail Something that is national neatly (ADVERB)
NOUN nails involves a whole country. If you arrange things neatly,
1 A nail is a long, thin, We took part in a national you arrange them in a
pointed piece of metal that tennis tournament. tidy way.
you hammer into pieces of
wood to fasten them together. natural necessary
2 Your nails are the hard ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE
parts on the ends of your Something that is natural If something is necessary,
fingers and toes. is made by nature, not you need to have it or do it.
by people. Wool is a It is necessary to clean your
naked natural material. teeth every day.
ADJECTIVE ☛ Opposite: unnecessary
If you are naked, you are nature
not wearing any clothes. NOUN neck
Nature is all the things NOUN necks
name in the world that are not Your neck is the part
NOUN names made by people, such as of your body that joins
Your name is what you the weather, animals, your head to the rest
are called. plants, and the sea. of your body.
134
 network

n est
necklace nephew
NOUN necklaces NOUN nephews
A necklace is a chain or string Your nephew is the son of
of beads that you wear around your brother or sister.
your neck as a piece of jewelry.
nervous
nectar ADJECTIVE
NOUN If you are nervous about
Nectar is a sweet liquid inside something, you are slightly
flowers. Bees collect nectar to worried or frightened about
make honey. what is going to happen.
I was nervous about
need singing in the concert.
VERB needs, needing, needed nervously (ADVERB)
If you need something, you If you do something
have to have it. All animals nervously, you do
need food to live. it in a nervous way.
She walked nervously
needle to the front of the
NOUN needles classroom.
1 A needle is a thin, pointed A bir n e st.
nest d lai e r
piece of metal that you use d four eggs in h
for sewing. NOUN nests
2 A knitting needle is a plastic A nest is a home that
or metal stick that you use a bird or animal builds out nestling
for knitting. of leaves, twigs, or grass. NOUN
3 Needles on a pine tree are Crows build their nests rs. A nestling is a young bird
thin, pointed leaves. high up in trees. we that still lives in the nest.
flo
de

neighbor net
i
ins

NOUN neighbors NOUN nets

m
fro

Your neighbors are the people A net is a piece of material

ta
r

who live near you. with a lot of small holes.

nec
neighborhood (NOUN) k
drin People use nets to
ds
Your neighborhood is the
g bir catch fish.
area where you live. m in
H
um nettle
NOUN nettles

nect
A nettle is a plant with
leaves that sting you if

ar
you touch them.

network
NOUN networks
A network is a group
of computers that are all
connected to each other.
135
new

new nice nightgown

ADJECTIVE newer, newest ADJECTIVE nicer, nicest NOUN
1 If something is new, it has 1 Something that is nice is A nightgown is a dress
only just been made or you pleasant. We had a nice day that girls and women wear
have only just bought it. by the sea. to sleep in.
Do you like my new shirt? 2 A nice person is kind to
2 If you go to a new place, you other people. nightmare
go to a place where you have not NOUN nightmares
been before. We’re moving, so I’ll nickname A nightmare is a bad,
be going to a new school. NOUN nicknames frightening dream.
A nickname is a short,
news friendly name that you call nobody
NOUN someone instead of their PRONOUN
The news is information about proper name. William’s Nobody or no one means not
things that are happening in nickname is Bill. a single person.
the world. Do you watch the
news on television? niece nocturnal
NOUN nieces ADJECTIVE
newspaper Your niece is the daughter Nocturnal animals are active
NOUN newspapers of your brother or sister. at night. Bats are nocturnal.
A newspaper is a group
of articles about the news, night nod
printed on paper or published NOUN nights VERB nods, nodding, nodded
on the internet. Night is the time between When you nod your head, you
sunset and sunrise when move it up and down. I asked if
next the sky is dark. she was OK, and she nodded.
ADJECTIVE ☛ Be careful with spelling:
1 The next person or thing is night It’s dark at night. noise
the one that comes straight knight A knight wears armor. NOUN noises
after this one. Who is the next A noise is a sound that you
person in the line? can hear, especially a loud,
2 The next room or house uts. unpleasant one. He was
n
l i ng
is the one nearest to you. making a lot of noise.
My brother sleeps in the ib b noisy (ADJECTIVE)
next room. en Something that is noisy
lov

makes a loud noise.

nibble
Chipmunks

VERB nibbles, none

nibbling, nibbled PRONOUN
When you nibble None means not any. I had spent
food, you eat it
l e all my money, so I had none left.
by taking very
small bites.
b nonsense
nib

NOUN
Nonsense is words that have
no meaning. You’re talking
nonsense!
136
 Night life
Many animals are active at night.
Here are some words to describe
night life.

m
oo

brig
!
oo
-t w

ht,
t wit
moths
ril
lia n

b
nt,
owl
d
swo oping
full, shining

noctur
iving
owing

nal
g l

monkey
fireflies bat
bush
baby

!
ak
s e
squ
ady

cha
e

se, creep, follow

ey
big

, sh

hunt, prowl
wy

tiger
do
sha

ick th
RO th rgrow
im, gloomy,

e
AR! und

possum
l!
d

ow
,

gr
k
dar

137
noon

noon note nudge

NOUN NOUN notes VERB nudges, nudging,
Noon is 12 o’clock in the 1 A note is a short message nudged
middle of the day. that you write to someone. If you nudge someone, you
2 A musical note is a single push or poke them gently
normal sound in a piece of music. because you want to get
ADJECTIVE their attention.
If something is normal, it nothing
is how you expect it to be. PRONOUN nuisance
The doctor took my temperature 1 Nothing means not anything. NOUN nuisances
and it was normal. There’s nothing to worry about. A nuisance is something that
2 Nothing is the number zero. annoys you.
north
NOUN notice numb
North is one of the directions NOUN notices ADJECTIVE
on a compass. If you keep going 1 A notice is a sign that you If a part of your body is numb,
north, you will come to the put up on a wall to tell people you cannot feel it.
North Pole, which is the about something.
farthest point north on Earth. 2 If you take notice of number
something, you pay attention NOUN numbers
nose to it. If you take no notice, you A number is a figure that you
NOUN noses do not pay attention. Take no use for counting.
Your nose is the part of your notice of them if they tease you.
face that you smell and breathe VERB notices, noticing, nurse
with. The two holes in your nose noticed NOUN nurses
are called nostrils. 3 If you notice something, you A nurse is someone who
see it or become aware of it. is trained to look after ill
Th
e Did you notice what the man people.
was wearing?
pu

nursery
ppy

noun NOUN nurseries

has a wet n

NOUN nouns 1 A nursery is a place

A noun is a word that is the where young children are
name of something, such as looked after.
“cat,” “paper,” or “happiness.” 2 A nursery is a place where
people grow and sell trees
os

novel
e.

and plants.
NOUN novels
A novel is a book that tells a nut
story. I’ve read all the Harry NOUN nuts
Potter novels. 1 A nut is a hard fruit that
nosy grows on a tree. We can eat
ADJECTIVE nosier, nosiest nowhere some types of nut.
Someone who is nosy tries to ADVERB 2 A nut is a small piece of
find out about things that do Nowhere means not in any metal with a hole in it that
not concern them. Don’t be place. There was nowhere you can twist onto a bolt to
so nosy! to hide. fasten something.
138
 octagon

obey occur
VERB obeys, obeying, obeyed VERB occurs, occurring,
When you obey someone, you occurred
do what they have told you 1 When something occurs,
to do. it happens. When did the
obedient (ADJECTIVE) accident occur?
If you are obedient, you do 2 If something occurs to you,
what you have been told to you think of it.
do. What an obedient dog!
ocean
object NOUN oceans
NOUN objects An ocean is a very large sea.
1 An object is anything
you can see or touch that o’clock
is not alive. ADVERB
2 The object of a sentence is You say what time it is
the person or thing that receives by saying what number it is
oc t
oc t the action of the verb. “An o’clock. We must leave the house
op

o
oc apple” is the object in the sentence: by three o’clock.
opu
c
us

The boy ate an apple.

o o
t

octagon
o

s
top
octo
o p us

oc p u
c

oblong
c

NOUN octagons
t
t

oblongs
top u

An octagon is a shape with

us
op u

NOUN
An oblong is a shape that has eight straight sides.
p

four straight sides. An oblong

s s
c l o c
s
k
is not square, but has two long

’
u

o
s sides and two short sides.

obstacle
oak NOUN obstacles
NOUN oaks An obstacle is something
An oak is a type of large tree. that gets in your way.
Oak trees produce nuts that He had to jump over ten
are known as acorns. obstacles to win the race.

oar obvious
NOUN oars ADJECTIVE
Oars are long poles with flat If something is obvious,
ends that you use for rowing you can see or understand
a boat. it very easily. It was
obvious that he was
oats not telling the truth.
NOUN obviously (ADVERB)
Oats are grown as a crop If something is obviously
by farmers. Oats are cooked true, you can easily see
with water or milk to make a that it is true. She was
breakfast dish called oatmeal. obviously very nervous.
139
octopus

octopus ointment only

NOUN octopuses NOUN ointments ADJECTIVE
An octopus is a sea animal with An ointment is a substance that An only child has no brothers
eight long arms called tentacles. you put on your skin when it is or sisters.
sore to make it better.
odd open
odder, oddest opens, opening, opened

Wh
ADJECTIVE VERB
1 Something that is odd is 1 When you open a door, you

ya
strange. He wore odd clothes! move it to go through it.

re y
2 Odd socks or shoes do not 2 When you open something,
go together as a pair. you take the lid or wrapping

ou
3 An odd number cannot be off it. May I open my
odd

wea
divided by two. Three and seven presents now?
are odd numbers. ADJECTIVE

rin
od 3 Something that is open is

g
of fer not closed or shut. Come in,

d
VERB offers, offering, offered the door is open.

soc
If you offer something to

k
operation

s?
someone, you ask them if they
want it. He offered her grapes. old NOUN operations
ADJECTIVE older, oldest If you have an operation,
of f ice 1 Something that is old was doctors cut open your body
NOUN offices made a long time ago. We found to remove something or make
An office is a place where some old toys in the attic. something better.
people work at desks. 2 Someone who is old has lived
for a long time. My grandma is opinion
of ficer very old now. NOUN opinions
NOUN officers Your opinion is what you think
1 An officer is a member of old-fashioned about something. In my opinion,
the police. ADJECTIVE he is the best golfer in the world.
2 In the army, navy, or airforce, Something that is old-fashioned
an officer is someone who gives is not new or modern. He drives oppor tunity
orders to other people. an old-fashioned car. NOUN opportunities
An opportunity is a chance
of ten onion to do something interesting or
ADVERB NOUN onions exciting. He had the opportunity
Often means many times. We An onion is a round vegetable to go to Europe for the summer.
often go swimming at the weekend. with a strong taste and smell.
The smell of onions sometimes
on

oil makes your eyes water.

NOUN
online
ions

1 Oil is a thick, black liquid that

is found underground. We use oil ADJECTIVE
to make gasoline and plastics. When you are online, you
2 Oil is a thick, clear liquid used are working on a computer
in cooking. It comes from plant that is connected to the
seeds or the fruit of olive trees. internet.
140
 organize

opposite orchard organ

NOUN opposites NOUN orchards NOUN organs
1 The opposite of something An orchard is a field or large 1 An organ is a musical
is the thing that is most area of land in a garden where instrument with a keyboard
different from it. Tall is the fruit trees are grown. and large air pipes.
opposite of short. 2 The organs in your body are
ADJECTIVE orchestra the parts such as your heart,
2 The opposite side is the other NOUN orchestras brain, and liver that each do
side. I saw my friend on the An orchestra is a large group a particular job.
opposite side of the river. of musicians who play a wide
variety of different musical organic
optician instruments together. They are ADJECTIVE
NOUN opticians directed by a conductor. Organic food is grown in a
An optician is someone who tests natural way, without using
people’s eyes and sells glasses. order strong chemicals.
NOUN orders
optimistic 1 If you give someone an order, organize
ADJECTIVE you tell them that they must do VERB organizes, organizing,
If you are optimistic, you think something. organized
that something good will happen. 2 The order things are in is 1 If you organize something,
the way they are arranged one you plan it and arrange for
oral after the other. The words in this it to happen. We helped to
ADJECTIVE dictionary are in alphabetical organize the school party.
An oral test is one in which order. 2 When you organize things,
you listen and speak, but do VERB orders, ordering, ordered you arrange them neatly.

angutan
not write things down. 3 If you order someone

orange
NOUN oranges
to do something, you
tell them they must
do it. “Stand still!” o r
1 An orange is a juicy fruit he ordered.
with a tough skin. 4 If you order
ADJECTIVE something in a
2 Something that is orange store or restaurant,
is the color you make by mixing you ask for it. We
red and yellow. ordered a pizza
for dinner.
orangutan
NOUN orangutans ordinary
An orangutan is a large ape with ADJECTIVE
long fur that lives in tropical Something that
forests in Southeast Asia. is ordinary is not
different or special Or
an
orbit or particularly gu
tan s
VERB orbits, orbiting, orbited interesting in any way. live
To orbit a planet, moon, or the Everything was very quiet: in
Sun, means to travel around nothing out of the ordinary
tre
e

it. The Earth orbits the Sun. happened.

s.
original

original outside overweight

ADJECTIVE NOUN ADJECTIVE
Something that is original is The outside of something Someone who is overweight
new and has not been copied. is the part at the edge, not is too heavy.
the part in the middle. They
orphan painted the outside of the owe
NOUN orphans house green. VERB owes, owing, owed
An orphan is a child whose If you owe money to someone,
parents have died. oval they have lent it to you and you
NOUN ovals need to pay it back. My brother
ostrich An oval is a shape that looks owes me money.
NOUN ostriches like a long circle.
An ostrich is a tall bird from owl
Africa that can run very fast oven NOUN owls
but cannot fly. NOUN ovens An owl is a bird that hunts
An oven is the part of a stove in at night for mice and other
other which you can bake cakes and small animals. Owls have good
ADJECTIVE roast meat. hearing and can see well in
The other person or thing the dark.
is the second one. I’ve found overboard
one sock, but I can’t find the ADVERB own
other one. If someone falls overboard, VERB owns, owning, owned
they fall out of a boat into If you own something, it belongs
otter the water. to you. Do you own a bicycle?
NOUN otters owner (NOUN)
An otter is a furry animal overhear The owner of something is the
with a long tail. Otters live VERB overhears, person it belongs to. Who is the
near water and catch overhearing, overheard owner of this store?
fish to eat. If you overhear something, you
hear other people talking about oxygen
ought it. I overheard her say that she NOUN
VERB failed the math test. Oxygen is a gas that is in the
If you ought to do something, air around us. You cannot see,
you should do it. You ought overseas smell, or taste oxygen. Living
to go to bed now. ADVERB things need oxygen in
If you go overseas, order to live.
outdoors you go to another
ADVERB country. My father
Outdoors means not inside a travels a lot overseas.
building. If the weather is good
ow

we usually play outdoors in overtake

the summer. VERB overtakes,
overtaking, overtook,
l

outline overtaken
NOUN outlines If you overtake someone, you
The outline of something go past them so that you are
is its shape. in front of them.
142
 pair

packet pail
NOUN packets NOUN pails
A packet is a box or bag that A pail is a bucket.
you buy things in. ☛ Be careful with spelling:
pail He was carrying a pail
pad of water.
NOUN pads pale Are you OK? You look a
1 A pad of paper is a set of little pale.
sheets that are joined together
at one end. pain
2 A helicopter pad is a place NOUN pains
where helicopters land and If you have a pain, a part of
take off. your body hurts.
painful (ADJECTIVE)
paddle If a part of your body is painful,

py
NOUN paddles it hurts.
1 A paddle is a special pole with
flat ends that you use to move paint
a boat or canoe through water. NOUN paints
VERB paddles, paddling, 1 Paint is a colored liquid that
paddled you use for making pictures or
2 When you paddle, you walk decorating walls.
around in shallow water. VERB paints, painting, painted
2 When you paint, you make
a picture or decorate a wall
with paint.
pack painter (NOUN)
NOUN packs A painter is someone who
1 A pack of animals is a large paints pictures or decorates
group of them. A pack of dogs buildings with paint.
roams the woods. painting (NOUN)
2 A pack of cards is a set A painting is a picture
of cards that you use for that someone has painted.
s.

playing games.
nt

packs, packing, packed pair

ai

VERB p
3 When you pack things,
l ored NOUN pairs
o
you put them into a suitcase He p
re nt-c A pair is two things that belong
or a box so that you can take ainted ith diffe together.
w
them somewhere. ☛ Be careful with spelling:
page pair I need a new pair of shoes.
package NOUN pages pear You can have an apple or
NOUN packages A page is one side of a piece of a pear.
A package is a parcel. paper in a book or magazine, or
a n e w pa
packaging (NOUN) one screen on a website.
t
gh

ir

Packaging is the paper or box

She bou

paid
of

that something is wrapped in

shoes.

when you buy it. ☛ See pay.

143
palace

palace panda pants

NOUN palaces NOUN pandas NOUN
A palace is a large house where A panda is a large black and Pants are an outer garment that
a king or queen lives. white animal in the bear family covers each leg separately.
that lives in the mountain forests
pale of China. Pandas mainly eat paper
ADJECTIVE paler, palest bamboo shoots. NOUN papers
1 A pale color is not very dark Paper is a thin material made
or bright. She was wearing pale panic from wood, which you use for
blue trousers. VERB panics, panicking, writing and drawing on.
2 If you look pale, you look panicked
white because you are ill. If you panic, you feel so parachute
☛ Be careful with spelling: frightened that you cannot NOUN parachutes
pale Are you OK? You look a think what you should do. A parachute is a large piece of
bit pale. I panicked when I realized I cloth that opens over someone’s
pail He was carrying a pail got on the wrong train. head when they jump out of a
of water. plane. A parachute stops you
pant falling too quickly.
palm VERB pants, panting, panted
NOUN palms When you pant, you breathe parade
1 The palm of your hand is quickly through your mouth NOUN parades
the inside part of your hand. because you are out of breath. A parade is a line of people
2 A palm tree is a type of We were all panting by the time marching in the street to
tree that mainly grows in we got to the top of the hill. celebrate something.
hot countries.
paragraph
pan NOUN paragraphs
NOUN pans A paragraph is one section
A pan is a metal container in a long piece of writing. You
that you cook food in. begin each paragraph on a
new line.
pancake
NOUN pancakes parallel
.
ake

A pancake is a flat cake ADJECTIVE

made of eggs, flour, and Parallel lines continue side by
nc

ke

milk, that you cook in a side, always the same distance

pa

frying pan. To turn it away from each other.

ca

n
sa

over, you can toss it.

a
os

T
p parcel
NOUN parcels
pantomime A parcel is something that is
NOUN pantomimes wrapped up in paper.
A pantomime is a traditional
play that children often watch parent
at Christmas. A pantomime tells NOUN parents
a fairy story and has music, Your parents are your father
singing, and jokes. and mother.
144
 o p e n air
At the park di s k
There are lots of things to see
and do in a park.
ing

fly
playgrou
n b
m t hr t
ca fun
d

cli
o gam

ch
g reen

, k i b a ll
es

w
.. .
c k,
a
a rs
yb
n ke
o
m

d e
s li
hanging

run
ingin
g see jump
w -sa
w
s

e e t frie n d s
m
sk

dog
a t e b o a rd

tch
The park is...
ks

grassy, leafy,
tri c

fe
airy
do

You can... chat, laugh, joke

play, have a picnic path
f l ower pl a n t
s

s
145
park

park passage paste

NOUN parks NOUN passages VERB pastes, pasting, pasted
1 A park is an area of grass A passage is a corridor. When you paste something
and trees, where people can An underground passage into a computer document,
go to sit or play. leads to the beach. you add it after you have cut
VERB parks, parking, parked it from another document or
2 When you park a car, you passenger from somewhere else in the
leave it in a safe place. NOUN passengers same document.
The passengers in a vehicle
parrot are the people who are traveling pastry
NOUN parrots in it but are not driving it. NOUN
A parrot is a large, colorful bird Pastry is a mixture made of
that lives in tropical forests and Passover flour, water, and fat that is
eats fruits and seeds. NOUN baked to make pies and tarts.
Passover is a Jewish festival
part that takes place in the spring. pat
NOUN parts VERB pats, patting, patted
One part of something is one passport When you pat an animal, you
bit or piece of it. I really liked NOUN passports touch it gently.
the first part of the film. A passport is an official
document that allows you to patch
partner travel to different countries. NOUN patches
NOUN partners A patch is a small piece of
1 Your partner is the person you past material that you sew over
work or do an activity with. NOUN a hole in your clothes.
2 Someone’s partner is a person The past is the time that has
they are in a relationship with. already gone. In the past, some path
people lived in castles. NOUN paths
party 1 A path is a narrow track
NOUN parties pasta that you can walk along.
When people have a party, NOUN 2 A path can be the direction
they come together to have Pasta is an Italian food made that something moves. He
fun and celebrate something. from flour and water. Pasta followed the path of
is made into a lot of different the tornado.
pass shapes, and you usually eat
VERB passes, passing, passed it with sauce.
1 When you pass something,
you go past it. You will pass the
school on your way to the station. a sta.
2 If you pass something to ap ed p
sh
someone, you give it to them.
ren t-
fe
d if
asta
Please could you pass me a pencil?
3 When you pass the ball to o f
someone in a game, you throw
it or kick it to them. p a
lot
is

4 If you pass an exam, you are

ere
Th

successful in it.
146
 peck

atter
The sha pes
patient peanut

ma

n
NOUN patients NOUN peanuts

ke
1 A patient is someone who Peanuts are small nuts that

ap
is ill and is being treated by grow under the ground.

rett
pattern.

y
a doctor or nurse.
ADJECTIVE pear
2 If you are patient, you NOUN pears
can wait calmly without PC A pear is a fruit that is thin at
getting angry. NOUN PCs one end and round at the other.
☛ Opposite: impatient A PC is a personal computer. Pears have a sweet, juicy flesh.
patiently (ADVERB) ☛ Be careful with spelling:
If you do something patiently, pea pear Take an apple or a pear.
you do it in a patient way. NOUN peas pair I need a new pair of shoes.
We waited patiently for the A pea is a small, round, green
show to begin. vegetable. pearl
NOUN pearls
pattern peace A pearl is a smooth, shiny object
NOUN patterns NOUN that grows inside an oyster.
1 A pattern is a design of When there is peace, there is no Pearls are used to make jewelry.
shapes and colors. war, fighting, or noise.
patterned (ADJECTIVE) peaceful (ADJECTIVE) pebble
2 Something that is patterned A peaceful place is quiet and NOUN pebbles
has a pattern on it. He was makes you feel relaxed. A pebble is a small, smooth,
wearing a bright, patterned shirt. ☛ Be careful with spelling: round stone.
peace Go away and leave me
pause in peace! peck
VERB pauses, pausing, piece Would you like a piece VERB pecks, pecking, pecked
paused of cake? When a bird pecks something,
When you pause, you stop what it hits or bites it with its beak.
peach
k
you are doing for a while.

pavement
NOUN peaches
A peach is a sweet, round
co c display.
NOUN pavements
The pavement is a paved surface
fruit with a soft skin,
yellow flesh, and a ea t so
n a colo
rful

pu
p

that you can walk on. large pit inside.

k
c

paw peacock
a co

paws peacocks
pe

NOUN NOUN
Paws are the soft feet with claws A peacock is a large
A

that animals such as dogs and bird. Male peacocks

cats have. have very long,
colorful tails,
pay with eyelike
VERB pays, paying, paid markings, which
When you pay for something, they can raise
you give someone money for it up in the air
so that you can have it. to display.
peculiar

peculiar pencil percussion

ADJECTIVE NOUN pencils NOUN
Something that is peculiar You use a pencil for writing Percussion instruments are
is strange and not normal. and drawing. It is long and musical instruments that
What’s that peculiar smell? thin, and has a dark material you play by banging
in the middle. them or hitting them.
pedal
NOUN pedals penguin perfect
A pedal is a part of a machine NOUN penguins ADJECTIVE
that you press with your foot A penguin is a large black and Something that is perfect is
to make it go. white bird that cannot fly but just right and has nothing
is a very good swimmer. Most wrong with it.
peel penguins live near the South
VERB peels, peeling, peeled Pole. They swim underwater
When you peel fruit or and catch fish and squid to eat.

pe
vegetables, you remove the skin.

rcu
peep
VERB peeps, peeping, peeped
When you peep at something,

ssi
you look at it quickly.

on
peer
VERB peers, peering, peered
If you peer at something, you
.
look at it carefully for a long encils
of p
time. I peered out into the
t out
darkness, but I couldn’t see anything. u men
i nstr
ion
peg cuss
pegs per
de a
NOUN
a
A peg is a small piece of metal pentagon Sh em
or plastic for hanging things on. NOUN pentagons perform
A pentagon is a shape with VERB performs, performing,
pelican five straight sides. performed
NOUN pelicans When you perform, you put
A pelican is a large waterbird people on a show for other people. We
that lives in warm countries. It ☛ See person. performed a play for our parents.
has a pouch under its beak, which performance (NOUN)
it uses to catch and hold fish. pepper A performance is a play or show
NOUN peppers that you perform for other people.
pen 1 Pepper is a black or white
NOUN pens spice that you add to food to perfume
1 You use a pen for writing. It is give it flavor. NOUN perfumes
long and thin, and filled with ink. 2 A pepper is a bright green, Perfume is a sweet-smelling
2 A pen is a fenced area that is yellow, orange, or red liquid that you put on your
used to keep animals in. vegetable. skin so that you smell nice.
148
 photocopy

perhaps pet photocopy

ADVERB NOUN pets NOUN photocopies
Perhaps means maybe. A pet is a tame animal that you A photocopy is a copy that
keep and look after. you make of a picture or piece
period of writing, by putting it into a
NOUN periods petit four special machine that takes
A period of time is a length NOUN petit fours a photograph of it.
of time. A fortnight is a period A petit four is a small, prettily
of two weeks. decorated cake.

h arao
permission
NOUN
petal
NOUN petals p h
If someone gives you permission Petals are the parts of a flower
to do something, they say that that may have bright colors
you are allowed to do it. The or scent to attract insects.
teacher gave us permission
to go out and play. petrified
ADJECTIVE
person If you are petrified, you are
NOUN persons or people so frightened that you cannot
A person is a man, woman, move. I’m petrified of spiders.
or child.
pharaoh
personal NOUN pharaohs
ADJECTIVE A pharaoh was the head of
Personal things are items that the government and a king
belong just to you. in Ancient Egypt.

persuade phone
VERB persuades, persuading, NOUN phones
persuaded A phone is a machine that
Pharaohs

If you persuade someone to you use to talk to someone

do something, you make them who is in a different place.
agree to do it. We persuaded A phone is also called a
Dad to take us bowling. telephone. A mobile phone is
ruled Egypt

one you carry around with you.

pest
NOUN pests photo
A pest is an insect or animal NOUN photos
for 3,000 years.

that is a nuisance to people. A photo is a picture that you

take with a camera. A photo
pester is also called a photograph.
VERB pesters, pestering, I’ve got loads of photos on
pestered my phone.
If you pester someone, you keep photographer (NOUN)
annoying them until they give A photographer is someone
you something that you want. whose job is taking photos.
149
piano

piano
NOUN pianos
A piano is a large musical
instrument with black and white
keys. You press down the keys to
make different musical notes.

pick
piano
VERB picks, picking, picked
1 When you pick something, picture pigeon
you choose it. Who are you NOUN pictures NOUN pigeons
going to pick to be in your team? A picture is something that you A pigeon is a large bird that
2 When you pick a flower or have drawn or painted. you often see in towns and in
fruit, you take it off the plant the countryside.
where it is growing. pie
3 When you pick something up, NOUN pies pile
you lift it up in your hand. A pie is made with meat or NOUN piles
fruit that is covered in pastry A pile of things is a lot of them
picnic and baked in an oven. all lying on top of each other.
NOUN picnics
When you have a picnic, you piece pill
go to a nice place and eat a NOUN pieces NOUN pills
meal outside. A piece of something is a bit A pill is a small piece of medicine
of it. Can I have a piece of that you swallow whole.
picn

your pizza?
☛ Be careful with spelling: pillow
piece Would you like a piece NOUN pillows
of cake? A pillow is a cushion that you
peace Go away and leave me rest your head on in bed.
ic

in peace!
pilot
pig NOUN pilots
NOUN pigs A pilot is someone who controls
A pig is an animal with a short and flies a plane or helicopter.
snout and a curly tail.
Pork, ham, and bacon pin
come from the meat NOUN pins
of pigs. A pin is a small, pointed piece
of metal that you use to fasten
pieces of cloth together.
ic

pinch
n
rk. ic

VERB pinches, pinching,

pa a p

pinched
the ad

If you pinch someone, you

in ey h

squeeze their skin with your

Th

finger and thumb.

150
 plane

pine pizza
NOUN pines NOUN pizzas
A pine tree is a type of evergreen A pizza is a flat piece of

te pa rt
y.

a
tree that has cones and thin dough with tomato, cheese,
th e
needles for leaves. and other foods on top. for
te

pir
pineapple place

a
ir
dresse as a p
NOUN pineapples NOUN places
A pineapple is a fruit with a 1 A place is a building, town,
tough, brown skin and sweet, or piece of land.

d
yellow flesh. VERB places, placing, placed
2 When you place something
pink

e
somewhere, you put it there.

H
ADJECTIVE He placed the books on the table.
Something that is pink is the
color that you make by mixing plain
red and white together. ADJECTIVE
Something that is plain is
pint ordinary and not fancy. plan
NOUN pints ☛ Be careful with spelling: NOUN plans
A pint is an amount of liquid plain She was wearing a plain 1 A plan is a drawing
that is just under half a liter. green dress. of a building or town.
plane Have you ever flown in We looked at the plan
pipe a plane? of the museum.
NOUN pipes 2 A plan is an idea you
A pipe is a tube that liquid have of how you
or gas can go through. are going to do
something. I’ve got
pirate a plan for how we
NOUN pirates can catch the thieves.
A pirate is someone who plans, planning,
VERB
attacks and robs ships planned
at sea. 3 When you plan something,
you decide how you are going
pitch to do it.
NOUN pitches
A pitch is an area where you plane
play a game or sport. NOUN planes
A plane is a vehicle that can
pity travel through the air and carry
NOUN passengers or goods. A plane is
1 If you feel pity for someone, also called an airplane.
you feel sorry for them. ☛ Be careful with spelling:
za ?
W

2 If something is a pity, it is plane Have you ever flown in

piz
ou

a shame that it has happened. a plane?

yo
ld

of

It’s a pity we had to cancel our ul e plain She was wearing a plain
picnic because of the weather. ike a slic green dress.
151
planet

planet
NOUN planets
A planet is a huge object

s
in space that revolves around

et
the Sun. The eight planets
in our Solar System are
Mercury, Venus, Earth,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
pl a
Uranus, and Neptune.

plank
NOUN planks pleasant
A plank of wood is a long, ADJECTIVE
flat piece of wood. plate If something is pleasant,
NOUN plates you like it and enjoy it.
plant A plate is a flat dish that you We had a very pleasant
NOUN plants eat food off. day at the seaside.
1 A plant is something that
grows in soil. Grass, flowers, play please
and trees are all plants. NOUN plays You say please when you
VERB plants, planting, 1 A play is a story that people are asking for something
planted perform for others. politely. Please can I have
2 When you plant something, VERB plays, playing, played some more cake?
you put it into the soil so that 2 When you play a game or
it will grow. sport, you take part in it. pleased
3 When you play a musical ADJECTIVE
plaster instrument, you use it to If you are pleased about
NOUN plasters make music. something, you are happy
A plaster is a small piece of player (NOUN) about it. He was very pleased
sticky material that you put A player is someone who with his presents.
over a cut in your skin to plays a game, sport, or
keep it clean. musical instrument. tic bears floa
as ta
pl

un
ro
wo

d
an dt the

stic A plastic boat bath.

la
p

plastic
NOUN plastics playground plenty
Plastic is a light material that NOUN playgrounds NOUN
is used to make all sorts of A playground is an outdoor If you have plenty of something,
different things. A lot of toys area where children you have enough of it. You’ve
are made of plastic. can play. already got plenty of candy!
152
 police

plot pocket poison

NOUN plots NOUN pockets NOUN poisons
1 The plot in a book or film A pocket is a part of a piece Poison is a substance that will
is the story. of clothing where you can keep kill you or make you ill if it gets
2 A plot is a piece of land for small things. Put your money in inside your body.
growing things. This is our your pocket. poisonous (ADJECTIVE)
vegetable plot. Something that is poisonous
podcast has poison in it.
plow NOUN podcasts
NOUN plows A podcast is a radio program poke
A plow is a large farm tool that that you can download from VERB pokes, poking, poked
cuts and turns the soil so it’s the internet. If you poke something, you push
ready for planting crops. it with your finger or a stick.
poem
plug NOUN poems polar bear
NOUN plugs A poem is a short piece of NOUN polar bears
1 The plug in a sink or bath writing that uses language in a A polar bear is a large, white
is the part that you put in the clever way. Poems use rhythms animal that lives in Arctic
hole to keep the water in. and sometimes rhymes. regions. Polar bears eat other
2 The plug on a piece of poet (NOUN) animals, such as seals and fish.
electrical equipment is the part A poet is someone who
you put into a socket to connect writes poems. pole
it to the electricity supply. poetry (NOUN) NOUN poles
Poetry is a general name 1 A pole is a long, thin, round
plum for poems. piece of wood or metal.
NOUN plums 2 The North Pole is the part
A plum is a fruit with a smooth point of the Earth that is farthest
skin and soft, juicy flesh. NOUN points north. The South Pole is
1 A point is a thin, sharp part the part of the Earth that
plump on the end of an object. is farthest south.
ADJECTIVE plumper, plumpest 2 You get points in a game by
Someone or something that is scoring goals or doing things police
plump is fat. well. The person with the most NOUN
points wins the game. The police are men and women
plural 3 The point of something who make sure that people do
NOUN plurals is the reason why you not break the law. They also
He p

The plural of a word is the form are doing it. I can’t see arrest people who have
oi
that you use for two or more the point of watching nt broken the law.
e
things or people. The plural the same film again!
d o t the pla ts in

of baby is babies. VERB points, pointing,

u

pointed
plus 4 If you point at something,
Plus is a word you use when you show where it is with
you are adding one number to your finger.
ne

another number. The symbol pointed (ADJECTIVE)

for plus is “+”. Eight plus Something that is pointed has th
e sk
two equals ten. a thin, sharp part at one end. y.
polish

polish popcorn
NOUN
1 Polish is a cream or
liquid that you rub onto
something to make it shine.
pop NOUN
Popcorn is made by heating
seeds of corn until they puff up.

VERB polishes, polishing, poppy

H
polished po poppies
n.
NOUN

e
pp oo
2 If you polish something, you
ed t all A poppy is a wild flower with
rub it so that it shines. You he green b delicate red petals.
ought to polish your shoes.
pony popular
polite NOUN ponies ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVE A pony is a small horse. If something is popular, a lot
If you are polite, you speak of people like it.
and behave in a pleasant way pool ☛ Opposite: unpopular
to other people. NOUN pools
☛ Opposite: impolite 1 A pool is a small area of pork
politely (ADVERB) water. It’s interesting to look in NOUN
If you say or do something the rock pools at the seaside. Pork is meat from a pig.
politely, you do it in a polite 2 A pool is a place that has
way. She smiled politely. been filled with water so that porridge
people can swim in it. NOUN
pollen Porridge is a breakfast food
NOUN poor made by cooking oats.
Pollen is a fine, yellow ADJECTIVE poorer, poorest
powder in the middle of 1 Someone who is poor does port
flowers. Pollen makes people not have very much money. NOUN ports
with hay fever sneeze. 2 Something that is poor is A port is on a coast or river where
not very good. This piece ships can load and unload.
pollution of work is very poor.
NOUN 3 Poor means unlucky. portable
Pollution is dirt in the air, water, That poor animal looks ADJECTIVE
and land around us. Cars cause miserable in a cage. If something is portable, you
a lot of pollution in cities. can carry it around easily.
pop
pond NOUN portrait
NOUN ponds 1 Pop music is modern, NOUN portraits
A pond is a small area of popular music. A portrait is a picture of a person.
fresh water. VERB pops, popping, popped
2 If a balloon pops, all the position
use p o l l u t i o n . air suddenly comes out of it. positions
es ca
NOUN

um 1 Your position is the way you

rf are standing, sitting, or lying.
Ca

Are you in a comfortable position?

2 The position of something is
where it is. Find our position
on the map.
 pour

positive poster
ADJECTIVE NOUN posters
If you are positive about A poster is a large picture

s.
as
something, you are sure about or notice that you put on

gl
s
it. I’m positive that I didn’t leave a wall as an advertisement hi
my phone on the bus. or for decoration. to
in

ce
possible post office

ui
ej
ADJECTIVE NOUN post offices

som
If something is possible, it can A post office is a place

r
H e p o u re d
be done or it can happen. It is where you go to buy
possible to swim without using stamps and materials

u
your arms. for packaging, as well as
☛ Opposite: impossible send letters and parcels.
possibility (NOUN)
If there is a possibility that pot

po
something can happen, it is NOUN pots
possible that it can happen. A pot is a container that
possibly (ADVERB) you put things in.
If something can possibly pottery
happen, it is possible that it potato NOUN
can happen. You can’t possibly NOUN potatoes Pottery is a general name for
swim all that way! A potato is a vegetable that objects that are made of clay
you can boil, roast, fry, or and are dried and baked in a
post bake. These mashed potatoes kiln. Mugs, plates, and vases
NOUN posts are delicious. can all be made from clay.
1 A post is the station or task
that someone, often someone in pounce
the military, is assigned to. VERB pounces, pouncing,
s.

2 A post is a tall piece of wood pounced

ard

or stone fixed into the ground. To pounce means to jump

stc

forward suddenly and try

postage
po

to catch something. The cat

g
NOUN pounced on the mouse.
She likes collectin

Postage is the amount you

have to pay to mail a letter pour
or package. VERB pours, pouring,
poured
postcard 1 When you pour a liquid,
NOUN postcards you tip up the container it
A postcard is a small piece of is in so that the liquid comes
card with a picture on one side, out. I poured some orange
pos

sometimes a view of the place juice into my glass.

you are staying at. On the other
side, you write a message and tca 2 When liquid pours out of
something, it comes out very
the address of the person you
want to sent it to in the post. rd s quickly. Water was pouring
out of the broken pipe.
155
powder

powder pray els.

c i o us je w
prays, praying, her pr e
ved
NOUN VERB
A powder is a mass of very prayed

lo
fine, dry grains. When you pray, you talk

She
to a god.
power prayer (NOUN)
NOUN powers When you say a prayer, you
1 Someone who has power talk to a god.
can tell other people what ☛ Be careful with spelling:
they should do. pray They pray to God pref ix
2 The powers that you have every day. NOUN prefixes
are the things that you are able prey Lions can run fast to A prefix is a group of letters
to do. In some stories, people have catch their prey. that you add to the front of a
special powers and can do word to change its meaning. For
magical things. precious example, you can add the prefix
3 Power is the energy that ADJECTIVE “un-” to words like “happy” and
a machine needs in order to Something that is precious “comfortable” to make words
work. The battery has run out is worth a lot of money, or with an opposite meaning—
of power. is very special to someone. “unhappy” and “uncomfortable.”

powerful predator prehistoric

ADJECTIVE NOUN predators ADJECTIVE
Something that is powerful A predator is an animal that Prehistoric means from the time
is very strong. That car has hunts and kills other animals. long ago, before people started
a powerful engine. Deer use their speed to escape writing things down. Dinosaurs
from their predators. lived in prehistoric times.
practice
NOUN predict prepare
1 Practice is when you do VERB VERB prepares, preparing,
something over and over again If you predict something, you prepared
so that you become better at it. say that you think it will happen When you prepare something,
You need a lot of practice to be in the future. you get it ready. We need to
a good goalkeeper. prepare some sandwiches for lunch.
VERB practises, practising, preen preparation (NOUN)
practised VERB preening Preparation for something
2 When you practise something, 1 When a bird preens itself, it means getting ready for it.
you do it over and over again uses its beak to clean its body. We were all busy with
so that you become better at it. 2 If you preen yourself, you make preparations for the party.
You need to practice every day yourself look clean and tidy.
to play the trumpet well. preposition
prefer NOUN prepositions
praise VERB prefers, preferring, A preposition is a word such
VERB praises, praising, preferred as “on” or “in” that we use in
praised If you prefer something, you front of a noun. There are two
If you praise someone, you like it better than other things. prepositions in the following
tell them that they have Which shirt do you prefer, the sentence: He was sitting on a
done well. blue one or the red one? chair in the garden.
156
 prison

present prevent princess

NOUN VERB prevents, preventing, NOUN princesses
1 The present is the time that prevented A princess is the daughter
is happening now. The story To prevent something from or granddaughter of a
takes place in the present. happening means to stop it king or queen.
2 A present is something that from happening. The barrier
you give to someone. prevented anyone from print
VERB presents, presenting, falling down the hole. VERB prints, printing,
presented printed
3 If you present something to prey 1 When you print letters, you
someone, you give it to them NOUN write them separately, rather
as a prize. He presented the An animal’s prey is the animal than joining them up.
trophy to the winner. that it hunts and eats. 2 If words are printed, they are
ADJECTIVE ☛ Be careful with spelling: put onto paper by a machine,
4 If you are present, you prey Lions can run fast to rather than being written
are in a place. catch their prey. by someone.
pray They pray to God printer (NOUN)
president every day. A printer is a machine that
NOUN presidents prints words and pictures onto
A president is someone who price paper from a computer.
is in charge of a country, a NOUN prices
company, or a college. The price of something is the prison
amount of money you have NOUN prisons
press to pay to buy it. A prison is a building where
NOUN people are kept as a punishment
1 The press is newspapers and prickly when they have broken the law.
magazines. A photographer came ADJECTIVE prisoner (NOUN)
from the press to take a picture Something that is prickly has A prisoner is someone who is
of us. a lot of sharp points on it. being kept in a prison.

ly
VERB presses, pressing,
pressed
2 When you press something,
prime minister
NOUN prime ministers

r ick
p
you push it. A prime minister is someone
who is in charge of a country.
tus has pretty flowers.
pretend y cac
VERB pretends, pretending, prime number ckl
pretended NOUN prime numbers p ri
When you pretend, you say A prime number is a number
is
Th

or do things that are not really that can only be divided by

true, either to have fun or to 1 and by itself: 3, 5, and 7
trick people. She wasn’t really are all prime numbers.
upset—she was only pretending.
prince
pretty NOUN princes
ADJECTIVE prettier, prettiest A prince is the son or
Someone or something that is grandson of a king
pretty is nice to look at. or queen.
private

private professional progress

ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE NOUN
If something is private, it Someone who is professional When you make progress,
belongs to one person and earns money by doing you get better at something.
other people must not touch something, rather than doing You have made good progress
it, look inside it, or use it. it just for fun. Would you like with your English this year.
My diary is private. to be a professional dancer?
project
prize profit NOUN projects
NOUN prizes NOUN profits A project is a big piece of work
A prize is something that A profit is money that you in which you find out a lot of
you win. make for yourself when information and do a lot of
you sell something. work on a subject. We’re doing
Th

a project on the Vikings.

e th

program
promise
ird prize is a

NOUN programs
1 A program is a set of VERB promises, promising,
instructions that tells a promised
pri

computer how to do If you promise to do something,

ze a task.
2 A program is a show
you say you will definitely do it.
yellow rosette.

on television or radio. pronoun

3 A program is a small NOUN pronouns
book that gives you A pronoun is a word such as
information about an “he,” “she,” or “it” that you
event. He looked at use instead of a noun. There are
the program to see who two pronouns in the sentence:
probably was on stage first. He picked up the apple and ate it.
ADVERB
pronunciation
uce
If something will probably
happen, it is very likely that NOUN pronunciations
it will happen.
d The pronunciation of a word
is the way in which it is said.
p ro

problem
NOUN problems proof
A problem is something NOUN
that makes things difficult If you have proof that something
for you. happened, you have something
that shows it really happened.
produce
VERB produces, producing, proper
produced
is hat.

ADJECTIVE
1 If you produce something, 1 Proper means correct. This is
Th

you make it appear. the proper way to hit a golf ball.

of h
em

2 To produce things means 2 A proper noun is a noun that

gi
cia
ut
a

to make them. This factory

n pr it o is the name of a person or place
produces cars. o d uce d a r a b b such as “George” and “Africa.”
158
 puncture

property pudding punch

NOUN NOUN puddings VERB punches, punching,
If something is your property, A pudding is a cold, soft, and punched
it belongs to you. sweet food that you eat at the If you punch someone, you
end of a meal. hit them with your fist.
protect
VERB protects, protecting, puddle punctuation
protected NOUN puddles NOUN
If you protect someone, you A puddle is a shallow pool of Punctuation is a group of
keep them safe. rainwater on the ground. marks such as periods and
question marks that you use
proud puff when you are writing.
ADJECTIVE prouder, proudest NOUN puffs
If you are proud of something, A puff of wind or smoke is puncture
you are pleased with it and a small amount of it that NOUN punctures
think that it is good. He was is suddenly blown along. A puncture is a hole that
proud of his painting. lets the air out of something.
proudly (ADVERB) pull My tire has a puncture.
If you do something proudly, VERB pulls, pulling, pulled
you do it in a way that shows When you pull something, you
you are proud. “I made this move it toward you. We pulled
boat myself,” he said proudly. the sled across the snow.

prove pump
VERB proves, proving, proved NOUN pumps
To prove that something is A pump is a machine that
true means to show that it pushes liquids or gases into
is definitely true. or out of something.
dle
proverb pumpkin pud .
a
NOUN proverbs NOUN pumpkins in
A proverb is a short saying A pumpkin is a
od

that gives you a piece of advice. large, round,

e tr

“Many hands make light work” orange fruit

Sh

is a proverb. with seeds

in the middle.
prowl It can be used for
VERB prowls, prowling, sweet and savory dishes.
prowled Children make pumpkins
To prowl means to move around into lanterns at Halloween.
quietly and secretly. The tiger Adults help to hollow
prowled around the tree. them out and
carve a face.
public

puddle
ADJECTIVE
Something that is public is
open to everybody.
159
punish

pushover
NOUN pushovers
If someone is a pushover, other
people can easily persuade them
to do things.

put
VERB puts, putting, put
When you put something
somewhere, you move it
so that it is there. I put the
cookies back in the cupboard.

puzzle
NOUN puzzles
punish 1 A puzzle is a game in which
VERB punishes, punishing, you have to find an answer to
punished a difficult problem or question.
To punish someone means 2 If something is a puzzle, no
to make them suffer in some
pu one can understand it or

ppets
way because they have done explain it.
something wrong.
punishment (NOUN) py jamas
A punishment is something you NOUN
do to someone because they pure Pyjamas are a loose top
have done something wrong. ADJECTIVE purer, purest and pants that you
As a punishment, you will Something that is pure is wear in bed.
have to stay inside at lunch time. not mixed with anything else.
Her ring was made of pure gold. pyramid
pupil NOUN pyramids
NOUN pupils purple 1 A pyramid is a large, stone
1 The pupils in a school are the ADJECTIVE building that was made in
children who go to that school. Something that is purple is the Ancient Egypt to bury a
2 Your pupils are the small, color made by mixing red dead king or queen.
dark circles in the middle of and blue together. 2 A pyramid is a solid shape
your eyes. that has a square base and
purse four triangular sides that
puppet NOUN purses join in a point at the top.
NOUN puppets A purse is a bag that you carry
A puppet is a doll or animal money and personal items in. python
figure that you move by pulling NOUN pythons
on its strings or moving your push A python is a large snake
hand inside it. VERB pushes, pushing, pushed that is found in hot countries.
When you push something, you Pythons kill their prey by
puppy use your hands to move it away wrapping themselves around
NOUN puppies from you. I tried to push the door the animal and squeezing it
A puppy is a young dog. open, but it was locked. to death.
160
 quiz

quarrel queue
VERB quarrels, quarreling, NOUN queues
quarreled A queue is a line of people who
When people quarrel, they shout are waiting for something.
at each other because they are
angry with each other. quick
ADJECTIVE quicker, quickest
quarry Something that is quick does not
NOUN quarries take long. It was a quick journey.
A quarry is a place where stone quickly (ADVERB)
is dug out of the ground. If you do something quickly, you
do it in a way that does not take
quarter long. I quickly ran to get help.
r qu
te
NOUN quarters
If you divide something into four quiet
ar

ar

quarters, you divide it into four ADJECTIVE quieter, quietest

qu

ter

equal parts. Each part is called If it is quiet in a place, there is

one quarter. Two quarters make no noise. If you are quiet, you
one half. do not make any noise.
quietly (ADVERB)
queen If you do something quietly, you
e r

queens
qu

NOUN do it without making any noise.

r t

A queen is a woman who rules I tiptoed quietly out of the room.

a

rt
qu er a country.
quilt
quest NOUN quilts
NOUN quests A quilt is a thick cover that you
qualify A quest is a long journey in put on a bed.
VERB qualifies, qualifying, which you are searching for
qualified something. I began my quest quit
If you qualify in a competition, to find my missing cat. VERB quits, quitting, quitted
you get enough points to go to If you quit a computer game
the next part of the competition. question or program, you leave it. If you
If we win this game, we’ll qualify NOUN questions quit doing something, you stop
for the finals. When you ask a question, doing it.
you ask someone something
quality because you want to know quite
NOUN qualities the answer. ADVERB
The quality of something is how question mark (NOUN) 1 Quite means fairly. I am quite
good or bad it is. It’s cheap, but A question mark is a mark (?) good at running.
the quality isn’t very good. that you use after a question 2 Quite means completely. You
in writing. are quite right.
quantity questionnaire (NOUN)
NOUN quantities A questionnaire is a set of quiz
A quantity is an amount. I was questions that you ask people so NOUN quizzes
amazed at the quantity of food that you can collect information A quiz is a game in which people
he had bought. about something. answer questions to get points.
161
rabbi

rack raft
NOUN racks NOUN rafts
A rack is a special shelf for A raft is a small, flat boat that
putting things on. is made from logs, which are
tied together.
racket
NOUN rackets rag
1 A racket is a bat that you use NOUN rags
to play tennis and badminton. A rag is a small, torn piece
2 A racket is a very loud, of cloth. The children were
annoying noise. He was making dressed in rags.
a terrible racket with his drums.
rage
radar NOUN
NOUN Rage is very great anger. She
ing ring

Radar is a way of finding slammed the door in a rage.

rin

out where a ship or plane

rail
g ri n g

is by using radio waves.

NOUN rails
radiator 1 A rail is a long metal or
radiators
r

NOUN wooden bar. Hold onto the rail

g

A radiator is a heater attached as you climb.

r

ng
i

ring rin to a wall. 2 If you travel by rail, you travel

on a train.
radio
rabbi NOUN radios railroad
NOUN rabbis A radio is a machine that you NOUN railroads
A rabbi is a Jewish religious use to listen to programs 1 A railroad line is the two 
leader. that are broadcast. metal bars that trains
travel along.
rabbit raffle 2 If you travel on the railroad,
NOUN rabbits NOUN raffles you travel on a train.
A rabbit is a small, furry animal. When there is a raffle, people
Rabbits live underground in buy tickets with numbers on, rain
burrows and eat grass. and if their number is chosen, NOUN
they win a prize. 1 Rain is water that falls from
race the clouds in drops.
NOUN races VERB rains, raining, rained
A race is a competition 2 When it rains, water falls from
Two f u r r y rab
to see who can go the bit the clouds.
fastest. s t ☛ Be careful with spelling:
rain We can’t play outside in
wi
tch

the rain.
thei

reign The king reigns over

his kingdom.
r
noses.

rein You hold the reins when

you ride a horse.
162
 rather

rainbow
ow clouds
. rash
inb etween
rainbows th e rashes
ra ow
NOUN NOUN
A rainbow is an arc es b If you have a rash, you have
of colors that appears shin red, itchy spots on your skin.
b
in the sky when the
r ain
sun shines during rain. A ran raspberry
☛ See run. NOUN raspberries
raindrop A raspberry is a juicy, red fruit
NOUN raindrops ranch that grows on a plant.
A raindrop is one drop of rain. NOUN ranches
A ranch is a farm where cattle rat
rain forest are kept. NOUN rats
NOUN rain forests A rat is an animal that looks like
A rain forest is a hot, wet jungle rang a big mouse. Rats have strong
that grows in tropical countries. ☛ See ring. front teeth, which they use to
gnaw food.
raise range
VERB raises, raising, raised NOUN ranges rate
If you raise something, you lift A range of things is a lot of NOUN rates
it up. He raised his hand to different things. There is a The rate at which something
answer the question. range of activities for children happens is how quickly
at the campsite. it happens.
raisin
NOUN raisins rap rather
A raisin is a dried grape that NOUN ADVERB
you can eat or use in cooking. Rap is a type of poetry with 1 Rather means quite. He
a strong rhythm, that you looked rather sad.
rake speak to music. 2 If you would rather have or
NOUN rakes do something, you would prefer
A rake is a tool that you use rapid to have or do that thing.
in the garden to gather up ADJECTIVE I don’t want to go to the movies—
leaves into a pile or to Rapid means quick. We ate I would rather stay at home.
smooth over soil. a rapid lunch before we left.
rapidly (ADVERB)
Ramadan If something happens rapidly,
pic ked some raspberri
NOUN it happens quickly. The water We es.
Ramadan is a time each year was rising quite rapidly.
when Muslims do not eat
between the time the Sun comes rare
up in the morning and the time ADJECTIVE rarer,
it sets at night. rarest
If something is
ramp rare, you do
NOUN ramps not see it
A ramp is a slope that you go very often.
up or down. We drove up Wild tigers
a ramp to the boat. are now rare.
rattle

rattle read reason

NOUN rattles VERB reads, reading, read NOUN reasons
1 A rattle is a baby’s toy When you read, you look at The reason why something
that makes a noise when words that are written down happens is the thing that
you shake it. and understand them. causes it to happen. Can you
VERB rattles, rattling, rattled explain the reason why you hit
2 When something rattles, it ready your brother?
makes a loud noise. ADJECTIVE
If you are ready, you are reasonable
raw prepared and so you can do ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVE something. Are you ready to leave? Something that is reasonable
Raw food has not been cooked. is fair and sensible.
Some raw vegetables are very real
good for you. ADJECTIVE receipt
Something that is real is true, NOUN receipts
ray and is not false. Is that real gold? A receipt is a piece of paper
NOUN rays reach that shows you have paid
A ray of light is a beam of light. for something.

razor receive
NOUN razors VERB receives, receiving,
A razor is a sharp blade that received
people use for removing hair When you receive something,
from their face or body. someone gives it or sends
it to you.
reach
VERB reaches, reaching, recent
reached ADJECTIVE
the top of
1 If you reach toward
ched the Something that is recent
something, you stretch out ea happened only a short time
r
lly
hi

your hand to touch it. ago.

a
ll.

2 If you reach a place, you fin recently (ADVERB)

e

arrive there. What time will If something happened recently,

W

we reach London? realize it happened a short time ago.

VERB realizes, realizing, I visited my grandma recently.
react realized
VERB reacts, reacting, When you realize that recipe
reacted something is true, you quickly NOUN recipes
When you react to something understand it. I suddenly A recipe is a set of instructions
that has happened, you say realized that we were lost. that tell you how to cook
or do something because it has something.
happened. When his bike was really
stolen, he reacted by bursting ADVERB recite
into tears. 1 Really means very. The film VERB recites, reciting, recited
reaction (NOUN) was really funny. When you recite a poem,
Your reaction to something is 2 Really means actually. Is it you say it out loud without
the way that you react to it. really true that you’re leaving? reading it.
164
 reflect

recognize recover reduce

VERB recognizes, recognizing, VERB recovers, recovering, VERB reduces, reducing,
recognized recovered reduced
If you recognize someone, you When you recover, you get If you reduce something, you
know who they are. If you better after you have been ill. make it smaller. The store
recognize something, you know reduced the price of all its shoes.
what it is. I recognized my rectangle
friend’s coat on the hook. NOUN rectangles refer
A rectangle is a shape that has VERB refers, referring, referred
recommend four straight sides. It is not If you refer to something, you
VERB recommends, square, but has two equal long mention it.
recommending, recommended sides and two equal short sides.
If you recommend something, rectangular (ADJECTIVE) referee
you tell other people that it is Something that is rectangular NOUN referees
good. I would really recommend is the shape of a rectangle. The referee in a game is the
this movie. person who watches the game
recycle and makes sure that people
record VERB recycles, recycling, follow all the rules.
NOUN records recycled
1 The record for doing To recycle things means to use reference
something is the fastest, best, or them again, often by turning ADJECTIVE
most that it has ever been done. them into new things. Glass, Reference books give you
He holds the world record for the plastics, paper, and metal information.
100 meters. can all be recycled.
2 A record is a piece of reflect
information that is written VERB reflects, reflecting,
down. She kept a record of reflected
the day’s events in her diary. If something is reflected in a
It helps the mirror or in water, you can
record see an image of it. The trees
e nv

VERB records, recording, were reflected in the lake.

ironm

recorded reflection (NOUN)

1 When you record sound A reflection is an image
en

or pictures, you store them of something in a

t to re

on film, disk, or digitally. mirror or in water.

I recorded a video of my
dog on my phone.
c yc

2 If you record information,

le .

you write it down.

recorder
NOUN recorders
io n
A recorder is a small
musical instrument that you red t
reflec

blow into. You make different ADJECTIVE

notes by covering different Something that is red is the
holes with your fingers. color of blood.
refreshing

refreshing regular related

ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE
If something is refreshing, it Something that is regular People who are related belong
makes you feel fresh and happens every day or every to the same family.
less tired. week at the same time. relative (NOUN)
regularly (ADVERB) Your relatives are the people
refreshments If you do something regularly, who are in your family.
NOUN you do it often. These people are also called
Refreshments are things to your relations.
eat and drink. We had some rehearse
refreshments after playing VERB rehearses, rehearsing, relax
football. rehearsed VERB relaxes, relaxing,
When you rehearse something, relaxed
refrigerator you practice it before you do it When you relax, you rest
NOUN refrigerators in front of people. and feel comfortable. I just
A refrigerator is a machine that wanted to relax in front of
keeps food and drink cool and reign the fire and read my book.
fresh. A refrigerator is also VERB reigns, reigning, reigned relaxed (ADJECTIVE)
called a fridge. When someone reigns, they are If you feel relaxed, you feel
the king or queen of a country. calm and comfortable.
refugee ☛ Be careful with spelling: relaxing (ADJECTIVE)
NOUN refugees reign The king reigns over Something that is relaxing
A refugee is someone who has his kingdom. helps you to feel calm and
left their own country because rain We can’t play outside in comfortable. We listened to
of a war. the rain. some relaxing music.
rein You hold the reins when
refuse you ride a horse. relay
VERB refuses, refusing, NOUN relays
refused rein A relay is a race in which a
If you refuse to do something, NOUN reins team of people each run or
you say that you will not do it. Reins are leather straps that swim one part of the race.
He refused to give her the ball. you use to control a horse
e
r

register
when you are riding it.
☛ Be careful with in
registers dee
r
NOUN spelling:
A register is a book in which rein You hold the reins
you keep a list of names. The when you ride a horse.
teacher put a check next to my rain We can’t play outside
name in the register. in the rain.
reign The king reigns
regret over his kingdom.
VERB regrets, regretting,
regretted reindeer
If you regret doing something, NOUN reindeer or reindeers
you are sorry that you did it. A reindeer is a deer with
I regretted shouting at my large antlers that lives in
friends. cold, Arctic regions.
166
 replace

release remain remove

VERB releases, releasing, VERB remains, remaining, VERB removes, removing,
released remained removed
To release someone means 1 If you remain in a place, If you remove something, you
to let them go free. To release you stay there. take it off or take it away.
something means to let go of it. 2 To remain means to stay. She
They released the prisoner from remained calm while everyone rent
the prison. else panicked. NOUN
remainder (NOUN) Rent is money that you pay
relief In math, the remainder is the each week to live in a house
NOUN number that is left over when or apartment.
If something is a relief, you you divide one number into
are glad that it has happened another. Nine divided by four is repair
because it means you can stop two, with a remainder of one. VERB repairs, repairing,
worrying. It was a relief when repaired
the exam was over. remark When you repair something,
relieved (ADJECTIVE) NOUN remarks you mend it.
If you feel relieved, you feel A remark is something that
happy and no longer worried you say. repeat
about something. He was VERB repeats, repeating,
relieved when he found his remember repeated
lost cat. VERB If you repeat something, you
remembers, say it again.
religion remembering,
NOUN religions remembered replace
A religion is a set of beliefs and If you remember VERB replaces, replacing,
ideas about God or gods. something, you think replaced
religious (ADJECTIVE) about it again. She If you replace something that
Religious ideas or events are suddenly remembered is old or broken, you change
ideas or events to do with she had left her bag on it for a new one.

re
religion. the bus.

reluctant
ADJECTIVE
remind
VERB reminds, lea
If you are reluctant to do
something, you do not want
reminding, reminded
To remind someone of
se
He relea

to do it. He was reluctant something means to

to cross the old bridge in case make them think about
it fell down. it again.
d
e s

rely remote control

th

relies, relying, relied remote controls a ll

e

VERB NOUN
b

If you rely on someone, you A remote control is a oon

.
need them and depend on machine that you hold
them to do things for you. in your hand and use to
Young birds rely on their parents control another machine
for food. such as a television.
reply

To the rescue
If you are in danger, one of these
vehicles will come to the rescue. rescue helicopter

fire engine

police car

lifeboat

reply rescue responsible

VERB replies, replying, VERB rescues, rescuing, ADJECTIVE
replied rescued 1 If someone is responsible, they
If you reply, you say something If you rescue someone, you are sensible and can be trusted.
when someone has spoken to save them from danger. 2 If you are responsible for
you or asked you a question. doing something, it is your job.
“How old are you?” I asked. “Ten,” research responsibility (NOUN)
he replied. NOUN If something is your
reply (NOUN) 1 When you do research, responsibility, it is your job
A reply is an answer. I called his you find out information to do it.
name, but there was no reply. about something.
VERB researches, researching, rest
report researched NOUN
NOUN reports 2 When you research something, 1 A rest is a time when you are
A report is a piece of writing you find out information relaxing and not working.
that gives information about about it. I researched volcanoes 2 The rest is all the people and
things that have happened. for my geography homework. things that are left over. He ate
reporter (NOUN) most of the cake, and I ate the rest.
A reporter is someone who resource
writes news reports or goes on NOUN resources restaurant
TV to tell people about things A resource is something that NOUN restaurants
that have happened. people can use. Oil is a A restaurant is a place where
natural resource. you can pay to eat a meal.
reptile
NOUN reptiles respect result
A reptile is a cold-blooded NOUN NOUN results
animal that has dry, scaly If you have respect for 1 The result in a game is the
skin. Most reptiles lay eggs. someone, you admire them. score at the end of the game.
Crocodiles, snakes, lizards, and I have a lot of respect for 2 The result of something is
tortoises are all reptiles. my teacher. what happens because of it.
168
 ridiculous

return rhinoceros rich

VERB returns, returning, NOUN rhinoceroses ADJECTIVE richer, richest
returned A rhinoceros is a large animal Someone who is rich has a lot
1 To return to a place means that has thick skin and either of money. He ran a succesful
to go back there. We returned one or two horns on its nose. business which made him rich.
home after school.
2 If you return something to rhyme riddle
someone, you give it back to NOUN rhymes NOUN riddles
them. Can I borrow your book? 1 A rhyme is a poem in which A riddle is a difficult puzzle
I’ll return it to you next week. the last words of some lines that has a clever or funny
have the same sound. answer.
reveal VERB rhymes, rhyming,
VERB reveals, revealing, rhymed ride
revealed 2 If words rhyme, they VERB rides, riding, rode,
If you reveal something, you end in the same sound. ridden
uncover it so that people can “Eat” rhymes with “feet.” 1 When you ride a horse or
see it. bicycle, you sit on it and make
rhythm it move along. I ride my bike
revenge NOUN rhythms to school.
NOUN A rhythm is a regular beat 2 When you ride on a bus,
Revenge is when you do in music, dancing, or poetry. train, or other vehicle, you sit
something unpleasant to on it while it moves.
someone because they have ribbon
hurt or upset you. NOUN ribbons ridiculous
A ribbon is a piece of colored ADJECTIVE
reverse material that you use for tying Something that is ridiculous
VERB reverses, reversing, up a present. is very silly or strange. We
reversed can’t stay up all night—that’s
When you reverse, you go rice a ridiculous idea!
backward in a car. NOUN
Rice is a plant that grows in
revise
revises, revising, revised
warm, wet climates. You can
rhino
cer
VERB cook and eat the white or
If you revise something, you brown seeds of the rice plant.
look at your previous work to
check or improve on it.
os
reward
NOUN rewards
If you give someone a
reward, you give them
money or something
nice because they have
done something good.
They offered a reward
to anyone who found
their cat.
169
right

right rise roast

ADJECTIVE VERB rises, rising, rose, risen VERB roasts, roasting,
1 Your right side is the side that To rise means to go upward. roasted
is opposite your left side. He When you roast meat or
kicks with his right foot. risk vegetables, you cook them in
2 Something that is right is NOUN risks a hot oven or over a fire.
correct. That’s the right answer. A risk is a danger that
3 Something that is right is fair something bad might happen. rob
and good. It’s not right that she There was a risk that I might fall. VERB robs, robbing, robbed
should have all the sweets. To rob someone means to steal
4 A right angle is an angle of rival things from them. Some thieves
90 degrees, like the angles in NOUN rivals robbed the bank.
a square. Your rival is the person robber (NOUN)
☛ Be careful with spelling: you are against in a game A robber is someone who
right That’s the right answer. or competition. robs people.
write Which hand do you robbery (NOUN)
write with? river A robbery is a crime in which
NOUN rivers a person or place is robbed.
ring A river is a large stream of The bank had lots of money stolen
NOUN rings water that flows into another from it in the robbery.
1 A ring is a piece of jewelry river, a lake, or the ocean.
that you wear on your finger. robin
VERB rings, ringing, rang, rung road NOUN robins
2 When a bell rings, it makes NOUN roads A robin is a small bird with
a pleasant sound because you A road is a wide, smooth path a red breast.
have hit it or shaken it. The school that cars and other vehicles can
bell rings at the end of lessons. drive along. robot
3 If you ring someone, you ☛ Be careful with spelling: NOUN robots
phone them. I have tried to road We drove along the main A robot is a machine that
ring her three times today. road. can do jobs that a person
rode I rode my bike to school usually does.
rinse yesterday.
VERB rinses, rinsing, rinsed rock
If you rinse something, you roar NOUN rocks
wash it in clean water after VERB roars, roaring, roared 1 A rock is a big stone.
you have washed it with soap. 1 When an animal roars, it 2 Rock is the hard material
makes a loud, deep, rumbling that mountains are made of.
rip noise. The angry lion roared. 3 Rock music is music with a
VERB rips, ripping, ripped 2 If someone roars, they shout strong rhythm.
If you rip a piece of paper or loudly. “Sit down!” he roared.
rocket
cloth, you tear it. He ripped
the letter in half.
o ck rockets
r
NOUN
1 A rocket is a long, thin
ripe spacecraft.
ADJECTIVE riper, ripest 2 A rocket is a type of
Fruit that is ripe is soft firework that shoots into
and ready to eat. the sky and explodes.
170
 surv
eilla
nce Robots construct
Robots can perform
many different jobs.
fas

,h drone Here are some words build, make

elp
t

g rip
ful, f to describe them.
lying
industrial
ar robot
tif
ic lligence
ial inte
toug
robotic
arm h
ps usef
ul

hi
po g remote-contr

rc
we
r f u l , s t ro
n oll u mec

te
mach sensors, com
p hanical
org, ele
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ed

cy c
e m ed
p ro g ra
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oi d

Industria
nic
an

rk
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hu m

lr
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are

ork
ike

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,w
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icient

ca
bio

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automatic
nic

"Follow-my-leader"
robots

ut erized
m p
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assist
crawl
ob

walk
edi

run
ent

army robot

android robotic dog

171
rod

rod root rough

NOUN rods NOUN roots ADJECTIVE rougher, roughest
A rod is a thin piece of wood The roots of a plant are the 1 Something that is rough is not
or metal. parts that grow underground. smooth or even. The sea is very
☛ Be careful with spelling: rough.
rode root Trees have very deep roots. 2 A rough amount is not exact.
☛ See ride. route What’s the quickest route That’s only a rough guess.
from here to your house? roughly (ADVERB)
rodent Roughly means more or less, but
NOUN rodents rope not exactly. There are roughly
A rodent is an animal with NOUN ropes 30 children in each class.
long front teeth for gnawing A rope is a piece of thick, strong
food. Rats, mice, and squirrels string or wire. round
are rodents. ADJECTIVE
rose Something that is round
roll NOUN roses is shaped like a circle.
NOUN rolls 1 A rose is a type of flower that
1 A roll of paper or cloth is grows on a prickly bush. roundabout
an amount of it that has been 2 Rose is the past tense of rise. NOUN roundabouts
wound onto a tube. The balloon rose into the air. 1 A roundabout is a circle in the
2 A bread roll is a small, round middle of the road where several
piece of bread. roads meet. Cars must drive
VERB rolls, rolling, rolled around the roundabout.
3 When something rolls, it moves 2 If something is done in a
He

along by turning over and over. roundabout way, it means it is

tu
gge

not direct.
roller skate on
d

NOUN roller skates the rope.

Roller skates are a type of
shoe with two rows of wheels
attached to the bottom. rounder
NOUN
rop

roof A rounder is someone who

NOUN roofs is not always honest and often
1 The roof on a building is wastes time or money.
e

the sloping part on top of it.

2 The roof of your mouth route
or a cave is the curved top NOUN routes
part inside it. Your route is the way that
rot you go to get from one place
room VERB rots, rotting, rotted to another. I always take the
NOUN rooms When something rots, it is no same route to school.
1 The rooms in a building longer fresh and it goes bad ☛ Be careful with spelling:
are the separate parts inside and starts to break down. route What’s the quickest route
the building. rotten (ADJECTIVE) from here to your house?
2 If there is room for something, Something that is rotten is no root Trees have very deep
there is enough space for it. longer fresh, but has gone bad. roots.
172
 rust

row rucksack rule

NOUN rows NOUN rucksacks NOUN rules
1 A row of things is a line A rucksack is a bag that you 1 A rule is an instruction that
of them. carry on your back. I put my tells you what you must and
VERB rows, rowing, rowed books and lunch into a rucksack must not do. Do you know the
2 When you row a boat, you before school. rules of baseball?
make it move with oars. VERB rules, ruling, ruled
3 To row is to have an angry rude 2 To rule a country means
argument. ADJECTIVE to be in charge of it.
Someone who is rude talks
royal or behaves in a way that is ruler
ADJECTIVE not polite. He was told off for NOUN rulers
Royal means to do with a king being rude to the teacher. 1 A ruler is a straight piece of
or queen. The royal family lives rudely (ADVERB) wood, metal, or plastic that you
in a palace. If you say or do something use for measuring and drawing
rudely, you do it in a rude way. straight lines.
rub He stuck his tongue out rudely. 2 A ruler is a person, such as a
VERB rubs, rubbing, rubbed king or queen, who rules a
When you rub something, rug country.
you move your hand backward NOUN rugs
and forward over it. She 1 A rug is a small carpet. run
rubbed her wet hair with 2 A rug is a soft blanket. We sat VERB runs, running, ran, run
a towel. on a rug while we ate our picnic. 1 When you run, you go fast by
moving your legs quickly. I want

row to run a marathon one day.

2 If you run something, you
organize it. Who runs the
school store?
runner (NOUN)
He pulled a row of colorful toys. A runner is someone who runs.
Are you a fast runner?
rubber rugby
NOUN NOUN rush
Rubber is a soft, stretchy Rugby is a game in which teams VERB rushes, rushing, rushed
material. Car tires are made of players throw and kick an If you rush, you run or do
of rubber. oval ball, and try to score points something quickly. I rushed
by running over a line with it or home to tell my mom the
rubbish kicking it between goalposts. good news.
NOUN
1 Rubbish is things that you ruin rust
throw away because you NOUN ruins NOUN
do not want them. She threw 1 The ruins of a building are the Rust is a brown substance that
the rubbish into the trash can. broken parts that remain after it forms on old metal.
2 If something is described as has been destroyed. rusty (ADJECTIVE)
being rubbish it means it doesn’t VERB ruins, ruining, ruined Something that is rusty has
make sense or is worthless. His 2 To ruin something means to rust on it. His car was old
ideas for the party are rubbish. spoil it. and rusty.
173
sack

safari salad
NOUN safaris NOUN salads
A safari is a trip to hunt or watch A salad is a mixture of raw
wild animals, usually in Africa. vegetables or fruit.

safe salary
NOUN safes NOUN salaries
1 A safe is a metal container Someone’s salary is the
that you can lock, in which you money that they earn for
keep money and valuable things. doing their job.
ADJECTIVE safer, safest
2 If you are safe, you are not sale
hurt and not in danger. At last NOUN sales
we reached the shore and were 1 If something is for sale, you
safe again. can buy it.
3 Something that is safe is not 2 When there is a sale, things
dangerous. All the fairground are sold for less money than
rides are perfectly safe. usual. I always buy my clothes
☛ Opposite: unsafe during a sale.
safely (ADVERB) ☛ Be careful with spelling:
If you do something safely, you sale Are these toys for sale?
do it in a safe way. It’s important sail Can you sail a boat?
to learn how to cycle safely.
safety (NOUN) salmon
sh
ad

Safety is keeping people safe. NOUN

sack
e

You must wear a seatbelt for safety. A salmon is a large fish

NOUN sacks that you can eat.
A sack is a large, strong bag. said
☛ See say.
sad
l
sail
sai
ADJECTIVE sadder, saddest

Sailing boats have colo

If you are sad, you are NOUN sails
not happy. 1 A sail is a large piece of
sadly (ADVERB) material on a boat that catches
If you say or do something the wind and helps to move the
sadly, you do it in a sad boat along.
way. “We lost the game 3-0,” VERB sails, sailing, sailed
he said sadly. 2 When you sail, you travel
sadness (NOUN) across water in a ship or boat.
Sadness is the feeling you have We sailed across to a small island.
when you are sad. There was sailor (NOUN)
rful sails.

sadness in her voice. A sailor is someone who sails

on a boat.
saddle ☛ Be careful with spelling:
NOUN saddles sail Can you sail a boat?
The saddle on a horse or bicycle sale Are these toys
is the seat that you sit on. for sale?
174
 sausage

salt satisfactory

sandwich
NOUN ADJECTIVE
Salt is a white powder If something is satisfactory,
that people add to meat it is good enough, but not
and vegetables to improve very good.
the flavor. Salt is found
in the sea and in rocks. satisfy
salty (ADJECTIVE) VERB
Food that is salty To satisfy a need or
tastes of salt. requirement means to do
what is necessary for it.
salute The delicious cheese sandwich
VERB salutes, saluting, that I ate for lunch satisfied
saluted sang my hunger.
When you salute, you put ☛ See sing.
the side of your hand next satsuma
to your head as a sign of sank NOUN satsumas
respect to someone. ☛ See sink. A satsuma is a fruit that
looks and tastes like a small,
same sari sweet orange. Satsumas do
ADJECTIVE NOUN saris not have seeds and are easy
If two things are the same, A sari is a type of dress that to peel.
they look or sound like each women in India and other parts
other. She was wearing the of Asia traditionally wear. It is sauce
same dress as me. made from a long piece of cloth NOUN sauces
that is wrapped around the body. A sauce is a liquid that you
sample eat with food. Gravy, ketchup,
NOUN samples sat and mayonnaise are all types
A sample is a small amount ☛ See sit. of sauce.
of something that you can try.
satellite saucepan
sand NOUN satellites NOUN saucepans
NOUN 1 A satellite is an object that is A saucepan is a metal
Sand is very small grains in orbit around a larger object container that you cook
of broken rock that you find in space. The satellites of planets food in.
on beaches or in deserts. are called moons.
2 A satellite is a machine in saucer
sandal orbit around the Earth, which NOUN saucers
NOUN sandals receives and transmits radio A saucer is a small, shallow
Sandals are open shoes with and television signals. plate that you put a cup on.
straps that fasten around
your feet. satellite dish sausage
NOUN satellite dishes NOUN sausages
sandwich A satellite dish is a round, metal A sausage is a mixture of
NOUN sandwiches dish attached to a building, chopped meat inside a long
A sandwich is slices of bread with which can receive television tube of thin skin. My favourite
a filling placed between them. signals sent by satellite. kind of sausage is a hot dog.
175
save

save scarecrow
VERB saves, saving, saved NOUN scarecrows
1 If you save someone, you A scarecrow is a figure made
take them away from danger. from sticks and old clothes and
The firefighter saved him is used to scare birds, including

scarec
from the burning house. crows, away from crops.
2 If you save something,
you do not waste it.
Save power—turn off
the light!
row
3 If you save a document
on a computer, you give an
instruction to the computer A
to keep a copy of it. scarf
sc

4 If you save money, you NOUN scarves

ar

keep it so that you can use You wear a scarf around your
ecr

it later. He saved up for neck to keep you warm.

ow s

a year to buy his bicycle.

savings (NOUN) scatter
care

Your savings are money that VERB scatters, scattering,

you are keeping to use later. scattered
sa

wa To scatter things means to spread

yb
saw irds. them in many different directions.
1 Saw is the past tense of see. scanner
NOUN saws NOUN scanners scene
2 A saw is a tool that you A scanner is a machine that NOUN scenes
use for cutting wood. It has copies writing or pictures 1 The scene of something is the
a blade with sharp teeth. from a page and sends place where it happens. Clues were
VERB saws, sawing, sawed them to a computer. found at the scene of the crime.
3 When you saw wood, you 2 A scene in a play or film is
cut it using a saw. scar one part of it.
NOUN scars 3 A scene is a picture of
say A scar is a mark that stays something. The card showed
VERB says, saying, said on your skin after a wound a winter scene.
When you say something, has healed. scenery (NOUN)
you speak words. “Hurry The scenery is everything
up!” I said. scare that you can see around you.
VERB scares, scaring, scared We stood on top of the mountain
scale If something scares you, it and admired the scenery.
NOUN scales makes you feel afraid.
1 The scales on a fish are scared (ADJECTIVE) scent
hard pieces of skin on its body. If you are scared, you are afraid. NOUN scents
2 You use scales to measure Are you scared of spiders? 1 The scent of a person or
how much things weigh. scary (ADJECTIVE) animal is the smell that they
scaly (ADJECTIVE) Something that is scary makes leave behind them. The dog
Scaly skin is skin that is dry, you feel afraid. That movie’s too followed the scent.
hard, and flaking off. scary for me! 2 Scent is perfume.
176
 screen

school score
NOUN schools VERB scores, scoring, scored
A school is a place where When you score a point or goal
children go to learn. in a game, you get it. I scored
two goals in the last game.
science
NOUN sciences scowl
Science is the subject in which VERB scowls, scowling,

screen
you study things in the world scowled
around you, such as water, When you scowl, you make
electricity, light, metals, plants, your face look angry. The man
and animals. scowled at us angrily. scratch
scientist (NOUN) VERB scratches, scratching,
A scientist is someone who scrap scratched
studies science. NOUN scraps 1 If you scratch something,
1 A scrap is a small piece you make a small cut on it.
science fiction of something. 2 When you scratch, you rub
NOUN 2 Scrap is anything that your skin with your nails.
Science fiction is stories or is broken, worn out, or not
films about things that happen useful any more. The cars scream
in the future or in space. My were sold as scrap. VERB screams,
brother likes pirate stories, but I screaming, screamed
prefer science fiction. scrape When you scream, you
VERB scrapes, scraping, shout or cry in a loud voice
scissors scraped because you are frightened
NOUN To scrape something means or in pain.
You use scissors for cutting to scratch it or pull something
things such as paper, cloth, sharp across it. I scraped screech
and hair. Scissors have two the mud off my shoes. VERB screeches, screeching,
blades that move apart and screeched
then together again. I whizz When you screech, you shout
or cry loudly. “The water’s
a lo

scold freezing!” she screeched.

ng

NOUN scolds, scolding,

on

my
scolded sco screen
To scold someone means to oter. NOUN screens
speak to them in an angry 1 A screen is a flat surface
way because they have done on which pictures or movies
something wrong. The teacher can be shown.
er

scolded me for being late. 2 The screen on a computer

scoot

or television is the part where

scooter the picture or writing appears.
NOUN scooters screenshot (NOUN)
A scooter is a toy with two wheels A screenshot is a picture that
that you can ride around on. You is taken from the screen of a
stand on the scooter and use one computer or phone. I’ll send
foot to push yourself along. you a screenshot of the website.
177
screw

screw seal second

NOUN screws NOUN seals NOUN seconds
A screw is a pointed piece 1 A seal is a sea animal with 1 A second is a very short period
of metal, like a nail. fur and flippers that lives in the of time. There are 60 seconds in
screwdriver (NOUN) sea. Seals eat fish and are one minute.
A screwdriver is a tool that excellent swimmers. ADJECTIVE
you use to fix a screw into VERB seals, sealing, sealed 2 The second person or thing
something by turning it 2 When you seal something, is the one that comes after the
around and around. you close it tightly. first one.

scribble Seals dive deep in th secret

e sea
VERB scribbles, to c
atch fish NOUN secrets
.

se
scribbling, If something is a secret, only
scribbled
al
a few people know about it.
When you scribble, secret agent (NOUN)
you write or draw A secret agent is a spy.
something in a very secretly (ADVERB)
messy way. My little brother search If you do something secretly,
scribbled all over the wallpaper VERB searches, searching, you do it so that other people
in his bedroom. searched do not know about it.
If you search for something, you
script look for it carefully. He searched secretary
NOUN scripts for his ball in the long grass. NOUN secretaries
The script of a play is all the A secretary is a person who
words that the characters say. search engine works in an office and helps
NOUN search engines someone else by making
sculpture A search engine is a computer business appointments, writing
NOUN sculptures program that you use to search letters, and keeping records.
A sculpture is a statue or model for something on the internet. Secretaries are now often called
made out of stone or wood. personal assistants, or PAs.
season
sea NOUN seasons see
NOUN seas 1 Seasons are the different parts VERB sees, seeing, saw, seen
The sea is the salt water that that a year is divided into. Our When you see something, you
covers a large amount of the four seasons are spring, summer, notice it with your eyes.
Earth’s surface. Whales are large fall, and winter.
animals that live in the sea. 2 A sport’s season is the time of seed
seabed (NOUN) year when people play that sport. NOUN seeds
The seabed is the bottom of The football season starts today. A seed is a small, hard object
the sea. that is made by a plant. You can
seagull (NOUN) seat put a seed in the ground and it
A seagull is a large bird that NOUN seats will grow into a new plant.
lives near the sea. A seat is something that you sit on.
seaside (NOUN) seatbelt (NOUN) seek
The seaside is the land next A seatbelt is a strap that you VERB seeks, seeking, sought
to the sea. In the summer, we will fasten around your body when When you seek something, you
visit the seaside. you are in a car. try to find it.
178
 separate

seem sell sensible

VERB seems, seeming, VERB sells, selling, sold ADJECTIVE
seemed When you sell something, you Someone who is sensible does
To seem means to appear. give it to someone and they give the right thing and does not
Are you OK? You seem upset. you money in return. I sold my do silly or stupid things.
old bike to my friend. sensibly (ADVERB)
seen If you behave sensibly, you
☛ See see. semicircle behave in a sensible way.
NOUN semicircles
seesaw A semicircle is half a circle. sensitive
NOUN seesaws ADJECTIVE
A seesaw is a balancing toy. semifinal 1 Something that is sensitive
Children play on a seesaw by NOUN semifinals reacts very quickly to things
sitting at either end of a board A semifinal is a game or match around it. I’m careful which soaps
and rocking up and down. to decide who will play in the I use because my skin is sensitive.
final of a competition. 2 Someone who is sensitive
seize becomes upset easily.
VERB seizes, seizing, seized send
If you seize something, you take VERB sends, sending, sent sent
hold of it suddenly. The thief When you send something to ☛ See send.
seized her bag. someone, you arrange for it to
be delivered to them in the mail sentence
select or using the internet. I’ll send NOUN sentences
VERB selects, selecting, you some photos of my new puppy. 1 A sentence is a group of
selected words that make sense together.
If you select something, you senior Sentences start with a capital
choose it. ADJECTIVE letter and end with a period.
selection (NOUN) Someone who is senior to you 2 A sentence is a punishment
A selection is a number of is older than you or more that is given to someone by a
things you can choose from. important than you. judge in a law court.
The store has an amazing
selection of candy. sense
senses
e
NOUN
selfie
NOUN selfies
1 The five senses
are the five
se p arat t h e other
buttons.
A selfie is a photo that you ways in which he t e from
a
par
T

red b
take of yourself. My sister’s new we can receive uttons are se
phone is great for taking selfies. information about
the world around us. The five separate
selfish senses are sight, hearing, touch, VERB separates, separating,
ADJECTIVE smell, and taste. separated
If you are selfish, you only 2 If someone has sense, they 1 When you separate things, you
care about yourself and are able to make good, sensible take them apart from each other.
not about other people. decisions. I’m glad you had the ADJECTIVE
He was selfish and never sense to bring an umbrella. 2 Things that are separate
shared his toys. 3 If something makes sense, are not joined to each other
☛ Opposite: unselfish it seems sensible or right. or not with each other.
179
sequence

sequence serve set

NOUN sequences VERB serves, serving, served NOUN sets
A sequence is a number 1 When you serve someone, 1 A set of things is a group
of things that follow each you help them by giving of things that belong together.
other in order. them something that they Have you got a chess set?
sets, setting, set

It is his turn to serve.

want or need. The waiter VERB
series will serve you at 2 When something sets, it goes
NOUN your table. hard. The glue took a long time
1 A series of things is a 2 When you serve in a to set.
number of them that follow game like tennis, you 3 When the Sun sets, it goes
one another in order. start the game by hitting down in the evening. The Sun
2 A television series is a the ball to your sets in the west.
television program that is opponent. 4 When you set a timer
shown in regular episodes. or an alarm, you change
service the controls so that it will
serious NOUN services go off at a particular time.
ADJECTIVE 1 The service in a I set my alarm for
1 If something is serious, people store or restaurant seven o’clock.
need to think and talk about it is how quick 5 To place something in a
carefully. Missing so much school and helpful the location or a position.
is a very serious matter. staff are. The teacher set the books
2 Someone who is serious is not 2 A service is on her desk.
smiling or laughing. The teacher something
came in looking serious. that is settle
3 If something is serious, provided for VERB settles, settling,
it is worrying and could people to settled
be dangerous. use if they 1 If you settle down, you stop
seriously (ADVERB) want to. moving around and sit or lie
If someone is seriously hurt, quietly. The teacher told us to
they are badly hurt. settle down and get on with
ser

our work.
servant 2 When you settle an
NOUN servants argument, you stop arguing
ve

A servant is a person who and agree on who is right.

works for another person In the end, Dad settled
in their home. the argument for us.

Shape up!
Here are some common
rectangle/ shapes and their names.
square oblong circle

triangle semicircle
180
 shape

sh a d e s shade
NOUN shades
shall
VERB
1 If you are in the shade, you are I shall do something means
in a cool place where the sun’s that I will do it. I shall go
light and heat cannot reach. shopping later.
She sat in the shade to read.
2 Different shades of a color shallow
several are all the same color, but are ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVE different because some are Something that is shallow is
Several means quite a lot of darker or lighter than others. not very deep. We paddled in
people or things. Several people I have three red T-shirts, but they’re the shallow water.
waved as they walked past. all different shades of the color.
3 Shades are sunglasses. shame
severe NOUN
ADJECTIVE shadow 1 If something is a shame, it is
Something that is severe is very NOUN shadows sad. It’s a shame you can’t come.
bad. Our ferry was canceled A shadow is a dark shape that 2 Shame is the feeling you have
because of the severe weather. is made when something blocks when you know that you have
the light. done something wrong and feel
sew bad about it.
VERB sews, sewing, sewed, shake
sewn VERB shakes, shaking, shook, shampoo
When you sew, you join pieces shaken NOUN shampoos
of cloth together using a needle 1 When something shakes, it Shampoo is a soapy liquid that
and thread. moves roughly up and down you use for washing your hair.
☛ Be careful with spelling: or from side to side. The bus
sew Can you sew this button was shaking and rattling as shape
back on? it drove along. NOUN shapes
sow You usually sow seeds 2 When you shake something, You can say what shape something
in the spring. you move it roughly up and is by saying whether it is a circle,
down. Shake the can before a square, or a triangle.
sex opening it. shaped (ADJECTIVE)
NOUN sexes 3 If you are shaking, you If something is shaped like
Male and female are the two cannot stop your body from an object, it has the shape of
sexes that people and animals moving because you are cold that object. Her pencil case was
are divided into. or frightened. shaped like a banana.

pentagon hexagon octagon star diamond

181
share
Sha
share shed rk
sh
VERB shares, sharing, shared NOUN sheds av
1 When people share something, 1 A shed is a small ev
er y
they take it in turns to use it. building that you sh a r
We haven’t got enough cups so keep things in.
p te
eth
we’ll have to share. VERB sheds, shedding, shed .
2 When people share something, 2 To shed something means to
they divide it up and give some lose it because it drops off. Some
to each person. I hope you’re trees shed all their leaves in the fall.
going to share your chocolate
with everyone. sheep
NOUN
shark A sheep is an animal with a
NOUN sharks thick, woolly coat that is kept on
A shark is a large fish with farms to produce meat and wool.
rows of sharp teeth. Sharks
live in both cold and warm sheer

rk
seas and eat fish or small

sha
ADJECTIVE
water animals. 1 A sheer drop does
not slope but goes
sharp straight down.
ADJECTIVE sharper, sharpest 2 Sheer means complete.
1 Something that is sharp has She smiled with sheer pleasure
a thin edge or pointed end that when she saw all the presents.
can cut things. Careful—that
knife is sharp! sheet
2 If you have sharp eyes or NOUN sheets shell
ears, you are good at seeing 1 A sheet is a large piece of NOUN shells
or hearing things. cloth that you put on a bed. A shell is a hard part that covers
sharpen (VERB) 2 A sheet of something is a and protects something. Eggs,
If you sharpen a knife, you large, flat piece of it. nuts, and animals such as snails,
make it sharper. crabs, and tortoises have shells.
shelf
shatter
VERB shatters, shattering,
shattered
NOUN shelves
A shelf is a piece of wood
attached to a wall that
shells
If something shatters, it you can put things on.
breaks into very small pieces.
The mirror fell to the floor and
shattered into tiny pieces.

shave
VERB shaves, shaving,
shaved
When you shave, you
remove hair from your
We colle s hells.
body with a razor. cted some
182
 shoot

shelter shocked
NOUN shelters ADJECTIVE
1 A shelter is a place that If you are shocked by
protects you from the weather something, you are surprised
or from danger. The doorway and upset by it. I was shocked
provided a shelter from the rain. by a story I saw on the news
VERB shelters, sheltering, this morning.
sheltered
2 When you shelter somewhere, shoe
you stay there so that you are NOUN shoes
g e.
safe from the weather or danger.
The sher y bad You wear shoes on your feet
if f in to protect them and keep
w ea r s a s

h
shepherd them warm.
NOUN shepherds ship shoelace (NOUN)
A shepherd is someone who NOUN ships A shoelace is a cord that

s
looks after a flock of sheep. A ship is a large boat. fastens a shoe.

sheriff shipwreck
NOUN sheriffs NOUN shipwrecks

ho
A sheriff is a person whose When there is a shipwreck,

H er s h o
job is to make sure that a ship is destroyed at sea.
people do not break the
shirt

e
law in their area.
NOUN shirts
shield
eh
A shirt is a piece of clothing
shields
as
NOUN that you wear on the top half
1 A shield is a strong piece of your body. Shirts usually
sho

of metal or leather that soldiers have buttons down the front.

elac

used to carry in battle to protect

their bodies. shiver
shields, shielding, shielded shivers, shivering, shivered
es.

VERB VERB
2 To shield something means When you shiver, your body
to protect it. She shielded keeps moving because you shone
her eyes from the sun. are cold or frightened. ☛ See shine.

shin shock shook

NOUN shins NOUN shocks ☛ See shake.
Your shins are the front parts 1 If something is a shock,
of your legs below your knees. it happens suddenly and shoot
surprises you a lot. VERB shoots, shooting, shot
shine 2 If you get an electric shock, 1 To shoot someone means
VERB shines, shining, shone electricity goes through your to fire at them with a gun
When something shines, it gives body and hurts you. or other weapon.
out light and looks bright. VERB shocks, shocking, 2 When you shoot in a ball
shiny (ADJECTIVE) shocked game such as soccer or
Something that is shiny 3 If something shocks you, it basketball, you try to score
looks bright. surprises you and upsets you. a goal or point.
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shop

shop should shrank

NOUN shops VERB ☛ See shrink.
1 A shop is a place where If you should do something,
you can go to buy things. you ought to do it. We should shred
VERB shops, shopping, do our homework before we play. NOUN shreds
shopped A shred of something is
2 When you shop, you go to shoulder a small, narrow strip of it.
stores to buy things. NOUN shoulders My shirt was torn to shreds.
Your shoulder is the place below
shore your neck where your arms join
NOUN shores
The shore is the land at the
edge of the sea or a lake.
your body.

shout s h o w
NOUN shouts
short 1 A shout is a loud
ADJECTIVE shorter, shortest call. We heard a shout
1 Something that is short is from the yard.
not very long. Short hair is VERB shouts, shouting,
fashionable at the moment. shouted Sh
2 Something that is short does 2 When you shout, you ei
not last long. The film was short. speak or call out loudly.

nt
rod
3 If you are short of something, “Go away!” she shouted.

uced
you do not have enough of it.
Our school is short of money. show
shorten (VERB) NOUN shows the performer
If you shorten something, 1 A show is something
you make it shorter. that people perform for
others to watch.
shorts VERB shows, showing,
NOUN showed, shown
s at the star

Shorts are short pants that 2 If you show something to

usually finish just above your someone, you let them see it.
knees. I wear shorts to school He showed me some of his photos.
during the summer. 3 If you show someone how to
t of

do something, you explain it

shot to them and do it so that they
the

1 Shot is the past tense of shoot. can watch it and learn. Can
shots
sh

NOUN you show me how to get to

ow

2 A shot is a photo. That’s the next level in the game?

a lovely shot of you!
.

3 In tennis, a shot is a hit of the shower

ball. In soccer or basketball, NOUN showers
a shot is an attempt to score 1 If you have a shower, you
a goal or point. That was a wash your body by standing
brilliant shot! under a fine spray of water.
4 If you fire a shot at something, 2 If there is a shower, it rains
you shoot at it. for a short time.
184
 sign

shut sigh
VERB shuts, shutting, shut VERB sighs, sighing,
1 If you shut something, sighed
you close it. When you sigh, you let out
2 When you shut down your a long, deep breath slowly
computer, you close the because you are tired or sad.
programs you have been

uf f l e using and switch it off. sight

sh shy
NOUN
1 Your sight is your ability to
ADJECTIVE shyer, shyest see things. She lost her sight
shriek Someone who is shy is nervous in an accident.
VERB shrieks, shrieking, and frightened when they 2 A sight is something that
shrieked meet and talk to new people. you can see. The old ship was
If you shriek, you shout an amazing sight as it sailed
or cry out in a high-pitched sick up the river.
voice because you are excited  ADJECTIVE sicker, sickest ☛ Be careful with spelling:
or afraid. She shrieked when 1 If you are sick, food comes sight Bats have no sight.
she saw the mouse. up out of your stomach and site We stayed at a camp site.
out of your mouth.
shrill 2 If you are sick, you do not sign
ADJECTIVE shriller, shrillest feel well. NOUN signs
A shrill sound is sharp and high. 1 A sign is a picture or symbol
side that represents something.
shrink NOUN sides The sign for a dollar is $.
VERB shrinks, shrinking, 1 The sides of something are 2 If you give someone a
shrank, shrunk the parts at the edges. Triangles sign, you move your body in
When something shrinks, it have three sides. order to tell them something.
becomes smaller. My shirt 2 The side of something is the He nodded his head as a sign
shrank in the wash. part on the left or right of it. that he agreed.
3 A side is a team of people who 3 A sign is a public notice
shrug are competing against another that gives people information.
VERB shrugs, shrugging, group. Which side are you on? There was a “No Entry” sign
shrugged by the gate.
When you shrug, you raise sideways VERB signs, signing,
your shoulders to show that ADVERB signed
you do not care or do not know. If you move sideways, you 4 When you sign something,
move to the side, not forward or you write your name on it.
shuffle backward. Crabs walk sideways. The author signed copies
VERB shuffles, shuffling, of her book.
shuffled sieve sign language (NOUN)
1 When you shuffle cards, you NOUN sieves Sign language is a way
mix them around to change A sieve is a container with a of talking to people by
the order they are in. lot of tiny holes in it. You pour moving your hands in
2 If you shuffle along, you things into a sieve to separate special ways. People who
walk slowly, dragging your solids from liquids, or fine cannot hear often use
feet along the ground. grains from larger pieces. sign language.
185
signal

signal silent sincere

NOUN signals ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE
1 If you give someone a signal, Something that is silent does Someone who is sincere is
you move a part of your body not make any noise. A place honest and tells the truth.
or use an object in order to tell that is silent has no noise in it. She was sincere when she
the person something. When silence (NOUN) said she was sorry.
you are cycling, you put out one When there is silence, there sincerely (ADVERB)
arm as a signal that you are is no noise. The teacher called You write “Yours sincerely”
going to turn left or right. for silence. at the end of a polite letter,
2 A signal is a series of radio silently (ADVERB) before you finish it by
waves that can carry If you do something silently, signing your name.
information. I couldn’t call you you do it with no noise.
because there was no signal for sing
my phone. silk VERB sings, singing,
NOUN silks sang, sung
signature Silk is a type of thin, soft cloth When you sing, you make a
NOUN signatures that is made from threads spun musical sound with your voice.
Your signature is your special by small creatures called I’m too shy to sing in front of
way of writing your own name. silkworms. other people.
My mother wrote her signature singer (NOUN)
at the bottom of the form. silly A singer is someone who sings.
ADJECTIVE sillier, silliest When I grow up, I want to be
Sikh Something that is silly is not a pop singer.
NOUN Sikhs very sensible.
A Sikh is someone whose single
religion is Sikhism. silver ADJECTIVE
NOUN Single means for only one
Silver is a shiny, white-colored person. They reserved two single
metal that is very valuable. rooms and one double at the hotel.
Silver is used for making coins
and jewelry. singular
silly similar
ADJECTIVE
NOUN
The singular of a word is the
form that you use for only one
Things that thing or person. “Child” is a
are similar are almost the singular form, and “children”
A
sil

same, but not exactly the same. is a plural form.

ly

simple sink
clo
wn

ADJECTIVE simpler, simplest NOUN sinks

shows o

1 Something that is simple is 1 A sink is a basin with taps that

easy to understand or solve. you can wash things in.
The teacher gave us some simple VERB sinks, sinking, sank, sunk
f f on

problems to do for homework. 2 When something sinks, it

a

2 Something that is simple is goes down below the surface

unicycle.

plain, and not decorated. I chose of water. The stone sank to

a simple design for my costume. the bottom of the pond.
186
 skin

sip situation ski

VERB sips, sipping, sipped NOUN situations VERB skis, skiing, skied
When you sip a drink, you drink A situation is everything that is When you ski, you move over
it slowly, with small mouthfuls. happening in a particular place snow on two long, thin sticks
I sipped my smoothie slowly. at a particular time. You should called skis.
call for help if you are in a
sir dangerous situation. skid
NOUN VERB skids, skidding, skidded
A word you use when you are size If a car or bike skids, it slides
speaking to a man politely. NOUN sizes because the road is wet or slippery.
I’m sorry, sir. The size of The car skidded on the ice.
something
siren is how big it is.
NOUN sirens
A siren is a small machine
that makes a loud noise to
These shoes are
the wrong size.
s ki zing
warn people about something. skate w hiz s.
y i
We heard a police car’s siren. VERB skates, njo sk
skating, skated Ie l on
sister hil
When you skate, wn
NOUN sisters you slide along on a hard do
Your sister is a girl who has the surface, wearing special shoes
same mother and father as you. with blades or wheels. Shall
we go skating this afternoon?
sit
VERB sits, sitting, sat skateboard
1 When you sit, you rest your NOUN
body by supporting your weight skateboards skill
on your bottom, rather than A skateboard is a small board NOUN
on your feet. on wheels that people stand If you have skill, you can do
2 If something is sitting on to ride along. something very well. You need
somewhere, it is there. I left my skateboarding (NOUN) a lot of skill to be a professional
book sitting on the kitchen table. Skateboarding is riding on tennis player.
a skateboard. Skateboarding skilful (ADJECTIVE)
site is great fun! Someone who is skilful has
NOUN sites a lot of skill. He’s a very
A site is an area of ground. You skeleton skilful soccer player.
mustn’t play on the building site. NOUN skeletons skilfully (ADVERB)
☛ Be careful with spelling: Your skeleton is all the bones in If you do something skilfully,
site We stayed at a camp site. your body. There are more than you do it with a lot of skill.
sight Bats have no sight. 200 bones in a human skeleton.
skin
sitting room sketch NOUN skins
NOUN sitting rooms NOUN sketches 1 Your skin is the part of
A sitting room is a room in A sketch is a rough drawing. you that covers all your body.
which you sit and chat or Here’s a sketch of the next 2 The skin on a vegetable or
watch television. painting I’m going to do. fruit is the part on the outside.
187
skinny

skinny skyscraper slave

ADJECTIVE skinnier, skinniest NOUN skyscrapers NOUN slaves
Someone who is skinny is A skyscraper is a very tall A slave is someone who is owned
very thin. building. by another person and has to
work for them.
skip slack
VERB skips, skipping, skipped ADJECTIVE sled
1 When you skip along, you run Something that is slack is not NOUN sleds
along and hop lightly from one stretched tight. Keep the rope A sled is a vehicle with a smooth
foot to another. She skipped tight—don’t let it go slack. bottom that you sit on to move
down the road cheerfully. across snow or ice.
2 When you skip, you jump slam
over a turning rope. VERB slams, slamming, sleep
slammed VERB sleeps, sleeping, slept
skirt If you slam a door, you shut it When you sleep, you rest with
NOUN skirts with a loud bang. your eyes closed, and your
A skirt is a piece of clothing that body and mind are not active.
a woman or girl wears. It fastens slang sleepy (ADJECTIVE)
around her waist and can be NOUN If you are sleepy, you feel as if
short or long. Slang is words and phrases you want to sleep.
that people use when they are
skull laughing and joking together, sleet
NOUN skulls but not when they are writing NOUN
Your skull is the bony case that or speaking politely. Sleet is a mixture of snow

iv i ng
protects your brain. and rain.

d
sky
NOUN skies sky
The sky is the air above us.

Sk
yd rin g an d e xcit i n g s port.
iving is a da

sleeve
slant NOUN sleeves
VERB slants, slanting, slanted The sleeves on a piece of
skydiving If something slants, it slopes and clothing are the parts that
NOUN is not flat or straight. cover your arms.
Skydiving is a sport in which
people jump out of an airplane slap sleigh
wearing a parachute that opens VERB slaps, slapping, slapped NOUN sleighs
after they have been falling for If you slap someone, you hit them A sleigh is a large, open vehicle
a short while. with the palm of your hand. that is pulled by animals.
188
 smack

slept slip slope

☛ See sleep. VERB slips, slipping, NOUN slopes
slipped 1 A slope is a piece of land
slice 1 If you slip, your foot slides on that is not flat, but goes up
NOUN slices the floor and you nearly fall. or down. They rolled the ball
A slice of something is a thin piece I slipped on the ice. down the slope.
of it. Would you like a slice of cake? 2 If you slip something into a VERB slopes, sloping, sloped
place, you put it there gently. 2 If something slopes, it is not flat
slide He slipped some money into but goes up or down at one end.
NOUN slides my hand.
1 A slide is a large toy for slot
children to play on. You NOUN slots
climb up some steps A slot is a small, narrow
and then slide opening for putting something
down it. slipper in. She put a coin in the slot.
VERB slides, NOUN slippers
sliding, slid Slippers are soft, comfortable slow
2 To slide shoes that you wear indoors. ADJECTIVE slower, slowest
means to move Something that is slow
smoothly along. slippery takes a long time to
She slid across ADJECTIVE do something or get
the ice. Something that is somewhere. The school
slippery is smooth bus is always slow.
slight or wet, and slowly (ADVERB)
ADJECTIVE slighter, difficult to grip. If you do something slowly,
slightest you do it in a slow way and
Slight means very small. do not hurry. I usually read
ts
There’s a slight chance that we Two slippery new quite slowly.
might go to Mexico this year.
slightly (ADVERB) slug
Slightly means a little bit. NOUN slugs
I was slightly annoyed with him. A slug is a small, soft, and slimy
slit animal with no legs. Slugs have
slim NOUN slits eaten all the lettuces I planted in
ADJECTIVE slimmer, slimmest A slit is a long, narrow hole or my garden.
Someone who is slim is thin. cut in something.
sly
slimy slither ADJECTIVE slyer, slyest
ADJECTIVE VERB slithers, slithering, Someone who is sly does things
Something that is slimy feels wet slithered in a secret, sneaky way. I don’t
and sticky. When a snake slithers, it slides trust my cousin—he’s very sly.
along the ground.
sling smack
NOUN slings slogan VERB smacks, smacking,
A sling is a piece of material NOUN slogans smacked
that you put around an injured A slogan is a phrase that is used To smack someone means to
arm to support it. to advertise something. hit them.
189
small

small smile snack

ADJECTIVE smaller, smallest VERB smiles, smiling, smiled NOUN snacks
Something that is small is When you smile, you show that A snack is a small amount of
not very big. you are happy by moving your food that you eat between meals
mouth so that it turns upward at or have instead of a meal.
smart the sides.
ADJECTIVE smarter, smartest snail
1 Someone who is smart is clever. smoke NOUN snails
2 Someone who NOUN A snail is a small, slimy animal
looks smart is Smoke is the black or white with no legs and a hard shell.
wearing clean, gas that comes from a fire.
neat clothes. snake
3 A smart
machine can
make some decisions for itself.
s na NOUN snakes
A snake is a long, thin animal
with no legs. Some snakes are
venomous, which means they

ils
smartphone have poison in their fangs.
NOUN smartphones Others kill by squeezing their
A smartphone is a mobile prey tightly.
phone that lets you get on smooth Sn
a ils le of slime behind t
the internet. ADJECTIVE smoother, ave a trail hem
.
smoothest
smash Something that is smooth
VERB smashes, smashing, is flat and even, with no
smashed sharp bumps or lumps.
To smash something means You need a nice smooth
to break it into lots of pieces. surface for skateboarding.

smell smoothie snap

NOUN smells NOUN smoothies VERB snaps,
1 Your sense of smell is your A smoothie is a thick drink snapping, snapped
ability to smell things. that is made by crushing fruit 1 If you snap your fingers,
2 The smell that something has or vegetables and adding milk, you move them together so
is what it is like when you sniff yogurt, or ice cream. that they make a noise.
it. The flower had a lovely smell. 2 If something snaps, it breaks
3 If something smells, you smuggle suddenly. I was worried the rope
can notice it by sniffing with VERBsmuggles, smuggling, might snap.
your nose. Your feet smell! smuggled 3 If you snap at someone, you
VERB smells, smelling, If you smuggle something shout at them in an angry way.
smelled or smelt into a place or out of a place, “Can’t you see that I’m busy?”
4 When you smell something, you move it there secretly. she snapped.
you use your nose to find out We smuggled cookies into my
what it is like. I smelled the bedroom for a midnight feast. snarl
cheese to check if it was fresh. smuggler (NOUN) VERB snarls, snarling, snarled
smelly (ADJECTIVE) A smuggler is someone who When an animal snarls, it growls
Something that is smelly has brings things into a country in a fiercely and shows its teeth. The
an unpleasant smell. way that is against the law. guard dog snarled at us.
190
 soccer

snatch snowball soap

VERB snatches, snatching, NOUN snowballs NOUN soaps
snatched A snowball is a ball of snow 1 You use soap for cleaning
If you snatch something, that you make with your hands your body.
you take hold of it quickly. and throw at people for fun. 2 A soap is a television series
I snatched my coat and that tells the story of the
ran out of the house. snowboard everyday lives of a group
NOUN snowboards of people. A soap is also
sneak A snowboard is a large, flat called a soap opera.
VERB sneaks, sneaking, board that you use for
sneaked sliding over snow. soar
If you sneak somewhere, you snowboarding (NOUN) VERB soars, soaring, soared
go there in a quiet or secret Snowboarding is riding If something soars, it goes
way. He sneaked out of the on a snowboard. high up into the air. An eagle
room when no one was looking. soared above us.
snowdrift
sneeze NOUN snowdrifts sob
VERB sneezes, sneezing, A snowdrift is snow that VERB sobs, sobbing,
sneezed has been blown into a pile sobbed
When you sneeze, air comes by the wind. The car was If you sob, you cry noisily.
out of your nose suddenly. stuck in a snowdrift.
soccer
sniff snowflake NOUN
VERB sniffs, sniffing, sniffed NOUN snowflakes Soccer is a game played by two
1 When you sniff, you A snowflake is one piece of teams who try to kick a ball with
breathe in noisily through snow that falls from the clouds. their feet into a net
your nose. Stop sniffing to score a goal.
and blow your nose! snowman

man
2 If you sniff something, NOUN snowmen
you smell it. Dogs find out A snowman is a figure of a person
about things by sniffing them. that you make out of snow.
snow

snore snug
VERB snores, snoring, snored ADJECTIVE
If you snore, you breathe If you are snug, you are warm
noisily as you sleep. and comfortable. The cat
wman.

looked very snug curled up

snow inside the basket.
NOUN
soak
no

1 Snow is soft, white flakes of

as

ice that fall from the clouds VERB soaks, soaking, soaked
ldren made

in cold weather. To soak something means to

VERB snows, snowing, make it very wet. My brother
snowed soaked me with his water pistol.
2 When it snows, snow falls soaking (ADJECTIVE)
e chi

from the clouds. It’s been Something that is soaking is

h

snowing for days. very wet. My clothes are soaking!

T
sock

sock soggy sole

NOUN socks ADJECTIVE NOUN soles
A sock is a piece of clothing Something that is soggy is wet 1 The sole of your foot is the
that you wear on your foot. and soft. She lifted the soggy bottom part of your foot.
cookie out of her milk. 2 The sole of a shoe is the
socket bottom part of it.
NOUN sockets soil
A socket is a place on a NOUN solid
wall where you can put Soil is earth in which plants NOUN solids
an electric plug. can grow. The bush’s roots had 1 A solid is a substance that
grown deep into the soil. is hard and is not a liquid or
sofa gas. Ice and rock are solids.
NOUN sofas solar ADJECTIVE
A sofa is a long, comfortable ADJECTIVE 2 Something that is solid is
chair for two or three people. Solar means to do with the Sun. made of the same thing all
We wore special sunglasses when the way through and is not
soft we watched the solar eclipse. hollow. This cat is carved from
ADJECTIVE softer, softest solar panel (NOUN) a solid block of wood.
1 Something that is soft is not A solar panel collects heat 3 Something that is solid
hard or firm. What a lovely from the Sun and uses it is strong and well made.
soft bed! to make energy. They built a solid wall around
2 Something that feels soft Solar System (NOUN) the castle.
feels smooth. The Solar System is the Sun
3 A soft sound is not very loud. and all the planets that move solo
She spoke in a soft voice. around it. The eight planets NOUN solos
softly (ADVERB) in the Solar System are A solo is a performance that you
If you speak softly, you speak Mercury, Venus, Earth, give on your own. Are you going
quietly. “It’s OK,” she said softly. Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, to sing a solo?
Uranus, and Neptune.
software solve
NOUN soldier VERB solves, solving, solved
Software is the programs that NOUN soldiers When you solve a problem or
you put into a computer to A soldier is someone who fights mystery, you understand it
make it work. as part of an army. and find the answer to it.

A row of toy soldiers

192
 space

some sort souvenir

ADJECTIVE NOUN sorts NOUN souvenirs
Some means a small number 1 One sort of thing is one type. A souvenir is something that
or amount. Some people in my What sort of books do you like? you keep to remind you of a
class have got pets. VERB sorts, sorting, sorted person or place.
2 To sort things means to
somebody arrange them into different sow
PRONOUN types or groups. I sorted all VERB sows, sowing, sowed,
Somebody or someone means my games into ones I still played sown
a person. Somebody has stolen and ones I didn’t. When you sow seeds, you put
my chocolate! them in the soil so that they will
sought grow into plants.
something ☛ See seek. ☛ Be careful with spelling:
PRONOUN sow You usually sow seeds in
Something means a thing. sound the spring.
There’s something in my drink! NOUN sounds sew Can you sew this button
A sound is something that you back on?
sometimes can hear.

sound
ADVERB
Sometimes means at some times,
but not always.

son
NOUN sons
Someone’s son is their male child. Cy
m ba n d.
ls mak
e a lo ud so u
song
NOUN songs
A song is a piece of music with
words that you sing.
soup space
soon NOUN soups NOUN
ADVERB Soup is a liquid food that is 1 Space is the area around the
Soon means after a short time. made with meat or vegetables. Earth, where all the stars and
It will soon be lunchtime. planets are found.
sour 2 A space is a place that is
sore ADJECTIVE empty. We left a space for
ADJECTIVE Something that is sour has a your chair.
If a part of your body is sore, it sharp taste, like a lemon. spacecraft (NOUN)
hurts. My arm was sore after I fell. A spacecraft or spaceship is a
south vehicle that can travel in space.
sorry NOUN space station (NOUN)
ADJECTIVE sorrier, sorriest South is one of the directions A space station is a large
If you are sorry, you feel on a compass. If you keep spacecraft that stays in orbit
unhappy because of something going south, you will come to around the Earth. Astronauts
that you have done. I’m sorry the South Pole, which is the can stay in the space station
that I broke your window. farthest part south on Earth. to study space.
193
spade

spade special speed

NOUN spades ADJECTIVE NOUN speeds
A spade is a tool that you use Something that is special is The speed of something
for digging. different and better than other is how fast it is moving.
things. Today is a special day The train was traveling at
spaghetti because it’s my birthday. a speed of 120 miles per hour.
NOUN special effects (NOUN)
Spaghetti is a type of long, Special effects are images spell
thin pasta. in films that are created NOUN spells
using computers or clever ways 1 A spell is a set of words that
spare of filming to make the film more are supposed to have a magic
ADJECTIVE exciting. The special effects power. The witch cast a spell
Something that is spare is extra, in the movie were so good on her.
and you can use it if you need to. that I thought the dinosaurs VERB spells, spelling, spelled
were real! or spelt
spark 2 The way you spell a word is
NOUN sparks spectacular the letters you use to write it.
A spark is a tiny piece of fire or ADJECTIVE How do you spell “special”?
a tiny flash of electricity. Something that is spectacular is spellchecker (NOUN)
very exciting. The ski jumpers did A spellchecker is a computer
sparkle some spectacular jumps. program that checks spellings
VERB sparkles, sparkling, and highlights mistakes.
sparkled speech spelling (NOUN)
If something sparkles, it shines NOUN speeches The spelling of a word is the
in the light. The water sparkled 1 Speech is the ability to speak. way it is spelled. We’ve got
in the moonlight. Animals do not have the power of a spelling test tomorrow.
speech.
spat 2 A speech is a talk that spend
☛ See spit. someone gives to an audience. VERB spends, spending,
The principal made a speech spent
speak at the end of the day. 1 When you spend money, you
VERB speaks, speaking, spoke, speech bubble (NOUN) use it to buy things. I’ve spent
spoken A speech bubble is a circle that all of my allowance.
When you speak, you say words. you can add above someone’s 2 When you spend time doing
head in a picture to show what something, you use the time
speaker they are saying. The speech to do it. We spent two weeks
NOUN speakers bubble in the picture made it camping in the forest.
A speaker is a part of clear that girl was the winner
spice
es
a radio, TV, or music of the race.
player that sound NOUN spices
star anise nutmeg
spic

comes out of. A spice is something that you

add to food to make it taste
spear nice. Spices are made from
NOUN spears the dried parts of plants.
A spear is a long weapon spicy (ADJECTIVE)
with a sharp point that red Spicy food has a strong flavor
green chile
you throw by hand. chile because it has spices in it.
194
Sun Space lo rer

scorching

xp
space e
Lost in space!
Here are some words to
help you find your way

aut
around.

ron
st a
ce probe
ming

mi
zoomin
ss
g
ion

n
sp

ki
al
spa

w
fla

ce
ce
g

spa
tou
roc

ris
galaxy m

Earth
ket

if er
y

n ing
r
twis
tu

oxy
ting
sp

ge n
in
nin
g

dry d
usty
low

International Spa
ce Station cky
ro
s c
p a
g ra v i t y

empty ec
Moon
raft
ss
lun

ar
ne

s
es
Shuttle

mis t l
sion h
weig

So la r System
ace

planets in the
Sp

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

spider

spider spine split

NOUN spiders NOUN spines VERB splits, splitting, split
A spider is a small animal with 1 Your spine is the row of small 1 If you split something, you
eight legs. Spiders spin nets of bones in your back. divide it into parts. I split the
thin, sticky threads called webs, 2 Spines are stiff, sharp points cookie in half and gave one half
which they use to trap insects on an animal or on a plant. to my friend.
for food.
s pi spit
2 If something splits, it tears or

d VERB spits, spitting, spat

breaks. The bag split open.

er If you spit, you force something spoil

out of your mouth. She spat out VERB spoils, spoiling, spoiled
the rotten apple. or spoilt
1 If you spoil something, you
spiteful damage it or destroy it so that
ADJECTIVE you cannot use it any more. Don’t
spill Someone who is spiteful is draw on that book—you’ll spoil it.
VERB spills, spilling, spilled or deliberately nasty to other people. 2 To spoil a child means to give
spilt them too much, so that they
If you spill something, you let splash always expect to get what
it fall out of the container it is VERB splashes, splashing, they want.
in. I nearly spilled my drink. splashed
When you splash water, you spoke
spin hit it so that it flies up into ☛ See speak.
VERB spins, spinning, spun the air. Please don’t splash
1 To spin means to turn around water in my face! sponge
quickly. The dancers were NOUN sponges
spinning around and around. splinter A sponge is a soft material
2 To spin a thread or web means NOUN splinters that soaks up a lot of water.
to make it. I watched the spider A splinter is a thin, sharp piece You use sponges for cleaning
spin a web. of wood or glass. or washing things.

Sports
Here are some sports
and the equipment you
need to play them.

cycling
rugby ball baseball
bat, glove,
and ball
tennis racket
and balls gymnastics
 spread

sponsor spot spray

VERB sponsors, sponsoring, NOUN spots VERB sprays, spraying,
sponsored 1 A spot is a small, round mark. sprayed
If you sponsor someone, you There were a few spots of paint If you spray water onto
promise to give them money for on the floor. something, you cover it with fine
a charity if they do something. 2 A spot is a small, red mark drops of water. We sprayed the
on your skin. plants with water.
spooky 3 A spot is a place. It was a
ADJECTIVE spookier, spookiest perfect spot for a picnic.
A spooky place is frightening VERB spots, spotting,
because it makes you think spotted
about ghosts. If you spot something, you
see it. We spotted a fox in
spoon our backyard.
NOUN spoons
spout

spo
A spoon is a tool with a small
spouts
t
bowl at one end. You use a NOUN

u
spoon for eating or stirring food. The spout on a jug or teapot is the
part that you pour liquid out of.
sport spread
NOUN sports sprain VERB spreads, spreading,
A sport is something that you VERB sprains, spraining, spread
do to have fun and keep your sprained 1 If you spread something out,
body fit. Football, running, If you sprain a part of your you open it out. We spread the
and golf are all sports. body, you hurt it. I fell and blanket out on the ground and
sporty (ADJECTIVE) sprained my wrist. sat down.
Someone who is sporty enjoys 2 When you spread butter on
doing sports and is good at it. sprang bread, you put it all over
☛ See spring. the bread.

football
helmet

table tennis
bat and ball

football
ice hockey
golf club
and balls
soccer swimming
197
spring

spring square squeeze

NOUN springs NOUN squares VERB squeezes, squeezing,
1 Spring is one of the four A square is a shape with four squeezed
seasons. Spring follows winter equal sides and four right angles. If you squeeze something, you
and comes before summer. square number (NOUN) press it hard. I squeezed the
It is the time when the weather A square number is a number tube of toothpaste.
becomes warmer and many that you get when you multiply
plants start to grow. I look a number by itself. For example, squirrel
forward to the daffodils 9 is a square number because NOUN squirrels
blooming in spring. 3 x 3 = 9. A squirrel is a small, furry

i r re l
2 A spring is a coil of thin metal animal with a long, bushy tail.
that jumps back into shape after
it has been stretched, bent, or s q u Squirrels eat nuts and berries.

squashed. squirt
VERB springs, springing, VERB squirts, squirting,
sprang, sprung squirted
3 When you spring, you jump When you squirt liquid, you
upward in a lively way. She make it shoot out in a thin jet.
sprang out of bed. I accidentally squirted some
orange juice into my eye.
sprint
VERB sprints, sprinting, squash stab
sprinted NOUN VERB stabs, stabbing, stabbed
When you sprint, you run 1 Squash is a vegetable that To stab something means to
very fast. I sprinted toward grows on a vine. push something sharp into it.
the bus stop. VERB squashes, squashing,
squashed stable
sprung 2 If you squash something, you NOUN stables
☛ See spring. crush it so that it becomes flat. A stable is a building where
My banana got squashed at horses are kept.
spun the bottom of my bag.
☛ See spin. stack
squeak NOUN stacks
spy VERB squeaks, squeaking, A stack is a pile of things, one
NOUN spies squeaked on top of another. There was a
A spy is a person who gathers To squeak means to make stack of books on the teacher’s desk.
information in secret. The spy a short, high sound, like the
broke into the building in the sound a mouse makes. The wheel stadium
middle of the night. squeaked every time it went round. NOUN stadiums or stadia
A stadium is a sports ground with
squabble squeal seats all around for spectators.
VERB squabbles, squabbling, VERB squeals, squealing,
squabbled squealed staff
When people squabble, they To squeal means to make NOUN
argue with each other. My a long, high sound. The girls The staff in a school, store,
brothers are always squabbling squealed when I sprayed or business are the people
over what to watch on TV! them with water. who work there.
198
 statement

stag stalk
NOUN stags NOUN stalks
A stag is an adult male deer. The stalk of a flower or leaf is

tar
We saw a beautiful stag on our the part that joins it to the plant.
trip to the countryside.
stall

s
stage NOUN stalls
NOUN stages A stall is a table where people
1 A stage is a platform that show their goods and sell them
people stand on to perform at a market.
plays and shows. stare
2 One stage of something is stammer VERB stares, staring, stared
one part of it. We made the long VERB stammers, stammering, If you stare at something, you
journey in several stages. stammered look at it for a long time.
If you stammer, you find it difficult ☛ Be careful with spelling:
stagger to speak and you repeat the stare You shouldn’t stare
VERB staggers, staggering, sounds at the beginning of words. at people.
staggered “I d-d-don’t know,” he stammered. stair I went up the stairs.
If you stagger along, you walk
in an unsteady way, nearly stamp start
falling over. I got up and NOUN stamps NOUN starts
staggered to the window. 1 A stamp is a sticker that you 1 The start of something is when
put on an envelope or package it begins.
stain to show that you have paid for it VERB starts, starting, started
NOUN stains to be delivered. 2 To start means to begin.
A stain is a dirty VERB stamps, stamping, The runners lined up, ready
mark on something. stamped to start the race.
The old carpet was 2 If you stamp your foot, you
covered in stains. bang it down on the ground. startle
VERB startles, startling,
stair stand startled
NOUN stairs VERB stands, standing, stood If something startles you, it gives
Stairs are steps. When you are standing, your you a surprise or a shock. The
☛ Be careful feet are on the ground and sudden movement startled him.
with spelling: your body is upright.
stair I went starve
up the stairs. stank VERB starves, starving,
stare You ☛ See stink. starved
shouldn’t stare If someone is starving, they do
at people. star not have enough food to live.
NOUN stars
stale statement
rs
1 Stars are the tiny lights we see
ADJECTIVE in the sky at night. The nearest NOUN statements
Food that is stale
is not fresh. They
a i star to Earth is the Sun.
2 A star is a shape with five or
A statement is a sentence that
tells you something rather than
gave us water and
some stale bread.
s t more points.
3 A star is a famous person.
asking you a question or
ordering you to do something.
199
station

station steady steer

NOUN stations ADJECTIVE steadier, VERB steers, steering,
1 A station is a place where steadiest steered
buses and trains stop. 1 If something is steady, it When you steer something,
2 A station is a building used is firm and does not move. you control the direction it
by the police or fire service. Hold the ladder steady while goes in. She steered her bicycle
I climb up. into the driveway.
statue 2 Something that is steady
NOUN statues continues without getting stem
A statue is a model of a person faster or slower. We rode NOUN stems
or animal made from stone, along at a steady speed. The stem of a plant is the
wood, or metal. main stalk that grows up out
steak of the soil.
stay NOUN steaks
VERB stays, staying, stayed A steak is a thick slice of fish or step
1 If you stay in a place, you meat, usually beef. NOUN steps
remain there. 1 When you take
2 If you stay in a place, you live steal a step, you
there for a short time. VERB steals, stealing, stole, put one foot
3 If something stays the same, stolen in front of
it remains that way. It stayed To steal something means to the other
sunny all week. take something that does not and move

stat belong to you. Thieves have

stolen some paintings from
forward.
2 A step is one of the

stem
the museum. parts of a staircase or
Statue of Libe
ue

The rty ☛ Be careful with spelling: a ladder on which you

w steal Some people steal things put your feet. I sat on
elc

from shops. the bottom step, waiting

om

steel Wood is not as strong as steel. for you to return.

es sailors to N

steam stepbrother
NOUN NOUN stepbrothers
Steam is the gas that water Your stepbrother is a
ew

turns into when it boils. boy who is not your

Yo

r brother by birth but

steel
k.

whose father or mother

NOUN has married your father
Steel is a hard, strong metal. or mother.
☛ Be careful with spelling:
steel Wood is not as strong as steel. stepfather
steal Some people steal things NOUN stepfathers
from stores. Your stepfather is a
man who is married
steep to your mother but is
ADJECTIVE steeper, steepest not your birth father.
A steep hill or slope goes up My stepfather is an
or down sharply. amazing cook.
 stopwatch

stepmother stiff w a sp

A
sting is v
NOUN stepmothers ADJECTIVE stiffer, ery
Your stepmother is a woman stiffest

pa
who is married to your father Something that is stiff

inf
but is not your birth mother. does not bend or move

l.u
easily. The handle was
stepsister too stiff, and I couldn’t

stin
NOUN stepsisters move it.

g
Your stepsister is a girl who is
not your sister by birth but still
whose father or mother has ADJECTIVE stone
married your father or mother. 1 Something that is still is not NOUN stones
moving or making any sound. 1 Stone is the hard material
stereo ADVERB that rocks are made of. They
NOUN stereos 2 Still means even now. Are you made a statue out of stone.
A stereo is a machine that you still watching the movie? 2 A stone is a small, loose piece
use for playing music. 3 Still means even so. I don’t of rock.
like toothpaste, but I still have
stick to use it. stood
NOUN sticks ☛ See stand.
1 A stick is a long, thin piece sting
of wood. VERB stings, stinging, stung stool
VERB sticks, sticking, stuck If an insect stings you, it pricks NOUN stools
2 If you stick things together, your skin and hurts you. A stool is a chair with no back
you glue or fasten them or arms.
together. I stuck the picture stink
onto the front of my book. VERB stinks, stinking, stank, stop
3 If you stick something sharp stunk VERB stops, stopping, stopped
or pointed into an object, you If something stinks, it smells 1 When something stops, it is
push it in. I stuck a pin into bad. Your feet stink! no longer moving or no longer
the map and said, “That’s where happening. The train stopped
I want to go.” stir suddenly.
4 If something sticks out, part VERB stirs, stirring, stirred 2 If you stop doing something,
of it hangs out from a place. When you stir something, you you no longer do it. Please
There was a piece of paper mix it around with a spoon. stop shouting!
sticking out of his pocket. 3 If you stop someone from
stole, stolen doing something, you do not
sticker ☛ See steal. allow them to do it. The man
NOUN stickers stopped the boy from running
A sticker is a small piece of stomach into the road.
paper with glue on one side. NOUN stomachs
1 Your stomach is the part stopwatch
sticky inside your body where food NOUN stopwatches
ADJECTIVE stickier, stickiest goes after you have eaten it. A stopwatch is a watch that
If something is sticky, it stays 2 Your stomach is the outside you can start and stop to
on your fingers when you part of your body below measure how much time
touch it. your chest. something takes.
201
store

store stranger strength

NOUN stores NOUN strangers NOUN
1 A place where things are sold. A stranger is a person you do Strength is how strong
VERB stores, storing, stored not know. something or someone is.
2 When you store things, you strengthen (VERB)
put them away and keep them strap To strengthen something means
until you need them. NOUN straps to make it stronger.
A strap is a strip of leather or
storm cloth that you use for fastening stress
NOUN storms or holding things. The strap on NOUN
When there is a storm, there my satchel has broken. If you are under stress, you
is a strong wind and heavy have a lot of things that
rain, hail, or snow. straw you are worried about.
stormy (ADJECTIVE) NOUN straws stressful (ADJECTIVE)
When the weather is stormy, 1 Straw is stalks of dried wheat Something that is stressful
there is a storm. It isn’t safe to go that you put on the ground for makes you feel worried.
out in a boat in stormy weather. animals to lie on.
2 A straw is a small hollow stretch
story tube that you use for drinking VERB stretches, stretching,
NOUN stories through. I drank my milkshake stretched
A story tells you about things through a bendy straw. 1 When you stretch something,
that have happened to someone. you pull it so that it becomes
Some stories are about real strawberry longer or bigger.
people and are true, and NOUN strawberries 2 When you stretch out a part
some are about imaginary A strawberry is a small, red fruit of your body, you reach out with
people and are not true. that is soft and sweet. We grew it as much as you can.
strawberries in our garden
straight this year.
str
ADJECTIVE straighter,
stray It’s good
et
straightest
Something that is straight is ADJECTIVE
to st
ret
ch
c
not bent or curved. A stray dog or cat lives be
for

h
e
straighten (VERB) outside and does not have
ex
If you straighten something, a home. She fed the stray cat
erc
isi
you make it straight. that turned up in her yard.
g.n
stranded stream
ADJECTIVE NOUN streams
If you are stranded in a place, A stream is a small river.
you are stuck there and are The water in the stream
unable to leave. looked clean enough to drink.

strange street
ADJECTIVE stranger, strangest NOUN streets
Something that is strange is not A street is a road in a city
normal, or not how you expect or town. What is the name
it to be. of the street you live on?
202
 study

strict stripe stubborn

ADJECTIVE stricter, strictest NOUN stripes ADJECTIVE
Someone who is strict makes Stripes are narrow bands of Someone who is stubborn is
people behave well and do color. determined to have their own way
the things they are told to do. striped (ADJECTIVE) and will not change their mind.
Teachers in the past were very Something that is striped stubbornly (ADVERB)
strict. or stripy has a pattern of If you say or do something
stripes on it. stubbornly, you do it in a
strike stubborn way. He stubbornly
NOUN strikes stroke refused to get up.
1 When there is a strike, people VERB strokes, stroking, stroked
refuse to work because they When you stroke an animal, you stuck
are unhappy or angry about rub it gently with your hand. ☛ See stick.
something or because they
want more money for doing stroll student
their job. VERB strolls, strolling, strolled NOUN students
VERB strikes, striking, When you stroll along, you A student is someone who
struck walk slowly in a relaxed way. is studying at school
2 To strike something means They strolled through the woods. or college.
to hit it. The tree was struck
by lightning. strong studio
3 When a clock strikes, it makes ADJECTIVE stronger, strongest NOUN studios
a sound. The clock struck ten. 1 Something that is strong is 1 A studio is a room where an
tough and will not break easily. artist or photographer works.
string 2 Someone who is strong has The artist painted my portrait
NOUN strings a powerful body. Elephants are in her studio.
1 String is thin cord or rope. very strong. 2 A studio is a room where
The cat chased the piece of string. 3 A strong smell or flavor television programs are made.
2 The strings on a guitar or is easy to notice.
violin are the parts that you study
touch to make a sound. struck VERB studies, studying,
I tuned the guitar by ☛ See strike. studied
tightening its strings. 1 When you study a subject,
struggle you learn about it. We’re
strip VERB struggles, struggling, studying the Romans this term
NOUN strips struggled at school.
A strip is a long, narrow piece If you struggle to do something, 2 If you study something,
of something. We cut strips you try very hard to do it. The you look at it carefully. She
of colored paper to make dog struggled to get free, but studied the flower through a
the decorations. the ropes were too strong. magnifying glass.

s r i p y
t The house is decorated with stripy wallpaper.
203
stuff

stuff stutter submarine

NOUN VERB stutters, stuttering, NOUN submarines
Stuff is things. There was stuttered A submarine is a boat
stuff all over the floor. If you stutter, you find it that can travel underwater.
difficult to speak and you
stuffy repeat the sounds at the substance
ADJECTIVE beginning of words. NOUN substances
A room that is stuffy smells bad A substance is a material.
because there is no fresh air in it. style There was a sticky substance
NOUN styles on the table.
stumble A style is a shape or design
VERB stumbles, stumbling, of something. The dress is a substitute
stumbled nice color, but I don’t like NOUN substitutes
If you stumble, you trip and the style. A substitute is a player who
almost fall. joins in a game if someone
subject else is hurt or tired.
stump NOUN subjects
NOUN stumps 1 A subject is one thing subtract
A stump is a short part of a that you are talking, writing, VERB subtracts, subtracting,
tree that is left behind after or learning about. History subtracted
the rest has been cut off. and math are my favorite When you subtract numbers,
subjects at school. you take one away from the
stung 2 The subject of a sentence other. Can you subtract five
☛ See sting. is the person or thing that from eight?
is the “do-er” of the verb. subtraction (NOUN)
stunk “The boy” is the subject When you do subtraction,
☛ See stink. in the sentence: The boy you take one number
ate an apple. away from another.
stunt
NOUN stunts
A stunt is something clever A submarine dives to the depths of the sea.
and dangerous that someone
does in a movie or performance.
The stunt involved jumping over
15 cars on a motorcycle.

stupid
ADJECTIVE stupider, stupidest
Someone who is stupid is not
very smart.
stupidity (NOUN)
Stupidity is stupid behavior.
stupidly (ADVERB)
If you do something stupidly,

submarine
you do it in a stupid way.
I stupidly forgot to take
my textbooks to school.
204
 sulk

subway suffer suitable

NOUN subways VERB suffers, suffering, suffered ADJECTIVE
A subway is an underground 1 If you are suffering, you are If something is suitable,
tunnel that people use to walk in pain. it is right for a particular
under a road. 2 If you are suffering from purpose. These boots are
an illness, you have the illness. suitable for walking over
succeed rough ground.
VERB succeeds, succeeding, sufficient ☛ Opposite: unsuitable
succeeded ADJECTIVE
If you succeed, you do Sufficient means enough. suitcase
or achieve something well. NOUN suitcases
I’m sure you will succeed suffix A suitcase is a large bag
in all your exams. NOUN suffixes that you use for carrying
A suffix is a group of letters clothing and other things
success that you add to the end of a when you travel. She packed
NOUN successes word to change its meaning. For her suitcase for the trip.
If something is a success, it example, you can add the suffix
works well. His magic act was “-ly” to words like “careful” and sulk
a great success. “sudden” to make adverbs— VERB sulks, sulking, sulked
successful (ADJECTIVE) “carefully” and “suddenly.” When you sulk, you are
If you are successful, you quiet because you are in
manage to do something well. sugar a bad temper. Please stop
successfully (ADVERB) NOUN sulking—it’s beginning to
If you do something successfully, Sugar is a substance that annoy me.
you do it well. you add to food and drinks sulky (ADJECTIVE)
to make them taste sweet. If you are sulky, you are
suck quiet because you are in
VERB sucks, sucking, suggest a bad temper.
sucked VERB suggests, suggesting,
When you suck something, suggested

k
you hold it in your mouth If you suggest something, you
and pull on it with your mouth.
She sucked the juice out of
an orange.
mention it and say that you think
it is a good idea. I suggested
going to the park to ride our bikes. u l T
s

he

suggestion (NOUN)
sudden
chil

A suggestion is an idea that

d looks s u l k y .

ADJECTIVE you suggest.

Something that is sudden
happens quickly, when suit
you are not expecting it. NOUN suits
We heard a sudden loud bang 1 A suit is a jacket and skirt
coming from downstairs. or a jacket and pants that
suddenly (ADVERB) go together.
If something happens suddenly, VERB suits, suiting, suited
it happens quickly, when you 2 If something suits you,
are not expecting it. He it looks nice when you
suddenly fell over. wear it.
205
sum

sum sung sunny

NOUN sums ☛ See sing. ADJECTIVE sunnier, sunniest
1 The sum of two numbers is If the weather is sunny, the
the total that they add up to. sunglasses Sun is shining and there are
The sum of three and seven is ten. NOUN no clouds in the sky. Today is the
2 When you do a sum, you Sunglasses are glasses with sunniest day of the year so far.
add, subtract, multiply, or dark lenses that you wear to
divide numbers. protect your eyes from bright sunrise
3 A sum of money is an sunlight. Sunglasses are also NOUN sunrises
amount of money. called shades. I’ve bought a pair Sunrise is the time when the
of sunglasses for my vacation. Sun comes up in the morning.
summer
NOUN summers sunk sunscreen
Summer is one of the four ☛ See sink. NOUN
seasons. Summer follows spring Sunscreen is a special cream
and comes before fall. It is the sunlight that you put on your skin to
warmest season of the year. NOUN protect it from the Sun and
Sunlight is the light from stop it from burning. I always
Sun / sun the Sun. put on sunscreen when I go to
NOUN the seaside in summer.
1 You can see the Sun shining in
the sky during the day. The Sun sunset
rs always face th sunsets
is the star that is at the center
f lowe e Su
NOUN
of the Solar System. u n n. Sunset is the time when the
S
2 If you are in the sun, you Sun goes down in the evening.
are in the light and heat
that we get from the Sun. sunshine
NOUN
sunbathe Sunshine is bright light and
VERB sunbathes, heat from the Sun.
sunbathing, sunbathed
When you sunbathe, you super
sit in the sun so that your ADJECTIVE
skin becomes darker. Super means wonderful.
We had a super time.
sunburn
NOUN superb
Sunburn is red, painful ADJECTIVE
skin that you can get if you Superb means extremely good.
spend too long in the sun. s un This is a superb game!
f
sunflower superhero
low

NOUN sunflowers NOUN superheroes

A sunflower is a tall plant A superhero is a character in
er

with large, yellow flowers. a story who has special powers

The seeds can be eaten or and uses them to help people
used to make cooking oil. or solve crimes.
206
 surround

supermarket Supersonic planes go faster than th

e speed of s und.
NOUN supermarkets o
A supermarket is a large
store that sells food and
other things.
suppose
supersonic VERB supposes, supposing, surname
ADJECTIVE supposed NOUN surnames
A supersonic plane travels If you suppose that something Your surname is your last
faster than the speed of sound. is true, you think that it is true, name, which shows what
but you do not know for certain. family you belong to.
superstar I suppose this must be his phone.
NOUN superstars surprise
A superstar is someone who sure NOUN surprises
is very famous. ADJECTIVE 1 If something is a surprise,
If you are sure about something, it happens when you do not
superstition you are certain about it. I am expect it. We want the party
NOUN superstitions sure you will enjoy the movie. to be a surprise.
A superstition is an old belief ☛ Opposite: unsure VERB surprises, surprising,
that an action can bring good surprised
luck or bad luck. surf 2 If something surprises
superstitious (ADJECTIVE) VERB surfs, surfing, surfed you, it happens when
Someone who is superstitious 1 When you go surfing, you you do not expect it.
believes in old superstitions. balance on a special board and I was surprised by the
ride on waves as they begin to horrible weather.
supper break near the seashore. surprised (ADJECTIVE)
NOUN suppers 2 When you surf the internet, If you are surprised by
Supper is a meal that you you search it to find information. something, you were not
eat in the evening. expecting it. I was really
surface surprised when I won
supple NOUN surfaces the competition.
ADJECTIVE The surface of something
Someone who is the top or outside of it. surrender
is supple can The table has a shiny surface. VERB surrenders,
bend their surrendering, surrendered
body a lot.
surf bo If you surrender, you give

support ard yourself up. The kidnappers

finally surrendered to
VERB supports, the police.
supporting, supported
1 To support someone or A su surround
rfer ride .
something means to hold them s his s u r f b o a r d VERB surrounds,
up and stop them from falling. surrounding, surrounded
2 To support someone or surfboard To surround a place
something means to help them NOUN surfboards means to be all around
and encourage them. Which A surfboard is a board that it. The police surrounded
soccer team do you support? you use for surfing on waves. the building.
207
survive

survive swap sweatshirt

VERB survives, surviving VERB swaps, swapping, NOUN sweatshirts
survived swapped A sweatshirt is a thick, cotton
If you survive, you do To swap something means to sweater with long sleeves.
not die. Luckily, everyone give it to someone in return for
survived the crash. something else. He swapped his sweep
computer game for her tennis racket. VERB sweeps, sweeping,
suspect swept
VERB suspects, swarm When you sweep a floor, you
suspecting, suspected NOUN swarms clean it using a brush.
If you suspect that something A swarm of insects is a
is true, you think it might be large number of them flying sweet
true but you are not sure. together. A swarm of NOUN sweets
bees can be dangerous. 1 Something that is sweet causes
suspicious pleasant feelings.
ADJECTIVE swear ADJECTIVE sweeter, sweetest
1 If you are suspicious of VERB swears, swearing, 2 Something that is sweet tastes
someone, you think that they swore, sworn of sugar. Grapes are very sweet.
might have done something bad. If you swear, you say 3 Someone who is sweet is very
2 A suspicious person behaves in rude and unpleasant words. kind. It was sweet of you to bring
a strange way and makes you She told us never to swear. me flowers.
think they might be doing

ll o w
something wrong. We saw sweet potato
a suspicious character
climbing into the a NOUN
A sweet potato is a vegetable
sw

house. with sweet, orange flesh. You

often eat it roasted or mashed.
swallow
NOUN swallows swept
1 A swallow ☛ See sweep.
is a small black
and white bird with swim
a forked tail. VERBswims, swimming,
VERB swallows, swallowing, swam, swum
swallowed sweat When you swim, you use your
2 When you swallow food, NOUN arms and legs to move through
you make it go down your 1 Sweat is the salty liquid water. We swam from the boat
throat and into your stomach. that comes out of your skin to the shore.
when you are hot. She was swimmer (NOUN)
swam covered in sweat after A swimmer is someone who
☛ See swim. running in the race. can swim.
VERB sweats, sweating,
swan sweated swimming pool
NOUN swans 2 When you sweat, liquid NOUN swimming pools
A swan is a large bird with comes out of your skin to A swimming pool is a large
a long neck that lives in cool you down when you area of water where people
and around water. are hot. can go to swim.
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 system

swimming trunks swore

NOUN ☛ See swear.
Swimming trunks are a piece
of clothing that a boy or man swum
wears to go swimming. ☛ See swim.

swimsuit swung
NOUN swimsuits ☛ See swing.
A swimsuit is a piece of he
clothing that a girl or T litt
le g
woman wears to go irl sw
swimming. ings to and fro.

swing
NOUN swings

g
1 A swing is a seat hung from
syllable

swi n
ropes or chains. You sit on it and
move backward and forward. NOUN syllables
VERB swings, swinging, swung A syllable is a part of a word
2 To swing means to move made up of a single sound.
backward and forward in the The word “computer” has
air. The rope was swinging three syllables.
from side to side. synagogue
symbol NOUN synagogues
switch NOUN symbols A synagogue is a building
NOUN switches A symbol is a picture or where Jews go to pray.
A switch is a button or lever sign that represents something.
that you use to turn a machine The dove is a symbol of peace. synonym
on and off. NOUN synonyms
symmetrical A synonym is a word that
swollen ADJECTIVE means the same as another
ADJECTIVE If something is symmetrical, word. “Large” is a synonym
If a part of your body is swollen, it has two halves that match of “big,” and “little” is a
it is bigger than usual. each other exactly. synonym of “small.”

swoop sympathy syrup

VERB swoops, swooping, NOUN NOUN syrups
swooped If you give someone sympathy, Syrup is a sweet, sticky
To swoop means to move you show that you care about liquid that you can eat.
suddenly downward through them and feel sorry for them. I poured a little syrup on
the air. The eagle swooped Everyone gave me a lot of my pancake.
down on its prey. sympathy when I broke my arm.
sympathetic (ADJECTIVE) system
sword If you are sympathetic to NOUN systems
NOUN swords someone, you show that If things work together in
A sword is a weapon with a you care about them and a system, they work together
long, sharp blade and a handle. feel sorry for them. in an organized way.
209
table

tackle takeout
VERB tackles, tackling, tackled NOUN
1 If you tackle someone in Takeout is cooked food that you
a game such as football, you buy in a restaurant to eat at
try to get the ball from them. home. We didn’t have time to cook
2 If you tackle a difficult job, so we picked up takeout.
you start doing it.

tadpole
NOUN tadpoles
A tadpole is a young frog

l
or toad that has

i
no legs and lives

ta
in water.

tail.
tail
et
g

long
t ar
NOUN tails

sa
An animal’s tail is the part of
ha
it that sticks out at the end rd
of its body. A liza
☛ Be careful with spelling:
tail This cat has a long tail. tale
tale Do you like reading fairy NOUN tales
table tales? A tale is a story.
NOUN TABLES ☛ Be careful with spelling:
1 A table is a piece of furniture tailor tale Do you like reading fairy
with a flat surface and legs NOUN tailors tales?
underneath to support it. A tailor is a person who makes tail This cat has a long tail.
2 A table is a way of showing suits and other clothes for people.
information in lists and columns. talent
take NOUN talents
tablet VERB takes, taking, took, A talent is a natural ability that
NOUN tablets taken you have to do something well.
1 A tablet is a small, solid 1 When you take something, you She has a talent for dancing.
piece of medicine that you remove it from a place. Someone talented (ADJECTIVE)
swallow whole. has taken my pen. Someone who is talented is good
2 A tablet is a small computer 2 When you take something at doing something. My brother
that you can carry around somewhere, you move it to is a talented musician.
with you and use by touching that place.
the screen. 3 When you take someone talk
somewhere, you bring them with VERB talks, talking, talked
table tennis you to that place. When you talk, you say words
NOUN 4 When you take one number to someone.
Table tennis is a game in which away from another, you talkative (ADJECTIVE)
you hit a small ball across a subtract it. Someone who is talkative talks
large table that has a net 5 When a plane or rocket takes a lot. Try not to be so talkative
across the middle. off, it goes up into the air. in class.
210
 taste

tall tank target

ADJECTIVE taller, tallest NOUN tanks NOUN targets
1 Something that is tall is very 1 A tank is a large container A target is something that you
high. There are very tall buildings for keeping liquid in. try to hit when you are shooting
in the city. 2 A tank is a heavy vehicle with or throwing something.
2 Someone who is tall has a guns that moves along on metal
long body. Who is the tallest belts instead of wheels. tart
in your class? NOUN tarts
tap A tart is a pie that has pastry
Talmud NOUN taps on the bottom and a filling
NOUN 1 You turn a tap on to allow inside that is often fruit.
The Talmud is a book that has water to flow out.
information about the Jewish VERB taps, tapping, tapped task
religion. 2 If you tap something, you hit NOUN tasks
it gently. I tapped on the door A task is a job or piece of work
tambourine and then opened it. that you have to do. Our first
NOUN tambourines task was to find wood for a fire.
A tambourine is a musical
instrument that you hold in taste
your hand and shake or NOUN
tap to make a rhythm. 1 Taste is one of your body’s five
senses, which you use to find out
tame the flavor of something.
tamer,

am
ADJECTIVE 2 The taste of something is what
tamest it is like when you put it in your

bourin
t

A tame animal is used mouth. Do you like the taste

to being with people of chocolate?
and so is not fierce, and VERB tastes, tasting, tasted
is not afraid of people. 3 When you taste something,
you put it in your mouth to see
tan what it is like. Would you like to
NOUN tans taste the soup?
1 When you get a tan, your skin tape 4 The way something tastes is
goes brown because it has been NOUN tapes what it is like when you put it
in the sun. A tape is a long, narrow strip in your mouth. The ice cream
VERB tans, tanning, tanned of cloth or plastic. We held a tasted delicious!
2 When you tan, your skin goes tape across the finishing line tasty (ADJECTIVE)
brown in the sun. of the race. Something that is tasty has
a nice taste. I had a really
tangle tape measure tasty pizza. height.
tangles, tangling, tape measures e my
VERB NOUN
ur
tangled A tape measure eas
m
If something gets tangled, is a tape with to
e
it gets twisted and tied into centimeters or sur
messy knots. My hair always inches marked ea
m
e
gets tangled when I go on it, that you use
a tap
d
swimming. for measuring things. I use
211
taught

taught tear telephone

☛ See teach. NOUN tears NOUN telephones
Tears are drops of salty water A telephone is a machine that
tax that come from your eyes you use to talk to someone who
NOUN taxes when you cry. is in a different place. Telephone
Tax is money that everyone is often shortened to phone.
has to pay to the government. tear
VERB tears, tearing, tore, torn telescope
taxi When you tear paper or cloth, NOUN telescopes
NOUN taxis you make a hole or split in it. A telescope
A taxi is a car that you can makes things
hire to travel in by paying tease that are far
the driver money. VERB teases, teasing, teased away look bigger.
If you tease someone, you say You can look
tea things to annoy them in a through a telescope
NOUN teas playful way. to look at the
Tea is a drink that you make stars and
by pouring boiling water onto technology planets.
the dried leaves of the tea plant.

ele
NOUN
Technology is science and
teach

t
sco
machines that people use
VERB teaches, teaching, in everyday life.
taught
When you teach someone
something, you tell them about
teddy bear
NOUN teddy bears
pe
it or show them how to do it. A teddy bear is a soft toy in the television
She teaches us math. shape of a bear. NOUN televisions
teacher (NOUN) A television is a machine
A teacher is someone who helps teenager that receives signals that are
people to learn about things. NOUN teenagers broadcast and turns them into
A teenager is a young person pictures and sound. Television
team between the ages of 13 and 19. is often shortened to TV.
NOUN teams televise (VERB)
A team is a group of people who teeth If an event is televised, it is
work or play sports together. ☛ See tooth. filmed and shown on television.

x i I called a taxi tell

ta
to t
a ke m VERB tells, telling, told
e home. 1 If you tell someone something,
you speak to them about it or
give them information about
it. He won’t tell us where the
treasure is!
2 If you can tell the time, you
can look at a clock or watch
and understand what time
it shows.
212
 test

temper tense terrify

NOUN tempers NOUN tenses VERB terrifies, terrifying,
1 Your temper is the mood A tense is one of the different terrified
you are in. forms of a verb that tell you If something terrifies
2 If you are in a temper, you are whether an action is in the you, it makes you feel
very angry. She threw the book present, past, or future. The very scared. The thought
across the room in a temper. past tense of “tell” is “told.” of flying terrifies me!
terrified (ADJECTIVE)
temperature nd dry in
a rm a the If you are terrified, you
NOUN temperatures is w are very scared. My sister
1 When you measure I t is terrified of snakes.

te
nt
temperature, you measure terrifying (ADJECTIVE)

.
how hot or cold Something that is terrifying
something is. is very scary. It was terrifying
2 If you have a being out at sea in the storm.
temperature you are
hot and have terrorist
a fever. NOUN terrorists
A terrorist is someone who
temple kills or injures people or
NOUN temples uses bombs to try to make a

t
A temple is government change its mind.

e n
a building

t
where people test
go to worship. NOUN tests
tent 1 When you do a test, you
temporary NOUN tents answer questions to show
ADJECTIVE A tent is a shelter that is made how much you know.
Something that is temporary of cloth and supported with VERB tests, testing, tested
only lasts for a short time. poles and ropes. You sleep in 2 If you test something,
a tent when you go camping. you try it or use it to see
tender what it is like.
ADJECTIVE term

t
1 Food that is tender is soft and NOUN terms

s
easy to chew. A school term is one of

te
2 If a part of your body is tender, the periods of time during
it hurts when you touch it. a year when schools
3 Someone who is tender is are open for teaching.
gentle and loving.
terrible
tennis ADJECTIVE
NOUN Something that is
Tennis is a game in which terrible is very
you use a racket to hit a bad or horrible.
ball over a net and score Losing 3-0 was
points if your opponent a terrible result
cannot hit it back. for us.
text

text then thin

NOUN texts ADVERB ADJECTIVE thinner, thinnest
1 A text is a piece of writing. Then means after that. We went 1 Something that is thin is not
I read an interesting text about swimming and then we had lunch. very wide. The walls are thin so
elephants. we can hear everything they say.
2 A text or a text message there 2 Someone who is thin is not
is a message that you send ADVERB very fat.
to someone using a There means in that place. Hang 3 A liquid that is thin is very
cell phone. your coat up over there. watery and flows easily.
VERB texts, texting, texted
3 When you text someone, you thermometer I ch
thing
send them a text message. Text NOUN thermometers e NOUN things

ck
me when you’ve finished your You use a A thing is something that is

ed
homework. thermometer not alive.

the temperature with a thermometer.

to measure
thank temperatures. think
VERB thanks, thanking, VERB thinks, thinking,
thanked thesaurus thought
If you thank someone, you NOUN When you think, you use your
say you are grateful to them thesauruses mind to have ideas or opinions.
for something they have done. or thesauri She was thinking about what she
I thanked everyone for their A thesaurus is would eat for lunch.
presents. a book that lists
groups of words third person
thaw with similar NOUN
VERB thaws, thawing, meanings. If you write a story in the third
thawed person, you write it using words
When something that is frozen thick like “he” and “she,” rather than
thaws, it melts. The snow started ADJECTIVE words like “I” or “me.”
to thaw in the sunshine. thicker, thickest
1 Something that is thick is wide. thirsty
theater 2 Thick clothes are warm ADJECTIVE thirstier, thirstiest
NOUN theaters because they are made of heavy If you are thirsty, you want to
A theater is a building where material. I wore a thick sweater. drink something.
people perform plays and shows 3 A liquid that is thick is not
r
for other people to watch. very watery and does not flow so thi sty, she
easily. This paint is very thick. w as f
in

theme
e

ish
Sh

themes thief
ed

NOUN
A theme is an idea or thieves
her drink in one gu

NOUN
subject. A thief is a person who steals
things.
theme park
NOUN theme parks thigh
A theme park is a place where NOUN thighs
people go to ride on large Your thighs are the top parts of
machines for fun. your legs.
lp.

214
 thunder

thorn threaten thumb

NOUN thorns VERB threatens, threatening, NOUN thumbs
A thorn is a sharp spike on a threatened Your thumb is the short,
plant. Some roses have sharp If you threaten to do something thick finger on the side of
thorns. unpleasant, you say you will do your hand. The child sucked its

throne
it. His mother threatened to send thumb.
him to bed if he didn’t behave.
thump
threw VERB thumps, thumping,
☛ See throw. thumped
If you thump someone, you hit
thrill them hard. He thumped the
NOUN thrills table with his hand.
If something gives you a thrill,
it gives you a strong feeling of thunder
excitement. NOUN
thrilled (ADJECTIVE) Thunder is the loud, rumbling
If you are thrilled about sound that you hear during
something, you are very pleased a storm. The flash of lightning
about it. I was thrilled with my was quickly followed by the sound
presents. of thunder.
thrilling (ADJECTIVE)

thought
Something that is thrilling is
very exciting. The final was a
thrilling game.
throw
NOUN thoughts
1 A thought is an idea that you throat
have in your mind. NOUN throats
2 See think. Your throat is the back of your
mouth, where you swallow.
thoughtful
ADJECTIVE throne
If you are thoughtful, you are NOUN thrones
kind and think about other A throne is a special chair
people’s feelings. It was that a king or queen sits on.
thoughtful of you to remember
my birthday. throw
VERB throws, throwing, threw,
thousand thrown
NOUN thousands 1 When you throw something,
A thousand is ten hundreds you hold it in your hand
(1,000). and then let go and push it
through the air. Quick,
thread throw the ball to me!
NOUN threads 2 If you throw something
She threw the ball a long way.
A thread is a thin string that away, you put it in the trash
you use for sewing. because you do not want it.
215
thunderstorm

Time
our is o’
the h clo
n
O

ck
Telling the time

.
There are There are
We measure time in hours, minutes, 60 minutes five minutes
and seconds. Most traditional clocks in one hour. between each
have two hands to tell us the time. number on
The short hand tells us the hours; the a clockface.
long hand tells us the minutes.
nin
00:00 is
e o’clock
24-hour clock midnight digital clock
Digital clocks tell us the time in 03:00 is 3 o’clock
numbers. Because there are 24 hours in the morning
in the day, digital clocks can tell us
whether the time is in the morning or a.m. (morning)
in the afternoon. 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00

thunderstorm tide tie

NOUN thunderstorms NOUN tides NOUN ties
A thunderstorm is a storm that The tide is the regular 1 A tie is a thin strip of
has thunder and lightning. movement of the sea toward material that you wear around
the shore and away from it. your neck, under the collar
tick We went down to the beach of a shirt.
NOUN ticks when the tide was out. 2 If there is a tie, two people or
1 A tick is a mark that you put teams have the same number
beside something to show that tidy of points. The soccer game
it is correct. VERB tidies, tidying, tidied ended in a tie.
VERB ticks, ticking, ticked 1 When you tidy a room, VERB ties, tying, tied
2 When a clock ticks, it makes you put everything away in its 3 When you tie something,
a clicking sound. proper place. We need to tidy the you fasten it with a knot or
kitchen before Mom gets home. bow. She tied her shoelaces.
ticket ADJECTIVE tidier, tidiest
NOUN tickets 2 If a place is tidy, it is neat tiger
A ticket is a piece of paper that and everything is NOUN tigers
shows that you have paid to in its proper place. A tiger is a large, fierce, striped
do something. He bought four My bedroom is animal that lives in Asia. Tigers
tickets for the concert. never tidy. belong to the cat family and
☛ Opposite: untidy hunt at night for their food.
tickle
VERB tickles, tickling,
tickled tiger tight
ADJECTIVE tighter, tightest
When you tickle someone, you 1 A tight piece of clothing fits
touch their skin lightly and your body closely. These pants
make them laugh. are a bit too tight.
2 A tight knot is fastened
firmly and is not loose.
216
 tissue
t the hour is qu a st the hour i o th
e hour is q
as sp sh u
a st
p

te

ar
rt

te
al
i nu

i nu
tes

er

ter
fp
15 minu

30 m

15 m
pa s

a s t.

to.
t.
ua e ha qu
rter p st nin
q

a lf past nine a r te r t o t e
n
21:00 is
9 o’clock
12:00 is noon at night

p.m. (afternoon)
09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00

tights timetable tip

NOUN NOUN timetables NOUN tips
Tights are a stretchy piece of A timetable is a list of times 1 The tip of something is its
clothing that women and girls when things happen. We looked narrow, pointed end.
wear over their legs and bottom. at the bus timetable to see when 2 A tip is a little piece of advice
She put on a pair of tights to keep the next bus would arrive. that helps you to do something.
her legs warm. 3 If you give someone a tip, you
timid give them a small, extra amount
till ADJECTIVE of money when they have done
NOUN tills Someone who is timid is not something for you.
A till is a machine that people very brave. The bird was timid VERB tips, tipping, tipped
use in stores to keep money in and flew away when I moved. 4 If you tip something, you
and add up how much things move it so that it is not upright.
cost—also called a cash register. tin
NOUN tins tiptoe
time 1 Tin is a light, silvery metal. VERB tiptoes, tiptoeing,
NOUN times 2 A tin is a metal container. tiptoed
1 Time is all the hours, days, He opened a tin of soup using When you tiptoe, you walk
and years in the past, present, a can-opener. slowly and quietly on your toes.
and future. He wished that he
could travel back in time. tinsel tired
2 The number of times that you Tinsel is a thin strip of shiny, ADJECTIVE
do something is how often you glittery material that you use If you feel tired, you feel that
do it. I go swimming three times for decorating a room. you want to sleep.
a week.
3 One number times another tiny tissue
number is the two numbers ADJECTIVE tinier, tiniest NOUN tissues
multiplied together. What’s Something that is tiny is very A tissue is a piece of thin paper
three times four? small. Baby kangaroos are tiny. that you blow your nose on.
217
title

title
NOUN titles
together
ADVERB
tomato
1 The title of a book, film, or When people do something
painting is what it is called. together, they do it with
2 Someone’s title is the part each other. Shall we walk
of their name that shows their to school together?
rank or job. “Dr.”, “Mrs.”, and
“Lord” are all titles. toilet
NOUN toilets To
toad A toilet is a large bowl ma
toe
NOUN toads that flushes and that you s ar
e often
A toad is an animal that looks use for getting rid of waste used in salads.
like a large frog. Toads are from your body.
amphibians but usually live tonight
on land. told Tonight is the evening and night
☛ See tell. of today. We’re doing our school
toast concert tonight.
NOUN tomato
Toast is bread that has been NOUN tomatoes too
grilled on both sides until it is A tomato is a soft, juicy, red ADVERB
crisp and brown. fruit that you can eat raw or 1 Too means also. Can I come to
cooked. the mall too?
toboggan 2 Too much or too many means
NOUN toboggans tomorrow more than you need.
A toboggan is a sled for sliding Tomorrow is the day after
over snow. today. We’re going on vacation took
tomorrow. ☛ See take.
today
Today is this day. I’m going to tongue tool
the zoo today. NOUN tongues NOUN tools
Your tongue is the part A tool is something that you hold
toddler inside your mouth that you in your hand and use to do a job.
NOUN toddlers can move and which you
A toddler is a young child who use for talking and for tooth
is just learning to walk. tasting food. NOUN teeth
1 Your teeth are the hard, white
toe things inside your mouth, which
NOUN toes you use for biting and chewing.
Your toes are the five separate
d. 2 The teeth on a comb or saw
parts at the end of each foot. she are the pointed parts.
h e
dt
toothbrush (NOUN)
toffee me
n A toothbrush is a small

l
NOUN toffees to brush that you use to clean

o
A toffee is a type o ls your teeth.
to

to
of chewy candy.
h is toothpaste (NOUN)
used Toothpaste is a special cream
H e that you use to clean your teeth.
218
 tower

top total tourist

NOUN tops NOUN totals NOUN tourists
1 The top of something is the 1 The total is the amount that A tourist is a person who
highest part of it. you get when you add numbers travels and visits places
2 A top is a lid. together. The total of two, three, for pleasure.
3 A top is a piece of clothing and four is nine.
that you wear on the top part ADJECTIVE tournament
of your body. 2 Total means complete. We were NOUN tournaments
left in total darkness. A tournament is a
topic totally (ADVERB) competition. We’re playing
NOUN topics Totally means completely. I was in a rugby tournament next
A topic is a subject that you totally exhausted! weekend.
learn about or talk about. Our
history topic is the Romans. touch tow
VERB touches, touching, VERB tows, towing, towed
torch touched To tow a vehicle means to pull
NOUN torches When you touch something, you it along behind another vehicle.
A torch is a long stick with put your hand on it. Please do not The truck towed the car to the
material burning on the end of touch any of the paintings. garage.
it to provide light.
tough towel
tore, torn ADJECTIVE tougher, toughest NOUN towels
☛ See tear. 1 Something that is tough is A towel is a piece of soft
strong and will not break easily. material that you use for
tornado 2 Something that is tough is drying your body.
NOUN tornadoes or tornados difficult. We had to do some tough
A tornado is a violent, whirling math questions. tower
wind that causes great damage NOUN towers
to land and buildings. tour 1 A tower is a tall, thin
NOUN tours building.
tortoise A tour is a trip to visit a lot of 2 To tower over someone
NOUN tortoises different places. We went on a means to be much taller
A tortoise is an animal with a tour of the city. than them.
hard shell that moves slowly

to ise
tor
and hides inside its shell when The tort o i se m
it is in danger.
ove d
slo
wl
y
toss
alo

VERB tosses, tossing,

ng

tossed
the

1 To toss something
means you throw it.
g
round.

2 When you toss a coin,

you throw it into the air
and guess which side
will face upward when
it lands.
219
town

town traffic trampoline

NOUN towns NOUN NOUN trampolines
A town is a place with houses The traffic on a road is all A trampoline is a piece of
and other buildings, where the cars, buses, trucks, and equipment that you can bounce
people live, work, and shop. A other vehicles on it. There on. We spent hours jumping on the
town is smaller than a city but was a lot of traffic on the trampoline.
larger than a village. bridge.
traffic lights (NOUN) translate
toy Traffic lights are different- VERB translates, translating,
NOUN toys colored lights that tell translated
A toy is something that you drivers when they must stop When you translate something,
play with. and when they can go. you change it into a different
language. I translated the
trace tragedy poem from English into French.
VERB traces, tracing, traced NOUN tragedies
When you trace a picture, you A tragedy is a very sad event, transportation
copy it by putting a sheet of thin for example one in which people NOUN
paper over it and drawing die or are hurt. 1 Transportation is a way of
around the outline. carrying goods or people from
trail one place to another. Different
track NOUN trails methods of transportation are
NOUN tracks A trail is a narrow path. We used to travel on land, on water,
1 A track is a mark that a followed a nature trail through and in the air. My favorite method
person or animal leaves as the woods. of transportation is flying.
they walk along. The fox left VERB transports, transporting,
tracks in the snow. train transported
2 A track is a path or rough NOUN trains 2 To transport people or
road. 1 A train is a vehicle that travels things means to take
3 A track is a piece of ground on railroad lines. them from one
that has lines marked on it so VERB trains, training, trained place to another.
that it can be used for races. 2 When you train, you practice The goods were
certain skills. She trains for track transported
tractor three hours a day. by train.
NOUN tractors 3 When you train someone, you
A tractor is a vehicle that people teach them to do something. He trap
use on farms. trained his dog to sit. NOUN traps
1 A trap is a machine or trick
tradition trainer that you use to catch someone.
NOUN traditions NOUN VERB traps, trapping, trapped
A tradition is something that A trainer is a person who 2 When you trap a person or
people have done in the same coaches and instructs people. animal, you catch them and
way for many years. hold them so that they cannot
traditional (ADJECTIVE) tram get away.
If something is traditional, NOUN trams trapped (ADJECTIVE)
people do it as a tradition. It is A tram is a vehicle like a bus If someone is trapped, they
traditional for the bride to wear that goes along rails in the road cannot escape from a place. The
a white dress. in some cities. trapped man had to be rescued.
220
 Transportation
rb
t-ai all

ho

oo
n
This collection of words will be
helpful on any journey.
helicopter
In t
he a
ir...
airp
lane
, air
craf
t, gl
ider,
jet

a
On w ter... canoe, dinghy,
BOAT rry, sailing b
fe
wate rs ki s, w
oat, s
indsu
hip,
rfer, yacht
bus

Train... diesel, electric, high-speed, steam

s t r e t c h l i m o u s i n e
drive, go, journey, ride, speed, travel

poll
TAXI
ut i on,

sports car

oo
smo

t r
ke
Journeys may be... boring,

m
bicycle bumpy, exciting, relaxing, tiring
le
le bicyc
bic
ycle

– fast
icy – rapid
yc

cle bic bike

b

– speedy

On land… bike, bus, car, caravan, coach, taxi, train, truck, van
221
travel

travel treasure trial

VERB travels, traveling, NOUN NOUN trials
traveled Treasure is a large amount A trial is an event where a
When you travel, you go from of gold, jewels, or other prisoner is questioned in court,
one place to another. We valuable things. and the court decides if the
traveled around the lakes prisoner is guilty or not guilty
and mountains on vacation. treat of a crime.
NOUN treats
tray 1 A treat is something special triangle
NOUN trays that someone gives you or does NOUN triangles
A tray is a flat board that you for you. My dad took us to the 1 A triangle is a shape that has
use for carrying food and drinks. fair as a birthday treat. three straight sides.
VERB treats, treating, treated 2 A triangle is a musical
tread 2 The way you treat someone instrument in the shape of a
VERB treads, treading, trod, is the way you behave toward triangle, which you hit with
trodden them, for example whether you a small metal bar.
When you tread on something, are kind or nasty to them. She triangular (ADJECTIVE)
you put your foot on it. Watch treats her pet hamster well. Something that is triangular is
out that you don’t tread on a 3 To treat someone means to try in the shape of a triangle.

tree
thorn in bare feet. to make them better when they
are ill or hurt. trick
treatment (NOUN) NOUN tricks
Treatment is something that a 1 A trick is something clever or
doctor gives you or does to you skilful that you do to entertain
to make you better. He was taken people. I love watching magic
to the hospital for treatment. tricks.
Le

2 If you play a trick on

av

tree someone, you tell them

es
fa

NOUN trees something untrue for fun.

ll
of f

A tree is a tall plant with a VERB tricks, tricking, tricked

the

trunk, branches, and leaves. 3 If you trick someone, you tell

tre

them something untrue for fun.

tremble
es

tricycle
in t

VERB trembles, trembling,

trembled tricycles
h

NOUN
e fa

When you tremble, you shake A tricycle is a vehicle with three

ll.

because you are cold or afraid. wheels that you ride by turning
the pedals with your feet.
tremendous
ADJECTIVE trim
Something that is tremendous is VERB trims, trimming, trimmed
very good. When you trim something, you
cut the edges off it to make it
trendy neat. My sister trimmed my hair.
ADJECTIVE trendier, trendiest
Trendy clothes are modern and
fashionable.
222
 trunk

trip trot

tr
NOUN trips VERB trots, trotting,
1 A trip is a journey. We went on trotted
a school trip. To trot means to run
VERB trips, tripping, tripped slowly. The horse trotted

om
2 If you trip, you catch your away slowly.
foot on something and fall over.
trouble
trod, trodden NOUN troubles
☛ See tread. When there is trouble, people get

bo
angry and bad things happen.
troll If you smash that window, you’ll
NOUN trolls be in trouble!

ne
1 In stories, a troll is a fierce
giant. trousers
2 On the internet, a troll is NOUN
someone who says mean or You wear trousers on the lower
unkind things to other people. half of your body. Trousers
fasten around your waist
trolley and have a separate part for truck
NOUN trolleys each leg. NOUN trucks
A trolley is a small cart on A truck is a vehicle
wheels that you use for carrying trout that people use for
things. NOUN trouts carrying goods.
A trout is a type of fish that
trombone people often eat. true
NOUN trombones ADJECTIVE
A trombone is a large, brass truce Something that is true really
musical instrument. You make NOUN truces happened and is not made up.
different notes by sliding a long A truce is an agreement to stop ☛ Opposite: untrue
tube backward and forward. fighting a war.
trumpet
troops NOUN trumpets
NOUN A trumpet is a small, brass
Troops are soldiers. musical instrument. You make
hy

different notes by pressing

trophy down different buttons.
trophies
op

NOUN

tr
A trophy is a cup, medal, or trunk
other prize that you receive NOUN trunks
when you win a competition. 1 The trunk of a tree is the main
part that grows up out of the
tropical ground.
ADJECTIVE 2 An elephant’s trunk is its long
Tropical means from the hot, nose.
wet part of the world near the 3 A trunk is a large box that you
Equator. can keep things in.
223
trust

trust tuck tummy

VERB trusts, trusting, trusted NOUN tucks, tucking, tucked NOUN tummies
If you trust someone, you believe 1 When you tuck clothes in, you Your tummy is your stomach.
that they are honest and will not push them neatly inside another
steal from you or lie to you. piece of clothing. Tuck your shirt tuna
into your trousers. NOUN
truth 2 If you tuck someone up in bed, Tuna is a kind of fish that you
NOUN you cover their body up so that can eat.
The truth is things that are true. they are warm and comfortable.
Do you always tell the truth? tune
truthful (ADJECTIVE) tug NOUN tunes
Someone who is truthful tells the VERB tugs, tugging, tugged A tune is a set of musical notes
truth and does not tell lies. If you tug something, you pull it that go together nicely. Can you
roughly. My sister was tugging play a tune on the piano?
try at my sleeve.
VERB tries, trying, tried tunnel
1 If you try to do something, tumble NOUN tunnels
you make an effort to do it. VERB tumbles, tumbling, A tunnel is an underground
He tried to climb up the tree but tumbled passage.
it was too difficult. If you tumble, you fall down
2 If you try something, you and roll over. She tumbled down turban
use it or test it to see if it works. the hill. NOUN turbans
Can I try your skateboard? A turban is a long piece of
3 If you try something, you eat tumble-drier material that some people wear
or drink some of it to see if you NOUN tumble-driers around their heads as a hat.
like it. Would you like to try one A tumble-drier is a machine that
of my cookies? dries clothes by turning them turkey
around in warm air. NOUN turkeys
T-shirt A turkey is a type of large bird
NOUN T-shirts that is kept on farms for its
A T-shirt is a shirt with meat.

T -s h
short sleeves, no buttons,
and usually a round neck. turn
NOUN turns
tub 1 If it is your turn to do
NOUN tubs something, you are the person
irt

A tub is a plastic container. We ite T-s who must do it next. It’s

bought a small tub of ice cream. vor h your turn to wash dishes.
a
His f

irt

VERB turns,
tube turning, turned
is r e d

NOUN tubes 2 When something

1 A tube is a hollow
.

turns, it moves around.

pipe. 3 When you turn, you change
2 A tube is a narrow the direction you are looking or
container for cream or paste. going in.
You squeeze the tube to get 4 To turn means to become. His
the cream or paste out. fingers turned blue from the cold.
224
 tyrannosaurus rex

turnip twist typhoon

NOUN turnips VERB twists, twisting, twisted NOUN typhoons
A turnip is a round, white If you twist something, you turn A typhoon is a violent tropical
vegetable. it around. I twisted the top off storm.
the jar.
tusk typical
NOUN tusks
tw ADJECTIVE
Tusks are the long, pointed
teeth that stick out of the
mouths of some animals,
is Something that is typical is
like all other things of the
same kind, and is not unusual
such as elephants. or different. They lived in a
Th

t
typical city street.
eb

TV
ak

tyrannosaurus rex
er

NOUN TVs
tw

A TV is a television. NOUN
is
te

A tyrannosaurus rex was a

tweet
d

large, meat-eating dinosaur

th

tweets re
e

NOUN that had small arms and

ad
b

A tweet is a short message that be walked on its hind legs.

someone posts on the website fo r
e
Twitter. type he p
ut it in the ove
n.
NOUN types
twice 1 One type of thing
ADVERB is one sort of thing.
If you do something twice, you They sell two types of bread. She typ
do it two times. VERB types, typing, typed ed
2 When you type, you write

a
twig

lett
something by pressing down

er to
NOUN twigs the letters on a typewriter or
A twig is a very small branch computer keyboard.

ty pe her friend.
of a tree.

twin
NOUN twins
Twins are two
children who are
born to the same
mother at the
same time.

twinkle
VERB twinkles,
twinkling, twinkled
If something
twinkles, it shines
and sparkles. The
stars twinkled in the sky.
225
ugly

unable unconscious
ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE
If you are unable to do If you are unconscious, you
something, you cannot do are in a very deep sleep and
it. I was so tired that I was people cannot wake you up.
unable to move. People sometimes become
☛ Opposite: able unconscious after they have
been hit on the head.
unbelievable ☛ Opposite: conscious
ADJECTIVE
If something is unbelievable, uncover

p si d
it is so strange that it is VERB uncovers, uncovering,
difficult to believe it is true. uncovered
When you uncover something,
uncle you take off a thing that has
u

NOUN uncles been covering it, so that people

Your uncle is the brother can see it. The archaeologists
of one of your parents, the uncovered a Roman mosaic.
husband or partner of your
aunt, or sometimes a friend undercover
of your parents. ADJECTIVE
If you do something in an
uncomfortable undercover way, you do it
ADJECTIVE secretly, without telling people
1 If you are uncomfortable, what you are doing. The police
your body hurts or does not feel were working on an undercover
down relaxed. I was uncomfortable
on the hard chair.
investigation.

2 Something that is underground

uncomfortable causes you ADJECTIVE
ugly pain or does not feel nice on 1 Something that is
ADJECTIVE uglier, ugliest your body. These shoes are underground is below the
Something that is ugly is not really uncomfortable. ground. A secret underground
nice to look at. ☛ Opposite: comfortable tunnel connects the two houses.
NOUN
brella keeps m
umbrella y um ed 2 The underground is a railway
M ry
NOUN umbrellas that runs under the ground in
in

An umbrella is a cover that some cities. We can take the

the

you hold over your head to underground to get there.

rain

keep you dry when it rains.

undergrowth
.

umpire NOUN
rella

NOUN umpires The undergrowth in a forest is

An umpire is someone who all the bushes and plants that
umb

makes sure that players grow under the trees. It was

follow the rules of a game hard to walk in the thick
or sport. undergrowth.
226
 unfit

underline undo uneventful

VERB underlines, underlining, VERB undoes, undoing, undid, ADJECTIVE
underlined undone If something is uneventful,
When you underline something, When you undo something, nothing exciting or interesting
you draw a line under it. Don’t you untie it. It was difficult to happens. It was an uneventful
forget to underline the title of undo the knot in the rope, but day.
your story. I eventually undid it.
unexpected
underneath undress ADJECTIVE
NOUN VERB undresses, undressing, If something is unexpected, you
The underneath of something is undressed did not expect it to happen.
the part that is not on top. When you undress, you take Everyone left the beach because
your clothes off. I undressed of the unexpected rain.
understand quickly and jumped into the lake— ☛ Opposite: expected
VERB understands, the water was very cold.
understanding, understood ☛ Opposite: dress unfair
If you can understand ADJECTIVE
something, you know what it unemployed If something is unfair, some
means or how it works. Did ADJECTIVE people are treated better
you understand the question? Someone who is unemployed than others or given more of
does not have a job. My uncle something than others. It’s
underwater was unemployed for a year unfair that she’s got three
ADJECTIVE before starting his new job. cookies and I only have two!
Something that is underwater is ☛ Opposite: employed ☛ Opposite: fair
under water in a sea or river. We
found an underwater cave. uneven unfit
ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE
underwear Something that is uneven is If you are unfit, you are not
NOUN not smooth or level. I tried to ride very healthy and not used to
You wear underwear next my skateboard, but the road was doing exercise. I’m too unfit
to your skin, under your too uneven. to run a marathon!
other clothes. ☛ Opposite: even ☛ Opposite: fit

under water

ish
erwater
F

b lowin n d
g bubbles u
unfortunate

unfortunate unicycle unit

ADJECTIVE NOUN unicycles NOUN unitS
If something is unfortunate, A unicycle is a bicycle with 1 A unit is an amount that you
it happens because of bad luck. only one wheel, which people use to measure how big or how
It was unfortunate that it use for performing acrobatic heavy something is. A meter is
rained on sports day. tricks. a unit of length.
☛ Opposite: fortunate 2 In math, when you do
unfortunately (ADVERB) sums you sometimes work
If something happens in hundreds, tens, and units.
unfortunately, it happens A unit means one.
because of bad luck.
Unfortunately, I was ill so unite
I couldn’t go to the party. VERB unites, uniting,
united
ungrateful

u ni f o r m
T he
If people unite, they join
ADJECTIVE together to do something.

girl lo
If someone is ungrateful, We all united to stop bullying
they do not thank a person in our school.
for helping them or giving oks stylish in her band uniform.
them something. universe
☛ Opposite: grateful NOUN
The universe is all of space
unhappy and everything in it. The
ADJECTIVE unhappier, universe includes the Earth,
unhappiest the other planets, and all
If you are unhappy, you are the stars.
sad about something. She is
unhappy because she failed university
the exam. NOUN universities
☛Opposite: happy A university is a place where
students can go to study after
unhealthy they have left high school.
ADJECTIVE uniform
1 If you are unhealthy, you are NOUN uniforms unkind
ill. You need to get some rest—you A uniform is a set of clothes ADJECTIVE
look unhealthy. that people wear to show that Someone who is unkind is cruel
2 Things that are unhealthy are they belong to a certain school to other people and does nasty
bad for you. It’s unhealthy to or group, or that they do a things to them. She’s sometimes
eat snacks all the time. certain job. We don’t wear unkind to her little sister.
☛ Opposite: healthy a uniform at my school. ☛ Opposite: kind

unicorn unique unknown

NOUN unicorns ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE
A unicorn is a mythical animal If something is unique, it is If something is unknown,
that looks like a horse and the only one of its kind and people do not know about it.
has one long horn on its there is no other that is exactly Highways were unknown in
forehead. like it. Every snowflake is unique. the 19th century.
228
 unused

unleaded unpack
ADJECTIVE VERB unpacks, unpacking,

untie
Unleaded gasoline does not have unpacked
any lead in it, and so is not so When you unpack things,
bad for the environment. you take them out of a suitcase
or box.
unlikely ☛ Opposite: pack
ADJECTIVE
If something is unlikely, it will unpleasant
probably not happen. It is ADJECTIVE
unlikely that they will win Something that is unpleasant
the competition twice in a row. is not nice. There was an
☛ Opposite: likely unpleasant smell coming
from the cellar.
unload ☛ Opposite: pleasant untie
VERB unloads, unloading, VERB unties, untying, untied
unloaded unsafe When you untie rope or string,
When you unload things from ADJECTIVE you undo the knots in it. She
a vehicle, you take them out. If something is unsafe, it is untied the rope and rowed away.
dangerous and not safe. ☛ Opposite: tie
unlock ☛ Opposite: safe
VERB unlocks, unlocking, untrue
unlocked unscrew ADJECTIVE
When you unlock something, VERB unscrews, unscrewing, If something is untrue, it is
you open the lock on it. unscrewed not true. His story about finding
He unlocked the door and When you unscrew something, buried treasure was untrue.
went inside. you loosen it by turning it or ☛ Opposite: true
☛ Opposite: lock by undoing screws on it. She
unscrewed the numbers from unused
unlucky the door. ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVE unluckier, Something that is unused has
unluckiest untidy never been used.
1 If you are unlucky, something ADJECTIVE untidier, untidiest
bad happens to you. How If a place is untidy, it is in
my n
unlucky to break your arm! a mess. Her room was
cked ew
2 Something that is unlucky always untidy. lo
n
pa

brings bad luck. Some people think ☛ Opposite: tidy

Iu

dlock.

it’s unlucky to walk under ladders.

☛ Opposite: lucky

unnecessary
ADJECTIVE
If something is unnecessary,
you do not need to do it. It’s
unnecessary to wear your
coat inside.
☛ Opposite: necessary
unlock
229
unusual

unusual upbringing uproar

ADJECTIVE NOUN NOUN
Something that is unusual is Your upbringing is the way that If there is an uproar, there is
not normal or ordinary. It is your parents bring you up. a lot of noise and confusion.
unusual to have snow in July.
.
☛ Opposite: usual update cookies
f
VERB updates, updating, ro
unwell updated

ja
ta
ADJECTIVE To update something means to

se
If you are unwell, you are ill. change it so that it has the most p
I was feeling a bit unwell so I recent information. We update She u
went home. our website every week.
☛ Opposite: well
upgrade
unwilling VERB upgrades,
ADJECTIVE upgrading, upgraded
If you are unwilling to do If you upgrade something such upset
something, you do not want as a computer, you improve it, VERB upsets, upsetting,
to do it. often by adding new parts to it. upset
☛ Opposite: willing 1 To upset someone means to
upload make them feel unhappy. The
unwise VERB uploads, uploading, other children upset her by not
ADJECTIVE uploaded letting her play with them.
Something that is unwise is not When you upload information 2 If you upset something, you
a good or sensible thing to do. or photos, you copy them from knock it over. The cat upset
It is unwise to swim out of your your computer or phone onto the vase of flowers.
depth in the sea. the internet. ADJECTIVE
3 If you are upset, you feel
unwrap upper case unhappy and cry. I was really
VERB unwraps, unwrapping, ADJECTIVE upset when my pet hamster died.
unwrapped Upper case letters are capital
When you unwrap something, letters. upside down
you take the wrapping or ADVERB
covering off it. Can I unwrap upright When something is upside down,
my presents now? ADVERB it is the wrong way up and the
☛ Opposite: wrap Something that is upright is top part of it is underneath. He
sitting or standing up straight. hung the picture upside down.

un w r a p The dog stood upright on its

hind legs.
unwrapped the toffees
He .

230
 utensil

upstairs use user-friendly

ADVERB VERB uses, using, used ADJECTIVE
If you go upstairs, you go to a When you use something, you Something that is user-friendly
higher floor in a building. She do a job with it. May I use is easy to use. My smartphone is
went upstairs to her bedroom. your pen, please? very user-friendly.

upward useful usual

ADVERB ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE
If you go upward, you go If something is useful, it can Usual means normal. I left school
toward a higher position. She help you to do something. at the usual time.
let go of the balloons and they Computers are very useful ☛ Opposite: unusual
drifted upward. in the classroom. usually (ADVERB)
☛ Opposite: useless If something usually happens, it
urge normally happens. I usually go
NOUN urges useless swimming on Saturdays.
1 If you have an urge to do ADJECTIVE
something, you want to do it or If something is useless, you utensil
need to do it. She had a sudden cannot use it and it does not NOUN utensils
urge to giggle. help you at all. My old phone A utensil is a tool that you use
VERB urges, urging, urged is broken, so it’s useless. for a certain job, especially for
2 If you urge someone to do ☛ Opposite: useful preparing and cooking food.
something, you try to persuade ood.
them to do it. He urged them d cook f
n
to be careful when playing by ea
p ar

the river.
pre

urgent t
e n s il
o

d
ADJECTIVE
If something is urgent, you
need to do it immediately. ls
a r eu
se

u t
si

I need to talk to you—it’s

Ut e n

urgent.
urgently (ADVERB)
If something needs to happen
urgently, it needs to happen
immediately. We need to call
an ambulance urgently.

use
NOUN uses
1 If something has a use, you
can do something with it.
This penknife has many uses.
2 If something is in use,
someone is using it. Steam
trains are still in use in some
parts of the country.
231
vaccination

vain vanilla
ADJECTIVE vainer, vainest NOUN
1 People who are vain think Vanilla is a sweet flavoring that
that they are very clever or you add to food. It is made from
beautiful. the pods of a tropical plant.
2 A vain attempt to do
something does not work. vanish
They made a vain attempt VERB vanishes, vanishing,
to put out the fire. vanished
To vanish means to disappear
valley suddenly. The magician waved his
NOUN valleys wand and the rabbit vanished.
A valley is an area of low
land between hills, often with variety
a river or stream flowing NOUN varieties
through it. A variety of things is a lot of
different kinds. They sell a wide

Vase
valuable variety of games.
ADJECTIVE
1 Something that is valuable various
is worth a lot of money. Do ADJECTIVE
you think these old paintings Various means of several
might be valuable? different kinds. Various people
2 Something that is valuable have visited our school this year.
helps you in some way. He
gave us some valuable advice. vase
NOUN vases
vaccination value A vase is a jar that you put
NOUN vaccinations NOUN values flowers in.
When you have a vaccination, The value of something is the
a doctor gives you an injection amount of money it is worth. vast
that stops you from getting ADJECTIVE
a disease. The substance van Something that is vast is very
the doctor injects is called NOUN vans big. The king and queen lived in
a vaccine. A van is a small truck that a vast palace.
people use for carrying goods.
vacuum cleaner vegan
NOUN vacuum cleaners vandal NOUN vegans
A vacuum cleaner is a machine NOUN vandals A vegan is someone who does
that cleans floors by sucking A vandal is someone who not eat meat, fish, eggs, or any
up dirt. deliberately breaks or damages dairy products such as butter
things. The store window had been and cheese.
vague smashed by vandals.
ADJECTIVE vandalism (NOUN) vegetable
Something that is vague is not Vandalism is the crime of NOUN vegetables
clear or definite. We only had deliberately breaking or A vegetable is a plant that
a vague plan. damaging things. people grow for food.
232
 violent

vegetarian vest video

NOUN vegetarians NOUN vests NOUN videos
A vegetarian is someone who A vest is a sleeveless piece of A video is a recording of sound
does not eat meat or fish. clothing that you wear over and pictures.
a shirt.
vehicle view
NOUN vehicles vet NOUN views
A vehicle is something that NOUN vets The view from a place is
people travel in or use to A vet, or veterinary surgeon, is everything that you can see
transport goods. a person who is trained to treat from there. My bedroom has
sick animals. an amazing view of the city.
veil
NOUN veils vicious village
A veil is a piece of thin cloth ADJECTIVE NOUN villages
that women sometimes wear 1 A vicious animal is fierce and A village is a place in the
over their heads or faces. might attack people. country where people live.
The bride wore a veil during 2 Someone who is vicious is Villages are usually smaller
the wedding. cruel or unkind. than towns.
viciously (ADVERB)
verb If a person or animal does violent
NOUN verbs something viciously, they do ADJECTIVE
A verb is an action word such it in a fierce way. The wolf 1 Something that is violent
as “run,” “speak,” or “jump” growled viciously. breaks or damages things.
that tells you what someone The violent storm threw cars
or something does. victim across the street.
NOUN victims 2 A violent person often hits
verse A victim is someone who or attacks other people.
NOUN verses has suffered in a crime or violence (NOUN)
1 A verse is one part of a poem unpleasant event. Violence is violent behavior.

vehic
or song. We’ll sing the first verse We don’t accept any violence
again. victory in this school.
2 Verse is a general name for NOUN victories
poetry. He wrote a book of verse. A victory is when you win
a competition or battle. The
version racing driver was thrilled with
NOUN version his victory.

le
A version of something is one
form of it. They’re going to bring
out a new version of the game
next year.

very
ADVERB
Very means extremely.
My dad was very angry
when I broke the kitchen
window.
233
violin

violin vitamin volcano

NOUN violins NOUN vitamins NOUN volcanoes
A violin is a musical instrument Vitamins are chemicals that A volcano is a mountain that
that you hold under your chin exist in food and help has been created by liquid rock
and play by pulling a bow to keep us healthy. from inside the Earth. Hot,
across the strings. Oranges contain a lot liquid rock may burst or flow
Sh of vitamin C. out of volcanoes that are active.
virtual ep
lay
ADJECTIVE s the volleyball
A virtual place is one that you vio
lin NOUN
see on a computer screen and . Volleyball is a game in which
that feels real, because you can people hit a ball over a high net
feel as if you are moving around using their hands.
in it. You can visit the virtual
museum online.
violin volume
NOUN volumes
virus 1 A volume is a book that is one
NOUN viruses of a series.
1 A virus is a type of germ that 2 The volume of a sound is how
can make you ill. vlog loud it is. Turn up the volume!
2 A virus is a set of instructions NOUN vlogs
that someone puts into your A vlog is a video diary that voluntary
computer to make it go wrong. someone makes and posts online ADJECTIVE
regularly so that other people If something is voluntary, you
visible can watch it. can choose to do it if you want,
ADJECTIVE vlogger (NOUN) but you don’t have to do it.
If something is visible, you can A vlogger is someone who makes
see it. The mountain was visible vlogs and posts them online. volunteer
for miles. VERB volunteers, volunteering,
☛ Opposite: invisible vocabulary volunteered
NOUN If you volunteer to do
visit Your vocabulary is all the words something, you offer to do it.
VERB visits, visiting, visited that you use when you speak
When you visit someone, you and write. vote
go to see them. When you visit VERB votes, voting, voted
a place, you go there. I went to voice When you vote, you choose one
visit my sister in the hospital. NOUN voices person or thing from a list.
visitor (NOUN) Your voice is the sound that
A visitor is someone who visits comes out of your mouth when vowel
a person or place. you speak or sing. Can you sing NOUN vowels
in a high voice? The five vowels in English are
vital the letters a, e, i, o, and u.
ADJECTIVE voicemail
Something that is vital is NOUN voicemails voyage
very important. It’s vital A voicemail is a spoken message NOUN voyages
that we get him to a hospital that you can leave for someone A voyage is a long journey by
quickly. on their phone. sea or in space.
234
 want

wag wall
VERB wags, wagging, wagged NOUN walls
When an animal wags its tail, it A wall is a structure built from
moves it from side to side to stone or brick. Walls are used to
show that it is happy. hold up the roof of a building or
to separate one piece of land
waist from another. There was a high
NOUN waists wall around the garden.
Your waist is the part of your
body around your middle. wallet
☛ Be careful with spelling: NOUN wallets
waist You wear a belt around A wallet is a small case that
your waist. you carry money in. Let me
waste Don’t waste your money just find my wallet, and then
on things you don’t need. we’ll go shopping.

wait walle
VERB waits, waiting, waited
When you wait, you stay in a
t
place and do not do anything
until someone arrives or
something happens.
☛ Be careful with spelling:
wait I’ll wait for you outside. wand
weight Stand on the scales to find NOUN wands
out your weight. A wand is a special stick that
wade people use when they are
VERB wades, wading, waded waiter performing magic tricks. In
When you wade through water, NOUN waiters fairy tales, magic wands are
you walk through it. We waded A waiter is someone who serves used for casting magic spells.
across the stream. food to people in a restaurant.
A woman who does this is wander
s the lake. sometimes called a waitress. NOUN wanders, wandering,
acros wandered
es
d wake When you wander, you walk
wa

VERBwakes, waking, woke, around without going in any

woken
ngo

particular direction. We spent

When you wake up, you the afternoon wandering
mi

stop sleeping. around the mall.

f la

A
walk want
NOUN walks VERB wants, wanting,
1 If you go for a walk, you go wanted
somewhere on foot for pleasure. If you want something,
VERB walks, walking, walked you would like to have it
2 When you walk, you move or do it. I want a puppy for
along on foot. my birthday.
235
war

war washing machine

NOUN wars NOUN washing machines

r
When there is a war, people A washing machine is a machine
fight against each other. Often that you use for washing clothes.
the two sides are from different
countries. wasp
NOUN wasps
wardrobe A wasp is an insect with a black
NOUN wardrobes and yellow striped body. Wasps

e
A wardrobe is a cupboard for can sting you.
keeping clothes in.
waste
warm VERB wastes, wasting,
ADJECTIVE warmer, warmest wasted
1 If something is warm, it is If you waste something, you
quite hot but not very hot. use more of it than you need
The hot water bottle felt nice to, or you do not use it in a

t
and warm. sensible way.
2 If the weather is warm, the ☛ Be careful with spelling:
Sun is shining and it feels hot. waste Don’t waste your money
on things you don’t need.
warn waist You wear a belt around
VERB warns, warning, your waist.
warned
watch

a
If you warn someone about
a danger or problem, you tell NOUN watches
them about it before it happens. 1 A watch is a small clock
The man warned us that it that you wear on your wrist.
was dangerous to walk on the VERB watches, watching,
thin ice. watched
warning (NOUN) 2 When you watch something,
If you give someone a warning,
you warn them about a danger
or problem. We heard a severe
weather warning on the news.
you look at it for a long time.
We spent the afternoon watching
an old movie.

water
w
wash NOUN
VERB washes, washing, 1 Water is a clear liquid
washed that falls as rain and forms
1 When you wash something, streams, rivers, lakes, and
you clean it with water and oceans.
soap. Who will help me wash VERB waters, watering,
the dishes? watered
2 When you wash, you clean 2 When you water plants, you
your body with water and pour water onto them so that
soap. Did you remember to they can live. My pot plant died
wash this morning? because I forgot to water it.
236
 Will you
water
my p
lants
while
I’m away?

waterfall wax
NOUN waterfalls NOUN
A waterfall is a place where Wax is the substance that
a river falls over a steep cliff. candles are made of.
wear
waterproof way VERB wears, wearing, wore,
ADJECTIVE NOUN ways worn
If something is waterproof, 1 The way to a place is the When you wear clothes, you
water cannot get through it direction you go in to get there. have them on your body.
or into it. Remember to bring The sign showed the way to the
a waterproof coat with you village. weather
in case it rains. 2 The way you do something is NOUN
how you do it. What is the best The weather is what is
water-ski way to find information online? happening in the sky and air
VERB water-skis, water-skiing, ☛ Be careful with spelling: around us, for example, if it is
water-skied way Can you tell me the way to cold or hot, dry or raining.
When you water-ski, you are the station?
pulled along behind a boat while weigh How much do you weigh? web
you stand on two skis. Have you NOUN webs
ever tried water-skiing? weak 1 A web is a fine net of sticky
ADJECTIVE weaker, weakest threads that a spider makes to
wave Someone who is weak is not very catch flies. Spiders’ webs covered
NOUN waves strong. the entrance to the cave.
1 When there are waves in water, ☛ Be careful with spelling: 2 The web is a system for
the surface moves up and down weak He was too weak to lift storing information on
or from side to side. The big the box. computers all over the world,
waves rocked our little boat from week My birthday is next week. which people can look at by
side to side. using the internet. Web is short
VERB waves, waving, waved wealthy for World Wide Web.
2 When you wave to someone, ADJECTIVE wealthier, wealthiest webcam (NOUN)
you move your hand or arm Someone who is wealthy is A webcam is a camera that
to tell that person something. very rich. can film a person or scene and
She waved goodbye as the ship send it to someone else using
sailed away. weapon the internet.
3 When something waves, it NOUN weapons website (NOUN)
moves backward and forward. A weapon is a gun, knife, or A website is a place on the
The branches of the tree waved in anything else that you can use internet where you can go to find
the strong wind. to hurt someone. information about something.
237
 Weather
bla Come rain or shine, there are many un
st, bre ny

s
words to describe the weather. kin

ba
um g, bo
eze,

h
iling

clo
h u rr dl id, ro
igh ess, dr asting

u
icane
,

br
T
H
tornad
o, wind t, c y, pleasant
U
N lear
D E , warm
bea

l
a nd R rain
i g bo
u t if

dy, dull, ay
h t
om

n i
u
ul,

lo gr

ts orm
cr n g
!

colo
ash!

c
bow
m isty, gloo
rful

gy ,
g m
,

o
love

y
f
ly

p hoo
lash

t y n wy
!

n
sn o

a i
r ops strike
!
icy
fros
ty
r
i n d
r a hail
s ow fre sh
e
h

cold
g
r

n
n
ng
i
ri li i n g
e e z
u

r
o z
iz s h ng
f
p r
d
p la
o di
s
flo
238
 wheelchair

wedding weird wet

NOUN weddings ADJECTIVE weirder, weirdest ADJECTIVE wetter, wettest
When there is a wedding, two Something that is weird is very 1 If something is wet, it is
people get married. strange. People dressed in weird covered with water or soaked
and wonderful costumes at the in water.
week Halloween party. 2 If the weather is wet, it is
NOUN weeks raining. What a horrible wet day!
A week is a period of seven days. welcome
☛ Be careful with spelling: VERB welcomes, welcoming, whale
week My birthday is next week. welcomed NOUN whales
weak He was too weak to lift If you welcome someone, A whale is a very large sea
the box. you greet them in a friendly animal. Whales are mammals
way when they arrive. They and breathe through a hole in
weekend welcomed us warmly into their the top of their head.
NOUN weekends home when we visited them.
The weekend is Saturday and wheat
Sunday, which are the days well NOUN
when many people do not go NOUN wells Wheat is a crop that is grown
to school or work. 1 A well is a deep hole in the on farms and ground up to
ground from which people get make flour.
weep water or oil. When I threw the
VERB weeps, weeping, wept pebble into the old well, it took wheel
When you weep, you cry. several seconds for it to hit the NOUN wheels
water far below. Wheels are the round parts
weigh ADJECTIVE underneath cars and bicycles
VERB weighs, weighing, 2 If you are well, you are that they move along on.
weighed healthy and not ill. Are you
1 When you weigh something, well today? wheelchair
you measure how heavy it is. ☛ Opposite: unwell NOUN wheelchairs
2 The amount that something ADVERB A wheelchair is a chair with
weighs is how heavy it is. 3 If you do something well, wheels. People use wheelchairs
☛ Be careful with spelling: you do it in a good or suitable to move from place to place if
weigh How much do you weigh? way. You have all behaved very they have difficulty in walking.
way Can you tell me the way to well today.
the station?
went N
t

weight
wes

☛ See go. NE
NW
NOUN weights
1 The weight of something is wept
how heavy it is. ☛ See weep. W E
2 Weights are pieces of metal
that people use for measuring west SW SE
how heavy things are. NOUN S
☛ Be careful with spelling: West is one of the four main Th
es
t.

ec w
weight Stand on the scales to find compass directions. West is ompa oints
out your weight. the direction in which the ss p
wait I’ll wait for you outside. Sun sets.
239
whine

whine whizz wife

VERB whines, whining, whined VERB whizzes, whizzing, NOUN wives
1 If an animal whines, it makes whizzed A man’s wife is the woman he
a high sound because it is sad. If something whizzes, it moves is married to.
2 If you whine, you complain very fast. A motorcycle whizzed
about something. past me. Wi-Fi
NOUN
whisker whole Wi-Fi is a system that you can
NOUN whiskers ADJECTIVE use to access the internet on
Whiskers are the stiff hairs that Whole means complete. She told your computer or phone without
grow near the mouth of some us the whole story. using wires to plug it in.
animals. ☛ Be careful with spelling:
whole He ate a whole box of wild
whisper chocolates! ADJECTIVE wilder, wildest
VERB whispers, whispering, hole There’s a hole in my shoe. 1 A wild flower or animal lives in
whispered its natural environment and is
When you whisper, you speak wholemeal not controlled or looked after
in a very quiet voice. She ADJECTIVE by people.
whispered the secret password Wholemeal bread is bread 2 If you behave in a wild way,
into his ear. that is made from whole grains you run around and make a lot
of wheat. of noise. Calm down—don’t go
whistle wild!
NOUN whistles wicked
1 You blow into a whistle to ADJECTIVE wildlife
make a high sound. Someone who is wicked does NOUN
VERB whistles, whistling, very bad or unkind things. Wildlife is wild animals that live
whistled in their natural environment. It’s
2 When you whistle, you important to protect wildlife.
rt the game
press your lips together sta .
and blow to make a high, to will
stle wills
hi
musical sound. NOUN
w 1 If you have the will to do
the something, you have the
blew
The referee determination to do it. Have you
got the will to win this game?
VERB
white 2 If you will do something, you
ADJECTIVE wide are going to do it. I will call you
Something that is white is the ADJECTIVE wider, widest this afternoon.
color of snow. Something that is wide is a
long way from one side to the willing
whiteboard other. The stream was too wide ADJECTIVE
NOUN whiteboards to jump across. If you are willing to do
A whiteboard is a large white width (NOUN) something, you want to
board that is used in a classroom. The width of something is how do it or are happy to do it.
You write on a whiteboard wide it is. We measured the width Are you willing to help us
with special pens. of the path. make some cakes?
240
 wise

win windsurfing winter

VERB wins, winning, won NOUN NOUN
If you win a game or Windsurfing is a sport in Winter is one of the four
competition, you come first. which you sail on water seasons. Winter follows fall and
We were delighted that we won standing on a narrow board comes before spring. It is the
the game. with a sail attached. coldest time of the year.
winner (NOUN) It was the coldest winter I’d
The winner is the person who wind turbine ever known.
wins a game or competition. NOUN wind turbines
A wind turbine is a machine wipe
wind that uses energy from the wind VERB wipes, wiping, wiped
NOUN winds to make electricity. When you wipe something, you
Wind is air that blows over clean it or dry it by rubbing it
the Earth. The wind blew his wing with a cloth. I wiped my hands
umbrella inside-out. NOUN wings on the towel.
windy (ADJECTIVE) 1 The wings on a bird, bat,
If it is windy, there is a lot or insect are the parts that wire
of wind. it uses for flying. NOUN wires
2 The wings on an A wire is a long, thin metal
wind airplane are the thread. Wires can be used to
VERBwinds, winding, parts that stick carry electrical power.
s.
sail
wound out at the sides.
1 When you wind something, wireless
ll’s

you turn it around and around. ADJECTIVE

mi

2 A path or road that winds has A wireless machine or device

nd

a lot of bends and turns. can connect to another machine

wi

or to the internet without

windmill
the

using wires.
windmills
...

NOUN
A windmill is a building with wise
large sails, which uses wind ADJECTIVE wiser, wisest
power to turn a machine that Someone who is wise knows
grinds grain or pumps water. and understands a lot of
things. My grandmother
window is the wisest person
..
rns.

NOUN windows that I know.

r tu

A window is a piece
of glass in the side
owe

of a building that
dp

lets light and air into

Win

the building.

windshield
NOUN windshield
The windshield on a car is
the big window at the front
that the driver looks out of.
241
wish

wish woke wonderful

NOUN wishes ☛ See wake. ADJECTIVE
1 A wish is something that you Something that is wonderful is
would like very much. The fairy wolf very good or amazing. We had
granted her wishes. NOUN wolves a wonderful time on vacation.
VERB wishes, wishing, wished A wolf is a wild animal that
2 If you wish for something, you looks like a large dog and lives wood
would like it very much. I wish in cold countries. Wolves live in NOUN woods
I could dance better! packs and hunt other animals 1 Wood is the hard material that
for food. we get from trees. Wood is used
witch for making furniture and is also
NOUN witches woman burned as fuel.
A witch is a woman in stories NOUN women 2 A wood is a group of trees
who uses magic powers. A woman is an adult female growing together.
person. My mother is a wooden (ADJECTIVE)
wizard wonderful woman. Something that is wooden is
NOUN wizards made of wood.
A wizard is a man in stories who won
uses magic powers. ☛ See win. wool
NOUN
wobble wonder Wool is the soft material that we
VERB wobbles, wobbling, NOUN get from sheep. Wool is used for
wobbled 1 Wonder is the feeling you have knitting clothes, and can also
To wobble means to move from when you look at something be made into carpets. The lamb
side to side and nearly fall over. strange and exciting. had very soft wool.

ode
VERBwonders, wondering, woolen (ADJECTIVE)

o
wondered Something that is woolen is

w
2 If you wonder about made of wool. My favorite item of
something, you have questions clothing is a woolen sweater that
n

in your mind about it. I wonder my granny knitted.

how she got here?
Th

word
ew

oo NOUN words
den
dolls get A word is a group of letters
s ma
ller and sounds that has a meaning.
an
ds I learned some new words at
ma school today.
ller and s
ma
ller
wore
an

☛ See wear.
ds

m
a ller.

242
 wrote

ra pped the presents in bri wreck

he w ght p
a per. NOUN wrecks
p
S
1 A wreck is a ship that has sunk
to the bottom of the sea.
a
wrecks, wrecking,
wr

VERB
wrecked
2 To wreck something means to
damage it very badly.

work wriggle
NOUN VERB wriggles, wriggling,
1 Work is a job or task that you worse wriggled
must do. The teacher gave us loads A person or thing that is When you wriggle, you twist
of work to do! worse than others is less good. and turn from side to side.
VERB works, working, Yesterday’s weather was bad, but
worked today it is worse. wrinkle
2 When you work, you do NOUN wrinkles
a job. worst Wrinkles are small lines or
3 When a machine is working, The worst person or thing is the creases on your clothes or on
there is nothing wrong with it one that is least good or most someone’s skin.
and you can use it. unpleasant. This is the worst
storm I’ve ever seen. wrist
world NOUN wrists
NOUN worth Your wrist is the part of your
The world is the planet Earth and ADJECTIVE body where your hand joins
all the people and things on it. The amount that something your arm.
is worth is how much money
worm people will pay to buy it. The write
NOUN worms jewels were worth a lot of money. VERB writes, writing, wrote,
A worm is a small, thin animal written
that lives in the ground and has would When you write, you put letters
a soft body and no legs. VERB and words on paper.
If you would do something, you ☛ Be careful with spelling:
worn want to do it but you cannot. I write Which hand do you write
☛ See wear. would go to the movies with you with?
if I had enough money. right That’s the right answer.
worry
VERB worries, worrying, wound wrong
worried NOUN wounds ADJECTIVE
If you worry about something, A wound is a cut on your body. 1 Something that is wrong is
you feel nervous about it or not correct. That is the wrong
slightly afraid of it. wrap answer.
worried (ADJECTIVE) VERB wraps, wrapping, 2 Something that is wrong is
If you are worried about wrapped bad. It’s wrong to steal.
something, you feel nervous When you wrap something, you
about it or slightly afraid of it. fold paper around it. I’ll help you wrote
I’m worried about my exams. wrap the presents. ☛ See write.
243
X-ray

xylophone
o p h o n e
NOUN xylophones
A xylophone is a musical
instrument that has wooden xy l
bars on a frame. When you hit
each bar, it makes a different
musical note.

yacht
NOUN yachts
A yacht is a boat with a sail that
people use for racing or pleasure.

yank yellow
VERB yanks, yanking, yanked ADJECTIVE
When you yank something, you Something that is yellow is the
pull it roughly. He yanked the color of a lemon.

yo-
book out of my hand.
yesterday
yap ADVERB
yaps, yapping, yapped Yesterday is the day before

yo
VERB
When a dog yaps, it barks with today. I went to the zoo
a high sound. yesterday.

yard yoga
X-ray NOUN yards NOUN
NOUN X-rays A yard is an area outside a When you do yoga, you do
An X-ray is a special building, sometimes with a fence special exercises to stretch your
photograph that shows or wall around it. They are body and make you feel relaxed.
your bones and the inside playing in the yard.
of your body. The doctor looked yogurt
closely at the chest X-ray. yawn NOUN yogurts
VERByawns, yawning, Yogurt is a food that is made

X-ray yawned
When you yawn, you open your
mouth and breathe in deeply
from milk and is often flavored
with fruit. It is sometimes spelled
yoghurt.
because you are tired or bored.
yolk
year NOUN yolks
NOUN years The yolk of an egg is the yellow
A year is a period of 12 months. part.

yell young
VERB yells, yelling, yelled ADJECTIVE younger, youngest
When you yell, you shout Someone who is young is not
loudly. He yelled at the children very old. The grandmother held
to go away. the young child in her arms.
244
 zoom

youth
NOUN youths
1 Your youth is the time when
you are young. In his youth,
zipper
my uncle was a very good
.
r
lla
football player.
2 A youth is a young man.
co

he
yo-yo zero

tt
NOUN yo-yos NOUN zeros

ra
A yo-yo is a toy that spins up Zero is the

pe
and down on a string. number 0.

zip
zap zigzag

a
VERB zaps, zapping, zapped NOUN zigzags

as
If you zap someone in a game, A zigzag is a line that

ph
you shoot them. goes from side to side,
making sharp points as it

to
zebra changes direction. I chose some

The
NOUN zebras cushions with a bright pattern
A zebra is an African animal of zigzags on them.
that looks like a horse and
has black and white stripes zipper zodiac
on its body. NOUN NOUN
You use a zipper for fastening The zodiac is the 12 sections
zebra crossing clothes or bags. It has two rows into which the sky is divided.
NOUN zebra crossings of teeth, which are pressed Each part is represented by
A zebra crossing is a place together when you close it. a different symbol.
where you can cross the road
safely because cars have to stop zombie
for you. Black and white stripes NOUN zombies
are marked on the road to show In stories and films, a zombie
where a zebra crossing is. is a dead person who has been
brought back to life.

zoo
NOUN zoos
A zoo is a place where wild
a

animals are kept so that people

can see them and study them.
zebr

zoom
VERB zooms, zooming,
zoomed
To zoom means to move very
fast. A motorcycle zoomed
past me.
245
Spelling tips

Spelling tips
If you can’t find the word you are looking up,
you may have spelled it incorrectly. Here are
some spelling tips.
Split long words Confusing spellings
To make it easier to look up or spell Not all words are spelled the way they
long words, split them into syllables. sound. This can make it hard to look things
A syllable is one short sound in a word. up. Read these common problem words to
Then work out the order of the letters help you spell difficult words.
in each syllable.
Ph pronounced like an f
alphabet, telephone, pharaoh, elephant,
For example: photograph
Elephant has three
syllables. It seems easier
to put the first syllable,
Silent letters
climb, comb, doubt, ghost, gnaw, hour,
“el,” into alphabetical
knee, knife, sword, whole, wrap, wreck,
order than “elephant.”
wriggle, write

el-e-ph nt
Do you know what the missing
sy

ble
ll a

silent letters are in these words?

s..
.
1
a (Answers on page 256)

2 3
ra lam_
s _ b er r y

1.
2.
How many syllables do these words
have? (Answers on page 256)

1. happy
2. sad _i
sso
s

3. expensive 3. rs
4. impossible 4.
5. enthusiastically _ n ot

supercalifragilisticexp
ialidocious!
6.
246
 Spelling tips
Homophones Homographs
Some words sound alike but are spelled Some words are spelled the same but
differently. These words are called sound different. These words are called
homophones. homographs.

bare – We walked on the beach in bare feet. The two words that go with these pairs
bear – Are there bears in this forest? of pictures are spelled the same, but sound
brake – We had to brake when we saw different. Can you work out what the words
a dog on the road. are? The first letter of each answer is given
break – Be careful you don’t break as a clue. (Answers on page 256)
the window.
meat – Some people don’t eat meat.

b
meet – Let’s meet in the park.
peace – Go away and leave me in peace! 1.
piece – Would you like a piece of cake?
sail – Can you sail a boat?
sale – Are these toys for sale?

Can you work out what the two words are

for each pair of pictures? The words sound
the same but are spelled differently. The
2.

w
first letter of each answer is shown as a
clue. (Answers on page 256)

f
1.

t
2. 3.

p
“I before E, except after C”

h
3. This is a general spelling rule (there are a few
exceptions). Here are some examples:
i before e... sieve, piece, thief, relief, believe,
brief
... except after c... ceiling, receive

247
Writing

Writing Punctuation
. You put a period at the end of a
Sentences sentence.
The cat sat on the mat.
A sentence is a group of words that make ? You put a question mark at the end
sense together. A sentence starts with a of a question.
capital letter and ends with a period. Where do you live?
All sentences contain a verb. ! You put an exclamation mark at the
end of a command or an exclamation.
Some sentences are quite short. Come here!
What beautiful flowers!
This is an elephant. , You put a comma to separate parts of
Elephants love water. a sentence, or divide up a list of things.
He’s only five, but he can swim really
We can make sentences longer well.
by joining on more clauses I bought apples, oranges, and pears.
using conjunctions. ‘ An apostrophe is used to shorten
two words into one, or to show who
Elephants love water and they can something belongs to.
swim quite well. I don’t know.
That’s my dad’s pen.
g:
th e f ollowin : You can use a colon in front of a list.
d
ke I packed the following: three T-shirts, two
p ac
pairs of shorts, sandals, and sunscreen.
I

; You can use a semicolon as a pause

in a sentence, or to separate two
different subjects in one sentence.
There wasn’t much to do; it was
raining again!
- A hyphen joins two words together.
I’m right-handed.
– A dash can be used when you want
to add more information.
I was so happy – we had won!
( ) You put something in parenthesis if
it is an extra idea and not part of
the main text.
Crocodiles (which are reptiles) need the
sun to keep warm.
“” or ‘’ You put quotation marks, or
inverted commas, around the
words that someone says.
“Hello,” he said. “Who are you?”
248
 Writing

Use adverbs and adjectives

Adding more adjectives and adverbs
makes your writing more interesting.

My uncle arrived in his car. My uncle arrived in his brand-new sports car.

A mouse ran past my feet. A tiny, brown mouse ran past my feet.

tiny, b
ro
se
mou

w
m ou
se

“See you later,” she said. “See you later,” she said cheerfully.
I read the message. I read the message carefully.

Use interesting words

Try to use interesting words when you write.

That food was nice. That food was delicious!

It was a good movie. It was a brilliant/exciting movie.
The weather was bad. The weather was terrible/awful.
I looked up at the stars. I gazed up at the stars.
I ran home. I sprinted/dashed/rushed home.

Use longer sentences

Make your sentences longer by using
conjunctions to add more information.

I was tired. I was tired because I’d been playing

football all morning.
It was a great party. It was a great party and everyone
enjoyed it, especially me!
249
Facts and figures

Facts and figures

Numbers

1 2
one 11 eleven 1st first
12 twelve 2nd second
two 3rd third
13 thirteen
4th fourth

3 4
14 fourteen 5th fifth
15 fifteen 6th sixth
three four 7th seventh
16 sixteen
8th eighth
17 seventeen
9th ninth

5 6
18 eighteen 10th tenth
19 nineteen 11th eleventh
five six 12th twelfth
20 twenty
13th thirteenth
21 twenty-one
14th fourteenth

7 seven
8 eight 30 thirty
40 forty
15th fifteenth
16th sixteenth
17th seventeenth
50 fifty
18th eighteenth
60 sixty
19th nineteenth
70 seventy 20th twentieth
80 eighty 21st twenty-first

9 nine
90 ninety
100 one hundred
30th thirtieth
40th fortieth
50th fiftieth
101 one hundred and one 60th sixtieth

10
1000 one thousand 70th seventieth
80th eightieth
10,000 ten thousand
ten 90th ninetieth
100,000 one hundred thousand 100th one hundredth
1,000,000 one million 101st one hundred and first
250
 Facts and figures
Fractions Days of the week Measurements
Monday Metric measures
1 one Tuesday Length
half
2 Wednesday 10 millimeters = 1 centimeter

1 one third
Thursday 100 centimeters = 1 meter
Friday
3 1,000 meters = 1 kilometer

1 one
quarter
Saturday
Sunday Weight
4 1,000 grams = 1 kilogram
1,000 kilograms = 1 ton
Months of the year
January Volume
February
1
10 milliliters = 1 centiliter

one fifth March 10 centiliters = 1 deciliter

5 April 10 deciliters = 1 liter
May
1
June Imperial measures
6
July Length
one sixth
1 one seventh
August 12 inches = 1 foot

September 3 feet = 1 yard

7 October 1,760 yards = 1 mile
1
one November
8 eighth Weight
December 16 ounces = 1 pound
14 pounds = 1 stone
Seasons
112 pounds = 1 hundredweight
spring
1 one summer
20 hundredweight = 1 ton

ninth
1 9 fall Volume

one tenth winter 20 fluid ounces = 1 pint

10 8 pints = 1 gallon
251
Animal families RM.DL.Books Groups

Animal families
There are special names for young
animals and animal groups.
Young animals fox and cub
What do you call a baby pig?
Or a young goat? Find out here...

deer and
rabbit and kitten fawn
goose and gosling
bear and cubs

hare and
leveret
goat and kid

pig and piglet

kangaroo and joey lion and
sheep and
lambs cub

elephant
and calf
seal and calf or pup

dog and swan and

puppy cygnet

252
 Animal families
Animal groups A school of
dol
Special nouns, called “collective ph
nouns,” name groups of in

s
animals.

ide of
A pr lio es

be
A sw f
ar m o
ns

ock of sheep
A fl

A gaggle of geese

A herd of cows
A litter of kittens

As
hoa
l of f
ish
Ap gs
ack of do
Af
ns

a
lock of sw

253
Map of the world

Map of the world

Europe Asia

Africa

Indian
Atlantic Ocean
Ocean

Australasia

Southern Ocean

254 Antarctica
 Map of the world

Arctic Ocean

North America

Atlantic
Ocean
Tropic of Cancer

Pacific
Ocean
Equator

South
Tropic of Capricorn America

Continents and oceans

A continent is one of the great divisions of
land in the world. Altogether there are seven.
Can you count them on this map? In between
the continents, five vast oceans swell and
flow. Look on the map to find out their names.

255
 Acknowledgements
Dorling Kindersley would like to thank Morgan: 252bl, 252bcl, 253br; David Murray: 83br; David Murray
and Jules Selmes: 218tr; NASA: 5tr; NASA/ Finley Holiday Films: 5cr;
the following people for their help in the 170bc, 195tl, 195tr, 195ca, 195cl, 195cr, 195bl, 195br; N.H.P.A.: Stephen
production of this book: Dalton 92br, 93bca, 208cl, 208c, 208cr, Martin Harvey 42c; Natural
History Museum: 3tr, 17cb, 77cr, 108tc, 109tc, 132clb, 132bl, 132bc,
132bla, 137tc, 137ac, 156tr; Ian O’Leary: 83crb, 83cca, 83tcr; Stephen
Additional design assistance Oliver: 83tl, 111bc, 121br, 135r, 168tr, 191brl, 191brr, 197bcla; Oxford
Scientific Films: Max Gibbs 147br; Pa Photos: Michael Stephens
Jacqueline Gooden, Steven Laurie, 171blr; Roger Phillips: 83cal; Photodisc: David Toase 145; The
Laura Roberts, Mary Sandberg, Venice Shone Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering: Susanna
Price 177bc, 193cr, 243tc; RNLI: 169tr; Department of Cybernetics,
University of Reading: 171c; Rex by Shutterstock: Aflo 171bl; Tim
Additional editorial assistance Ridley: 83ccr, 90cra, 99tr, 99bc, 183cr, 186bl, 196bc, 242b; Royal
Caroline Bingham, Deborah Lock, Green Jackets Museum: 127cl; Guy Ryecart: 167br; Science Photo
Library: John Chumack 47br; Karl Shone: 89bca, 103tr; Steve Shott:
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Centre: 67cl; Clive Streeter: 83cb; Telegraph Colour Library / Getty
Images: Steve Fitchett 188cb; Colin Walton: 83c; Matthew Ward:
DK picture library research 182crb, 182br, 182bc; Barrie Watts: 94bl, 94bc, 94br, 95bl, 95br; Philip
Sally Hamilton, Rose Horridge, Sarah Mills Wilkins: 175tc; Jerry Young: 17bl, 35ac, 86tc, 103tc, 103tlb, 121cr,
137tr, 169bc, 190tl, 196tr, 201tr, 219bc.

Picture agency credits

All other images © Dorling Kindersley
The publisher would like to thank the following
For further information see: www.dkimages.com
for their kind permission to reproduce their
photographs:
(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left; Answers
r-right; t-top) pp 4-5 Alphabetical order
123RF.com: Albertus Engbers 44cr, Aleksei Ivanov 9tl, Baloncici Animal mixer: ant, blackbird, calf, cat, hamster,
171tr, Cathy Yeulet 145cr, Dotshock 9b, draw05 1c, 238bc, Elnur monkey, mouse, penguin, shark
Amikishiyev 67cr, Iofoto 225b, Jean-Marie Guyon 44bc, Kanokpol
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It’s nonsense!: 1. berry; 2. carrot; 3. doughnut;
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My Make OU 213br, Nearbirds 71br, Nikkytok 71bl, Picsfive 71bc Silly sentence: An astronaut began his incredible
(console), Rafał Olechowski 44cra, Rawpixel 221cb, Scanrail 71br
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171, Veronica Louro 238crb, Wavebreak Media Ltd 145clb,
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Images 27cb (Girl); Allsport: 197bc; Peter Anderson: 90cla; pp 246-247 Spelling tips
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252bc; Ray Moller: 196cbr; Michael Moran: 200bl; Tracy

256